Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presented some of the previous studies conducted as well as some

related literature which are important and relevant to the study so as to make the study

more credible.

Related Literature

According to Commission on Population, teenage pregnancy rates is an alarming

issue in the society. As this developed, POPCOM has expressed full support for Republic

Act 10354 or Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Law (RPRH) in a bid to

reduce cases of teenage pregnancy in the next five years.

Commission on Population(PopCom) Executive Director Juan Antonio-Perez III

said they saw in recent years a rise in the number of teenage pregnancies in the country-

from 1,700 cases in 2014 to 1,986 cases in 2015, teenage pregnancy in the Philippines is

rising. Geronimo (2017)

Teenage pregnancy happens when a woman, who is less than 19 years old,

becomes pregnant. About 13.6 percent of Filipino girls aged 15 to 19 are pregnant.In the

Asia-Pacific region, the Philippines is the only country where the rate of teen pregnancies

rose over the last two decades, the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) noted in its

recent report.A recent survey—with 4,111 youth respondents—found out that the average
age at which first sexual intercourse is experience is 15.7 years old. Males experienced

earlier sexual initiation than females (15.5 years vs. 16.7 years). On the average, sexually

active adolescents have 3.5 sexual partners.Tacio (2017)

POPCOM Regional Director Eleanor M. Cura emphasized the vital role of RPRH

Law in decreasing the swelling increase of cases of teenage pregnancy among 10-19

years old adolescent in Central Luzon.Supnad (2017)

The proportion of teenage girls who are mothers or who are currently pregnant in

sub-Saharan African countries is staggering. There are many studies regarding teenage

pregnancy, unsafe abortions, and family planning among teenagers, but very little is

known about what happens after pregnancy, ie, the experience of teenage motherhood.

Several studies in Ghana have identified the determinants of early sexual activity,

contraception, and unsafe abortion, with teenage motherhood only mentioned in passing.

Few studies have explored the experiences of adolescent mothers in detail with regard to

their pregnancy and childbirth. This qualitative study explores the experiences of

adolescent mothers during pregnancy, childbirth, and care of their newborns.Ankomah

(2013)

The Philippines is struggling to manage its soaring teen pregnancy rates. The

United Nations Population Fund(UNFPA) has found that teen pregnancies in the

Philippines increased by 65% from 2000-2010.Directo(2010)

 In addition, Eighty-three percent of U.S. teenagers did not receive any sex

education before they first had sex, according to a new federal report. Viadero(2014)The

teenagers got lack of knowledge about sexual education, that causes them to become a

teenage mom.

Thailand’s teenage pregnancy rate is the highest in Southeast Asia after

neighboring Laos, according to Bureau of Reproductive Health at Thai public health

ministry. In fact, out of 1000 live births, 54are from teenage mothers ages 15-19 higher

than in the United States and ten times higher than Singapore teen pregnancy rate.

Lafevre(2013)

Teenage pregnancies have become a public health issue because of their observed

negative effects on perinatal outcomes and long-term morbidity. The association of

young maternal age and long-term morbidity is usually confounded, however, by the high

prevalence of poverty , low level of education, and single marital status among teenage

mothers. Carter (2001)

Teenage Pregnancy is understanding to be a symptom of dismal economic

conditions rather than a cause of it. This is because most Pregnancy teenagers have no

source of income and face greater financial difficulties in life. Teenage mothers face

critical health risks due to inadequate nutrition and dangers associated with the

reproductive organs not ready for birth. Many of them die off prematurely because of

lack of proper medical attention. Casiple (2017)

 As if this is not alarming enough, NSO data also revealed that the number of

teenage mothers who gave birth to their second (and third,fourth, and even their fifth)

baby during their teenage years likewise increased in the last 10 years, according to data

presented at a press conference in Quezon City on Monday by Carmelita Ericta,

administrator and civil register general of the National Statistics Office. Morales (2013)

Synthesis

According to Commission on Population, teenage pregnancy rate is an alarming

issue in the society. Geronimo (2017).According to Tacio (2017) Teenage pregnancy

happens when a women is 15-19 years old, on the other hand according to Supnad (2017),

teenage pregnancy happens among 10-19 years old. The Philippines is struggling to

manage its soaring teen pregnancy rates that causes unsafe abortion. Ankomah (2013) In

addition, teen pregnancy rate increase in the last 10 years according to Morales (2013), also

teenage mothers face critical health risks due to inadequate nutrition upon giving birth

Casiple (2017) In addition, US teenagers did not receive any sex education before they first

had sex and which causes poverty among teenage mothers. Carter (2001)

Related Studies

Foreign

Teenage pregnancy is one of the social issues which has received much attention in

the world. In United States, teenage pregnancy has an abstract meaning. It means, an under

aged-girl becoming pregnant. The definition gets more specific in the United

Kingdom(UK) In UK, if a girl before 18th birthday becomes pregnant, then she will be
called teenage pregnant girl. In general the terms is applicable to all those women who have

not reached an aged of majority, legal adulthood and is pregnant. This particular margin of

being an adult woman varies from one place to another. Owusu (2011)

One major contemporary social problem confronting most countries in the world is

Teenage pregnancy. From the first world countries such as United States to the third world

countries, the problem has been a source of worry for policy makers, social workers and

often human service providers due to its negative repercussions on the girl-child. Gyan

(2013)

In addition, “The consequences of teenage pregnancy are gigantic and inimical to

the wellbeing of adolescence population as well as development in the broad spectrum.”

