1. THE TYPE OF RESEARCH DESIGN PRIMARILY IS BASED ON WHAT 12. SHOULD ALL POPULATION GET A SAMPLE?
ATION GET A SAMPLE? WHY OR WHY NOT?
ELEMENT OF RESEARCH? EXPLAIN
o Note that your research problem determines the type
of design you should use.
o The type of research problem an organization is facing
will determine the research design and not vice-versa.
o Variables, designated tools to gather information, how
will the tools be used to collect and analyze data and
other factors are decided in research design on the
basis of a research technique is decided.
2. CITE THREE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN EXPERIMENTAL AND NON
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN
o Experimental
- has both testing and experiment
- there is an intervention in the treatment of the
variables
- all requires hypothesis
o Non experimental
- has no experiment but has testing
- no intervention in the treatment of variables
- does not need/require hypothesis
3. HOW IS RESEARCH CONTROL UNDERTAKEN IN EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH DESIGN?
o In experimental research design, the research control is
the group that is not given any treatment or condition
4. GIVE A SCENARIO WHEN THE RESEARCHER CAN NOT RANDOMIZE
HIS RESEARCH SUBJECTS.
o If the samples are limited and there is an inclusion
criteria
5. WHAT’S THE IMPORTANCE OF PRETESTING? GIVE TWO TANGIBLE
REASONS.
o To identify if there are some error in order to eliminate it
o To know if there is a change in the DV
o To check the effectivity of intervention
6. WHY IS SOLOMON FOUR GROUP DESIGN BETTER THAN PRETEST-
POST TEST DESIGN?
o Researchers employ a pretest-posttest design in order
to demonstrate that exposure to a treatment led to
differences between the pretest and posttest scores.
However, there can be some drawbacks to including
both a pretest and posttest in an experimental design.
In particular, researchers have noted that including a
pretest in a study design introduces threats to both
internal and external validity. The Solomon four group
test is a standard pretest-posttest two-group design and
the posttest only control design. The various
combinations of tested and untested groups with
treatment and control groups allows the researcher to
ensure that confounding variables and extraneous
factors have not influenced the results, thus, it has an
advantages of strengthening internal and external
validity
7. ALL RESEARCH STUDIES WITH HYPOTHESIS EMPLOY EXPERIMENTAL
DESIGN. AGREE OR DISAGREE? WHY
o Agree, because all experimental research design
requires hypothesis and non experimental research
design, does not require hypothesis
8. WHICH HAS BETTER PREDICTABILITY, COMPARATIVE OR
CORRELATIVE STUDIES? WHY?
o Correlative studies have better predictability since
if there is a relationship between two variables, we
can make predictions about one from another.
9. EXPLAIN WHY EX POST FACTO IS CONSIDERED A NON
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
o Because it derives data and explanations from past
events, it determines the cause and effect but has no
treatment or intervention
10. GIVE 3 FEATURES OF A QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN
o It has to types: experimental and non experimental
o It focuses on the methods to be used in looking for
answers in your study
o It serves as the bloodline of a research study
11. BEFORE DECIDING WHAT RESEARCH DESIGN TO USE WHAT WILL BE
YOUR BASIS? GIVE 3
o Methods/techniques in finding answers to your
research questions and in collecting data
o variable since the data that will be obtained is more
o
o It depends. If the population is small, it can be the
sample itself. However, population commonly contains
too many individuals to study conveniently, so an
investigation is often restricted to one or more samples
drawn from it. A well chosen sample will contain most
of the information about a particular population
parameter.
