1  NPTEL Phase‐II 

Module 5:Multi-dimensional
problems

Lecture 25: Multi-dimensional

problems(Contd.)

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2  NPTEL Phase‐II 
 
2-D past a wave shaped wall (Ackeret’s problem)

Consider the flow past a boundary of sinusoidal shape, the so called ‘wavy wall’. The boundary is given
by
y  h sin  x  0

h denotes the ‘amplitude’ of the waves of the wall, and l  2

 is the wavelength

U∞ 

x
h

For plane subsonic or supersonic flow, the linear equation may be used

1  M  x   y  0
2 2
2
 2 2

Subject to the boundary conditions

 
, are finite at infinity
x  y

    y 
and   x, 0      U  
  y  y 0   x  wall
 U  h  cos  x

Consider 1  M   0 , i.e., a subsonic flow. The equation is elliptic

2

 2  1  2
 0
x2  2  y2
Try   x , y   F  x G  y 

F  1 G 
  2 F G  FG   0 or  0
F 2 G

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3  NPTEL Phase‐II 
 
The first term is function of x only, and the second one is functions of y only. The equation holds for

any  x, y  , hence,

F  1 G
 constant  k 2 , &  k2
F  G
2

 F  A1 sin kx  A2 cos kx

and G  B1e   k y  B2 e  k y
Since, the velocity components remain finite at y  

B2  0
From the wall boundary condition
    dG 
   F  x    U  h cos  x
 y  y 0  dy  y 0
The condition is satisfied if
A1  0, k   , and  A2 B1  k  U h

2   y 2 x
   x, y   
Uh U
e   y cos  x =  he l
cos
  l

U  h
u e   y sin  x
1 M 
2

  U  h e   y cos x

u 2h   y
C p  2  e sin  x
U 
 Largest perturbation occurs at the boundary
2 h
C   C p y 0   sin  x
p wall

There is no drag force, as the pressure is in phase with the wall and hence symmetrical about the wavy

wall. The pressure coefficient increases with Mach number, proportionally to 1 - the Prandtl-


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4  NPTEL Phase‐II 
 
Glauert factor. Also, the attenuation of the perturbation away from the wall becomes weaker as the
Mach number is increased.

From the above expressions, it is possible to write

Cp
 f  x , y 
h
The relation is between 3 variables, instead of six – a modified pressure coefficient and a modified
coordinate system. The factors that make this reduction possible incorporate the effects of Mach
number, wave amplitude and wavelength in such a way that one relation is valid for all combination of
these three variables.
u 
1. since, as per our assumption ,  1, it is evident from the solution that
U U
h
 1
1 M 
2

2. In using the linearized equation, it is assumed that

1  M   M

2

2
  1 u
U

M    1 h
 
2
 1  M  
2

1 M 
2

M    1 h
2
or  1
1  M  
2
2
3

The condition for the occurrence of local sonic velocity is

M    1 h
2
1
1  M  
2
2
3

The transonic parameter include  and 3 as exponent of 1  M 

2
2
 


3.   h e   y cos x
U

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5  NPTEL Phase‐II 
 
  
     h e   h sin x cos  x
U  boundary

  h cos  x 1  h 1  M  sin  x  H .O.T .

2
 
The second term is always smaller than or at most equal to  h ; it should be negligible
compared to the first, for the small perturbation theory to be valid. This approximation becomes
even better as the Mach number is increased. The amplitude of the permissible perturbation, for
linearized theory to be accurate, is given by
 h  1
or in terms of the maximum inclination,  , of the wall
  1
For supersonic flow, M   1  0 and the equation becomes hyperbolic
2

 2  2
 2
 0
 x2  y2
This is the simple wave equation with the general solution being the sum of two arbitrary
functions
f  x   y  and g  x  y 
   x, y   f  x   y   g  x   y 

Boundary conditions are identical.

Only the function f is needed and g is set equal to zero. This choice has to do with the direction
of flow or the distinction between upstream and downstream region of flow.

Using wall boundary condition

  
      f   x   y   y 0   f   x   U  h cos  x
 y  y 0

 f x   
U
hsin  x


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6  NPTEL Phase‐II 
 

 f  x, y   f  x  y    h sin   x  y 
U


sin   x  y M   1
Uh

2
 
1
2
M

cos  x   y 
Uh
u


  U  h cos   x  y 

2 h
Cp  cos   x   y 
M  1
2

1. The solution does not contain an exponential attenuation factor like the subsonic solution and
hence the perturbation does not decrease with y . Instead, the same value of the perturbation
exists all along the straight lines
x   y  constant
These lines are inclined at the Mach angle with respect to the undisturbed flow. They are the
Mach lines or characteristics. The existence of these characteristics is independent of the
specific boundary conditions, being contained in the form of the solution. f = constant along

x  y  constant, and g  constant along lines x  y  constant. The former characteristics

are inclined upstream; they originate at infinity and so carry no perturbation. Hence, g  0 when
the fluid above the wall is unlimited.
2 h
2. C p on the wall is C p  cos  x

Comparing with the subsonic case, it can be seen that the maxima and minima of the pressure
are now shifted by the phase  2 from the maxima and minima of the wall coordinate y . Hence,
the pressure distribution is now anti-symmetrical around the crests and troughs of the wall and a
drag force exists. The magnitude of the drag coefficient per wavelength is
l1 dy  dy 
C D   C p dx [ sin   tan     ]
ol dx  dx  w
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7  NPTEL Phase‐II 
 
This can be evaluated by replacing the sine of the slope of the wall by the tangent, valid within
the frame work of small perturbation
2 dy
C p can be written as C p 
 1 dx
2
M
2 2 2
2  dy   dy  1 l  dy 
 CD    ,    o   dx
M   1  dx 
2
 dx  l  dx 

3. The range of validity of the approximations follows exactly the same line as in the subsonic case

y 

x
M∞>1
Force  (M∞<1

Supersonic Thin Airfoil Theory

The general solution of the wave equation may be applied to the problem of a 2-D supersonic
airfoil. Since, disturbances are propagated only along downstream-running Mach lines, we need
only the function f for the upper surface and g for the lower surface. Thus,

 x, y   f  x  y , yo

 x, y   g  x  y , yo

Boundary condition on the upper surface is

 dy    
U        f   x 
 dx U  y  y 0

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8  NPTEL Phase‐II 
 
U   y 
 f  x  u
  x U
Similarly,
U   y 
g  x    
  x  L

 2 
 U f  x   upper surface

Hence, Cp   
 2 g   x   lower surface
 U 

2  dy  2  dy 
Or C pU    ; C pL   
M  2  1  dx U M  2  1  dx  L

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