COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE BLEACHING

EFFECT OF WHITE VINEGAR

AND KAMIAS EXTRACT

An Investigatory Project

Presented to

The Faculty and Staff of Francisco Q. Duque

Medical Foundation Special Science High School

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

In

Research I-B

By

Elton Joseph O. De Sesto

Emerson Dave S. Capua

Regina Tricia F. Manaois

Mrs. Jenny Rose Gengos

March 2019
 APPROVAL SHEET

Approved by the panel examiners on the oral examination with a grade of ______%

_______________________ _______________________

Dra. Czarina Aucena, PhD Ms. Cassandra Munoz, MAN

Panel Member Panel Member

Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements on Research 1-B.

____________________________

Mrs. Ma. Grace O. Mencio, Ma Ed

Principal, LNU - FQDMFSSHS

i
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers would like to extend their sincere gratitude to all who had

facilitated and supported them during the conduct of this study. Without these people,

this research study would not be achievable and successful.

In particular, the researchers would like to thank the following:

Mrs. Jenny Rose J. Gengos, who facilitated the coming up of this successful

research study and for having reviewed portions of the manuscript;

To the critics, Mr. Michael Jordan Estrada, Ms. Porssia Ocampo, Dra. Czarina

Aucena and Ms. Cassandra Muñoz, for taking time and effort to review and improve the

manuscript;

To Mrs. Maria Grace O Mencio, for her guidance and appreciation;

To Mrs. Vergie Rosario, for providing kamias to the researchers;

To the researchers’ friends, who encouraged them to strive for this requirement;

To the researchers’ parents, for their moral support, all possible assistance and

patience; and

Finally, to our Almighty God, for His inspiration, providence and provisions in

the making of this manuscrip

ii
 ABSTRACT

De Sesto, E., Capua, E., Manaois, R., Comparative Study On The Bleaching Effect
Of White Vinegar And Kamias Extract. Francisco Q. Duque Medical Foundation
Special Science High School, Dagupan City, Philippines.

Bilimbi (Averrhoa bilimbi) or kamias is a sour tropical fruit abundant in vitamins B and C,
iron, phosphorus, antioxidants and oxalic acid. The latter component explains the kamias
extract’s capability to be utilized as a stain remover. Vinegar is an acidic liquid produced
through the process of fermenting ethanol alcohol into acetic acid. Its high concentration
of acetic acid makes it a great alternative in stain removal. This study is relevant to those
who are searching for a more natural, simpler and less expensive alternative to commercial
bleaches which embody chemicals that cause alarm to the safety of humans and also the
environment. The process of making this research is by way of conducting a survey to ten
respondents and taking down their evaluation in terms of effectiveness, as to which of the
alternatives is more effective. The researchers therefore conclude that kamias is indeed an
effective alternative stain remover and bleaching agent for clothing compared to other
commercial bleaches and organic stain removers.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract

Approval Sheet……..……..……………………………………………………………….i

Acknowledgement...………………………………………………………………………ii

Table of Contents................................................................................................................iii

List of Figures.....................................................................................................................v

Chapter I. INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study………………………………………………………….1

Statement of the Problem………………………………………………………….2

Significance of the Study………………………………………………………….3

Hypotheses………………………………………………………………………...4

Scope and Delimitation………………………….………………………………...5

Conceptual Framework………….……………….………………………………..6

Research Paradigm……………………………..……………………………...…..7

Definition of Terms…………………………………..……………………………8

iii
Chapter II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Related Literature…………………………………………………………….…..9

Related Studies …………………………………………………………………12

Chapter III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design………………………………………………………………....13

Materials ………………………………………………………………………...13

Procedure ……………………………………………………………...………...14

Testing and Evaluation ……………………………………...…………………...15

Treatment of Data ……………………………………………………...………...16

Chapter IV. PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS OF

DATA………………...……………………………………………………....17

Chapter V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION….…….....20

Bibliography……………………………………………………………………….…….22

Appendices ……………………………………………………………..…….………….23

Curriculum Vitae …………………………………………………………….………..…34

iv
 LIST OF FIGURES

Rating Scale ……………………………………………………………………………..17

Table 1 …………………………………………………………………………………..17

Table 2 …………………………………………………………………………………..18

Table 3 …………………………………………………………………………………..18

Table 4 …………………………………………………………………………………..19

v
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Bilimbi (Averrhoa bilimbi), commonly known as kamias in the Philippines, is a

fruit-bearing tree of the genus Averrhoa, family Oxalidaceaeis, cultivated and found

throughout Indonesia, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Malaysia and other Southeast Asian

countries. To Asian countries and islands, especially in the Philippines, its nutritional and

medicinal value is common knowledge.

