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Abstract. In the medium to high seismic zone, prestressed hollow concrete (PHC) pile for structural
foundation should be designed with elastic behaviour due to low ductility and dissipated energy.
However, some Indonesian practical engineer has chosen PHC pile for pile-supported slab viaduct (PSSV)
with medium seismic moment-resisting frame concept in a high-risk earthquake zone. Therefore, some
non-linear numerical simulations of PSSV structure in medium to high seismic zone need to be conducted
to investigate its seismic performance. In the initial stage, a numerical model for investigating the seismic
performance of PCH pile under flexural test with fiber section element was conducted. By implementing
an appropriate plastic hinge length of forced beam-column with hinge element, the flexural behaviour of
PHC piles was simulated under both monotonic and cyclic loading. As the results, the numerical model
could show good agreement compared with some predecessors experimental of PHC pile in the term of
skeleton curves, sectional strain distributions, and hysteresis loops.
Keyword : PHC pile, numerical model, fiber section
Concrete07 Steel02
Fig. 10. Fiber section for PHC pile idealization model fc’ (MPa) 52.00 fy (MPa) 1387.00
c 0.00233 E0 (MPa) 220200.00
Ec (MPa) 36084.04 b 0.05
3.2. Concrete material parameter
t 0.000248 R0 10
Concrete07 was implemented to model the concrete of xp 2 cR1 0.925
the pile material of OpenSees adopts Chang and xn 2.3 cR2 0.15
Mander’s 1994 concrete model. It was an advanced rule- R 8.1
based model to simulate hysteretic of concrete both
ordinary or high strength concrete [13]. The axial load
should be on the section subjected to cyclic loading so
3.4. Results
that no problem occurs [14]. The input parameter of
Concrete07 material were concrete compressive strength
(fc’), concrete strain at maximum compressive strength The load-displacement curves obtained from the
(c), initial elastic modulus of the concrete (Ec), tensile experiment compared to the curves calculated by
strength of concrete (ft), non-dimensional term that OpenSees are shown in Fig. 11. The displacements were
defines the strain at which the straight line descent monitored at the middle of the pile specimen i.e. node 7.
begins I tension and compression (xp and xn) and The materials implemented in OpenSees model were
parameter that controls the nonlinear descending branch monitored with the strain-displacement curves of the
(r) [14]. Tensile strain at the max tensile strength of concrete and PC bars used in the pile specimen. Fig. 12
concrete (t) was ignored at this modelling but the value and Fig 13 show that the strain-displacement curves of
was defined with 0.1 so that the algorithm still could be steel and concrete material calculated by OpenSees
run. The effect of confinement reinforcement was not agreed well with the experimental results.
considered for the core of the concrete. These concrete Under monotonic loading, the initial stiffness and the
material input parameters are shown in Table 1. yielding strength of PHC pile model calculated by
Elastic Material was used to construct the elastic OpenSees have good agreement with the experimental
uniaxial concrete material [10]. The input parameter of result, while the ultimate strength of numerical model
Elastic Material is the modulus elastic of the concrete lower than the experimental result. The experimental
and the damping tangent (optional, default = 0.0). PHC pile concrete material might have larger
compressive strength than the mentioned in the
3.3. Steel material parameter reference.
Fig. 12. Strain-displacement curves of concrete material (Monotonic Flexural Loading): (a) Specimen 1, (b) Specimen
2, and (c) Specimen 3
Fig. 13. Strain-displacement curves of steel material (Monotonic Flexural Loading): (a) Specimen 1, (b) Specimen 2,
and (c) Specimen 3
4 Numerical Analysis under Cyclic While the piles tested by Taksinrote [9] due to cyclic
Loading lateral loading were P12A, P12B and P12D specimens.
The piles were idealized as a frame element in the 2D
model with 3 degrees of freedom. The model consisted
4.1. Structure idealization of two nodes and an element. Nodes and element tags
can be seen in Fig.15. Forced-based beam-column
PHC piles tested under cyclic loading by Irawan et al [8] element with fiber section is applied to all elements of
and Taksinrote [9] were simulated and analysed the model. Element 1 was defined with the non-linear
numerically using OpenSees. Piles were subjected to the fiber section and the other elements with linear elastic
compression axial and reserve lateral load. The axial fiber section. The circular concrete patch was divided to
loads of each specimen can be seen in Table 2. Summary 36 and 10 fibers in the circumferential direction and the
of the actual displacement level in cyclic loading used radial direction respectively.
for each specimen is shown in Table 3. Modified two-point Gauss-Radau integration was
Piles tested by Irawan et al [8] were S-TB-1 and S- used to define the hinge region in both simulations.