Teenage pregnancy is a serious and very big problem to the girls in every country. Gyamfi

(2014)

However, pregnancies, abortion at early stages, early sexuality, and high rate of

HIV infection become a major area of concern in Africa particular in Saharan Africa. An

effort to understand teenager’s sexual behavior and prevent young girls from reproductive

health problems is almost non existing. Makundi (2010)

To be a parent at any given age have the capacity of generating a life- altering

experience. Irrespective of race, education, and socio-economic status motherhood and

fatherhood both places high demands on one’s life that were not there before the birth of a

child. Indeed, becoming a parent comes with several responsibilities, and when people of

school ages(students) become parents, the new responsibilities can be very over-helming
and daunting. Ekefre (2014) Teenage parents that lack the support of their own parent can

experience more challenging and horrifying as they crave and seek support in adult.

According to Fears (2016) an estimated 614,400 US teenagers (ages 15-19) become

pregnant, for teen mothers and their children, although these outcomes often reflect

preexisting social deficits. Compared with women who delay childbearing until their 20s,

teen mothers are more likely to drop out of school and have love educational attainment; to

face unemployment, poverty, and welfare dependency; to experience more rapid repeat

pregnancy; to become single mothers; and to experience divorce, if they marry. Infants of

teenage mothers do less well on indicators of health and social wellbeing than do children

of older mothers.

Young people’s brain are still developing and they do not fully resemble the brains

of adults until they do not reach their early 20s. Increasingly, we have come to recognize

that major risks for cancer, diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease commonly starts

or intensity during the teen years. Kappeler (2015) Teenage mothers can face more health

problems because of giving birth to a child without reaching 20s.

Also, pregnancy in adolescents puts at risk mother and child health. This risk is

major while the woman is younger, especially in the social and psychological

development. Cancino.et al (2015)

“Furthermore, teenage pregnancy can result in significant physical and

psychological problems in both mother and baby”. Cantlay (2015) Becoming pregnant at a

young age can be associated with impact on educational achievement, social isolation, and
physical and mental health. Understanding what factors contribute to teenage pregnancy

how Latina teens navigate such as life-changing experience are important tot only to

address teenage pregnancy but also identify ways to support young families. Irene (2015)

Synthesis

According to Owusu (2011), Gyan (2013) teenage pregnancy is one of the social

issue and a social problem. In addition teenage pregnancy is a serious big problem, teena ge

mothers can face HIV infection accoding to Gyanfi (2014), Makundi (2010) According to

Ekefre (2014), Fears (2016), parents lack of support of their own child that ages 15-19

become pregnant, in addition teenage mothers is at high risk of health issues like diabetes,

cancer, obesity and cardiovascular disease. Kappeler (2015) Cancinoet…al (2015),

furthermore teenage pregnancy can result significant, physical, and psychological

problems. Irene (2015)

Local

Teenage pregnancy had been a worldwide issue, and has raised large numbers of

campaigns and awareness to lessen its occurrence. Salvador (2016) Teenage pregnancy is

timely relevant in every country.

Many studies showed further that parenting styles has a connection on child’s

behaviors, child’s personality and even on child’s cognitive development. Parenting styles

includes: authoritative parents: authoritarian parents: and permissive parents .Andal, et al

(2016) Juvenile delinquency which is repeated violations of the law by those 17 and

younger, is a serious problem in society.

Teenage pregnancy had been a worldwide issue, and has raise large numbers of

campaign and awareness to lessen its occurrence the total number of this phenomenon is

increasing each year Philippines is one of the Asian countries which shares similar

situation. In a conducted by the National Democratic and Health survey one out of every

young Filipino women age 15 to 19 is already a mother or pregnant with a first child.

Alvarez,et al(2016). Teenage pregnancy is one of the worldwide issue which raise a large

numbers of campaign to aware and lessen its occurrence of the phenomena. Philippines is

one of the countries which shares similar situation.

Results from cumulative years of the National Demographic and Health Survey and

the latest result of the 2011 Family Health Survey, shows that teenage pregnancy in the

Philippines , measured as the proportion of women who have begun childbearing in their

teen years , has been steadily rising over a 35 year period. Natividad, (2013)

According to Orbiso (2012), teenage pregnancy is one of the major problem that the

world is facing today. Early pregnancy or teenage pregnancy is dangerous to teenage girls

health because it can cause cervical cancer, aids, and eventually death.

Solo parenting is growing phenomenon and such transitions have also been seen

among Filipino Muslims. Muslims compose of about five percent of the total Philippine

population and are confined almost enrirely to the southern and western parts of Mindanao

such as Cotabato, Lanao, Jolo, Sulu and Zamoanga. Semorlan (2013)

 The sexual revolution has ushered in a period in which the average adolescent

experiences tremendous pressures to have sexual experiences of all kinds. Filipino teens get

a higher exposure to sex from the internet. Singson (2008)

The Department of Health tackles teenage pregnancy as central to Government’s

work to Maternal and prenatal health is of particular concern among teenage pregnant

woman. Meneses (2015)

Teenage pregnancy and early childbearing are generally regarded as being

associated with various adverse social and economic life situations among young women

that persist even until their adult life. Castillio (2015).Being a young mother tend to

associate in various adverse life situations until their adult life.

Adolescent pregnancy which impacts adolescents, their families, and society, pre

scents a number of challenges and merits the concern of healthcare providers today. Spear

(2008)

Synthesis

According to Salvador (2016), Alvarez et…al(2016), Andal et al (2016), teenage

pregnancy had been a worldwide problem in the Philippines, wherein 15-19 years old

Filipino women is already a mother or pregnant. Moreover, early pregnancy can cause

cervical cancer, aids, and eventually death, and it is rising over a 35 years. Orbiso (2012)

,Natividad (2013) Also according to Singson (2008) Filipino teens get a higher exposure to

sex from the internet. The Department of Health tackles teenage pregnancy among teenage
pregnant womens. Meneses (2015) In addition, teenage pregnancy is social and economic

life situation which impacts their families and presents number or challenges. Castillio

(2015), Spear (2008)