The fundamental adoption of kamias in a tropical nation is for food preparation.

Many chefs find its sour flesh versatile and use it as a base or ingredient for many dishes.

Aside from its versatility, kamias is a reservoir of nutrients wherein it has significant traces

of vitamins B and C, calcium, phosphorus, iron and fiber. Also recognized for its acidity,

its extract is utilized as an alternative stain remover by locals in rural areas of the

Philippines.

White vinegar, also known as distilled or spirit vinegar, is a sour aqueous solution

of trace chemicals and acetic acid usually produced via the fermentation of foods such as

sugar beets, potatoes, molasses, milk whey or ethanol and sugars by acetic acid bacteria.

Mainly utilized in many cultures as a condiment and preservative, it also has a vast

array of industrial, medicinal, and household uses. The researchers chose to compare

vinegar with kamias due to its acidity, similar uses in cooking and capability to eliminate

stains; as well as compare the bleaching effect of white vinegar and kamias, as both are

1
readily available substances and can substitute chemical bleaches.

Statement of the Problem

This study will compare the bleaching effect of white vinegar and kamias extract

on cloth stains.

1. What is the level of effectiveness of the vinegar solution and kamias in

removing stains on clothes in terms of the opacity of the stain after application?

2. Is there a significant difference between the vinegar solution and kamias as a

stain remover?

2
Significance of the Study

This study aims to discover the stain removing potential of kamias and vinegar,

discovering which of the two is more effective and efficient.

The outcome of this study shall be advantageous for those who are in search of a

more natural, simpler and less expensive alternative to commercial bleaches which contain

various chemicals that threaten the safety of humans and also the environment.

With all these bleaches, people are oblivious to what is best and less hazardous.

Thus, the researchers chose to compare these two organic stain removers.

3
 Hypotheses

H0: There is no significant difference of bleaching effect between vinegar and

kamias.

H1: There is a significant difference of bleaching effect between vinegar and

kamias.

4
Scope and Delimitation

This study was conducted at the Francisco Q. Duque Medical Foundation Special

Science High School Biology Laboratory. The study concentrated in the comparison of the

bleaching capabilities of white vinegar and kamias extract as a bleaching agent on fabric

specifically on white polyester. Likewise, the effectivity shall be measured on actual utility

results.

5
Conceptual Framework

In this study, the researchers would want to discover the capacity of both vinegar

and kamias extract as a stain remover, revealing their bleaching capabilities and ultimately,

which is a better stain remover.

6
Research Paradigm

Bleaching effect Researchers will

of the Vinegar analyze and Vinegar/Kamias
Solution as gather data better stain
compared to through remover
Kamias experimentation

7
Definition of Terms

Averrhoa - a genus of trees in the Oxalidaceae family, of the Oxalidales order, named

after Averroes, a 12th-century astronomer and philosopher from Al-Andalus.

Bleach - the generic name for any chemical product which is used industrially and

domestically to whiten clothes, lighten hair color and remove stains.

Fermentation - a metabolic process that produces chemical changes in organic substrates

through the action of enzymes. In biochemistry, it is narrowly defined as the extraction of

energy from carbohydrates in the absence of oxygen.

Extract - a substance made by extracting a part of a raw material, often by using a solvent

such as ethanol or water.

Fabric - a flexible material consisting of a network of natural or artificial fibers

Acetic acid - an organic chemical compound best recognized for giving vinegar its sour

taste and pungent smell.

Stain removal - the process of removing a mark or spot left by one substance on a

specific surface like a fabric.

8
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

RELATED LITERATURE

VINEGAR

Vinegar can be defined as "a sour liquid obtained by result through acetic

fermentation of dilute alcoholic liquids and used as a condiment or preservative." Aside

from being utilized widely for said purpose, vinegar also has versatility as it may be used

for other purposes, such as to enhance food taste. Vinegar is made through two stages of

biological processes. These distinct processes resulted from the action of innocuous

microorganisms. In these processes, yeast and "Acetobacter" is used to convert sugars

(carbohydrates) into acetic acid. The first stage of process is called alcoholic fermentation.