13. GIVE THREE ELEMENTS OF A SAMPLE THAT WOULD SUPPORT
REPRESENTATIVENESS
o Shares a common attribute with the population
o Has a sound statistical sample (sample size)
o
14. WHAT IS HEURISTICS AND WHEN DO WE USE IT?
o Heuristics is the rule of thumb for the sample size used in
the study, we use it if the population is infinite
15. HOW DOES HETEROGENEITY OF POPULATION AFFECT SAMPLING?
o If the population is homogenous, there are a lot of
uniformity that exists among the population members a
sample of one will do. But if the population is
heterogeneous, a sampling technique that will widely
spread the choosing of a large sample among all
members of the population is necessary
16. WHY IS SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING EASIER DONE THAN SIMPLE
RANDOM SAMPLING?
o Because systematic sampling is more organized than
random sampling
17. DIFFERENTIATE STRATIFIED SAMPLING FROM CLUSTER SAMPLING.
GIVE 2
o Stratified – choosing a sample that will be subdivided
into strata or sub-groups | homogenous
o Cluster – selecting respondents from a cluster |
homo/hetero grouping
18. DIFFERENTIATE QUOTA FROM PURPOSIVE SAMPLING. GIVE 2
o Quota – inclusion criteria is lax
o Purposive – inclusion criteria is rigid
19. DIFFERENTIATE AVAILABILITY FROM SNOWBALL SAMPLING. GIVE 2
o Availability – researchers seeks for the respondents with
consent | convenience/ambush sampling
o Snowball – network sampling | good if sample size is
very rare (referral)
20. WHEN IS SNOWBALL SAMPLING BEST EMPLOYED?
o If the sample size is very rare (referral)
21. GIVE 2 DISADVANTAGES OF CLUSTER SAMPLING
o Prone to bias when the number is small
o High sampling error
22. DIFFERENTIATE QUANTITATIVE DATA COLLECTION FROM
QUALITATIVE DATA COLLECTION. GIVE 2
o
23. HOW CAN YOU CLASSIFY AN INSTRUMENT TO BE ADAPTED? GIVE
AT LEAST 2 CRITERIA
o
o
24. WHAT SPECIFIC SURVEY TECHNIQUE HAS HIGHER RETURN RATE
AND LOWER MORTALITY? EXPLAIN
o Interview
o Higher return rate – ask a set of questions to a certain
respondents, orally
o Lower mortality – takes time in doing this
25. WHAT IS A TIME SERIES EXPERIMENT? GIVE A SPECIFIC EXAMPLE
o
26. HOW DO YOU DO A QUANTITATIVE CONTENT ANALYSIS?
o
27. WHICH HAS STRONGER DATA VALIDITY? DISCRETE OR
CONTINUOUS VARIABLE? EXPLAIN
o The one with the stronger data validity is continuous
 precise and it can be measured, unlike in discrete
variables that it is only categorized.
28. DIFFERENTIATE VALIDITY FROM RELIABILITY. GIVE TWO EXAMPLES
FOR EACH
o Validity – extent to which the instrument measures
what it intends to measure (Face and Content Validity)
o Reliability – relates to the extent which the instrument is
consistent (Equivalence, Inter-rate reliability)
29. WHAT IS INTERNAL CONSISTENCY? EXPLAIN THE THREE WAYS OF
MEASURING IT
o Internal consistency – the extent to all items on a scale
measure one construct
- Split half coefficient is obtained by
administering a single instrument
- Cronbach’s alpha measures the reliability with
respect to each item & construct being
examined
- Kuder Richardson Formula tests the reliability in
terms of instruments of a dichotomous nature
(ex: yes or no)
30. HOW IS STABILITY RELIABILITY DONE? WHAT STATISTICAL TOOL IS
USED?
o o
31. WHEN IS KAPPA COEFFICIENT UNDERTAKEN? HOW IS IT DONE?
o Kappa coefficient – one of the most popular statistical
tool in measuring inter-rater reliability
o It is done through
32. DIFFERENTIATE CONCURRENT VALIDITY FROM PREDICTIVE
VALIDITY. GIVE TWO
o Both – under criterion validity
o Concurrent – it is able to predict results similar to those
of a test already validated in the past
o Predictive – produces results similar to those of another
instrument that will be employed in the future
33. DIFFERENTIATE CONSTRUCT FROM CONTENT VALIDITY. GIVE TWO
o Construct – degree to which an instrument measures
the variables being studied as a whole
o Content - coverage of a tool | refers to the degree to
which an instrument covers a representative sample of
variables to be measured
34. WHAT IS CODING SYSTEM? WHEN DO YOU DO THIS?
o Assigning numerical digit for non numerical data |
changing verbally expressed data into numerical info
o we are doing this when our variables are non numerical
like gender
35. DIFFERENTIATE KURTOSIS AND SKEWNESS. EXPLAIN THEIR ROLE IN
NORMALITY
o Kurtosis – measure of the heaviness of the tail of the
distribution, thus indicating the number of outliers in
your data
o Skewness – the lack of evenness in the distribution of
data
36. TABULATION HAS TWO FUNCTIONS. WHAT ARE THESE? EXPLAIN.
o Data preparation
o Data analysis
37. WHY IS RANGE NOT A DEFINITIVE MEASURE OF DISPERSION?
EXPLAIN.
