1. Doctrina Christiana is the first book
Aurora is the only Philippine province
published in the Philippines, was published
in 1593, by the Dominican press. Because of
the monopoly of printing presses by
religious orders prior to the 19th century,
early written literature was predominantly
religious in content and in purpose.
2. The first women’s magazine in the
Philippines was El Hogar (The Home),
which first came out in 1893.
3. The first Filipino immigrants to the
United States (1850) settled in Louisiana.
4. Emilio Aguinaldo lost to Manuel L.
Quezon in the country’s first presidential
elections in 1935.
5. The largest crocodile ever captured in the
Philippines (1823) was found in Laguna de
Bay.
6. Fort San Pedro was the nucleus of the first
Spanish settlement in the Philippines.
7. Farmers’ Market Foodome is the largest
restaurant in the Philippines (in Quezon
City).
8. Cesar Virata is the first and last Prime
Minister of the Philippines after WW II.
9. The Cagayan River, the Philippines
longest river, originates in Nueva Vizcaya.
10. Aimee Carandang is the first Filipina to
become a commercial plane pilot.
11. The oldest Philippine university for
women is Centro Escolar University.
12. Jose P. Laurel has the most children (7)
among the Philippine presidents.
13. Eva Estrada Kalaw is the first Filipina to
be elected senator twice, in 1965 and in
1971.
14. The first modern building in the
Philippines is considered to be the Crystal
Arcade in Escolta, completed in 1932.
Spanish era
15.
named after a first lady.
16. The biggest game preserve and wildlife
sanctuary in the Philippines is located on
Calauit Island in Palawan.
17. The most translated Philippine poem is
Mi Ultimo Adios.
18. The Philippine mammal with the biggest
eyes in relation to its body is the tarsier.
19. Bagumbayan was the original name of
Luneta Park.
20. Iniibig and gawa are the first and last
words of Panatang Makabayan.
21. The Presidential Saber is awarded to the
top graduate of the Philippine Military
Academy.
22. The original Philippine flag, sewn in
Hong Kong in 1898, was made of silk.
23. Gen. Tomas Karingal was the first
assassinated victim of the NPA’s Alex
Boncayao Brigade.
24. Frank Murphy was the last American
governor-general of the Philippines.
25. After the United States, the Philippines
have the most Boys Scouts.
26. After Happy Birthday, the song most
sung in the Philippines is Lupang Hinirang,
the national anthem.
27. Hajji Butu was the first Muslim Filipino
to become a senator.
28. The most popular and durable of all
Philippine almanacs is called Kalendariong
Tagalog ni Honorio Lopez.
29. Rainier Lagman was the first Filipino to
have a heart transplant.
30. Gemma Cruz was the first Filipina to
win an international beauty title – Miss
International 1964.
Spanish imposed policies
 Bankaw Revolt – intolerance
against the friars
 Dagohoy – forced labor (his
brother was not given a Christian
burial)
 Andres Malong – Return to his
old Religion
 Juan Dela Cruz Palaris – tribute
 Juan Ponce Sumuroy – forced
labor
 Diego & Gabriela Silang –
tribute, polo, & wanted to engage
in Galleon Trade
 Magalat – tribute collection
 Apolinario Dela Cruz – Religion
Reasons for Defeat:
1. Pockets of Revolt
2. No unity
3. Inferior weapons
Archbishop Manuel Rojo – acting
gov.gen when british bombarded
intramuros, malate, ermita and
luneta on Sept. 22, 1762
Diego Silang – an Ilocano who rose
in revolt. He was able to expel
Spaniards and declared himself
“King of Ilocos”
Gabriela Silang – wife of diego that
carried her husband’s fight but later
captured and hanged.
Juan Dela Cruz Palaris – 1762 led
a revolt in pangasinan.
Reasons why economy developed
slowly:
1. Incompetence of Spanish officials
2. Graft and greed
3. Restrictive economic policies
4. Constant quarrels bet. Civil and
ecclesiastical authorities
Jose Basco y Vargas – appointed
gov.gen of phil. In 1778 he encouraged
the cultivation of crops for export.
(Indigo, coffee, cocoa, sugar, hemp,
mulberry, trees, spices and cotton)
Economic Society of Friends of the
Country in 1781 and Royal Company
in 1785
Basi revolt – one of the bloodiest
uprisings ever recorded during this
period.
Laissez – faire or “Let – alone policy”
– gave full freedom to private individuals
and firms to engage in economic
activities w/o much interference from the
govt.
Nicholas Loney – introduced the 1st
modern machinery that converted sugar
cane into refined sugar.
Factors that affect Filipino Nationalism
1. Rise of the Filipino Middle Class
2. Educations of some Filipinos
3. Opening of suez canal
4. Liberalism
5. Secularization
6. Cavite Mutiny
7. Execution of Gomburza
Inquilinos or the tenants – increase in
agriculture exports they began to
accumulate wealth.
Middle class – group below the 1. Collge of santa potenciana
aristocrat Spanish officials, families and 2. Santa Isabel college
religious orders but higher than the 3. Santa rosa college
masses 4. Others

Ilustrados – wealthy and highly Suez Canal in 1869

educated Filipinos
 Shorter route and travel time bet.
Insulares – Spaniards born in the Phil. Spain and Philippines
 influx of progressive books and
Peninsulares / Espanoles – Spaniards periodicals
born in spain, working and residing in  liberal ideas
our country.  Encourage many Filipinos to go
Mestizos / indios – the rest / natives to Europe.