It occurs when yeasts convert natural sugars to alcohol under controlled conditions. In the

second stage , "Acetobacter" which is a group of bacteria, changes the alcohol resulting

from alcoholic fermentation to acid. This is the acid fermentation that forms vinegar. Since

vinegar can be made from anything with sugar, there are probably too many variants to

count and made in countries throughout the world.[1](Kellen, 2005, Vinegar Institute Site)

White Vinegar helps remove limescale and can be used in place of fabric

conditioner; ideal for people with skin sensitivities. It will stop fluffy towels from going

stiff and helps keep your washing machine healthy by fighting limescale

and mould/mildew. Like conditioner, it will of course help prevent static. Simply use as

9
much as you would of fabric conditioner and pour it in the fabcon slot. It's also ideal for

people with skin sensitivities.

AVERRHOA BILIMBI/KAMIAS

The bilimbi, Averrhoa bilimbi, L., (Oxalidaceae), is closely allied to the carambola

but quite different in appearance, manner of fruiting, flavor and uses. The only strictly

English names are "cucumber tree" and "tree sorrel", bestowed by the British in colonial

times. "Bilimbi" is the common name in India and has become widely used. In Malaya, it

is called belimbing asam, belimbing buloh, b'ling, or billing-billing. In Indonesia, it

is belimbing besu, balimbing, blimbing, or blimbing wuluh; in Thailand, it is taling

pling, or kaling pring.

In Haiti, it is called blimblin; in Jamaica, bimbling plum; in Cuba, it is grosella

china; in El Salvador and Nicaragua, mimbro; in Costa Rica, mimbro or tiriguro; in

Venezuela, vinagrillo; in Surinam and Guyana, birambi; in Argentina, pepino de

Indias. To the French it is carambolier bilimbi, or cornichon des Indes. Filipinos generally

call it kamias but there are about a dozen other native names.

The bilimbi is generally regarded as too acidic to eat raw, but in Costa Rica, the

green, uncooked fruits are prepared as a relish which is served with rice and beans.

Sometimes it is an accompaniment for fish and meat. Ripe fruits are frequently added to

curries in the Far East. They yield 44.2% juice having a pH of 4.47, and the juice is popular

10
for making cooling beverages on the order of lemonade.

Mainly, the bilimbi is used in place of mango to make chutney, and it is much

preserved. To reduce acidity, it may be first pricked and soaked in water overnight, or

soaked in salted water for a shorter time; then it is boiled with much sugar to make a jam

or an acid jelly. The latter, in Malaya, is added to stewed fruits that are oversweet. Half-

ripe fruits are salted, set out in the sun, and pickled in brine and can be thus kept for 3

months. A quicker pickle is made by putting the fruits and salt into boiling water. This

product can be kept only 4 to 5 days.

Very acidic bilimbis are employed to clean the blade of a kris (dagger), and they

serve as mordants in the preparation of an orange dye for silk fabrics. Bilimbi juice, because

of its oxalic acid content, is useful for bleaching stains from the hands and rust from white

cloth, and also tarnish from brass.

11
RELATED STUDIES

POTENTIAL OF VINEGAR AS RUST STAIN REMOVER

According to the research, there was need to find an alternative way to remove

rusting from any other metal. Despite the vast research regarding rusting, many people

still do not recognize its harmful effects to the environment and thus, do not to take

precautionary measures to avoid or prevent rusting. Results of study show that the U.S.

had to spend total $276 billion, approximately 3.1% of the nation's Gross Domestic Product

(GDP) for corrosion direct cost.

Also according to the same, vinegar is a substance that has the potential to remove

the rust stain from metal due to presence of acid in its content.

EFFECTIVENESS OF KAMIAS AS AN ALTERNATIVE STAIN REMOVER

According to the research, the discovery of the potential of kamias extract as stain

remover will be a breakthrough and will contribute additional knowledge in the field of

molecular biology. The study concluded that Averrhoa Bilimbi L is effective as an

alternative stain remover, though it still needs a little scrubbing before some stains

disappear. The study found out that kamias has high oxalic acid content which removed

the stain on fabrics.

12
 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

RESEARCH DESIGN

Experimental Research was used in this study wherein ten (10) respondents were

asked to evaluate effectiveness, as to which of the alternatives is more effective.