o The range is the difference between the largest and
the smallest observation in the data. The prime
advantage of this measure of dispersion is that it is easy
to calculate. On the other hand, it has lot of
disadvantages. It is very sensitive to outliers and does
not use all the observations in a data set. It is more
informative to provide the minimum and the maximum
values rather than providing the range.
38. DIFFERENTIATE MEAN FROM STANDARD DEVIATION
o Mean – average of all items and scores
o Standard Deviation – shows the extent of the difference
of the data from the mean
39. DIFFERENTIATE DESCRIPTIVE FROM INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
o Both – approaches/statistical methodologies
o Descriptive – describes certain aspect of a data | has
no hypothesis
o Inferential – leads to generalization/conclusions in the
population | has hypothesis testing
40. EXPLAIN BRIEFLY THE PROCESS OF INSTRUMENTATION
o Instrumentation is the process of creating a tool
41. GIVE THE THREE STATISTICAL QUALIFICATION OF A PARAMETRIC
TEST
o Data – interval or ratio (continuous)
o Size – 30 or more
o Normality – data is normal
42. DIFFERENTIATE PARAMETRIC AND NON PARAMETRIC TESTS
o Parametric – number of assumptions | has high
assumptions on data | has higher statistical power
(generalization)
o Non Parametric – few or no assumptions | has low
statistical power
43. DIFFERENTIATE T-TEST FOR DEPENDENT AND T-TEST FOR
INDEPENDENT MEANS
o Dependent – paired t test (1 grp)
o Independent – unpaired t-test (2 grps)
44. WHAT IS BIVARIATE ANALYSIS? GIVE TWO EXAMPLES
o Bivariate is a type of statistical data analysis that
analyses 2 variables
o T-test, one way ANOVA, Pearson’s r
45. WHAT IS A MULTIVARIATE ANSLYSIS? GIVE TWO SPECIFIC
EXAMPLES
A type of statistical data analysis that analyses multiple
relations between multiple variables
o Multiple regression, MANCOVA
46. EXPLAIN THIS CORRELATION COEEFICIENT -0.39
o Negative, weak
47. DIFFERENTIATE POSITIVE FROM NEGATIVE CORRELATION
o Positive – when the numerical value of one variable
increases or decreases, the other variable increases or
decreases as well (directly proportional)
o Negative – as the numerical value of one variable
increases, the other variable decreases, and vice-versa
(indirectly proportional)
48. HOW DOES THE P VALUE AND ALPHA LEVEL AFFECT EACH OTHER?
EXPLAIN
o The p-value measures the probability of getting a more
extreme value than the one you got from the
experiment. If the p-value is greater than alpha, you
accept the null hypothesis. If it is less than alpha, you
reject the null hypothesis.
49. DIFFERENTIATE ONE WAY ANOVA FROM ANCOVA
o One way ANOVA – test differences among groups
1 IV – factor, 1 DV – response
o ANCOVA – study of 2 or more DV that are correlated
with each other
2 IV (factor & covariate), 1 DV (response)
50. GIVE THREE TECHNICAL TIPS IN WRITING YOUR RESEARCH REPORT
o Organize the parts of your research report based on
the standard research-report structure that consists of
the following
sequential components: (Title, abstract,
introduction,methodology, results and findings,
conclusions,recommendation, references and
appendices)
o Familiarize yourself with the language of academic
writing. (Use passive than active, used third POV, use
modality)
o Observe the mechanics of research-report writing
(PA, Quotations, footnote,
statisticd and graphs, final draft, index)