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Vector
Vector
Quantities
Force as a
vector
49
In the previous discussion has been described
that the physical quantities are grouped by unit,
they are base and derived quantities. In addition
to unit, the physical quantities can also be
grouped based on the presence or absence of
direction. The quantity having the direction is
called vector, while the quantity having no
direction is called the scalar quantity. In this
chapter, we will examine the properties of vectors
in general and the properties of displacement,
Why is it important to learn vectors?
This question will be answered with the following question: Have you ever
booked an online transport? If the driver asks your position from a
particular point or a particular house, what do you answer? Will you only
answer 10 meters from the current driver position? Of course not, you will
answer with the direction of 10 meters to west or east or north or south of
driver position.
Let’s see Figure 3.2! A plane is doing
a circular motion seen from above with
the same speed, but its velocity
GPS is one of the navigation
changes. How can?
technologies that we often use in
everyday life. Before GPS, to
navigate aircraft, known as the
VOR (Very High-Frequency
Omnidirection Range (VOR)
navigation system, what is
navigation? Navigation is a
system of positioning and point
direction on earth What do you
Figure 3.1. Illustration of GPS in aircraft find related to vector quantities?
https://www.liputan6.com/tekno/read/21542
47/kenapa-teknologi-gps-tak-bisa-temukan-
airasia-qz8501
Thus, an object can have a velocity that is not fixed, although the magnitude
of the speed it has fixed. This is due to the change of the direction as it moves.
Therefore, mathematically from Figure 3.2 can be formulated
𝑣⃗# ≠ 𝑣⃗% ≠ 𝑣⃗#
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Displacement Vector
A quantity that expresses the
distance of a straight line and the
direction from one point in space to
another is a directed line segment
called a displacement vector.
Usually the displacement vector is
used to describe the results for the
vector in general. Note Figure 3.3.
Figure 3.2 Aircraft that perform circular
motion seen from the top of the plane
P3
P2 Definition of Trigonometry
By using a right triangle, can be
P1 formulated the angle and length of
the sides
+,-./ 3
sin 𝜃 = /12/ = 4 or 𝑎 = 𝑐 sin 𝜃
9:;< =
cos 𝜃 = = 4 or 𝑏 = 𝑐 cos 𝜃
/12/
+,-./ 3
Figure 3.3 The object moves from P1 to point tan 𝜃 = = = or 𝑎 = 𝑏 tan 𝜃
A1BC
P3 through point P2 by passing a different
path with its displacement vector
Figure 3.3 reveals that the displacement
vector represented by thick lines and
arrows is different from the distance 𝑐
𝑎
taken. Therefore, the displacement does
not depend on the distance through which
𝜃
the particle travels, but only at its final
𝑏
point.
If you shift the pot from position O to a
place marked with Y, as in Figure 3.4,
then from point O, the pot will have the 𝑟⃗F
position represented by the position
vector 𝑟⃗E . When the pot is shifted again
so that its current position is marked 𝑟⃗E
with the letter X, then the pot has a 𝑟⃗FE
position 𝑟⃗F when measured from point O
and 𝑟⃗FE when measured from point Y. Figure 3.4 Pots shifted from point
O to Y then to X
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Therefore, position 𝑟⃗F will be obtained If there are two vectors X and Y as
from the position 𝑟⃗E by shifting the pot in figure 3.5, how do the steps add
𝑟⃗FE . Thus, the position vector 𝑟⃗F is the up the two vectors?
sum of vectors 𝑟⃗E with vector shifting 𝑟⃗FE , X
can be mathematically written
X+Y Y
𝑟⃗F = 𝑟⃗E + 𝑟⃗FE ………………………… (3.1)
Y
X
Y Figure 3.8 Vector Sum of X and Y
comutatively
X
Figure 3.5 Y and X vectors Through the results of the
There are two methods, namely by analysis, apply that, |𝐗 + 𝐘| ≠
using the parallelogram method and 𝑋 + 𝑌, except for 𝜃 = 0. Angle
based on the vector parts. 𝜃 = 0 it means there is no
angle between X and Y, Thus
The Steps
Vector Sum using known that Y is parallel to X and
Parallelogram Method the magnitude of cos 0 = 1, so
|𝐗 + 𝐘| = 𝑋 + 𝑌. If the
1. Shifting X vector, without changing the O
magnitude of 𝜃 = 90 , and cos
direction, until tail of X vector stick on the 90 = 0, Thus |𝐗 + 𝐘| =
head of Y vector, as in Figure 3.6 √𝑋 % + 𝑌 %
X
Y Y+X X
X+Y Y
Figure 3.6 Vector Sum of Y and X 𝑟 Y q a
vector X
2 Y+X is a vector beginning from tail of Y and 𝑅
end on head of X.
