PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY OF NON METALS – brittle and non lustrous, poor

conductors of heat and electricity

INORGANIC MEDICINALS
METALLOIDS – found along steplike line,
Ms. Sheryll Maureen D. Tapaoan, RPh
properties are intermediate between metals
and non metals electrical conductors

BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY Most abundant Element in the Earth’s crust:

Matter – anything that occupies space and has EARTH'S CRUST (BY WEIGHT)
All Others
Magnesium
Potassium
mass Sodium
Calciom3%2% 2%
3%
Iron
4%
5%
Properties of matter: Aluminum Oxygen
8% 46%
INTRINSIC – independent of mass or amount

(Density, Specific Gravity, Melting point) Silicon

28%
EXTRINSIC – dependent of mass or amount

(Weight, Volume, Pressure and Heat Content) 1. Oxygen – 46.6%

2. Silicon – 27.7%
Changes that matter undergoes: 3. Aluminum – 8.1%
Physical Changes 4. Iron – 5%
Chemical Changes 5. Calcium – 3.6%

6. Sodium – 2.8%
Evidences of Chemical Change: 7. Potassium – 2.6%
1. evolution of gas 8. Magnesium – 2.1%
2. formation of a precipitate 9. All others – 1.5%
3. emission of light Compound
4. generation of electricity - composed of 2 or more elements
5. production of mechanical energy united chemically in a definite
proportion
6. absorption/liberation of heat
Based on Chemical Bond:
Element
IONIC – compound that forms by transfer of
- Simplified form of matter consists electrons
of only one atom
COVALENT – compound that forms by sharing
METALS – heat or electrical conductors, luster of electrons
ductile malleable
Polar Covalent

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 Non Polar Covalent Solubility:

METALLIC – formed between 2 atoms of Terms Parts of Solvent

metallic element required for 1 part
Solute
Based on Organic and Inorganic
Very soluble <1
INORGANIC – compounds that contain other Freely Soluble 1-10
elements few containing carbon and its salt Soluble 10-30
Sparingly Soluble 30-100
ORGANIC – contain carbon atoms in their Slightly Soluble 100-1000
molecules Very Slightly Soluble 1000-10000
Insoluble >10000
Mixture

- composed of 2 or more substances

that are not chemically combined General Rules for Solubility of salts in Water:

Nature of Particles: - a rise in temperature favors an

increase in solubility
HETEROGENOUOS - substances that has a high melting
HOMOGENOUS point are more insoluble than those
with low melting point
Size of Particles:
G – All Group 1A salts are soluble
SOLUTION
H – All Hallide salts are soluble except:
COARSE DISPERSION Ag, Pb, Hg, Cu
COLLOID A – All Ammonium salts are soluble
Processes of Separating Component of Mixture: N – All Nitrate salts are soluble

DISTILALTION – used of 2 liquids are mixed but
have different boiling points
FILTRATION – used by means of filtration set up
CENTRIFUGATION – speeding up of settling
process of a precipitate
DECANTATION – separation by means of
specific gravity or density of the components\
FRACTIONAL CRYSTALLIZATION – by means of
lowering temperature
A – All acetates salts are soluble
SP. CH. Sulfides, Phosphides,
Carbonates, Hydroxides are insoluble
except: Group 1A salts and Ammonium
Salts
Chemical Reactions
- Occurs when the outermost of valence
electrons around the nucleus interacts
REACTANT – used into chemical reaction

CHROMATOGRAPHY – difference in solvent PRODUCT – formed after chemical reaction

affinity

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 Laws of Chemical Changes

Types of Chemical Reactions: LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS

DIRECT UNION - Antoine Lavoisier

𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠
- States that chemical equation has
- A +B → AB to be consistent
- Reaction of 2 or more substances - Fundamental law of balancing
react to form one compound chemical reaction
reaction
LAW OF DEFINITE PROPORTIONS
DECOMPOSITION
- Joseph Louis Proust
𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠
- AB → A +B - Compound always contains
- One compound decomposes to element in certain definite
form one or more compound proportions, and in no other
Types: combinations
1. Hydrates to anhydrous salt and - Proust Law
water LAW OF MULTIPLE PROPORTIONS
2. Chlorates to chlorides and
oxygen - John Dalton
3. Metal oxides to metal and - States that when the two elements
oxygen combine to form more than one
4. Carbonates to oxides and carbon compound or element and which
dioxides combined with a fixed mass of
5. Bicarbonates to oxide, water and other element are in ratio of small
carbon dioxide whole number. Fixed element is
Nitrogen
SINGLE REPLACEMENT
COLLISION THEORY
𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠
- (AX + B → A + BX) or
𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠 - Chemical change takes place as a
(AX + Y → AY + X) result of collision of molecules
- Also known as substitution reaction
- Activity series in descending orders RECTION KINETICS

Metals: Li, K, Ba, Ca, Na, Mg, Al, Mn, Zn, - The study of rates of chemical
Cr, Fe, Cd, Ni, Sn, Pb, cu, Bi, Sb, Hg, Ag, reactions
Pt, Au IRREVERSIBLE REACTION
Non metals: F, Cl, Br, I - Chemical Reactions that goes only
DOUBLE DISPLACEMENT in one direction are said to
completion
𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠
- AX + BY → AY + BX REVERSIBLE REACTION
- Also known as double
decomposition, exchange reaction - Two opposing reactions, the
forward and backward occur at the

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 same rate. This system is said to be - Decrease pressure favors the side
in equilibrium with more moles of gas
- Catalyst have an equal rate of both
Chemical Equilibrium
forward and backward reactions
- State in which two opposing but Increase = accelerate reaction
reaction proceed at the same rate rate, Decrease = slow down
reaction rate
Equlibrium Constant
ION PRODUCT CONSTANT FOR WATER K w
wA + xB ⇔ yC +zD
Kw = (H+) (OH-) = 1 × 1014 at 25oC
[𝐶 ] [𝐷]
Keq = [
𝐴] [𝐵] Acidic Solution = (H+) = >1 × 107

Basic Solution = (H+) = <1 × 107

LAW OF CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM IONIZATION CONSTANT Ki
- concentrations of reactant and Ka = equilibrium constant of weak acid in water
product are raised to the power
corresponding to the coefficients in Kb = equilibrium constant of weak basic in water
a balanced equation is equal to a
constant
SOLUBILITY PRODUCT CONSTANT K sp
Steps in calculating the KEq:
Ksp = KEq of slightly soluble salt
1. write the balanced chemical equation

2. express the chemical equation into

equilibrium constant Computation of pH and pOH

3. write the equilibrium concentrations pH = -log (H+)

in moles/liter pOH = -log (OH-)
4. substitution then compute for the pH + pOH = 14
KEq

Interpreting the Equilibrium Constant:

Buffer Equation
- if KEq is greater than 1×102, the
product is present at equilibrium - Henderson-Hassel Bach Equation
- if KEq is less than 1×102 , mostly the
pH = pKa + log ((salt)/(WA))
reactant is present at equilibrium
- if between equilibrium mixture pOH = pKb + log ((WB)/(salt))
contains both reactants and
Concentration:
products.
- Increase in temperature = Increase conc. of reactant, forward otherwise
endothermic, forward, Decrease in backward
temperature = exothermic,
backward
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Decrease conc. of product, backward otherwise
forward
Types of Equilibria:
1. Homogenous Equilibria – same state of
matter
2. Heterogenous Equilibria – different state of
matter
PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS
Antoine – Laurel Lavoisier – first true periodic
table
Johann Wolfgang Doberginer – introduce law of
triads
Julian Meyer & Dmitri Mendeleev - father of
modern periodic table of elements, physical and
chemical properties of periodic table
Henry Mosley – arranged based on atomic
numbers
ATOMIC RADIUS – half distance between
nucleus
R – L = increases, T – B = increases
ELECTRON NEGATIVITY
L – R = increases, B – T = increases
IONIZATION POTENTIAL
R – L = increases, B – T = increases
ELECTRON AFFINITY
R – L = increases, T – B = increases
Terminologies:
ION CHARGED ATOM – Cation (+), Anion (-)
ATOMIC NUMBER – Protons - Electrons
MASS NUMBER – Protons - Neutrons
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ISOTOPES – same protons different no. of
neutrons
ALLOTROPES – atoms of same element can link
to form substances with different properties
ISOTONES – same neutrons
ISOBARS – same mass no.
GROUP A
s-block (I A & II A)
p-block (III A – VIII A)
GROUP B
d-block (I B – VIII B)
f-block (Lanthanides and Actinides)
1. Group according to Electric Configuration
- Group A (s&p), Group B (d&f)
2. Group according to Period
- Horizontal (7 periods)
3. Group according to Family
- Vertical (18 families)
Groupings in Periodic Table:
REPRESENTATIVE ELEMENTS – the outer s & p
electron configurations are not filled,
incomplete
NOBLE GASES – inactive, inert gases, s & p
sublevels are completely full
TRANSITION METALS IB – VIIIB – the outer s
sublevel full, and is now filling the d sublevel
INNER TRANSITION f BLOCK ELEMENTS – rare
earth elements is not true cause some are
abundant
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PROPERTIES OF GROUP I – III
ELEMENTS
GROUP IA The Alkali Metals
GEN. PROPTY.:
- Most reactive of all metals
- Not capable of complex formation
- Salts of this group is more soluble
- High electron positivity and low
electron negativity
Reactions to Water:
- Li, when added to water fizzes,
moves slowly across the surface of
water
- Na, fizzes more than Li, moves
quickly
- K, moves quickly and burns with a
lilac flame
- Rb, floats, moves quickly, melts and
ignite with orange flame
- Cs, explodes instantly
*lethal injection composition: anesthesia,
paralytic agent and potassium chloride IV
Hydrogen (H)
CHA: The lightest element, common to all acids
FORM/S: Protium – 0 neutron, most abundant,
Deuterium – 1 neutron, heavy hydrogen,
Tritium – 2 neutron, radioactive
Lithium (Li)
CHA: Lightest metal
USE: DOC for mania, Used in batteries
COMPD/S: Lithium carbonate = mania, Lithium
bromide = antidepressant
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I. TEST: Flame Test = Carmine Red, Na2HPO4 +
NH3 = White ppt, H2SO4 = No ppt.zaz
Sodium (Na)
AKA: Natrium
CHA: Major extracellular cation
USE: Fluid retention
I. TEST: Flame Test = Carmine Red, Na2HPO4 +
NH3 = White ppt, H2SO4 = No ppt., Zinc Uranyl
Acetate = pale yellow ppt,
Potassium (K)
CHA: Predominant intracellular cation, Salts are
more soluble in non polar solvents and are
deliquescent than sodium salts
COMPD/S: Potassium sodium bitartrate = only
insoluble potassium salts, Potassium sodium
bitartrate + Sodium hydroxide = catharthic
USE; Diuretic, Muscle contraction, Increase
urine outflow
I.TEST: Flame Test = Violet
DIS ASS.: Hypokalemia, Hyperkalemia
Rubidium (Rb)
CHA: Similar behavior with Potassium, First
element to be discovered using spectroscope
Francium (Fr)
CHA: Last element to be discovered
Ammonia (NH3 )
CHA: Hypothetical Alkali Metal Element
PCI 315
USE: Diuretic, Expectorant, Buffer
GROUP IB The Coinage Metals
GEN. PROPTY.:
- None of these metals dissolve in
HCl
- Cu & Ag dissolves in HNO3 & H2SO4
- Capable of complex formation
- Oxides and hydroxides or feebly
basic HNO3 = Aqua fortis & H2SO4 =
Oil of Utriol
- Solvent of Au: Selenic acid & Aqua
regia
Copper (Cu)
AKA: Cuprum
CHA: Only reddish metal, Respiratory pigment =
hemocyanin, cytochrome oxidase
DIS. ASS.: Wilson’s Disease, TX: Penicillamin
COMPD/S: Copper + Zinc = Brass, Copper + Tin =
Bronze, Copper arsenate = insecticide, Copper
acetate = insecticide, Copper sulfate
pentahydrate = blue vitriol, algaecide, Copper
sulfate + Lime + Water = Bordeaux Mixture
I.TEST: Flame Test = Green, Potassium
ferricyanide Test = Greenish ppt.
*Potassium cyanide decolorizes Copper solution
Gold (Au)
AKA: Aurum, Shining dawn, King of all metal
CHA: Most malleable and ductile of all metals,
Best conductor of electricity, Can be dissolve in
Selenic Acid and Aqua Regia
DIS. ASS.: Gold Toxicity, TX: Dimercaprol
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COMPD/S: Aurothioglucose = administer IM,
Gold sodium thiomalate = administer IM,
Auranofin = only compd administer orally
Silver (Ag)
AKA: Argentum
USE: Olligodynamic property
COMPD/S: Silver nitrate = treatment of warrts.
Eyewash, Antiseptic, Silver ammonium nitrate =
Howe’s solution, dental protective, Silver
proteinates (Mild = antiseptic for eye, Strong =
germicide for ear, Colloidal = general germicide
I.TEST: With HCl = white curdy ppt
GROUP IIA The Alkaline Earth Metals
GEN. PROPTY.:
- Show definite metallic properties
- Strong reducing agents
Beryllium (Be)
CHA: Least metallic of the group, Never
employed in medicine, Metal used in
fluorescent lamps, Most toxic metal, Unnatural
Calcium channel blocker, Cause lung carcinoma
DIS. ASSOCIATED: Beryllium Toxicity, TX: EDTA
Magnesium (Mg)
CHA: 2nd most abundant intercellular cation,
Metal component of chlorophyll, 8th most
abundant element in the earth’s crust
FORM/S: Carnelite (KMgCl 3), Magnesite
(MgCO3), Dolomite (CaMg(CO3) 2)
COMPD/S: Oxides, Carbonates = antacids and
laxatives, Sulfates = anticonvulsant, Stearates =
PCI 315
Lubricants, Silicate = clarifying and filtering
agent
DIS. ASS.: Hypermagnesemia, TX: Calcium
gluconate
I.TEST: Flame Test = Brick red, NaOH Test =
White ppt., P-nitrobenzene azo resorcinol Test
*components of universal antidote: Magnesium
oxide, activated charcoal, tannic acid
Calcium (Ca)
CHA: 2nd most abundant cation in extracellular
fluid, Cation of hydroxyapatite, Primary
elements in bones and teeth, 5th most abundant
in earth’s crust
USE: Blood coagulation, Imporatnt in muscle
contraction, Release of neurotransmitters
DIS. ASS.: Osteoporosis, Osteomalacia, Ricketts
COMPD/S: Calcium sulfate hemihydrate =
Plaster of Paris, Calcium sulfate dihydrate =
Gypsum
I.TEST: Flame Test = Brick red
Strontium (Sr)
COMPD/S: Strontium chloride = active
ingredients of Sensodyne
Barium (Ba)
DIS. ASS.: Barritosis, TX: Epsom salt,
Benzodiazepines
COMPD/S: Barium sulfate = used in GI imaging
I.TEST: Flame Test = Blue
Radium (Ra)
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CHA: most reactive element of this group
GROUP IIB Volatile Metals
Mercury (Hg)
AKA: Quicksilver
USE: Antiseptic, Treatment of syphilis, Paracidal,
Fungicidal, Industrial use (Thermometer &
Amalgums)
DIS. ASS.: Minamata Disease, TX: Sodium
formaldehyde sulfoxylate
I.TEST: Mercurous: with HCl = White ppt, with
Ammonia = Black, with KI = Green ppt,
Mercuric: with HCl = White ppt, with Tannic
chloride = Gray, KI = Red ppt
*Mercury – Hg2
Hg2Cl – Calomel, HgCl 2 – Corrosive sublimate
Zinc (Zn)
CHA: Metal present in Insulin, Essential
component of carbonic anhydrase and other
enzymes, Protective covering of galvanized iron
USE: Astringent, Antiseptic, Protectant,
Antiperspirant
DIS. ASS.: Parakeratosis, TX: Topical retinoid,
Keratolyitc agent
I.TEST: with Hydrogen sulfide = White ppt,
Potassium ferricyanate = White ppt, Ammonia =
White ppt.
Cadmium (Cd)
USE: Astringent, Manufacture of stink bomb
DIS. ASS: Itai-Itai, Ouch-Ouch Disease, It hurts
Disease, TX: EDTA
PCI 315
I.TEST: with Hydrogen sulfide = Yellow ppt, with
Potassium ferricyanide = White ppt, with
Ammonia = White ppt
GROUP IIIA Boron Family
GEN. PROPTY.:
- The metal of this group readily
oxidizes when heated in air,
although they are stable at ordinary
temperatures
PROPETIES OF GROUP IV – V
ELEMENTS
GROUP IVA Carbon Family
GEN. PROPTY.:
- Elements of this group exhibits +2
and +4 oxidation state
- Oxides of C and Si, are acidic, other
elements of the group are
amphoteric
Carbon (C)
CHA: Central element to life and natural
intelligences, Basic bonding unit of all organic
compounds, Inorganic Compds: Carbonates,
Acetates, Tartrates and Oxalates, Non metallic,
tetravalent element neither donate or receive
electrons
FORM/S: Crystalline: Diamond = rigid and
transparent form of carbon, extremely hard and
chemically inert and cannot conduct electricity,
Graphite = dull black form, slippery, brittle and
soft, conduct electricity. Amorphous:
Anthracite = hard, compact variety of carbon,
highest carbon content and the fewest impurity
COMPD/S:Corbon dioxide = respiratory
stimulant, Acne treatment, Wartz and Eczema,
Carbonate = antacid, Carbon monoxide = toxic,
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210x affinity to hemoglobin than oxygen,
Activated charcoal = antidote
Silicon (Si)
CHA: 2nd most abundant element in the earth’s
crust, commonly found as Silicon oxide and
silicates in nature, pure silicon is dark gray solid
with the same crystalline structure as diamond,
Tetravalent metalloid, Less reactive than its
analog carbon
DIS. ASS.: Silicosis
FORM/S: Talc = Mg3 (Si 4O10)(OH)2 softest mineral
known, use as dusting powder, lubricant and
filter aid, Glass = generic term used to identify
vitreous silicate material prepared by fusing
base (Sodium carbonate and Calcium
carbonate) with pure silica, Clays = kaolin –
adsorbent, bentonite – suspending agent,
pumice – dental abrasives, Quartz = type of
silica that is much harder than other types of
silicates and very high melting point, Feldspar =
the most abundant group of minerals in the
Earth’s crust, Zircon = used as a diamond=like
gem
COMPD/S: Simethicone = anti-flatulence,
Attapulgite = adsorbent, Silica gels = use as
dessicant in pharmaceutical preparations
Germanium (Ge)
CHA: Lustrous hard, silver white metalloid that
is chemically similar to Tin, A rare element and
occurs in minute quantities in many metal
sulfide
Tin (Sn)
AKA: Stannum
PCI 315
CHA: A very, malleable poor metal that is not
easily oxidized in air and resists corrosion,
Occurs mainly as Cassiterite where it occurs as
an oxide, It is the classic alloying metal to make
bronze
USE: Preparation of Tin cans
COMPD/S: Tannic fluoride = anticariogenic
solution, Tannic oxide = germicide for
Stahpylococcus infection
I. TEST: with Hydrogen sulfide = Brown ppt.,
with Mercurous chloride = White ppt., with
Hydrogen sulfide = Yellow ppt.,
Lead (Pb)
AKA: Plumbum
CHA: A soft heavy, neurotoxic and malleable
poor metal, A bluish white color metal when
freshly cut but tarnishes to dull gray when
exposed to air, Occurs mainly as PbS in nature,
Has the highest atomic no. of all stable
elements
USE: Astringent, Protein precipitant, Acid
batteries, Bullets and shots
DIS.ASS. Plumbism
I.TEST: Flame Test = Blue, with Potassium
chromate = Yellow ppt, with HCl in boiling or
hot water = White ppt
GROUP IVB Titanium Family
Titanium (Ti)
AKA: Titan, Sons of the Earth
CHA: Silvery metal with high strength and
resistant to corrosion
USE: Powerful reducing agent,
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COMPD/S: Titanium dioxide = opacifying agent
and UV ray protectant
Zirconium (Zr)
USE: Same as Aluminum but it is banned
COMPD/S: Zirconium dioxide = antiperspirant
for athlete’s foot, Zirconium silicate = used as
diamond like gem
GROUP VA Nitrogen Family
GEN. PROPTY.:
- Compound of this group are usually
covalent
- Oxides of P and N are strongly
acidic, As and Sb are amphoteric
and Bi is basic
- All elements combine to hydrogen
to form Hydrides
Nitrogen (N)
AKA: Mephitic air
CHA: Most abundant gas in air, Prepared mainly
by fractional distillation of liquid air.
DIS.ASS.: Azotemia
COMPD/S: Liquid Nitrogen = used as refrigerant,
container black, Nitrous oxide = inhalational
anesthetic, container blue, Nitrite = vasodilator
use for cyanide poisoning, Nitrate= meat
preservative, Ammonia = respiratory stimulant
I.TEST: with Sulfuric acid = Nitrite: Brown Gas,
Nitrate: No reaction, Brown ring Test = Nitrite:
Brown ring, Nitrate: Brown ring
Phosphorus (P)
AKA: Light carrier, St. Elmo’s fire
PCI 315
FORM/S: Yellow Phosphorus = volatile, I.TEST: Flame Test = Blue, Hydrogen sulfide =
flammable, toxic, and very reactive, Red Brownish black ppt
Phosphorus = nonvolatile, flammable, nontoxic
and non-reactive