2 events foreshadowed the developing Governor general Carlos Maria De la

consciousness of the masses: Torre in 1869 – put into practice the
liberal principles of revolutionists in
1. Tagalong publication of Florante Spain.
and Laura by Francisco
Baltazar/ Balagtas. – There was 1. Abolished censorship of press
reference for the 1st time to the 2. Abolished flogging as punishment
country as oppressed and in 3. Solved agrarian unrest
need of freedom. He is the best governor general the
2. Revolt by Apolinario dela Cruz or Philippines has ever had.
“Hermano Pule” in tayabas in
1841. Rafael de Izquierdo – appointed
gov.gen in 1871. “With a cross in one
Confradia – disguised as aimed to hand and a sword in the other”
revive the ancient catalonan teachings
w/in the Catholic Church. Regular priests – belonged to the
religious orders like Dominican,
Hermano Pule – so popular they called recollects, Augustinians and
him the kings of the Tagalogs. Franciscans.
Schools: Secular priests – not members of any
1. San juan de letran religious order
2. San jose Friar – curates – member of religious
3. San felipe orders that occupied parishes.
4. University of santo tomas
5. Others Secularization / Filipinization –
denying the native clergy the right to
Schools of women:
administer the parishes occupied by the
regulars
Father Pedro Pablo Pelaez – leader of
the Filipino campaign to secularize the
parishes.
Assimilation – the move to make the
Philippines a province of Spain and
granting of Spanish citizenship to
Filipinos.
Important Filipino Reformists:

Father Jose A. Burgos – the one who 1. Graciano Lopez Jaena – great
succeeded the leadership. orator
2. Jose Rizal – great thinker and
1. Father Jacinto Zamora writer
2. Mariano Gomez 3. Marcelo H. Del Pilar – great
3. Toribio Del Pilar political analyst and journalists
4. Mariano Sevilla
5. Pedro Dandan GRACIANO LOPEZ JEANA
6. Jose Guevara
 Born December 18, 1856
 Placid Lopez & Maria Jacobo
Jaena
Cavite Mutiny on Jan. 20, 1872 –  Seminary of Jaro to be a priest
revocation of the privilege of shipyard  Later be a physician’
workers to be exempted from forced  Fray Botod – friar who is greedy,
labor and from tribute by gov.gen immoral and cruel
izquierdo  Founded newspaper: La
Criollos – Spaniards born in Mexico Solidaridad
and exiled in Cavite.  Its 1st editor
 Died January 20, 1896
La Madrid – military sergeant who led it.

Execution of GomBurZa: Feb. 17,

1872 marched from Fort Santiago to Aims of the newspaper:
Bagumbayan Field. 1. Fight reaction
1. Zamora 2. Stop all efforts that keep the
2. Gomez Philippines a backward country
3. Burgos 3. Extol liberal ideas
4. Defend progress

Cruel Spanish writers:

Propaganda Movement in 1882 to 1892
1. Pablo Feced
Cortes – Spanish law making body 2. Wenceslao E. Petena

Demands of the Filipino Reformists:

 1. Representation in Spanish cortes  La Frailocracia Filipina
2. Right to vote (Frailocracy in the Philippines)
3. Freedom of speech, assembly  Died July 4, 1896
and press
4. Freedom of commerce Circulo Hispano Filipino (The
5. Removal of friars in the Phil. Spanish Filipino Circle) – Revista Del
6. Education Circulo Hispano – Filipino (Journal of
7. Reforms in the jails the Spanish – Filipino Circle)
8. Abolition of diezmos pediales – Asociacion Hispano – Filipina in 1889
tithe consisting if one-tenth of the – composed of Filipinos and Spaniards
produce of the land. who sympathized w/ the Filipino cause.
JOSE RIZAL Freemasonry – has an anti-friar
 Born June 19,1861 character
 Studied in Ateneo Municipal and Revolucion – a Filipino Masonic lodge
UST in Barcelona in 1889
 Age of 26 wrote: Noli me Tangere
or Touch me not – exposed the La Solidaridad – another Masonic
defects of the Spanish lodge founded in Madrid
administration
Nilad – a Masonic lodge in Manila in
 El Filibsterismo or the Rebel –
1891
expressed his political ideas and
the coming of revolution Aims of the organization:
 Founded La Liga Filipina – a
patriotic society 1. Freedom and prosperity
 Died December 30, 1986 2. Good government
3. Representation
MARCELO H. DEL PILAR 4. Establish Philippines as a
province of Spain
 “the greatest journalist produced
by the purely Filipino race” 35 Masonic Lodges in the Philippines
 Born August 30, 1850
 Studied: College of San Jose and Walana – Women Masonic lodge
UST
LA LIGA FILIPINA
 1882 founded tagalong Spanish
newspaper Diariong Tagalog Aims of la liga Filipina:
 Become editor of La Solidaridad
 La Soberania Monacal en 1. Unite the whole archipelago
Filipinas (Monastic Sovereignity 2. Give mutual protection to all
in the Philippines) members Encourage agriculture,
Commerce and education
 3. Defend members against
violence
4. Study and apply reforms
 Supreme council
 Provincial council
 Popular council
Monthly due of ten centavos
Cuerpo de Compromisarios (Body of
Compromisers
Why the reform movement failed:
1. Officials in Spain were too busy
with their own problems to listen
2. Did not have necessary financial
means w/ w/c to make their
campaign effective
3. Reformists themselves are not
united
4. Friars in the Philippines had
influential friends and supporters
in Spain
KKK – Kataastaasan kagalanggalang
na katipunan ng mga anak ng bayan
(supreme and venerable association of
the sons of the people) – July 7, 1892
Triangle method – method of recruiting
members in the society
Enlisting of Members – change in
recruiting members based on masonry
3 primary objectives of the Katipunan:
1. Civic – self-help and defense of
the weak and the poor
2. Political – separation of
Philippines from Spain
3. Moral – teaching of good
manners, hygiene, and good
moral character
The Katipunan Government
3 Governing Bodies:
1. Supreme Council /
Kataastaasang Sanggunian
2. Provincial Council / Sangguniang
Bayan
3. Popular Council / Sangguniang
Balangay
Judicial Council / Sangguniang
Hukuman – the one that passed
judgment on members who violated the
rules of the society
Katipunan Assembly – composed of
the members of the supreme council
and the presidents of the municipal and
popular councils.
Secret chamber
- Composed of Bonifacio, Emilio
Jacinto and Pio Valenzuela
- Sentenced the members who
exposed the secrets of the
Katipunan
Katipunan Elections:
1st president/supremo – Deodato
Arellano
2nd president/supremo – Roman Basa
3rd president/supremo – Andres
Bonifacio
Membership: Kalayaan – name of the newspaper
suggested by Dr. Pio Valenzuela
3 kinds:
Yokohama – as guise place of
1. 1st grade – katipon – “Anak ng publication
Bayan”
2. 2nd grade – kawal – “Gom-Bur- Marcelo H. Del Pilar – editor
Za”
3. 3rd grade – bayani – “Rizal” Real name Pen name
Jacinto Pingkian & Dimas -
The Katipunan Flags: ilaw
Bonifacio Agapito
Benita Rodriguez – the one requested Bagumbayan
to make the flag for the Katipunan. Valenzuela Madlang - away
Rizal Dimas Alang &
Gregoria De Jesus – bonifacio’s wife Laong Laan
who helped Benita to make the flag. Mariano Ponce Tikbalang, Naning
& Kalipulako
Katungkulang gagawin ng mga anak Antonio Luna Taga-Ilog
ng bayan / Duties of the sons of the Marcelo Del Pilar Plaridel
people – guide of the katipuneros in Jose Ma. Jomapa
leading a highly moral life that bonifacio Panganiban
prepared.
The revolution of 1896 / katipunan
Kartilla – 13 teachings by Emilio Jacinto
revolution
Women members of katipunan:
Bonifacio – a leading thinker of the
1. Josefa Rizal revolution of 1896
2. Gregoria De Jesus
3. Marina Dizon The Revolution of 1896
4. Angelica Lopez Rizal
5. Gregoria De jesus Department of war – Php 6,500,000