MATERIALS

The paraphernalia to be utilized consists of mortar and pestle, beakers, measuring

cups, white fabric, filter paper, white vinegar, kamias, chocolate, ink and ketchup

13
PROCEDURE

I. Preparation of kamias extract

1. Gathering of materials required for the kamias extract

2. Using the mortar and pestle to pound/squeeze the kamias to extract its juice

3. Using the filter paper to completely get the extract for it to be measured and stored.

II. Application of prepared bleaching extract

1. Before using the solution the researchers will generously apply the staining materials

on the two types of fabrics and allow it to dry it out.

2. After the stain has been applied, the vinegar will first be tested by soaking the fabric

within an hour in 25 ml of vinegar

3. The researchers will also be test the kamias by soaking the fabric within an hour in 25

ml of kamias extract.

4. The researchers will observe the effects before soaking it in and will then evaluate it

again after an hour of soaking.

5. The researchers will then scrub the fabrics in thirty (30) seconds.

6. After the two stained fabrics are scrubbed, the fabrics will then be scrutinized and

observations be recorded.

14
TESTING AND EVALUATION

The products were evaluated by ten (10) respondents who have examined the

fabric before and after application. After examination of the fabrics soaked in vinegar and

kamias extract, the respondents were asked to evaluate the effectiveness of its bleaching

effect.

DATA GATHERING INSTRUMENT AND PROCEDURE

The effectiveness of the bleaching agents will be evaluated according to the

effectiveness in removing the stain and the length of time for it to take effect.

Scale Descriptive Equivalent

5 Excellent

4 Very satisfactory

3 Satisfactory

2 Fair

1 Poor

15
TREATMENT OF DATA

The chosen respondents will evaluate the effectiveness of the bleaching agents

using the evaluation card y - the effectiveness in terms of removing stains and the average

length of time before the solution takes effect.

The data gathered by the researchers was analyzed using frequency counts,

weighted mean and was presented in an ordered array and interpreted.

Weighted Mean = FX/N

Where in:

F= frequency

X= arbitrary weights

N= total number of respondents

16
 CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

The polyester was soaked, scrubbed and air-dried were air-dried before

evaluation. It was evaluated based on the effects of bleaching among 4 different stains. It

was evaluated and scored as 5 = excellent, 4 = very satisfactory, 3 = satisfactory, 2 = fair,

1 = poor. The weighted mean was computed and the rate of acceptability was concluded.

The results were as follows:

Rating Scale of weighted mean

1.00 – 2.49 Not acceptable

2.50 – 3.99 Acceptable

4.00 – 5.00 Highly acceptable

Table 1 . Ketchup stained polyester

Treatment Poo Fai Satisfactor Very Excellen Weighte Descriptiv

e analysis
s r (1) r y (3) satisfactor t (5) d mean

(2) y (4)

Vinegar 0 0 1 3 6 4.5 Highly

acceptable
Kamias 0 2 5 1 2 3.3 Acceptabl
e

17
 Table 1 shows that both have provided the bleaching effect desired but vinegar is

considered to be better as it was rated highly acceptable, while only acceptable for the

kamias extract in the removal of ketchup stain in polyester.

Table 2 . Ink stained polyester

Treatment Poo Fai Satisfactor Very Excellen Weighte Descriptiv

e analysis
s r (1) r y (3) satisfactor t (5) d mean

(2) y (4)

Vinegar 4 5 0 1 0 1.8 Not

acceptable
Kamias 4 6 0 0 0 1.6 Not
acceptable

Table 2 shows that both solutions have not achieved the desired bleaching effect

as the 2 were rated as not acceptable on the removal of ink stain on polyester.

Table 3 . Chocolate stained polyester

Treatment Poo Fai Satisfactor Very Excellen Weighte Descriptiv

e analysis
s r (1) r y (3) satisfactor t (5) d mean

(2) y (4)

Vinegar 1 4 4 1 0 2.5 Acceptabl

e
Kamias 0 4 2 4 0 3 Acceptabl
e

Table 3 shows that both solutions provided the bleaching effect desired but

kamias has a higher score than the vinegar in the removal of chocolate stain in polyester.

18
Table 4 . Rust stained polyester

Treatment Poo Fai Satisfactor Very Excellen Weighte Descriptiv

e analysis
s r (1) r y (3) satisfactor t (5) d mean

(2) y (4)

Vinegar 1 4 4 1 0 3.5 Acceptabl

e
Kamias 0 0 2 3 5 4.3 Highly
acceptable

Table 4 shows that both have provided the bleaching effect desired but kamias

extract is considered to be better as it was rated highly acceptable, while only acceptable

for the vinegar in the removal of rust stain in polyester.