COMPD/S: Phosphate = antacid, cathartic and GROUP VB Vanadium Family

buffer
GEN. PROPTY.:
I.TEST: Flame Test: Green, Silver nitrate Test =
- +2 and +5 as oxidation state
Yellow ppt, with Ammonium molybdate = - Oxides of this element are acidic
Yellow ppt
- Hydroxides of this element are
Arsenic (As) basic

AKA: Lewisite metal Vanadium (V)

DIS.ASS. Arsenic poisoning, TX: BAL, DMSA

COMPD/S: Arsenic trioxide = use for chronic Niobium (Nb)

poisoning, insecticide, anti-leukemic agent,
Paris green = insecticide, Fowler’s Solution = 1%
Potassium arsenite, insecticide Tantalum (Ta)

I.TEST: Flame Test = Blue, Nitrate: Silver nitrate CHA: Metal that is not affected by any body
= Chocolate brown ppt. Ammonium fluid, Sheet form is used in repair of bones,
molybdenate = Yellow ppt. nerves, tissues

USE: As Pins, Wires, and plates to strengthen

the broken bone
Antimony (Sb)

USE: Emetic, Expectorant

PROPERTIES OF GROUP VI – VIII
ELEMENTS
COMPD/S: Potassium antimony tartrate =
anthelminthic, antischistosomiasis GROUP VIA Chalcogens
I.TEST: Flame Test: Blue, Hydrogen sulfide = GEN. PROPTY.:
orange ppt
- Most electronegative elements in
the periodic table
Bismuth (Bi) - All hydrides of the group gaseous,
highly odoriferous and poisonous
AKA: Beautiful Meadow - Non metal with oxide as gas, with
sulfur is solid
CHA: A stable element because of its long half
life Oxygen (O)
USE: Silvering of mirrors, internal protective for AKA: Dephlogesticated air, Empyreal air
ulcer induced by H. pylori infection

11 | P a g e PCI 315
CHA: Most abundant element in the Earth’s
crust, 2nd most electronegative element,
Container green
USE: Treatment of Hypoxia
FORM/S: Ozone = allotropic form of oxygen that
protects the earth surface from UV radiation
PREP.: By heating oxygen containing salts, by
thermal decomposition, Electrolysis of water
and air
Sulfur (S)
AKA: Brimstone, Shubari, and enemy of Copper
CHA: Most sulfur compounds have a strong
odor
USE: Fungicidal, Preservative, Scabicidal,
Treatment of Psoriasis
FORM/S: Monoclinic = 96oC, Mobile = 113oC,
Viscous = continued heating of mobile sulfur,
Amorphous = viscous cooled rapidly by
immersion, Rhombic
COMPD/S: Flower of Sulfur (Sublimed Sulfur,
Precipitated Sulfur), Liver of Sulfur (Sulfurated
Potash) = Psoriasis, Sodium metabisulfite =
prevervatives
PREP: Prash Method
I.TEST: Sulfide: with sulfuric acid = odor of a
rotten egg, Sulfur trioxide: with dilute sulfuric
acid = evolution of Sulfur dioxide, with
potassium permanganate = decolorizes
solution, Sulfate; with barium chloride = white
ppt., Disulfur trioxide: with sulfuric acid = yellow
ppt., with potassium permanganate =
decolorizes solution
Selenium (Se)
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AKA: Selene, Moon
CHA: Promotes absorption of Vit E
COMPD/S: Selenomethionine = increases the
absorption of Vit E, Selenium sulfide =
seborrheic dermatitis
Tellurium (Te)
CHA: Occur much less abundant than Sulfur,
Recovered in some quantity from lead and
copper refining process
Polonium (Po)
CHA: A form of radioisotopes as a result of
decay of actinide elements
GROUP VIB Chromium Group
GEN. PROPTY.:
- High melting point
- Great hardness
- Excellent resistant to corrosion
Chromium (Cr)
CHA: Most stable oxidation state is +3,
Dichromate having a +6 is an oxidizing agent,
Steely, gray, lustrous, hard and brittle metal
USE: Glucose tolerance factor
DIS.ASS. Hyperglycemia
COMPD/S: Potassium dichromate
I.TEST: with NaOH = Formation of green
solution, with Barium chloride = Yellow ppt,
with Silver nitrate = Brownish red ppt.,
Perchromic acid Test = Blue ethereal layer
Molybdenum (Mo)
AKA: Molybdos (meaning head)
USE: Co factor of flavin dependent enzymes
PCI 315

Tungsten (W)
AKA: Tung sten (meaning heavy stone)
CHA: Hard rare metal with high melting point
Uranium (U)
CHA: Discovered by Becquerel, Radioactive
element used for manufacture of atomic bomb
GROUP VIIA Halogens
GEN. PROPTY.:
- Most active family of non metals
- In free state, these elements exist
as diatoms molecules
- React directly with most non metals
to form covalent compounds
- Union of Halogen with Hydrogen to
form Hydrohalic acids which is a
strong acids except Hydrofluoric
acid
Fluorine (F)
CHA: Pale yellow gas, most electronegative
element of the periodic table
DIS.ASS.: Fluorosis (excessive amount of
Fluorine in drinking water)
COMPD/S: Fluorides = anticariogenic, Freon =
refrigerant, aerosol, propellant
I.TEST: Etching Test = etches or marking on the
glass upon addition of sulfuric acid
Chlorine (Cl)
AKA; Dephlogesticated muriatic acid air
CHA: Greenish yellow gas with very suffocating
odors, Discovered by Swedish chemist Carl
Wilhelm Scheele
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COMPD/S: Chlorides = electrolyte replenisher,
Hypochlorites = bleaching agent
I.TEST: with Silver nitrate = white ppt.,
Mercurous nitrate = white ppt.
Bromine (Br)
AKA: Brumos (meaning strong smelling)
CHA: Corrosive and toxic, with sedative and CNS
depressant action
DIS.ASS. Brominism
I.TEST: with potassium permanganate, sulfuric
acid and chloroform = orange to brown layer
Iodine (I)
CHA: Brown solid at room temperature,
Elemental Iodine was known as the oldest
germicides
USE: Component of thyroxine and
triiodothyroxine, expectorant, germicidal
COMPD/S: Strong Iodine Solution, Povidone
iodine, Iodine tincture, Boulton’s Solution
I.TEST: with potassium permanganate, sulfuric
acid and chloroform = violet layer. with silver
nitrate = pale yellow ppt
Astatine (At)
CHA: Only radioactive, synthetic, metallic
halogen
GROUP VIIB Manganese Group
GEN. PROPTY.:
- Mn, Tc are the product of
radioactive decay
PCI 315
Manganese (Mg)

CHA: Metal that resembles iron, compounds Krypton (Kr)

with +2 reducing agents
CHA: has an inhalational anesthetic activity
USE: co – factor in protein synthesis