Try do vector sum, but by shifting Y vector! Figure 3.9 Determining the
The vector sum will look like in Figure 3.7. magnitude and direction of X+Y
X+Y
Y
X
Figure 3.7 Vector Sum of X and Y vectors
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Merging of Figures 3.6 and 3.7 can be seen in Since the form of
Figure 3.8 and shows that the vector sum is vector analysis is
a parallelogram,
commutative. Mathematically can be written
this calculation
(3.2) technique is
𝐗 + 𝐘 = 𝐘 + 𝐗
called the
parallelogram
method
Based on Pythagoras theorem, the Through the results of the analysis
magnitude of X + Y, or |𝐗 + 𝐘| obtain carried out, apply that |𝐗 + 𝐘| ≠
% %
|𝐗 + 𝐘| = 𝑟 + 𝑅 % 𝑋 + 𝑌, except for 𝜃 = 0. The angle
q is an angle which is formed between Y 𝜃 = 0 means there is no angle
and X, while a is angle of X + Y to X. The between X and Y, therefore known
angle of a is the direction of X + Y to the that Y is parallel to X and the
horizontal. (See the Trigonometry magnitude cos 0 = 1, so |𝐗 + 𝐘| =
Definition). Thus, it can be written 𝑋 + 𝑌. If 𝜃 = 90O , so cos 90 = 0,
mathematically thus |𝐗 + 𝐘| = √𝑋 % + 𝑌 %
𝑟 = 𝑌 sin 𝜃and𝑅 = 𝑋 + 𝑌 cos 𝜃
Thus:
|𝐗 + 𝐘|% = (𝑌 sin 𝜃)% + (𝑋 + 𝑌 cos 𝜃 )%
= 𝑌 % sin% 𝜃 + 𝑋 % + 2𝑋𝑌 cos 𝜃 + 𝑌 % cos% 𝜃
Based on trigonometry identity sin% 𝜃 + cos% 𝜃 = 1,
sehingga
|𝐗 + 𝐘|% = (𝑌 sin 𝜃)% + (𝑋 + 𝑌 cos 𝜃 )%
= 𝑋 % + 𝑌 % + 2𝑋𝑌 cos 𝜃
It will be obtained
(3.3)
|𝐗 + 𝐘| = V 𝑋 % + 𝑌 % + 2𝑋𝑌 cos 𝜃
How about the direction a of |𝐗 + 𝐘| ?
𝑌 sin 𝜃 𝑋 + 𝑌 sin 𝜃
sin 𝛼 = cos 𝛼 =
√𝑋 % + 𝑌 % + 2𝑋𝑌 cos 𝜃 √𝑋 % + 𝑌 % + 2𝑋𝑌 cos 𝜃
Vector sum is also called vector resultant.
53
Vector Parts
Look at this picture below
R F F
Y B F
X A
S
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Based on figure 3.10(b), vector F is the resultant of vector sum between R and
S, while Figure 3.10(c) indicates that vector F is formed because of X and Y.
Figure 3.10(d) also states that vector F is the resultant of vector sum between A
and B. Thus there are many ways to elaborate parts of vector F. Now see Figure
3.11
Q S
R F
P
S
Figure 3.11 Parts of Vector F made by vector sum of P,Q and S, besides also
vector sum of R and S.
Thus, since a vector can be elaborated into many vectors, it is convenient to make
an agreement, that is to describe the vector can be reflected in accordance with
the vertical axis and the horizontal axis, as in Figure 3.10 (c). Thus the sum also
adjusts to the axis. Do the following things so you can understand them!
A vector F has length 20 units. The vector is elaborated into two vectors
(they are A and B) such that the vector A make an angle 450 to vector F. If
vector A has length 25 units, what is the length of B? what is the angle of
vector B to F? (Tips: Draw the illustration)
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Before performing the vector sum with the elaboration of vector parts, let us
practice outlining the vector parts. The parts of a vector is the projection of that
vector on the line in the space obtained by drawing a perpendicular line from the
vector to the axis, as Figure 3.12
y
A
Ay
q x
Ax
Figure 3.12 Part of vector A related to the magnitude of A and angle q is Ax = A
cos q and Ay = A sin q
Projection vector on the vertical is vertical part of a vector. Figure 3.12 shows
vector A on xy plane. This vector has parts Ax and Ay. Generally the parts can be
positive or negative. Through the agreement, If vector direction on x axis is
negative, so Ax has negative value, so does Ay if the direction is on y axis
negative, the value Ay is negative. If q is angle of vector A and x axis, so
XY
tan 𝜃 = (3.4)
XZ
XY
sin 𝜃 = (3.5)
X
XZ
cos 𝜃 = (3.6)
X
A vector of w have length 5 units to the west and vector v is twice vector w. If
vector direction can be illustrated as arrowhead and initial point of vector is the
other end, and the length of arrow is described as the magnitude of vector, draw
both of vectors! (1 swath = 1 unit)
Explain how velocity is vector, but speed is not! (Tips : circular motion of an
object moves with constant speed)
Displacement Vector
Why displacement vector doesn’t depend on motion trajectory? (Explain using
picture)
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Vector Sum
𝑟⃗F
Write in mathematics the vector sum of picture
beside!