Candido Iban & Francisco del Castillo
– who won Php 1,000 in a lottery and
gave katipunan the money to buy the
printing press.
Printing press was purchased for Php
400
Ulpiano Fernandez & Faustino Duque
– 2 experienced printers managed the
press.
For Public Works – Php 628,752.46
Father Mariano Gil – parish curate of
tondo and was the one who had earlier
warned Spanish officials about the
existence of a secret society.
Teodoro Patino – the whistle blower of
the katipunan and told it to her sister,
the latter told the madre portera of the
orphanage that advise teodoro to tell it
to father marinano gil
Diario de Manila printing shop –
where they found receipts and evidence
pointing to the existence of a secret
society
Francisco L. Roxas – an insulares was
asked to support the society but resisted
to help them.
Sitio Pugadlawin – a huge meeting
was held at the yard of Juan A. Ramos,
son of Melchora Aquino / Tandang Sora
the “Mother of the Katipunan”.
Cry of the Pugadlawin – Aug. 23 –
where they tear they cedulas and
shouted “long live the Philippines! Long
live the Katipunan”.
First 8 provinces rose in arms:
(gov.gen Ramon Blanco issued a
decree – under martial law)
1. Cavite
2. Manila
3. Laguna
4. Batangas
5. Bulacan
6. Pampanga
7. Tarlac
8. Nueva Ecija
Those who would surrender w/in 48
hours will not be tried by military court.
Rizal’s Execution – Dec. 30, 1896
Emilio Aguinaldo – young mayor of the
town of Kawit (“Heneral Miong”) and
defeated general Ernesto de Aguirre on
Sept. 5, 1896
2 factions of Katipunan in Cavite:
1. Magdiwang – Mariano Alvarez –
favored the retention of katipunan
2. Magdalo – Baldomero Aguinaldo
– favored a change in the
katipunan structure.
The Tejeros Convention (March 22,
1897) – agreed to form a new
government.
Daniel Tirona – member of Madgalo
and sain that Jose del Rosario was
more qualified than bonifacio.
The result of the election in the tejeros
convention is null and void.
Acto de Tejeros (Minutes of Tejeros) /
Tejeros Resolution – it indicated the
reasons for ejecting the result mainly the
fraud committed by the magdalo people
Naik Military Agreement – another
government would be established
Colonel Agapito Bonzon – headed the
party to contact bonifacio.
General Pio del Pilar & General
Mariano Noriel – persuaded Aguinaldo
to withdraw the commutation letter for
the reason that can’t be divided at such
time of war.
May 10, 1897 – major lazaro macapagal
broght them to Mount Tala and
executed
Gov. Gen. Camilo de Polavieja –
succeeded Gov. Gen Ramon Blanco
grew tired of fighting and asked to be
relieved.
Gov. Gen. Fernando Primo de Rivera
– the successor of Camilo de polavieja
and took personal charge at the military
campaign
Biak na Bato Republic – established
by Aguinaldo
Felix Ferrer & Isabelo Artacho –
copied word for word the Cuban
Constitution of Jimaguaya except one
article.
Pedro A. Paterno – offered himself as
mediator to gov. gen primo de rivera.
Truce of Biak na Bato:
1st document – November 18, 1897
2nd document – December 14, 1897
PHIL. CONSTITUTION, GENERAL INFORMATION,
CURRENT EVENTS
1.) Who is responsible for determining the
existence of probable cause for the issuance ofa
warrant of arrest or search warrant?
1.) Lawyer
2.) Judge
3.) Fiscal
4.) Prosecutor
5.) Mayor
2.) The Senate shall be composed of how many
senators elected at large by voters of the
Philippines?
1.) 21
2.) 22
3.) 23
4.) 24
3.) The term of office of the President and Vice-
president of the Philippines shall be up to how
many years?
1.) 3 years
2.) 4 years
3rd document – December 15, 1897
1. Aguinaldo and his men would go
into voluntary exile
2. Primo would pay Aguinaldo
Php800,000 in 3 installments
3. Additional Php 900,000 to the
families of non-combatant
Filipinos suffered.
General Francisco Makabulos of
Tarlac – who was suspicious of Spanish
motives organize an independent
government and a constitution –
Makabulos Constitution.
3.) 5 years
4.) 6 years
4.) It states that "no person shall be deprived of
life, liberty, or property without due process of
law, nor any person be denied the equal
protection of the laws."
1.) Article VI
2.) Bill of Rights
3.) Republic Act
4.) Court Order
5.) What are the 3 branches of the Government of
the Philippines?
1.) Senate, Supreme Court, Congress
2.) Presidential, Unicameral - parliamentary,
Bicameral – parliamentary
3.) Legislative, Executive, Judicial
4.) The Legislature, The Senate, The Supreme
Court
6.) The following shall be exempted from taxation
except:
 1.) Lands and buildings 3.) Petition
2.) Churches and convents 4.) Initiative
3.) Charitable institutions
4.) Non-profit cemeteries
12.) PHIVOLCS is a branch of DOST to moderate
disasters that may arise from volcanic eruptions,
7.) It is a law in the Philippines that aims to address earthquakes, tsunami and other related
legal issues concerning online interactions and geotectonic Phenomena in the Philippines.
harmful Internet behavior in the Philippines. It 1.) Philippine Institute of Volcanology and
aims to present and punish cybercrime in the Seismology
country. 2.) Philippine Institute of Volcanic and Seismic
1.) Cybersquatting Services
2.) Cybercrime Act 3.) Philippine Institute of Volcanic and
3.) Cybercrime Prevention Act Seismology Services
4.) Cyber Identity Theft Act 4.) Philippine Institute of Volcano and Seismic
System

8.) It is a project of DOST for more accurate,

integrated and responsive disaster prevention 13.) It is the power of the electorate to approve or
and mitigation system especially in high-risk reject a legislation through an election called for
calamity areas of the Philippines. the purpose.
1.) PAGASA 1.) Referendum
2.) I am ready 2.) Plebiscite
3.) DOST- Advance Disaster Program 3.) Petition
4.) Project NOAH 4.) Initiative