COMPD/S: Potassium permanganate = oxidizing

Xenon (Xe)
agent, antiseptic (0.02%), gastric lavage for
alkaloidal poisoning CHA: with investigational anesthetic activity
I.TEST: with Hydrogen sulfide = salmon or flesh Radon (Rn)
colored, Sodium bromate = purple solution
CHA: the synthetic noble gas

USE: treatment of cervical cancer

Technitium (Tc)
GROUP VIIIB
CHA: first element produced artificially,
GEN. PROPTY.:
USE: in preparation of radiopharmaceuticals
- All elements are grayish white with
high boiling point and high melting
Rhenium (Re) point
- 1st triad – elements that possesses
CHA: rarest element magnetic properties at room
temperature
- 2nd , 3rd triad with Au, Ag, Hg
GROUP VIIIA Noble Gases sometimes called noble metals
because of low activity
GEN. PROPTY.:
- 1st Triad = Fe, Co, Ni, 2nd Triad = Re,
- Elements are inactive Ro, Palladium, 3rd Triad = Os, Pt

Helium (He) Iron (Fe)

CHA: bright yellow spectrum of the CHA: Enhances the absorption of ascorbic acid
chromosphere of the sun, container brown, and Copper, Present in the body as
carrier/diluent of medically important gases Hemoglobin, Transferrin, Ferritin, Cytochrome
oxidase

USE: Hematinic
Neon (Ne)
DIS. ASS.: Def.: IDA, Tox. GIT Distress and
CHA: use in advertising Cardiac collapse, TX: Defuroxamine

COMPD/S: Fe 2 S = sulfide form, look similar to

Argon (Ar) Gold, Ferrous sulfate, Ferrous gluconate = less
irritating salt, Ferrous fumarate = high
CHA: most abundant of noble gases, by product elemental content, Iron Dextran and Iron
of fractionation of liquid air Sorbitex Inj.
14 | P a g e PCI 315
I.TEST: Fe +2: with K3Fe(CN) 6 = Tambali’s blue, PHARMACEUTICAL AIDS AND
with K4Fe(CN)8 = white ppt., with KCN 5 = No
NECESSITIES
reaction Fe +3: with K 3Fe(CN)6 = Brown, with
K4Fe(CN) 8 = Prussian blue., with KCN 5 = Blood - Used in preparation, prevention
red and storage
Cobalt (Co) ACIDS
CHA: found associated with arsenical ores, - To produce water soluble
elemental component of Vit. B12
compound by neutralization
USE: Essential in development of Erythrocytes process
and Hemoglobin - Robert Boyle French chemist

DIS.ASS.: Def.: Megaloblastic Anemia Types:

I.TEST: with Ammonium hydroxide = pink ppt., MONOPROTIC – 1 ionizable H

with Potassium nitrite, HAC = yellow ppt Ex. HCl, HBr, HI, HNO3, HClO3 , HClO4

DIPROTIC – 2 ionizable H
Nickel (Ni) Ex. H2 SO4, H2CO3
AKA: Old Nick’s Copper TRIPROTIC – 3 ionizable H
USE: Metal use in fancy jewelry, Ex. H3 BO3, H3 PO4
COMPD/S: Nickel pectinate = treatment of POLYPROTIC – more than 1 ionizable h
diarrhea

I.TEST: with Ammonium hydroxide = green ppt.,

BASES
Dimethylglyoxime, Ammonia = red ppt. - Have bitter taste
- Red to Blue in Lithmus paper

Platinum (Pt) Types:

CHA: Catalyst In finely divided steel MONOBASIC – 1 hydroxyl ion

Ex. Potassium hydroxide,

COMPD/S:
Cisplatinum/Cisdiamminedichloridoplatinum, DIBASIC – 2 hydroxyl ion
Cisdiammineplatinum
Ex. Alkaline Earth metals, Barium
hydroxide
Osmium (Os)
Strong Acids Strong Bases
CHA: Heaviest, Densest metal HCl LiOH
HBr NaOH
COMPD/S: Osmoric acid, Osmom tetroxide = HI KOH
used in microorganism staining HNO3 RbOH
HClO3 CsOH

15 | P a g e PCI 315
 HClO4 Ca(OH) 2 decahydrate) = (Na2B4O7 . 10H2O),
H2SO4 Sn(OH) 2 Borocalcite, Colemanite (Ca2B6O11 .
Ba(OH) 2 5H2O), Tincal

USES: Buffer for ophthalmic solution,

*strong base and strong acid dissociate 100% in Eyewash, Suppository base
water, weak base and weak acid dissociate
partially in water.
Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)
Acid – Base Theories
AKA: Muriatic Acid, Spirit of Seal Salt
Theory Definition Acid Base
M.W.: 36.46g/mol
Arrhenius Water H OH
Concept CHA: Sulfur, Arsenic, and Iron are HCl
grade impurities
Bronstead Proton Proton Proton
- Lowry Concept donor acceptor USES: Acidifying agent, form water
of Acid & soluble salts with organic drug molecule
Base
Diluted HCl NF
Lewis Electron Electron Electron
CHA: Exist in the normal gastric juices
Concept acceptor donor
(0.2%)
of Acid &
Base DIS.ASS.: Abs.: Achlorhydria, Def.:
Hypochlorhydria

USES: Treatment of Achlorhydria

OFFICIAL INORGANIC ACIDS
Boric Acid (H3BO3 )
Nitric Acid NF (HNO3)
AKA: Boracic Acid, Hydrogen borate
M.W.: 61.83g/mol
CHA: Found in sea waters, Colorless,
Odorless pearly scale, six scaled triclinic
crystals, White odorless powder which
cannot be use
PREP.: Boric Acid at 100oC = Metaboric
Acid (HBO2), Metaboric Acid at 100oC =
Tetraboric Acid (H2 B4O7 ), Heating
greater than 160oC = Boron trioxide
(B2O3 )
FORM/S: Barosite = (Na2B4 O7 . 4H2 O),
Borax (Sodium tetraborate
16 | P a g e
SPEC.: NLT 9.5g but NMT 10.5g of HCl
dissolve in 100mL of water
AKA: Spirit of Nitre, Aqua fortis
CHA: highly corrosive, highly irritating
odor, produces yellow stain in the
dermal tissue
I.TEST: Xanthoproteic Test: Yellow color
of solution
USES: Acidifying agent, Use in the
preparation of milk of Bismuth for ulcer
cause by H.pylori, Nitrating agent in
pyroxylin (pure cotton + HNO 3 + H2SO4 ),
Used in explosives trinitrotoluene
PCI 315
Phosphoric Acid NF (H3 PO4) CHA: slightly soluble in water, increase
in temperature of solvent decreases it
AKA: Orthophosphoric acid, Acido
solubility, soluble in glycerin, insoluble
orthoforforico
in alcohol
USES: Acidifying agent, Diluted
PREP.: Slaking Process, Calcium oxide +
phosphoric acid use as tonic and Water
stimulant to the gastric mucous
membrane COMPD/S: Calcium oxide =
caustic/quick lime, Calcium carbonate =
Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4)
precipitated chalk antacid, Diluted
AKA: Oil of vitriol, when conc. Rectified Calcium hydroxide = lime water
oil of vitriol
USES: electrolyte replenisher,
PREP.: Contact Process: having an astringent
advantage of obtaining the desired
Potassium Hydroxide NF (KOH)
strength of sulfuric acid, Catalytic
Process: Vanadium and Silica gel as a AKA: Caustic potash
catalyst, Lead Chamber Process:
USES: saponifying agent, used in
concentrated product of sulfuric acid
standardization of HCl
obtained by this process
*caustic = corrosive, deliquescent =
COMPD/S: Zinc sulfate = white vitriol,
capable to absorb moisture together it
Copper sulfate = blue vitriol, Ferrous
dissolve, hygroscopic = absorb moisture
sulfate = green vitriol
but do not dissolves, potassium
SPEC: NLT 94% NMT 98% hydroxide = soft soap

OFFICIAL INORGANIC BASES Sodium Hydroxide NF (NaOH)

Strong Ammonia Solution NF AKA: Caustic soda, Soda lye

FORM/S: Aromatic Ammonia Spirit, CHA: less deliquescent, milder, cheaper

Spirit of Harishorn, Ammoniacal Silver compare to KOH
nitrate
USES: saponifying agent
USES: use in the manufacture of Nitric
*corrosive substances should properly
acid and Sodium bicarbonate, use in the
and greatly handled as it rapidly
preparation of spirit of Harishorn, use in
destroys tissues
the preparation of Howle’s solution
(dental protectant) Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3)

SPEC.: NLT 24% NMT 30% of Ammonia AKA: Soda Ash

Calcium Hydroxide USP (Ca(OH) 2 ) CHA: in 50oC, it is efflorescence, in

100oC it is anhydrous, dissolves in 3mL
AKA: Calcium hydrate, Slaked lime,
water, 1.8mL boiling water and 7mL
Hydrated lime,
glycerin

