Introduction to complex number

The history of number begins with counting

I II III
Numbers
Natural #N = {1,2,3,……..}
Whole numbers # W= {0,1,2,3,…….}
Integers #Z={ {0, 1, 2, 3,.....}
p
Rational #Q = {numbers can be written in form }
q

p
Irrational # Q = {numbers cannot be written in form}
q

Real numbers R={

Complex numbers C = { numbers with –ve square root / written in 2  1
form}
The fundamental theorem of Algebra states any polynomial with complex
coefficient will only have complex roots.
Algebraic number
All these numbers are known as algebraic numbers.
Complex Numbers Arithmetic
Z=x+iy
Real components imaginary part. Im(2)=iy
R(z)=x
If R(z)=0 then the number is purely imaginary number im(z)
If m(z)=0 then the number is purely real number R(z).
Operations of complex numbers
Z1  2  3i Z 2  1  4i

Addition/ subtraction
Z  Z1  Z 2

 ( X 1  2Y1 )  ( X 2  2Y2 )
 ( X 1  X 2 )  (Y1  Y2 )i

Example:
Z  Z1  Z 2

 (2  3i)  (1  4i)
  2  1   3  4 

Z1  Z 2  3  i

Multiplication
Z  Z1  Z 2

  X1  2Y1  ( X 2  2Y2 )
 X1 X 2  2 X1Y2  iXY1  2.Y1Y2

Z1  Z 2  ( X1 X 2  YY
1 2 )  ( X 1Y2  X 2Y1 )i

Example
Z1  Z2  {(2 1)  (3)(14)}  {2(4)  (3.1)}i

=14-5i
Division
The division of complex numbers is possible with new idea known as conjugate.
Conjugate
If Z  X  iY the conjugate of Z  Z  x  iY  changethe sogmof imaginary part 
Q  Q  xR  Z 
Q.Q  1
EXAMPLE
Z1   x  2 y  Z  x  2y

Z  Z   x  2 y  x  2 y 

  x 2  2 xy  2 xy  22 y 2 
 x 2  22 y 2

Z .Z  x 2  y 2  R  z    22  1

……………………………………..

2  3i
z
1  4i

We can solve it by Rationalize it

2  3i
Rationalize Z 
1  4i
2  3i 1  4i

1  4i 1  4i


 2  3i 1  4i  i
2  3i 1  16
Z
1  4i 2  8i  3i  12i 2

17
10  11i 10 11
   i
17 17 17

Complex numbers as vector

Addition Im(z)

 OC is the position vector of Z1  Z 2 B( Z 2 )

 OC  Z1  Z 2 is the length of gram. OACB

O Re(z)
Subtraction of complex number as a vector
Z  Z1  Z 2

 Z1   Z2 


 OC IS a position vector of Z1  Z 2

 BA is a free vector of Z1  Z 2 Is the length of the diagonal

I.e
Z1  Z 2
If KER and  K 2 show that Z1  Z 2
Z1  Z 2

Z1  Z 2 and Z1  Z 2

are the diagonals of parallelogram which cross each other.

Let
Z1  Z 2
  K2
Z1  Z 2

arg  Z 1  Z2 
  arg  K 2  arg  zw  arg z  arg w
 Z1  Z 2 

 Z1  Z 2   arg
arg  Ki 
Z1  Z 2


arg  Z1  Z 2   arg  Z1  Z 2   
2
 
 The diagonal of OACB= ki=
2s 2

 OACB is r hom bus i

OA  OB  all sides are equal 

k
So, Z1  Z 2