TB-3 specimens. The piles were idealized as a frame Plastic hinge length defined in the PHC pile model of
element in the 2D model with 3 degrees of freedom. The Irawan et al [8] and Taksinrote [9] experiment were 560
model consisted of six nodes (one of them was dummy mm and 350 mm respectively, following the
nodes) and four elements. Nodes and elements tags can experimental of Budek [5]. As a comparison, 3D plastic
be seen in Fig.14. Node 2 and 4 had equal DOF with hinge length was defined to the PHC pile model
node 6. Forced-based beam-column element with fiber idealization for Taksinrote’s experiment, following the
section is applied to all elements of the model. Element 2 plastic hinge length obtained by Cofer et al using
and 3 were defined with non-linear fiber section and the ABAQUS finite element simulation of hollow
other elements with linear elastic fiber section. The prestressed pile [15].
circular concrete patch was divided to 72 and 20 fibers in
the circumferential direction and the radial direction
respectively.
Table 4. Concrete07 material parameter for the model
idealization of the pile tested due to cyclic
lateral loading
S-TB-1
P12A P12B P12D
S-TB-3
f c’ 54.4 78.8 82.2 79.1
c 0.0024 0.0026 0.0026 0.00259
Ec 36699.78 42170.74 42844.08 42230.87
t 0.000249 0.000261 0.000262 0.000261
xp 2 2 2 2
xn 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3
r 8.56 13.25 13.91 13.31
Table 2. Axial loads subjected to each pile specimens Specimen S-TB-1. S-TB-3 P12A, P12B, P12D
fy (MPa) 1387 1395
Specimen Axial Load (kN) E0 (MPa) 220267 199100
S-TB-1 400 b 0.05 0.05
S-TB-3 800 R0 10 10
P12A 0 cR1 0.925 0.925
P12B 200 cR2 0.15 0.15
P12D 100
Specimen Displacement level (mm) The load-displacement curves obtained from the
S-TB-1 20, 40, 60. 100, 120, 140, 307, 385, experiment compared to the curves calculated by
S-TB-3 482 and 613 OpenSees are shown in Fig. 16, Fig. 17 and Fig. 18. The
10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120 and load-displacement curves calculated by OpenSees agreed
P12A well with the experimental results conducted by Irawan
140
P12B et al [8]. However, the strength degradation behaviour of
20, 40, 60. 100, 80, 120 and 140 the reference’s [8] experimental could not be simulated
P12D
due to the effect flexural-shear failure. While PHC pile
simulation for Taksinrote’s experiment, two different
4.2. Concrete material parameter OpenSees calculation results were given. Taksinrote’s
PHC pile simulation with plastic hinge length 3D,
Concrete07 material of OpenSees as mentioned at following Cofer et al, give the better load-displacement
subsection 3.2 was implemented to model the concrete curve calculated by OpenSees than plastic hinge length
of the pile tested by Irawan et al [8] and Taksinrote [9]. 1,4D, following Budek et al. Fig. 17 and Fig. 18 indicate
Concrete07 material input parameters used in the that the behaviour of numerical model of the PHC pile
simulation of the piles are shown at Table 4. Tensile will governed by the plastic hinge length when the other
strain at the max tensile strength of concrete (t) was parameters are held constant.
ignored at this modelling but the value was defined with
0.1 so that the algorithm still could be run.
Fig. 16. Load-displacement curves of PHC Pile model simulation for Irawan’s et al experiment: (a) S-TB-1 Specimen,
(b) S-TB-3 Specimen
Fig. 17. Load-displacement curves of PHC Pile model Fig. 18. Load-displacement curves of PHC Pile model
simulation for Irawan’s et al experiment with simulation for Irawan’s et al experiment with
1,4D plastic hinge length: (a) P12A, (b) P12B, 3D plastic hinge length: (a) P12A, (b) P12B, (c)
(c) P12D P12D
5 Conclusions Prestressed Pile Shafts,” Coast. Eng. J., vol. 47, no.
1, pp. 1–20, Mar. 2005.
Based on the numerical simulation and analysis using [6] A. F. Setiawan, Y. Takahashi, J. Kiyono, and S.
OpenSees, the main results can be summarized as Sawada, “Numerical Analysis of RC Columns
follows: Accompanied with Friction Damping Mechanism
under Cyclic Loading,” Procedia Eng., vol. 171, pp.
1. The effect of prestressing bar to the PHC pile 821–835, 2017.
behaviour could be simulated by using force- [7] C. Irawan, R. Djamaluddin, I. G. P. Raka, and P.
based beam-column with hinges element with Suprobo, “The Experimental Investigation Of
fiber section in Opensees. Failure Mechanism Of Spun Pile Due To
2. Under monotonic loading, initial stiffness and Monotonic Loading Using NEHRP 2000,”
yielding strength of PHC pile model have good presented at the International Conference on
agreement with the experimental result, while the Protective Structures (ICPS4), Beijing, China, 2016,
ultimate strength of numerical model lower than p. 11.
the experimental result. The experimental PHC [8] C. Irawan, R. Djamaluddin, I. G. Putu Raka, -
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However, the strength degradation behaviour of University of British Columbia, Aug-2001.
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simulated due to the effect flexural-shear failure. Fenves, “OpenSees Command Language Manual.”
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flexural failure. [11] M. H. Scott, “Numerical Integration Options for the
4. Considering appropriate plastic hinge length Force-Based Beam-Column Element in OpenSees,”
could improve the accuracy of numerical p. 7.
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