17 | P a g e PCI 315
 PREP.: Solvay Process: saturation of
concentrated NaCl with NH3 and then
with CO2 NaHCO3 is undergoes
calcination = Na2 CO3
USES: use to form water soluble
Soda Lime NF
PREP.: Mixture of calcium, potassium
and sodium hydroxide
USES: oxygen therapy, anesthesia,
metabolisms test
*solution may contain indicator which
will be change color when absorption
capacity for CO2 of soda lime is
exhausted
BUFFERS
- Resist in pH upon addition of small
quantities of acid and alkali
Reasons for using buffer:
1. chemical stability
2. solubility of drug
3. patients comfort
Buffer Pairs:
1. weak acid and some salt of weak acid
and/or its conjugate base
2. weak base and some salt at weak
base or its conjugate acid
Buffer capacity:
- Capability of a buffer to resist
changes in pH
Characteristics of a Buffer:
1. should not participate in REDOX
reaction
18 | P a g e
2. should not alter solubility of other
components
3. should not form complexes with
active ingredient
4. should be stable
5. volatile species must be avoided
IMPORTANT INORGANIC BUFFER SYSTEMS
Phosphate Buffer system
ADV: contains physiological buffer, non
toxic inside the body
DIS. ADV.: insolubility of the phosphate
salts of such metals Zn, Ag, Al which
supports microbial growth because they
are slowly contaminated with
microorganism
EX. Sorensen Phosphate Buffer System
Borate Buffer System
- External use, For preparations
containing metal that would
otherwise precipitate in the present
of Phosphate
EX. Feldman’s Buffer (pH 7-8.2)
(Boric acid, NaCl & Na2B4O7)
Atkins and Pantin Buffer (pH 7.6-11)
(Boric acid, NaCl & Na2CO3)
Gifford Buffer (pH 6-7.8)
(Boric acid, KCl & Na2 B4O7)
Sodium Borate:
AKA: Na tetraborate, Na pyroborate
USES: eyewash, 1-2% use in collyria,
emulsifying agent in Rose water
ointment and cold cream
PCI 315
 Sodium Bisulfite NF (NaHSO3 )
ANTIOXIDANTS
- Reducing agents used in
pharmaceuticals
- Products easily oxidizable
substances
- Free radical responsible for
oxidizing substances
Sodium Metabisulfite NF
Factors in Choosing Antioxidant:
1. Physiologically and Pharmaceutically
inert
2. Both toxicity and reducing agents and
oxidizing agents must be assessed
3. consider compatibility and solubility
in the preparation:
Water Soluble:
Nitrogen NF
Sodium ascorbate, Sodium
metabisulfite, Sodium sulfate
Lipid Soluble:
`Alphatocopherol (Vit E), BHA
(Butylated hydroxyl anisole), BHT
(Butylated hydroxyl toluene), Lecithin
WATER
INORGANIC ANTIOXIDANTS
Hypophosphorus Acid NF
COMPD/S: Sodium hyphophosphate
(Na2H2PO2), Ammonia hypophosphate
(NH4) 3PO2
Types of Naturally occurring Water:
USES: antioxidant in diluted hydroiodic
acid syrup, Ferrous Iodine Syrup NF
Sulfur Dioxide NF
USES: Antioxidant in injectable
preparations, fumigating grains and
houses
19 | P a g e
AKA: Sodium hydrogen sulfate, Sodium
acid sulfite
CHA. white or yellowish white crystals
having a odor of sulfur dioxide
SPEC: NLT 38.5% NMT 67.4%
CHA: most commercial source of
Sodium bisulfite, one primary
incompatibilities with bisulfites and
sulfites is solubility, only soluble salts
are those of the alkali metals
USES: antioxidants in drug with phenol
or cathecol nucleus, antioxidant in
ascorbic acid injection
AKA: Mephitic Air
CHA: non flammable, inert gas,
colorless and odorless
USES: Antioxidant in COD liver oil, olive
oil and multivitamins
- High dielectric constant
- Ability to form Hydrogen bonds
- 70% of the human body
- Solvent of most liquid dosage form
- Universal solvent
Mineral Water – with mineral content
Alkaline Water – NaSO4 , MgSO4, Na2CO3
Carbonated Water – with Carbon
dioxide
Chalybeate – with iron minerals
PCI 315
 Lithia – with Lithium carbonate, Lithium
bromide
Saline – excessive amount of Sodium
chloride
Sulfur – with Hydrogen sulfide gas
Siliceous – contains traces of Silicon
Hardness of Water:
Temporary – cause by the presence of
bicarbonates, this can be removed
through boiling or addition of the
source of hydroxides
Permanent –cause by the presence of
sulfates and chlorides, irreversible and
cannot remove impurities in water
Process of Purification:
Addition of soluble carbonates – this
will precipitate Ca & Mg as insoluble
carbonates
Permutit Process – zeolite process
wherein the hard water passed through
zeolite column exchange hardening
cations into Sodium cations (non
hardening form)
Ionization Process – demineralization,
make use of synthetic resins which is
capable of removing both anions and
cations from water
Phosphate Chelation – widely used in
detergent industry
OFFICIAL WATERS
Water USP
- Official solvent to make solutions,
tinctures and extracts
Purified Water USP
20 | P a g e
- Obtained by distillation, ion
exchange and reverse osmosis
- Water of choice for
extemporaneous compounding and
preparation of most USP test
reagents
Water for Injection USP
- Water purified by distillation, these
water passes the pyrogen test
- Solvent for the large scale
preparations of parenteral solutions
Bacteriostatic Water for Injection
- Sterile water containing a
bacteriostatic agent which is benzyl
alcohol and not intended for infants
as it may cause Grasping Syndrome
- Use for extemporaneous
compounding of Intramuscular
injection
Sterile Water for Injection
- Most difficult to prepare
- 100% pure
- Used in extemporaneous
compounding in Intravenous and
Intramuscular
- Stored in single dose container not
larger than 1200mL
GLASS
- Generic term referred to vitreous
materials fusing base (Soda ash,
Precipitated chalk) with pure silica
Types of Glass according to USP and NF:
Type I – highly resistant borosilicate
glass for parenteral
Type II – treated soda lime for
parenteral
Type III – soda lime for parenteral
PCI 315
 Type IV – general soda lime glass for
non parenteral
*the compendia usually specify the type
of glass container of a suitable buffer if
the drug is base sensitive
Test for Glass:
Powder Glass Test – determined
leaching potential, titrated with 0.02N
Sulfuric acid
Water Attack test – exposure of the
glass to Sulfur dioxide at 121oC
*the sulfuric acid increases the leaching
potential of the glass
Ions added to Glasses:
MnO2 – mask the blue green color of
impurity of iron
Borates – increase coefficient of
expansion
KION – render the glass brown
Pb – increase refractive index of the
glass
Opaque Containers – Titanium dioxide
repels UV rays, superior light protective
container
Clear Containers – preferred for
dispensing
Types: Clear, Colorless, Amber, Blue
PHYSIOLOGICAL ELECTROLYTES
Regulatory Mechanism
- pH Balance
- Ionic Balance
- Osmotic Balance
- Hemostasis
21 | P a g e
- Fluid Replacement Therapy
INTRACELLULAR ELECTROLYTES
Potassium
PROPTY: Most abundant intracellular
cation, Responsible for Carbon dioxide
transport which maintains proper
electrical conduction in skeletal muscle,
Responsible for Acid – Base equilibrium
DEF: Acidosis
DIS.ASS: Hyperkalemia = occurs in
people with kidney failure, Hypokalemia
= Diarrhea, Insulin, Glucose
Magnesium
PROPTY: 2nd major intracellular cation
DEF: Hyperirritability, tremors,
confusion, vasodilation
Phosphorus
PROPTY: Major intracellular anion
DEF: Cardiac arrhythmia, renal ricketts,
osteomalacia
EXTRACELLULAR ELECTROLYTES
Sodium
PROPTY: Major extracellular cation, Anti
Diuretic Hormone – Vasopressin,
Aldosterone
DEF: Dehydration, Diarrhea, Sodium
depletion diuretics, Hypertension,
Edema
Calcium
PROPTY: 99% in bone, 1% in
extracellular fluid, Responsible for
blood coagulation, Regulation of
Endocrine functions, Parathyroid
Hormone – controls Calcium in the
PCI 315
 body, Bones and teeth structural
integrity
Calcium Chloride USP
DEF: Hypocalcemia (may be caused by
AKA: Muriate of Lime, Fosforo de
corticosteroids), Osteoporosis,
Hamberg
Oteomalacia, Ricketts and poor growth
PROPTY: a salt composed of white
DIS.ASS: Osteo arthritis, Hypercalcemia
slightly translucent hard fragments of
(may be caused by Thiazide diuretics
granules with a very saline taste and
which increases calcium concentration
very deliquescent
in the body)
USES: electrolyte replenisher,
Chloride
component of Ringer’s solution and
PROPTY: Major extracellular anion Lactated Ringer’s Solution, Internal
hemorrhage, in certain bone diseases,
DEF: Hypochloremic alkalosis
calcium deficiency
ELECTROLYTE FOR REPLACEMENT THERAPY
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACID – BASE BALANCE
Sodium Chloride USP
- Control system of the body that
AKA: Table salt, Sea salt regulates the physiological pH

PREP: must be purified before use Types of Control System:

USES: Isotonic Solution = use to irrigate Chemical Buffer

body cavities and tissues and as
- 1st line defense against pH shift
injections, Hypotonic Solution =
maintenance therapy for patients (Carbonic acid & Bicarbonates, Phosphate &
unable to take fluids and nutrient orally, Dihydrogen phosphate, Hemoglobin & Proteins)
Hypertonic Solution = use when there is
Physiological Control
an excessive loss of Sodium in the body
- Pulmonary Control System, Renal
Control System
Potassium Chloride USP
METABOLIC ACIDOSIS
AKA: Kalium Chloratum
- The acid level is above normal
PROPTY: This can be administered by
SYMP: headache, hyperkalemia,
oral solutions (well diluted) should be
decrease blood pressure, warm flushed
slow release, Slow IV Infusion and never
administered by a rapid IV infusion skin, muscle twitching, nausea,
vomiting, decrease muscle tone
USES: Electrolyte replenisher, severe reflexes, compensatory
hypokalemia, Meniere’s syndrome, hyperventilation
Antidote for Digoxin intoxication,
CAUSES: increase acid production (DKA,
Administer with thiazide diuretics and
Hypermetabolism), decrease acid
adrenal steroids, Familial periodic
paralysis
22 | P a g e PCI 315
 (Renal Failure), increase bicarbonates
elimination (Diarrhea, Fistulas)
METABOLIC ALKALOSIS
- Acid level is below normal
SYMP: confusion, dysrhythmia
(tachycardia from low levels of
Potassium), compensatory
hypoventilation, dizzy and irritability,
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, increase
anxiety, decrease serum Calcium in the
body causing tremors, muscle cramps,
tingling of fingers and toes
Sodium Salts of Bicarbonate, Lactate and
Acetate
- Treatment of metabolic acidosis
Ammonium Salts
- Treatment of metabolic alkalosis
- Retards secretion in the body
ELECTROLYTES USED IN ACID - BASE
THERAPY
Sodium Acetate USP
AKA: Acetate of Soda
USES: Diuretic, Diaphoresis, Metabolic
acidosis, Uremic acidosis, Acute cholera
Potassium Acetate USP
AKA: Diuretic salt
USES: Diuretic, Diaphoretic, Cathartic in
large doses, Systemic alkalinizer
Sodium Bicarbonate USP
AKA: Baking soda, Bicarbonate of Soda
USES: drug of choice for systemic
acidosis, treatment of methanol
23 | P a g e
poisoning, in hyperacidity, in
effervescent tablets and baking
powders
Potassium Bicarbonate USP
AKA: Potassium acid carbonate
USES: alternative DOC for systemic
acidosis, component of effervescent,
Potassium replacement solution
Sodium Citrate USP
USES; Anticoagulation used in chronic
acidosis
Potassium Citrate
USES: Anticoagulant, Diaphoretic and
Diuretic, Gastric antacid
ELECTROLYTE COMBINATION THERAPY
Types of Combination Therapy
Maintenance Therapy – to supply normal
requirements for water and electrolytes to
patients who cannot take them orally
Replacement Therapy – in heavy loss of water
and electrolytes as in prolonged fever, severe
vomiting and diarrhea
Official Combination Electrolyte Infusions
Ringer’s Injection USP (NaCl, KCl, CaCl 2)
Lactated Ringer’s Injection USP (NaCl, KCl,
CaCl 2 , and Na Lactate)
Oral Electrolytes – intended as soon as intake
of usual foods and fluids is discontinued and
before serious fluid loses or deficit occurs
PCI 315
ESSENTIAL AND NON ESSENTIAL IONS Chromium

ESSENTIAL IONS - Glucose tolerance factor,

carbohydrate utilization
Iron
Molybdenum
- Enhances the absorption of ascorbic
acid and Copper - Constituent of xanthine oxidase and
aldehyde oxidase
- Used as hematinic, Deficiency: IDA,
Toxicity: GIT Distress and Cardiac Selenium
collapse
- Constituent of factor 3 that acts
Iodine with Vit. E
- Iodide expectorant NON ESSENTIAL IONS
- Hypothyroidism (Cretinism –
physical and mental retardation, Fluoride
Myexedema), Hyperthyroidism - Anti cariogenic
(Grave’s disease)
Bromide
Zinc
- Serves to cause CNS depression in
- Constituent of Insulin, Carbonic small doses (0.2-2g), large doses
anhydrase and Lactic depresses all reflex (4-8g) use for
dehydrogenase
the treatment of epileptic seizure
Sulfur
Arsenic
- Constituent of proteins,
- Depressant for epilepsy, Treatment
mucopolysaccharides, biotin,
of leukemia, Fowler’s solution = 1%
thiamine and lipoic acid Potassium arsenate
Cobalt Lithium
- Constituent of Vit. B12
- Diuretic
Manganese - Use for manic depressive disorder,
treatment of bipolar disorder
- Co factor for a number of enzymes
like arginase, carboxylase and Gold
kinases
- Used in rheumatism and SLE
Copper
Aluminum
- Essential for the formations of - Astringent, antiseptic, deodorant
hemoglobin and constituent of
oxides and enzymes Silver

- Antiseptic, astringent, irritant to

corrosive

24 | P a g e PCI 315
Mercury 6. should inhibit pepsin

- Diuretic, antiseptic, parasiticide, Mechanism of Action

fungicide
1. neutralization of excess HCl
Strontium
2. inactivation of proteolytic enzyme in GI tract
- Sedative, Treatment of
3. probably mucosal protection
osteoporosis, dentrifice

INORGANIC ANTACIDS
INORGANIC GASTROINTESTINAL
Sodium Bicarbonate USP
AGENTS
PROPTY: Water soluble antacid with
- Do not require a prescription which
rapid onset of action and a short
places responsibility to the
duration of action, Found in many
Pharmacist
effervescent antacid preparations main
HYPERACIDITY – acid level of digestive system use is to produce effervescent rather
rises above normal, burning like sensation in than antacid
the stomach is the condition develop with
S/E: Flatulence and Belching
Hyperacidity
Aluminum Hydroxide USP
Gastritis – general inflammation of
gastric mucosa Types:

Peptic Ulcer – circumscribed erosion of Aluminum Hydroxide Gel USP

the GIT
- Suspension dosage form
Esophageal Ulcer – heartburn - It is the palatable form
- The product is permitted to contain
Gastric Ulcer – malignancy and
aromatics
hemorrhage is common
Dried Aluminum Hydroxide Gel USP
Duodenal Ulcer – perforation is
common - Amorphous powder form
- It is more convenient to use
ANTACIDS
- White, colorless, tasteless
Criteria for Antacids - Insoluble in water and alcohol
- Soluble in dilute mineral acids and
1. non absorbable
solutions of fixed alkali hydroxide
2. do not cause laxation or constipation - Can be formulated as a gel or
tablets
3. have long duration of action
USES: gastric antacid, treatment of
4. do not cause large evolution of gas hyperchlorhydria, intestinal toxemia
5. should buffer in a pH 4-6 and peptic ulcer

25 | P a g e PCI 315
 S/E: Constipation AKA: Carbonate of Magnesia, Heavy
Magnesium Carbonate
*both of these Aluminum antacids are assayed
using ANC and their Al 2 O3 content

Calcium Containing Antacids: Magnesium Oxide

- Actions are based upon their basic FORM/S:

properties
Light Magnesium Oxide
- Raise stomach pH to 7
Heavy Magnesium Oxide
S/E: Constipation
USES: antacid, diuretic, laxative
Types:
Magnesium Hydroxide
Calcium Carbonate USP
- In high doses, it is used as laxative
- Microcrystalline powder that is
due to the formation of Magnesium
practically insoluble in water and
chloride in the stomach
alcohol
- Soluble upon addition of Milk of Magnesia USP
Ammonium salts or Carbon dioxide
- Presence of alkali reduces its - Magnesium hydroxide is NLT 7%
and NMT 8%
solubility
- One of the most popular antacid Magnesium Trisilicate
- Dissolves with effervescence in
diluted acetic acid, HCl and HNO 3 - Introduced as gastric antacid
especially valuable in peptic ulcer
Calcium Phosphate USP
Magnesium Phosphate USP
- Found abundantly in nature as
Phosphorite, Phosphate rock and - Tertiary magnesium phosphate
Apatite
Principal Neutralizing Salts Solubility of
- Its action is to produce Phosphate Constituent Capacity Formed Salts
ions that will diminish acid
NaHCO3 High NaCl High
concentration in gastric HCl
CaCO3 Moderate CaCl 2 Moderate
- Does not cause flatulence
Al(OH) 3 High AlCl 3 Low
Magnesium Containing Antacids: Mg(OH) 2 High MgCl 2 Low

- Action is based upon their basic

properties Reasons for combining Antacids:
- Used an antacid except Magnesium
1. there is no single antacid meets all the
trisilicate
criteria of an ideal antacid
S/E: Laxative
2. attempt to balance the side effect of each
Types: antacid