*Project NOAH - Nationwide Operational 14.) This law promotes responsible family planning
Assessment of Hazards and proper use of reproductive methods to
eliminate over-population growth.
1.) RH Bill
2.) Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive
9.) The members of the House of Representatives Health Law
shall be elected for a term of ______. 3.) Reproductive Law
1.) 3 years 4.) Family Planning
2.) 4 years
3.) 5 years
4.) 6 years 15.) Which of the following is a renewable source of
energy?
10.) It is the power of the State to promote public 1.) Geothermal energy
welfare by restraining the use of both liberty 2.) Solar energy
and property of all people. 3.) Wind energy
1.) Police Power 4.) All of the above
2.) Power of Eminent Domain
3.) Power of Taxation
4.) Power to Impeach 16.) It is the power of the State to take properties for
the purpose of public use upon payment of just
compensation.
11.) It is the electoral process by which an initiative 1.) Police Power
on the Constitution is either approved or 2.) Power of Eminent Domain
rejected by the people. 3.) Power of Taxation
1.) Referendum 4.) Power to Impeach
2.) Plebiscite
17.) It is a written instrument containing the
proposition and required number of signatories
and shall be in a form determined by and
submitted to the Commission on Elections.
1.) Bill
2.) Law
3.) Proposition
4.) Petition
18.) R.A. 6713 is an act to uphold the time honored
principle of public office being a public trust,
granting incentives and rewards for exemplary
service, enumerating prohibited acts and
providing penalties for violations thereof and for
other purposes.
1.) Preamble
2.) Code of Ethics
3.) Code of Government Officials
4.) Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for
Public Officials and Employees
19.) It states that public office is public trust and that
public officers and employees must, at all times,
be accountable to the people, serve them with
utmost responsibility, integrity, loyalty and
efficiency; act with patriotism and justice and
lead modest lives.
1.) Public Trust
2.) Constitutional Rights
3.) Accountability
4.) Responsibility
20.) It is the power of the State to impose charge or
burden to persons and properties, and property
rights for the purpose of raising revenues to
protect the people and extend public projects
and services.
1.) Police Power
2.) Power of Eminent Domain
3.) Power of Taxation
4.) Power to Impeach
21.) The following are duties and responsibilities of
Public Officials and Employees except:
1.) Act promptly on letters, inquiries, calls or
any other form of communications sent by
the public.
2.) Submit performance reports of the agency
or office regularly.
3.) Accept gifts from the public upon
prioritizing their queries.
4.) Process documents and papers
expeditiously.
22.) All of the following is TRUE except:
1.) No person shall be compelled to be a
witness against himself
2.) No person shall be imprisoned for non-
payment of debt or poll tax.
3.) No ex post facto law or bill of attainder shall
not be enacted.
4.) No person shall be detained solely by
reason of his political beliefs and
aspirations.
23.) PAGASA is the official government agency for
weather forecasting, flood control, astronomical
observations, and time service. PAGASA stands
for____?
1.) Philippine Atmospheric Geographical and
Astronomical Services Administration
2.) Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and
Astronomical Services Administration
3.) Philippine Atmospheric Geological and
Astronomical Services Association
4.) Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and
Astronomical Services Association
24.) Who shall have the exclusive power to initiate
all cases of impeachment?
1.) House of Blue Ribbon Committee
2.) House of Representatives
3.) House of the Senate
4.) Speaker of the House
25.) The Supreme Court shall be composed of a Chief
Justice and how many Associates Justices?
1.) 12
2.) 13
3.) 14
4.) 15
26.) How long shall the term of office of the senators
be commenced?
1.) 3 years
2.) 4 years
3.) 5 years
4.) 6 years
 4.) Minority

27.) The following are citizens of the Philippines

except: 31.) The three inherent powers of the state are the
1.) Those fathers or mothers are citizens of the following except one:
Philippines. 1.) Police Power
2.) Those who are born before January 17, 2.) Power of Eminent Domain
1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect 3.) Power if taxation
Philippine citizen upon reaching the age of 4.) Power to Impeach
majority.
3.) Those who are naturalized citizens of the
Philippines in accordance with law. 32.) It is the right and obligations by all citizens, who
4.) All of the above are true are at least 18 years of age, and qualified by law,
to vote in the election of national and local
officials of the government without literacy,
28.) The legislative power shall be vested in property, or other substantive requirement.
the______ which shall consist of a Senate and a 1.) Suffrage
House of Representatives. 2.) Election
1.) Congress of the Philippines 3.) Voting power
2.) House of Ombudsman 4.) Civil Rights
3.) The Supreme Court
4.) Bureau of Internal Revenue
33.) The following are members of the Constitutional
Commission except:
29.) The executive power shall be vested in 1.) Commission on Civil Rights
the________. 2.) Commission on Elections
1.) President of the Philippines 3.) Civil Service Commission
2.) House of Representatives 4.) Commission on Audit
3.) The Supreme Court
4.) The Congress
34.) The Senate shall be composed of how many
30.) The Congress, by a vote of _____ of both Houses senators elected at large by voters of the
in joint session assembled, voting separately, Philippines?
shall have the sole power to declare a state of 1.) 21
war. 2.) 22
1.) Two-thirds 3.) 23
2.) One-half 4.) 24
3.) Three quarters

Politics- in general, it means organizing human Elements of Politics:

activities.
 Power
 Politics is all around.  Rule
 Politics happens because of the need  Authority
to make decisions in the complex  Influence
world we live in.
 According to Aristotle, “Man by nature Governance- it refers to the way in which
something is governed to meet objectives such as
is a political animal”. If it is true, then
protecting its people, and acting in the country’s
politics is not only common in our
best interest.
lives – it is unavoidable.
 State is a political concept while nation is an
ethnic concept.
State is a group of people living in a definite
territory, having a government of their own and
enjoying their own independence.
Elements of State
1.People – a mass of population or community of
people living within the territorial jurisdiction of
state.
2. Territory- The space within which the
government exercise its supreme authority.
3. Government- agency through which the will of
the state are formulated, expressed carried out.
4. Sovereignty– the supreme power of the state
to enforce its will upon its citizen through laws. It
also means independence from the control of
other states. It has two aspects:
a. internal sovereignty- w/c means
complete authority to rule over the people
inside the state
b. external sovereignty (often referred as
independence) – which means
independence from outside or foreign
control.
Nation - any large group of people who are united
by common bonds of race, language, custom,
tradition, or religion.
State v Nation
Modes of Acquiring a Territory
1. Discovery and Occupation- a state may
acquire a territory by discovering a
continent, an island or land with no
inhabitants or occupied by uncivilized
inhabitants and thereafter, occupying it,
by placing it under its political
administration.
2. Prescription- it is a mode of acquiring
territory through continuous and
undisputed exercise of sovereignty over it
during such period as it is necessary to
create under the general conviction that
the present condition of things is in
conformity with international order.
3. Cession – it is the assignment, transfer or
yielding up of territory by one state or
government to another. It may be in a
form of sale or donation.
4. Subjugation and annexation- it is a
mode of acquiring territory belonging to a
state in the course of war and by
annexation at the end of the war.
5. Accretion- mode of acquiring territory by
addition of portions of soil, either
artificial or by gradual disposition
through the operation of natural causes.
CLASSIFICATION OF GOVERNMENT
ACCORDING TO ARISTOTLE
1. Monarchy (ruled by one person)
- where one person exercises
sovereignty. It is the form of
government in which the
supreme and final authority is in
the hands of a single person.
2. Aristocracy- ( ruled by a few persons)
- where political power
exercised by a privilege class
known as the elite or oligarchs.
3. Democracy ( ruled by many)
- is one in which supreme power is vested
to the people . It is classified into two:
a.direct democracy ( pure democracy)- is
where people directly govern themselves
b. indirect democracy (representative
democracy) – is where people elect
representatives to act in their behalf.
Demo – people / Kratos – power
Political Science- is a branch of social science
that studies politics and state.
Subfields of Political Science
1. National Politics - deals with the
study of the structure of the
government, its branches, the political
system of the state, public opinon and
elections.
2. Comparative Politics – studies the
politics and government of other
countries
3. International Relations – political
cooperation among states, diplomatic
relationships, international
organizations and laws.
4. Political Theory – defines what is
good and what is bad government.
Example: Machiavelli
5. Constitutional Law – studies the
is balance between the powers of the
government and the rights of the
people.
6. Public Policy – focuses on the
programs of the state to benefit the
economy and the state as a whole.
Political Science is a social science.
Social science is the study of society and the
manner in which people behave and influence the
world around us.
The following are the Major branches of Social
Science:
Psychology studies emotional and cognitive
impacts of environments and relationships, and
the reactions of human systems to emotional and
cognitive changes.
Sociology – how we become members of groups,
move between groups, and how being in different
groups affects individuals and the groups in which
they participate.
Political Science – how we identify ourselves as
citizens of a particular nation, how we participate
in our political structure, how it affects us, what
motivates us to affiliate ourselves with certain
points of view or parties.
Anthropology deals with of what it means to be
human, through the understanding of modern
cultures across the globe, the cultures of the past,
languages, the human body, and our evolutionary
history.
History – the interpretation of the past, how it
affects our views of the present, understanding
trends or the lack thereof in the past.
Economics – refers to the scientific study of
human action, particularly as it relates to human
choice and the utilization of scarce resources.
Political Phenomenon- any occurrence, events,
or facts relating to politics.
Ideology - refers to a system of beliefs about how
society should function, behave, and operate
Political Ideology is a set of related beliefs about
political theory and policy held by an individual,
group of individuals or a particular social class.
Major Political Ideologies
1. Anarchism - The belief that the best
government is absolutely no
government. This ideology argues
that everything about governments is
repressive and therefore must be
abolished entirely.
2. Absolutism - The belief that a single
ruler should have control over every
aspect of the government and of the
people’s lives.
3. Liberalism - A set of political beliefs
emphasizing individual rights and
liberties
4. Conservatism - A set of political
beliefs based on preservation of
customs and traditions that define the
character of a society
5. Socialism - A set of political beliefs
emphasizing community and social
equality
Political Power is:
 The ability to shape and control the
political behavior of others and to
lead and guide their behavior in the
direction desired by the person,
group, or institution exercising the
political power.
 The capacity to influence, condition,
mold, and control human behavior for
the accomplishment of political
objectives.
Major Forms of Political Power
1.Political Authority - is governmental power. It is
the legally established power of the government to
make rules and issue commands and to compel
obedience to them, making use of physical force and
coercion when deemed
necessary. Political authority in short, is the legal
right--the legally established power--to govern
society.
2. Political Influence - is the ability of private
individuals and groups to impact on the government's
making and implementation of official policy
decisions. It is a form of political power exercised by
those who do not possess the formal-legal authority,
but have and utilize the ability to condition, modify,
and control the official decision-making behavior of
those in government office who do possess the
authority to make and implement the decisions.
CONSTITUTION
 heart of the nation
 foundation of the government
 blueprint of the government
  fundamental law of the land Article VI Legislative Department
 highest law of the land
Article VII Executive Department
 basic law of the land
Article VIII Judicial Department
Constitution is a written instrument enacted by
direct action of the people by which the Article IX Constitutional Commissions
fundamental powers of the government are
established, limited and defined, and by which Article X Local Government
those powers are distributed among the several
Article XI Accountability of Public Officers
departments for their safe and useful exercise for
the benefit of the body politic. Article XII National Economy and Patrimony

Article XIII Social Justice and Human Rights

The Republic of the Philippines is using the 1987 Article XIV Education, Science and
Philippine Constitution also known as the Freedom Technology, Arts, Culture and
Constitution. Sports

Article XV The Family

Preamble – introduction to the constitution Article XVI General Provisions

Article XVII Amendments or Revisions

“We, the sovereign Filipino, imploring the aid of Article XVIII Transitory Provisions
Almighty God, in order to build a just and humane
society and establish a government that shall
embody our ideals and aspirations, promote the
common good, conserve and develop our
patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our
Article I: National Territory
posterity the blessings of independence and
democracy, under the rule of law, and a regime of
truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace,
do ordain and promulgate this Constitution.” Section 1. The national territory comprises the
Philippine archipelago, with all the islands and
waters embraced therein, and all other territories
over which the Philippines has sovereignty or
Articles of the 1987 Philippine Constitution
jurisdiction, consisting of its terrestrial, fluvial,
and aerial domains, including its territorial sea,
the seabed, the subsoil, the insular shelves, and
Article I National Territory other submarine areas. The waters around,
between and connecting the islands of the
Article II Declaration of Principles and archipelago, regardless of their breath and
State Policies dimensions, form part of the internal waters of the
Philippines.
Article III Bill of Rights

Article IV Citizenship
Article II: Declarations of Principles and State
Article V Suffrage
Policies
 Basic Principles of the 1987 Philippine It encapsulates the provisions that will answer the
Constitution question: Who are the citizens of the Philippines?