19
 CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary

This study was conducted at Francisco Q. Duque Medical Foundation Special

Science High school and was focused on the significant difference on bleaching effects of

kamias extract between vinegar to different stains.

The researchers evaluated the bleaching effects of the kamias and vinegar to four

different stains which is ketchup, ink, chocolate and rust stains. The fabric used was

polyester. The experiment had a total of 8 experiments. We applied the chocolate and rust

by rubbing against the cloth and by using a dropper, the ink was applied. Through

observation, the pieces of cloth were examined.

Conclusion

After testing the kamias and vinegar on their bleaching effects on different stains

on 2 types of fabrics and having respondents evaluate the results, the researchers therefore

conclude that the respective organic bleaches can be utilized in removing stains and their

respective performance depends on the type of stain it is removing.

20
Recommendations

The researchers would like to recommend that further studies on the comparison between

the bleaching effects of kamias and vinegar be done. Furthermore, the researchers suggest to use

other solutions to compare it to such as commercial detergents and to use it with higher amount.

21
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Kamias. (n.d.).Slow Food Foundation for Biodiversity. Retrieved from

https://www.fondazioneslowfood.com/en/ark-of-taste-slow-food/kamias-

2/?fbclid=IwAR0jT_m_1YdukC7BKatFWXUbz2vdLuw0V-cYtb6q6rnIS4rXtt14nntMp8k.

Vinegar. (2016, January 21). New World Encyclopedia . Retrieved

from http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/p/index.php?title=Vinegar&oldid=993522.

White Vinegar. (2018, January 27). Dri Pak,. Retrieved from https://www.dri-

pak.co.uk/tag/white-vinegar/.

Morton, J.(2013, January 14). Bilimbi. Retrieved from

https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/bilimbi.html.

Essays, UK. (2018, January 4). Vinegar as a Rust Remover | Experiment. Retrieved from

https://www.ukessays.com/essays/biology/potential-of-vinegar-as-rust-stain-remover-biology-

essay.php?vref=1.

Martinez, P. (2013, June 22). Effectiveness of Kamias as an Alternative Stain Remover.

Retrieved from https://prezi.com/en_frkfn6pvu/effectiveness-of-kamias-as-an-alternative-stain-

remover/.

Silva, M. and Berza,R.(2003). A Comparative Study On The Effectiveness Of Coconut Husk

And Lead As Substitute Pigments In Producing Carbon Papers. Tapuac District, Dagupan City:

Francisco Q. Duque Medical Foundation Special Science High School Lyceum Northwestern

University.

22
 APPENDICES

T- test (1)