Magnesium Carbonate

26 | P a g e PCI 315
3. to mix an antacid with rapid onset of action
and one with longer duration of action
Examples:
1. Aluminum hydroxide – Magnesium hydroxide
2. Aluminum hydroxide – Magnesium trisilicate
4. Magaldrate
5. Alginic acid - Sodium bicarbonate
DIARRHEA- serious condition particularly for the
very young and elderly patients, loo of fluids
and electrolytes lead to dehydration and
electrolyte imbalances
Acute Diarrhea – caused by bacterial
toxins, chemical poisons, drugs, allergy
and some diseases
Chronic Diarrhea – caused by
gastrointestinal surgery, carcinomas,
chronic inflammatory conditions and
various adsorptive defects
PROTECTIVES & ADSORBENTS – commonly used
for the treatment of mild Diarrhea, most
products for the treatment of Diarrhea will
consist of an adsorptive, protective, an anti
diarrheal agent and possibly an antibacterial
agent
INORGANIC PROTECTIVES & ADSORBENTS
Bismuth Subnitrate (Bi(OH) 2(NO3)4,BiO(OH))
AKA: White Bismuth
PROPTY: Basic Bismuth is incompatible
with tragacanth, precipitate has a hard
mass in the presence of the salt
USES: remedy for Diarrhea, non irritant
intestinal antiseptic and used to treat
ulcers
27 | P a g e
Bismuth Subcarbonate USP (BiO2 (CO2.H2O))
USES: Protective used for the treatment
of Diarrhea in large doses it renders the
alimentary canal opaque from the X-ray
Milk of Bismuth
PROPTY: combination of Bismuth
hydroxide and Bismuth subcarbonate
Kaolin USP (Al 2 O3.2SiO2.2H2O)
CHEM.NAME: Native Hydrated
Aluminum silicate
AKA: China Clay, Porcelain Clay
USES: Found with pectin and employed
as a protective and adsorbent in
Diarrheal disorder
1972 Ama Drug Evaluation States That The
Criteria When Cathartics Are Properly Used:
1. to ease defacation in patients with painful
hemorrhoids or other fecal disorder
2. to avoid potentially hazardous rises in BP
during defacation in patients with hypertension
and cerebral arterial diseases
3. to relieve acute constipation
4. to removed solid materials from the
intestinal tract prior to certain
roentgenographic studies
*laxatives should only use for short term
therapy
Types of Laxatives:
Stimulant Laxatives – act by local irritation on
the intestinal tract
Bulk Forming Laxatives – made from
substances that swells when wet and with the
increased bulk stimulates peristalsis
PCI 315
Emollient Laxatives – act either as lubricants
and facilitating the passage of compacted fecal
material
Saline Cathartics – acts by increasing the
osmotic load of GIT
Example; Sodium biphosphate, Sodium
phosphate, Potassium sodium tartrate,
Magnesium sulfate, Magnesium citrate
SALINE CATHATTICS – agents that quicken and
increase evacuation from the bowels
OFFICIAL SALINE CATHARTICS
Sodium Biphosphate (NaH2PO4 . H2 O)
AKA: Sodium dihydrogen phosphate,
Sodium acid phosphate, Primary
Sodium phosphate
USES: Official use is as urinary acidifier.
It is also used as cathartic
Potassium Sodium Tartrate
USES: Cathartic, Ingredient of Sedlitz
powder, is the form in which it is
administered as cathartic
Magnesium Sulfate (KNaC4H4O6 . H2 O)
PREP:
1. the mineral magnesite with hot
diluted sulfuric acid
2. dissolving the mineral kierserite in
water
3. heating by calcination of dolomite
then heating with HCl and evaporating
to dryness
USES: an active cathartic, parenterally
used as anticonvulsant, with anti
phlogistic action
Magnesium Citrate
28 | P a g e
AKA: Citrate of Magnesia
PREP: Is made by reacting Magnesium
carbonate with Citric acid following the
addition of flavoring agents, Sodium or
Potassium bicarbonate is added
USES: cathartic
NON OFFICIAL SALINE CATHARTICS
Sodium Sulfate
Potassium Phosphate
Potassium Bitartrate
Calomel
INORGANIC TOPICAL AGENTS &
ANTIMICROBIALS
TOPICAL – pertaining to a particular spot
categories of topical products
1. Protectives
2. Antimicrobial & Astringents
TOPICAL PROTECTIVES – usually applied to
areas of the skin which are subject to constant
irritation due to moisture or friction on areas
Properties:
1. insolubility
2. chemically inert
3. adsorbent property – useful for
adsorbing moisture from the surface of
the skin
4. it should have small particle size,
offers smooth substances
*caution: if the area to which the protective are
to be applied is abroided and exuding fluid,
adsorbent type protective should not be used
PCI 315

INORGANIC PROTECTIVES
Talc (3MgO. 4SiO2. H2O)
AKA: French chalk, Soapstone, Piedra
grassa, Creta gallica
PROPTY: Fine powder or Grayish white
crystalline powder
USES: lubricant & protective dusting
powder, filtering aid, used before in
sterile gloves
Zinc Oxide USP
AKA: Zinc white, Flores de Zinc, Lana o
Algodon Filosopicos
PREP: By heating strongly in a furnace in
a mixture of Zinc mineral, Calamine,
Willemite, Smithsonite, Franklinite,
Zincite
PROPTY: Fine odorless, amorphous
white of yellowish white powder,
gradually absorbs Carbon dioxide from
the air, astringent due to the release of
small amount of zinc ion from
hydrolysis
USES: Astringent and protective,
Antimicrobial astringent, primary
ingredient of Calamine USP
Calamine USP
PROPTY: is Zinc oxide with small
proportions of Ferric oxide
USES: Topical protective, used in
formulating Calamine Lotion, used in
formulating Phenolated Calamine
Zinc Stearate USP
PROPTY: Zinc compound with a mixture
of solid organic acids, it contains NLT
12%, NMT 14% of Zinc oxide
29 | P a g e
USES: astringent and antimicrobial,
used as lubricants in manufacture of
tablets
Titanium Dioxide USP
PROPTY: white amorphous, odorless,
tasteless powder, insoluble in water
with HCl, Nitric acid and Sulfuric acid,
Reaction of Titanium dioxide with
Hydrogen peroxide, in dilute Sulfuric
acid produces Titanium peroxides
USES: topical protectants, UV Ray
protectant, white pigment in cosmetics
paint, opacifying agent in manufacture
of capsules
INORGANIC ANTIMICROBIALS
Major Mechanism of Action:
Oxidation: based on the concept that protein
has a specific function in the microorganism
generally non metals and certain types of
anions
Halogenation: reaction occurring antiseptics of
the hypohalite type
Protein Precipitation
Hydrogen Peroxides (H2 O2)
PROPTY: anhydrous H2 O2 that contains 47% by
weight of available oxygen, pure H2O2 at room
temperature with astringent property, 3%
Hydrogen is 10 volumes of solution, 20 volumes
used as hair and fabric bleach it is unstable and
easily decomposed
Ways of preventing decomposition of Hydrogen
Peroxide
1. should be kept in a coll place protected from
light & dust
2. amber colored bottles are used as containers
PCI 315
3. preservatives are added
4. addition of complexing agents or adsorbents
USES: mild oxidizing agent, useful for the
infections caused by anaerobic bacteria, destroy
most pathogenic bacteria, mouthwashes and
gargles
Potassium Permanganate (KMnO4)
PROPTY: an odorless, dark purple
crystalline compound, crystals are
almost opaque in transmitted blue
metallic luster in reflected light, strong
oxidizing agent both dry state and in
solution
USES: for skin infections, as a wet
dressing for vesicular stage eczema
S/E: Brown stain in the skin
Sodium Hypochlorite USP
AKA: Chlorinated Soda Solution
PROPTY: clear pale greenish yellow
liquid, only suitable as disinfectnts,
COMPD/S: Labarraques Solution =
diluted form of Sodium hypochlorite
USES: laundry disinfectant and bleach,
used as disinfectant, as tooth both in
prevention of athlete’s foot
Iodine USP
PROPTY: one of the oldest known
germicide in use today, heavy grayish
black plates or granules having a
metallic luster and characteristics of
penetrating odor, slightly soluble in
water (1;2950), soluble in alcohol
(1:125)
30 | P a g e
USES: antiseptics and irrigation,
effective in bacterial and fungal
infections, used to disinfect drinking
water (Iodine tincture)
Povidone Iodine
PROPTY: An example of iodophors, a
yellowish brown amorphous powder
and has a slight characteristic odor
USES: antiseptic, surgical scrubs, vaginal
douche, gargles & mouthwashes
Silver Nitrate
AKA: Azotas argentious, Cristales
lunares
PROPTY: colorless or white crystals
which become gray or grayish black on
exposure to light in the presence of
organic matter,can both precipitate
human and bacterial protein
TOX: Darkening of the skin and
electrolyte imbalance
USES: antimicrobial, prophylaxis against
ophthalmia neonaforum infection,
escharotics and germicide
Potassium Antimony Tartrate
AKA: Tartar emetic
USES: Emetic and Expectorant, DOC in
infections caused by Schistosoma
japonicum
Sulfur Containing Antimicrobials:
Sublimed Sulfur USP
AKA: Flower of Sulfur
PROPTY: fine yellow, crystalline powder
having a faint odor and taste
PCI 315
 PREP: obtained by condensing the
sulfur vapors produced by heating any
form of Sulfur
Precipitated Sulfur USP
AKA: Milk of Sulfur
PROPTY: fine yellow amorphous
rhombic powder without odor or taste
PREP: by mixing Sulfur with metal
hydroxides to form mixtures of metal
sulfides and thiosulfates
*sulfur can be precipitated by the addition of
acid
USES: as scabicide, keratolytic agent,
anti seborrheic, anti acne , anti psoriasis
Sulfurated Potash USP
AKA: Liver of Sulfur
USES: scabicide, pharmaceutical aid as a
source of sulfide acid in the preparation
of white lotion
Selenium Sulfide USP
SPEC: NLT 52% NMT 53.5% of Selenium
USES: Seborrheic dermatitis
Ammoniated Mercury USP (Hg(NH2 )Cl)
PROPTY: inhibition of bacterial
sulfhydryl containing enzymes by the
mercury ions
USES: local anti infectives (ointment),
treatment of conjunctiva (ophthalmic
solution)
ASTRINGENTS – these agents are protein
precipitant able to coagulate protein primarily
on the surface of cells an action that does not
result in the death of the cells
Main Uses of Astringents:
31 | P a g e
1. styptic
2. anti perspirant
3. reduce inflammation
4. removal of unwanted tissues
Alum USP
PROPTY: colorless crystals, crystalline
fragments or as powders sweetish
strongly taste
USES: antiperspirant, styptic, used in
the preparation of several biological
products
Aluminum Chloride
USES: local astringent and mild
antiseptic, previously used as
antiperspirant but already banned
Aluminum Containing Astringents:
Aluminum Sulfate USP
Aluminum Acetate Solution USP
Zinc Containing Astringents:
Zinc Chloride
Zinc Sulfate
INORGANIC DENTAL PRODUCTS
INORGANIC ANTI CARIES
Sodium Fluoride USP (NaF)
PROPTY: white odorless powder,
soluble in water, insoluble in alcohol
USES: dental prophylactic
Stannous Fluoride USP (SnF2)
PCI 315
 PROPTY: white crystalline powder, has a
bitter and salty taste, freely soluble in
water, insoluble in ether, alcohol and
chloroform
USES: extensively used for topical
Fluoride application, freshly prepared
solution at 6 to 12 months intervals,
requires only one application per
treatment
Pumice
AKA: Pumice stone, Piedra pomez
PROPTY: substances of volcanic origin,
consists chieftly of silicates of
Aluminum, Potassium and Sodium, very
light, hard, rough porous, grayish
masses, odorless and tasteless, stable in
air, insoluble in water
GRADE OF FINENESS:
1. fine flour or Superfine
2. fine pumice
3. coarse pumice
USES: dental abrasive
MISSCELANEOUS AGENTS
INHALANTS
Oxygen USP
AKA: Dephlogisticated air, Airo vital,
Empyreal air, Aire pure
USES: all pathological conditions
accompanied by cyanosis and dyspnea,
poisoning by Carbon monoxide, Coal
gas, Nitrous oxide, Chloroform etc
STD PURITY: USP XX requires that is
contains 99% by volume of Oxide and
limits the presence of Carbon
32 | P a g e
monoxide, Halogens, acids or alkalis
and oxidizing substances
*green container, with precaution: support
combustion
OXYGEN REQUIREMENTS IN THE BODY
Anoxic – inadequate supply of Oxygen
because the blood arises at a lower
tension
Anemic – amount of hemoglobin is
inadequate
Stagnant Anoxic – blood circulation is
retarded
Histotoxic – cyanide poisoning
Carbon Dioxide USP
AKA: Carbonic Acid Gas, Carbonic
anhydride
USES: together with Oxygen air is used
as respiratory stimulant, frozen form
used in such skin conditions,
carbonated beverages, displace air in
parenteral and topical preparation that
are easily oxidized must be stated on
the label
*gray metallic container
Helium USP
USES: components of artificial air (80%
He & 20% O)
TOX: Donald Duck like sound
Nitrous Oxide USP
AKA: Azole
USES: official pharmaceutical air to
displace air to increase shelf life of
easily oxidized product and must be
indicated in the label
TOX: Azotemia
PCI 315
RESPIRATORY STIMULANTS
Ammonium Carbonate
AKA: Preton salt, Sal volatile, Bakeri
Ammonia Sesquicarbonate
PROPTY: shields between 30% - 34%
ammonia without empyreumatic odor,
freely soluble in water, decomposed by
hot water, only inorganic compounds
that still use as respiratory stimulant, a
strong ammonia solution
USES: basis of smelling salts, no
valuable in hysterical syncope,
leavening agent
Aromatic Ammonia Spirit USP
AKA: Spirit of Hartshorn
PREP: by dissolving ammonia
USES: respiratory stimulant by inhaling
vapors
EXPECTORANT
diluted to exactly one liter and filter if
necessary
USES: expectorant, anti tussive, used
for asthma, bronchitis, emphysema and
sinusitis, antifungal, used to treat goiter
ANTIDOTES
- Agent that will counteract the
poison
Mechanism of Action:
PHYSIOLOGICAL – counteracting the effect of
poison by producing other effect
Sodium Nitrite USP
AKA: Natrium, Nitrosum
USES: antidote to cyanide poisoning
given in the form of 2% solution
administered via IV
*sodium nitrite + hemoglobin =
methemoglobin, HCN + Methemoglobin =
Cyanomethemoglobin