1. The Philippines is a democratic and

republican state. Sovereignty and
government authority belong to the Article V: Suffrage
people. ART II SEC 1
Right to vote/Election

2. The Philippines renounces war as an

element of national policy ART II SEC 2
Article VI: Legislative Department

3. Civilian authority is all times supreme Philippine Congress is bicameral legislature which
over the military. ART II SEC 3 consists of :

Upper house: Senate

4. The prime duty of the government is to
serve and protect the people. ART II SEC 4 Lower house: House of Representatives

5. The separation of church and state shall

be at all times be upheld. ART II SEC 6 Article VII: Executive Department

President of the Philippines (qualifications,

6. The government shall provide social manner of voting, term of office, powers and
justice. ART II SEC 10
limitations)

Article III: Bill of Rights

Article VIII: Judicial Department

Basic rights that are recognized and protected by
the Constitution: 1. The Supreme Court

2. Intermediate Appellate Court (Court of

1. Right to due process of law (Art III Sec Appeals)
1)
2. Right against unreasonable search
3. Regional Trial Court (RTC)
and seizure (Art III Sec 2)
3. Right to privacy of communication
and correspondence (Art III Sec 3) 4. Municipal Trial Court (MTC), Municipal
4. Right to travel and Liberty of abode Circuit Trial Court
(Art III Sec 6)
5. Right to Assembly and Petition/ Right In addition to these regular courts, there are two
to form association (Art III Sec 8) special courts, namely:

Article IV: Citizenship

1. Court of Tax Appeals

  Distribution of income, wealth and
opportunities
2. Sandiganbayan
 Economy of the nation
 Sustainable development
The Constitution also provides for two special legal  Industrialization and full employment
bodies, namely:
 Agricultural Development
 Agrarian Reform
 Natural Resources
1. Judicial and Bar Council
Article XII: Social Justice and Human Rights

2. Ombudsman (Tanodbayan)  Human dignity

 Reduce social, economic, and political
inequalities
 Remove cultural inequities
Article IX: Constitutional Commissions
 Social Justice – commitment to create
1. Commission on Elections economic opportunities based on
2. Commission on Audit freedom of initiative and self-reliance
3. Civil Service Commission

Article X: Local Government

Article XIV: Education, Science and

Political Subdivisions of the Republic of the Technology, Arts, Culture and Sports
Philippines:

1. Provinces
2. Cities  Quality education
3. Municipalities  System of education
4. Barangays  The study of constitution shall be
*** Autonomous Regions: ARMM and part of the curricula of all
CAR educational institutions
 Language: Filipino is the official
Article XI: Accountability of Public Officers language
 Research and Development
 Invention
 Impeachment  Innovation
 Sandiganbayan – anti-graft court  Preservation of arts and culture
 Ombudsman/Tanodbayan –  Physical education
investigates on its own any act or  Sports Program
omission of any public official,  League competitions
employee, office or agency.  Amateur sports
 Regular sports activities in all
Article XII: National Economy and Patrimony
educational institutions
 2. The province acquired its name from the
Spanish word “lago” which means lake or
Article XV: The Family
lagoon.
 Family is the foundation of the a. Laguna
nation
 Marriage b. Cavite
 Family Rights and Duties
c. Batangas
Article XVI: General Provision
d. Quezon
 Flag 3. During the 20th century Marikina city is
 Name of the country rich in what industries?
 National anthem
 National seal a. Baston
 Armed Forces of the Philippines b. Barong Tagalog
 The State may not be sued without its
consent c. Tobacco
 Ownership of mass media is limited to
d. Shoes
citizens of the Philippines
4. How many cities are there in
Article XVII: Amendments or Revisions
MIMAROPA region?
-Changing the constitution.
a. 2
Article XVIII: Transitory Provisions:
b. 5
- Provision about the first election of Philippine
c. 7
congress/ first local election
d. 8
-Provisions about the revolutionary powers,
legislative power of President (Cory Aquino) 5. The name Sorsogon comes from the
word?
a. Capuy
Geography..
b. Bulaag
1. Which of the following city is
FORMERLY the capital of the Philippines c .Albaybay
a. Quezon city d. Sosogon
b. Marikina City
c. Mandaluyong city 6. The following are the tourist attractions in
Las Piñas except:
d. Metro Manila
a. Bamboo Organ
b. Balsa saNiugan
 c. Nature Church (4) Authority to undertake and power to
carry out public activities.
d. St. Joseph Church
MUNICIPAL CORPORATION
7.The first inhabitants of Caloocan It refers to a public corporation created by
a. India the government for political purposes and
having
b. Indonesian (c) Improvement of morals
(d) Maintenance of peace and order
c. Chinese (e) Preservation of the comfort and
convenience of the inhabitants.
d. Malaysian (f) Exercise the right of eminent domain
8. How many municipalities are there in (See discussion on Art. III Sec. 9 on the
Marinduque. general powers of the government).
(g) Has the power to create its own
a. 8 sources of revenue and to levy taxes.
subordinate and local powers of
b. 6 legislation. It consist of six (6) elements:
(1) Legal creation or incorporation.
c. 9 (2) Corporate name
d. 10 (3) Inhabitants
(4) Place or Territory
9. The following are the endemic tongue in (5) Charter
Palawan EXCEPT. (6) Legislative Power