𝑟⃗E
𝑟⃗FE
Parallelogram Methods
Vector Sum
Its parts
Parallelogram Methods
Write the procedure how to do vector addition using parallelogram methods for
this case (tips : make a parallelogram vector and determine which angle is the
resultant direction of the vector)
57
Based on its parts
Describe the parts of these
Ax 𝐀 = 𝐴F 𝐢 − 𝐴E 𝐣
vectors using vector units!
q 𝐴F = 𝐴 cos 𝜃
A 𝐴E = 𝐴 sin 𝜃
Ay
B
Vector unit is
Vector properties
Addition
Similarity
Negative
Substraction
Similarity of Vector
A
B
Determine the relation between vector A and B including its parts, magnitude,
and direction!
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Negative of a vector
A
B
Determine the relation between vector A and B including its parts, magnitude,
and direction!
Substraction
A
B
C -B
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Student’s Worksheet
Generally, if V is any vector and l is a scalar (real number), so vector lV is the vector
defined as follows :
1. If l = 0, so lV is zero vector
2. If l < 0, so lV has opposite direction to V, and the magnitude is |l|
multiplied by magnitude of vector V
3. If l > 0, so lV has the same direction as vector V and the magnitude is l
multiplied by magnitude of vector V
For example A and B are two vectors and both of them make an angle q
and then 𝑎 is a scalar. Prove that multiplication vector by scalar is
distributive, they are :
𝑎(𝐀 + 𝐁) = 𝑎𝐀 + 𝑎𝐁
𝑘(𝐀 − 𝐁) = 𝑘𝐀 − 𝑘𝐁
𝐀(𝑎 + 𝑏) = 𝑎𝐀 + 𝑏𝐀
Scalar and Vector Product
Parts Scalar Product (dot) Vector Product (cross)
Equation
Properties
Direction of
the result
Parallel
vector
product
Perpendicular
vector
product
Assignment :
Make an experiment design to determine a resultant vector plane in school field!
Then do like what you plan and make the experiment report!
60
Velocity Vector
Acceleration Vector
Remember that a particle can move at constant speed and stay accelerated if its
velocity vector changes.
Force as A Vector
Figure 3.17 Two kids will move the table from initial position to another position
61
Beside displacement, velocity and acceleration, force is vector quantity. Notice
when you want to move the table to another corner of the house and ask for help
from your friends, as in Figure 3.17. If you both push, the table will remain silent,
so if you both pull, the table will also remain silent. Therefore, you have to give
push and pull in the same direction, so the table can move. push or pull is called
Force. Hence the force is also a vector quantity.
And another vectors, vector sum and properties in vector quantities apply
generally. Therefore, to perform the operation of the calculation, need to pay
attention to these rules.
Questions
Find the sum of the following
1
displacement vectors :
A = 5.0 m at 370 North of East A car moves 150.0 m at 630 nort of
2
B = 6.0 m at 450 North of West east. It stays at rest for a while then
C = 4.0 m at 300 South of West moves 300 m at 340 south of west.
D = 3.0 m at 600 South of East Find the total displacement!
3 Vector A represents a displacement in meters expressed in unit vector notation
as A = 2i + 6j + 3k
Vector B represents a second displacement
B = 5i - 3j - 2k
Find the dot product of the two vectors, cross product, and the angle between
them.
A bicycle tire (Radius = R = 0.4 m) rolls along the ground (with no slipping) 5
through three-quarters of a revolution. Consider the point on the tire that
was originally touching the ground. How far has it displaced from its starting
position?
62
Find the equilibrant force for the system of forces described here:
6
Force A : 20 N at 200
Force B : 40 N at 2300
63
Does Vector 𝑎⃗ have initial point (4,8) and a terminal point (2,4)? 12
A Physics teacher, Susan, drove to her high school which is located 15km
13
East from her house. After school, she drove to her children's elementary
school which is 10 km South from her high school. Then, she drove to a
grocery store, located 15km West from the elementary school. Finally, she
drove back to home with her kids and several grocery bags. Choose a true
statement from the following:
A. The total distance she traveled from her house to elementary school is
18 km.
B. The magnitude of the displacement vector from the high school to the
grocery store is 25 km.
C. The magnitude of the displacement vector for the whole trip is 50 km.
D. The magnitude of the displacement vector from her house to the
grocery store is 10 km.
Steve is driving in his car to take care of some errands. The first errand
has him driving to a location 2 km East and 6 km North of his starting
location. Once he completes that errand, he drives to the second one
which is 4 km East and 2 km South of the first errand. What is the
14
magnitude of the vector that describes how far the car has traveled
from its starting point, rounded to the nearest km?
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