- Irritate the gastric mucosa to

stimulate respiratory tract secretion
CHEMICAL – changing the chemical nature of
Ammonium Chloride USP the poison

AKA: Sal Ammoniac, Salmiac Sodium Thiosulfate

Ammonium Muriate
USES: inhibits the conversion of cyanide
USES: increases the secretions to penthiocyanide
especially saliva, mucous and sweat,
MECHANICAL – by preventing the absorption of
solution is used in voltaic bakeries, the poison into the body
official category systemic acidifier and
Chloride replenisher, helps the mucous Sodium Thiosulfate
to become less viscous
USES: antifluorosis
Potassium Iodide
Activated Charcoal USP
AKA: Kalium Iodatum
AKA: Carbon Ligni
PREP: prepared in dissolving 1000g of
the salt in 680mL of hot purified water
cooled to room temperature and
33 | P a g e PCI 315
 PREP: incomplete combustion of wood PROPTY: light volatile, non greasy powder of
out of contact of air, the residue left extremely fine particle size, it is insoluble in
being composed of almost pure carbon water and in acids

USES: antidote, components of USES: tablet diluent, suspending and thickening

universal antidote agent

*components of universal antidote = 2parts LUBRICANTS

Activated charcoal, 1part Tannic acid, 1part
Magnesium oxide
Cupric Sulfate USP
AKA: Blue vitriol, Blue stone, Copper
sulfate, Capparosa azul, Piedra lipis
PROPTY: deep blue triclinic crystals, has
a nauseous, metallic taste and
efflorescence slowly in dry air, its
solution are acid to litmus
USES: Antidote for Phosphorus
poisoning, as emetic = 300mg, as an
astringent 10 – 30mg
- Used to prevent friction between
the tablets and tableting machine
- Most of the lubricants are insoluble
soaps, heavy metals of fatty acids
Official Lubricants:
Calcium Stearate
Magnesium Stearate
Bentonite:
AKA: Soap clay, Wilkinite, Mineral soap
USES: stabilizer, exerts detergent
effects, clarifying agent

PHARMACEUTICAL EXCIPIENTS
RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS &
TABLETTING AIDS CONTRAST MEDIA
- Physiologically inactive ingredient
NUCLEAR PHARMACY / PHARMACY
RADIATION
Calcium Sulfate USP - Particles or waves coming from the
nucleus of the atom
AKA: Gypsum alabaster, Satin spar,
Light spar for the dehydrate Calcium HALF LIFE
sulfate
- Time required for one half of a
USES: rechargeable laboratory & given atom to decay
industrial dessicant corcrite, tablet
diluent DECAY RATE

Colloidal Silicon Dioxide USP - Time rate of which atoms undergo

radioactive disintegration
PREP: submicroscopic fuse silica
prepared by the vapor – phase hydrolysis of a RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS
silicon tetrachloride at 1100oC

34 | P a g e PCI 315
 Radioactive substances used for USES: scintillation and scanning of the
diagnosis of certain diseases kidney or the brain

Desirable properties of Radiopharmaceuticals: Sodium Phosphate P 32 Solution

(Phosphotope)
- Emit beta and gamma particles
- Can be concentrated in a specific USES: treatment of polycythemia vera
organs or cells increase in RBC. Localization of
- Can be eliminated by the body intraocular tumors
easily
Technetium TC 93m Injection
- Should produce low toxicity
USES: brain scanning to determine the
RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS PREPARATIONS
pressure and location of neoplastic
Sodium Chromate A 51 Injection lesion

AKA: Chromitope Sodium, Rachromate Strontium Chloride

51
AKA: Metastron
USES: diagnostic determination, RBC
USES: for bone palliation associated
mass volume survival time and for
with bone tumors
scanning of the spleen
Thalus Chloride
Gold Au 198 Injection
USES: for diagnosis of MI and Ischemic
AKA: Aurcoloid 198, Aureotope, Heart Failure
Auroscan – 198
Roentology / Radiology
USES: diagnostic preparation for
scintillation/scanning of the liver, USES: involves the use of X-Ray
therapeutic preparation in the
Radiopaque Contrast Media
treatment of disorders secondary to
neoplastic diseases PROPTY: chemical compounds
Sodium Iodide I 125 Solution containing element of high atomic
number that will stop the passage of X-
AKA: Iodotope 1-125, Sodium iodide 1-1 Rays
31, Iodotope 1-131
Radiiopaque Imaging Agents:
USES: diagnostic aid in the study of the
Iopanoic Acid USP
functioning of the thyroid gland and in
the scanning of the thyroid gland to MRI Magnetic Resonance Imaging
determine the size, position and
possible tumor location, treatment of USES: non invasive method has made
hyperthyroidism medicinal diagnosis simpler and more
scientific
Chlormerodin Hg 197 Injection, Chlormerodin
Hg 203 Injection

35 | P a g e PCI 315
RADIOISOTOPES - Has an excellent penetrating power
- X – Capture = process whereby a
- Unstable isotopes which undergo type of radiation similar to gamma
random decomposition or decay rays is seen in emission of X- Ray
with the emission of certain
particles

Factors where in biological effects of

Radioisotopes depends:

- Ability to penetrate tissues

- The energy of radiation
- The particular tissue
- The surface area exposed
- The dose of radiation

RADIOACTIVE DECAY

- Process in which an unstable atomic

nucleus spontaneously loses energy
by emiiting ionizing particles and
radiation

Types of Decay Particles:

Alpha Particles

- Heaviest and slowest of all

radioactive emissions
- Negative charged species having
the mass number of an electron
- Relatively slow speed, averaging
about 0.1 speed of light

Beta Particles

- Sometimes called as Negatrons

- Negative charged species having
the mass number of an electron
- Able to travel 10 – 15mm of water
and penetrate almost 1 inch
thickness of Aluminum

Gamma Rays

- Rays are similar to X-Ray and travel

at the speed of light
- Has no mass and charge but with
high energy

36 | P a g e PCI 315