a. Agutaynen FIVE LEVELS OF LOCAL

GOVERNMENTS IN THE PHILIPPINES
b. Cuyonon (1) Barnggay
c. Hiligaynon (2) Municipality
(3) City
d. Tausug (4) Province
(5) Region
10. Malabon is a commercial fishing center
for Manila known for? GENERAL POWERS OF THE LOCAL
GOVERNMENT
a. Alfombra There are five(5) general powers of the
b. Inutak Local Government, namely:
(1) Corporate powers
c. Bagoong (a) To have continuous succession in the
corporate name
d. Itlogpugo (b) To sue and be sued
(c) To have and use a corporate seal
ELEMENTS OF A LOCAL
(d) To acquire and convey real or
GOVERNMENT
personal property
(1) Defined area
(e) To enter into contracts
(2) Population
(f) To exercise such powers as granted to
(3) Continuing Organization.
corporations.

(2) Governmental Powers
(a) Promotion of health and safety
(b) Improvement of poverty
(c) Improvement of morals
(d) Maintenance of peace and order
(e) Preservation of the comfort and
convenience of the inhabitants.
(f) Exercise the right of eminent domain
(See discussion on Art. III Sec. 9 on the
general powers of the government).
(g) Has the power to create its own
sources of revenue and to levy taxes.
4. Legislative Powers
(a) Has the power to make laws
(Sangguniang Pambaranggay for
Baranggay ordinances; Sangguniang
Panlalawigan for Povincial ordinances;
Sanggunian Panlunsod for city
ordinances; Sanggunian Bayan for
municipal ordinances) legislature also
takes the form of resolutions, and
excecutive orders from the different levels
of the Local Government.
(b) Directional Powers
Refers to the power to establish fiscal
policy through the local budget; makes
plans for capital improvement; adjustment
of departmental organizations;
establishment of personnel policies, etc.
(c) Executive Powers (in the Legisltative
Powers)
Refers to the power to confirm or reject
the mayor or governor’s appointment to
the position of department heads.
(d) Administrative Powers
Refers to the power to:
(1) review ordinances, resolutions,
executive orders appropriations.
(2) Grant franchise
(3) Conduct committee activities
(e) Public Relations Functions
1. Executive Powers
(a) Sending executive notes to the
Sanggunian
(b) Using the veto power
(c) Appointing and removing subordinates
(d) Preparing the budget
(e) Issuance of directives, licenses and
permits
(f) Conduct of meeting and conference
which require reports
(g) Conduct of investigation
2. Administrative Powers
(a) Departmentalization of the local
administrative mechanism to simplify
administrative processes. This is
according to:
(i) by purpose
(ii) by process
(iii) by area clientele
THE ROLE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT
AT VARIOUS LEVELS
(a) The Baranggay
Task: “To broaden the base of citizen
participation in the democratic process
and to afford ample opportunity for the
citizenry to express their view on
important national issue.”
Role: “ To constitute the base for citizen
participation in governmental affairs and
the collective views of the people in the
Baranggay shall be considered in the
formulation of national policies and
programs and, whenever practicable,
shall be translated into concrete and
specific decisions.” (PD No.86, 1972; PD
No.86-A1973)
(b) The Municipality
Serves as the general purpose for the
coordination and delivery of basic,
regular, and direct services within its
jurisdiction.
(c) The City
Also serves as the general purpose like
the municipality, the city provides all basic
services to its constituents. The city is
more able to operate and develop the
area on its own resources. The city is
meant to concentrate all its resources on
urban problems.
(d) The Province
To serve as an effective mechanism in the
development process and assume
basically area-wide functions, roles and
activities.
(e) The Region
Establish as an intermediary political tier
between the national and the local units.
decisions together with a smaller body of
statutory enactments of a fundamental
character.
(3.) Manner of Amending
(a.) Rigid or Inelastic – one regarded as a
document of special sanctity which cannot
be amended or altered except by some
special machinery more cumbrous than
the ordinary legislative process.
(b.) Flexible or Elastic – one which
possess no higher legal authority than
ordinary laws and which may be altered in
the same way as other laws.
Considering all these, we can therefore
say the Philippines constitution is a
conventional (or enacted), written, rigid,
(or inelastic).

TYPES OF CONSTITUTION
Constitutions can be classified according
to:
(1.) Genesis or development
(a.) Conventional or Enacted – the
conventional constitution is crafted and
promulgated by the people through their
representatives in a constitutional
conventions.

(b.) Cumulative or Evolved – one which is

product of growth or a long period of
development originating in customs,
traditions, judicial decisions, rather than
from a deliberate and formal enactment.

(2.) Form
(a.) Written – one which has been given
definite written form at a particular time,
usually by a specially constituted authority
called a “constitutional convention”

(b.) Unwritten – one which is entirely the

product of political evolution, constituted
by a large mass of customs, usages and
judicial