Treatment 1 Treatment 2

Vinegar(X) (X- 𝑋̅) (X- 𝑋̅)2 Kamias (X) (X- 𝑋̅) (X- 𝑋̅)2

5 0.5 0.25 4 0.7 0.49

5 0.5 0.25 2 -1.3 1.69

4 -0.5 0.25 3 -0.3 0.09

5 0.5 0.25 5 1.7 2.89

5 0.5 0.25 3 -0.3 0.09

5 0.5 0.25 5 1.7 2.89

5 0.5 0.25 3 -0.3 0.09

4 -0.5 0.25 3 -0.3 0.09

4 -0.5 0.25 3 -0.3 0.09

3 -1.5 0.25 2 -1.3 1.69

𝑋̅= 4.5 ∑ = 3.3525 𝑋̅= 3.3 ∑ = 10.1

𝑋̅ 1 −𝑋̅ 2 (∑(𝑋− 𝑋)2 10.1 10.1

T= 2 2
and 𝑆𝐷 = √ 𝑆2 = √10−1 = √ 9
= 1.0593499055
𝑛−1
√(𝑆11) +(𝑆22)
𝑛 𝑛

4.5−3.3
T= 2 2
= 3.10284
3.3525 3.3525 √(0.61) +(1.06)
𝑆1 = √ 10−1 = √ = 0.613277808 10 10
9

DF= (𝑅-1)(C-1) = (3-1)(10-1)= 18 𝑇𝑣0.05 ,

= | 2.101 |

23
T- test (2)

Treatment 1 Treatment 2

X (X- 𝑋̅) (X- 𝑋̅)2 X (X- 𝑋̅) (X- 𝑋̅)2

1 -0.8 0.64 2 0.4 0.16

1 -0.8 0.64 1 -0.6 0.36

2 0.2 0.04 2 0.4 0.16

4 2.2 4.84 2 0.4 0.16

2 0.2 0.04 1 -0.6 0.36

1 -0.8 0.64 1 -0.6 0.36

2 0.2 0.04 2 0.4 0.16

2 0.2 0.04 2 0.4 0.16

2 0.2 0.4 2 0.4 0.16

1 -0.8 0.64 1 -0.6 0.36

𝑋̅= 1.8 ∑ = 7.6 𝑋̅= 1.6 ∑ = 2.4

𝑋̅ 1 −𝑋̅ 2 (∑(𝑋− 𝑋)2 2.4 2.4

T= 2 2
and 𝑆𝐷 = √ 𝑆1 = √10−1 = √ 9 = 0.52
𝑛−1
√(𝑆11) +(𝑆22)
𝑛 𝑛

1.8−1.6
T= 2 2
= 0.598
7.6 7.6 √(0.92) +(0.52)
𝑆1 = √10−1 = √ 9 = 0.92 10 10

DF= (𝑅-1)(C-1) = (3-1)(10-1)= 18 𝑇𝑣0.05 ,

= | 2.101 |

24
T- test (3)

Treatment 1 Treatment 2

X (X- 𝑋̅) (X- 𝑋̅)2 X (X- 𝑋̅) (X- 𝑋̅)2

3 0.5 0.25 3 0 0

2 -0.5 0.25 2 -1 1

3 0.5 0.25 4 1 1

4 1.5 2.25 3 0 0

3 0.5 0.25 4 1 1

2 -0.5 0.25 2 -1 1

2 -0.5 0.25 4 1 1

2 -0.5 0.25 2 -1 1

3 0.5 0.25 4 1 1

1 -1.5 2.25 2 -1 1

𝑋̅= 2.5 ∑ = 4.5 𝑋̅= 3 ∑=8

𝑋̅ 1 −𝑋̅ 2 (∑(𝑋− 𝑋)2 8 8

T= 2 2
and 𝑆𝐷 = √ 𝑆1 = √10−1 = √9 = 94
𝑛−1
√(𝑆11) +(𝑆22)
𝑛 𝑛

2.5−3
T= 2 2
= -1.342
4.5 4.5 √(0.71) +(0.94)
𝑆1 = √10−1 = √ 9 = 0.71 10 10

DF= (𝑅-1)(C-1) = (3-1)(10-1)= 18 𝑇𝑣0.05 ,

= | 2.101 |

25
T- test (4)

Treatment 1 Treatment 2

X (X- 𝑋̅) (X- 𝑋̅)2 X (X- 𝑋̅) (X- 𝑋̅)2

4 0.5 0.25 5 0.7 0.49

3 -0.5 0.25 3 -1.3 1.69

3 -0.5 0.25 5 0.7 0.49

5 1.5 2.25 5 0.7 0.49

4 0.5 0.25 5 0.7 0.49

3 -0.5 0.25 4 -0.3 0.09

4 0.5 0.25 4 -0.3 0.09

4 0.5 0.25 4 -0.3 0.09

3 -0.5 0.25 5 0.7 0.49

2 -1.5 2.25 3 -1.3 1.69

𝑋̅= 3.5 ∑ = 6.5 𝑋̅= 4.3 ∑ = 6.1

𝑋̅ 1 −𝑋̅ 2 (∑(𝑋− 𝑋)2 6.1 6.1

T= 2 2
and 𝑆𝐷 = √ 𝑆1 = √10−1 = √ 9 = 0.82
𝑛−1
√(𝑆11) +(𝑆22)
𝑛 𝑛

3.5−4.3
T= 2 2
= -2.142
6.5 6.5 √(0.85) +(0.82)
𝑆1 = √10−1 = √ 9 = 0.85 10 10

DF= (𝑅-1)(C-1) = (3-1)(10-1)= 18 𝑇𝑣0.05 ,

= | 2.101 |

26
Main Materials

Staining materials

27
Preparing the fabric

Staining the fabric

28
 All stained fabrics

Extracting the kamias

29
 Extracting the kamias

Soaking the stained fabrics for 1 hour and 30 minutes

30
 Scrubbing the soaked fabrics for 30 seconds

Results of the dried polyester fabric that were treated with kamias

31
Results of the dried polyester fabric that were treated with kamias

32
Survey of respondents

33