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10/1/2019 Virama - Wikipedia

◌्
Virama
Virama (Sanskrit:  वराम, virāma  ? ◌् ) is a generic term for the diacritic in
many Brahmic scripts, including Devanagari and Bengali script, used to
suppress the inherent vowel that otherwise occurs with every consonant
letter.

Contents
Names
Usage
End of word Virama
See also Diacritics in Latin & Greek
References accent
External links acute (´)
double acute (˝)
grave (`)
Names double grave (  ̏)
The name is Sanskrit for "cessation, termination, end". As a Sanskrit word,
circumflex (ˆ)
it is used in place of several language-specific terms, such as halant caron, háček (ˇ)
(Hindi:  हल , halant  ? ◌् ); halanta (Marathi:  हलंत, halanta  ? ◌् ), hoshonto breve (˘)
(Bengali:  হস , hôsôntô  ? ◌্); (Assamese:  হস or হছ , hoxonto or hosonto  ? inverted breve (  ̑  )
◌্); (Sylheti: I H?-; N, ośonto ); pollu (Telugu:  , Pollu  ?
◌్); pulli cedilla (¸)
(Tamil:  , puḷḷi  ?
), chandrakkala or viraamam diaeresis, umlaut (¨)
(Malayalam:  ച ല/വിരാമം, candrakkala/viraamam  ?
); halanta dot (·)
(Kannada:  ಹಲಂತ, halanta  ? ್); halanta (Odia: ହଳ , haḷanta ); halant
palatal hook ( ̡)
(Punjabi: ਹਲਂਤ, halant  ? ੍); hal kirima (Sinhala: හ ම, hal kirīma ); a
retroflex hook ( ̢)
that (Burmese: အသတ, a.sat IPA:  [ʔa̰θaʔ], lit. "nonexistence"်); karan
[1][2],
hook above, dấu hỏi (   ̉)
(Thai: กา น pinthu ( น ), lit. "point" or "dot" or thanthakhat
( ณฑฆาต))[3][4]; and pangkon (Javanese: ).
horn (   ̛)
iota subscript (   ͅ )
macron (ˉ)
Usage ogonek, nosinė (˛)
In Devanagari and many other Indic scripts, a virama is used to cancel the perispomene (   ͂ )
inherent vowel of a consonant letter and represent a consonant without a overring (˚)
vowel, a "dead" consonant. For example, in Devanagari, underring (˳)
1. क is a consonant letter, ka, rough breathing (῾)
2. ◌् is a virama; therefore, (᾿)
smooth breathing

3. क् (ka + virama) represents a dead consonant k. Marks sometimes used as


diacritics
If this k क् is further followed by another consonant letter, for example, ṣa ष,
apostrophe (’)
the result might look like क् ष, which represents kṣa as ka + (visible) virama
+ ṣa. In this case, two elements k क् and ṣa ष are simply placed one by one, bar ( ̸ )
side by side. Alternatively, kṣa can be also written as a ligature , which is
colon (:)
actually the preferred form. comma (,)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virama 1/3
10/1/2019 Virama - Wikipedia

Generally, when a dead consonant letter C1 and another consonant letter C2 period (.)
are conjoined, the result may be: hyphen (˗)

1. A fully conjoined ligature of C1+C2;


prime (′)
2. Half-conjoined— tilde (~)

C1-conjoining: a modified form (half form) of C1 attached to the


Diacritical marks in other scripts
original form (full form) of C2 Arabic diacritics
C2-conjoining: a modified form of C2 attached to the full form of C1; Early Cyrillic diacritics
or kamora ( ) ҄
3. Non-ligated: full forms of C1 and C2 with a visible virama.[5] pokrytie (  ҇ )
If the result is fully or half-conjoined, the (conceptual) virama which made titlo ( ) ҃
C1 dead becomes invisible, logically existing only in a character encoding Gurmukhī diacritics
scheme such as ISCII or Unicode. If the result is not ligated, a virama is Hebrew diacritics
visible, attached to C1, actually written. Indic diacritics

Basically, those differences are only glyph variants, and three forms are
anusvara (◌ं  ◌ং ം )
semantically identical. Although there may be a preferred form for a given
chandrabindu ( ◌ँ  ◌ఁ )
consonant cluster in each language and some scripts do not have some kind nukta ( ◌़ )
of ligatures or half forms at all, it is generally acceptable to use a virama ( ◌्    ◌్   ್ )
nonligature form instead of a ligature form even when the latter is preferred visarga ( ◌ः ◌ঃ )
if the font does not have a glyph for the ligature. In some other cases, IPA diacritics
whether to use a ligature or not is just a matter of taste. Japanese diacritics
dakuten ( ゙ )
The virama in the sequence C1 + virama + C2 may thus work as an invisible
control character to ligate C1 and C2 in Unicode. For example,
handakuten ( ゚ )
Khmer diacritics
ka क + virama + ṣa ष = kṣa Syriac diacritics
Thai diacritics
is a fully conjoined ligature. It is also possible that the virama does not
Related

ligate C1 and C2, leaving the full forms of C1 and C2 as they are:
Dotted circle
ka क + virama + ṣa ष = kṣa क् ष Punctuation marks
is an example of such a non-ligated form. Logic symbols

The sequences [ŋka ŋkʰa ŋɡa ŋɡʱa], in correct Devanagari handwriting, should be written as conjuncts (the
virama and the top cross line of the second letter disappear, and what is left of the second letter is written under the ङ
and joined to it).

End of word
The inherent vowel is not always pronounced, in particular at the end of a word (schwa deletion). No virama is used for
vowel supression in such cases. Instead, the orthography is based on Sanskrit where all inherent vowels are
pronounced, and leaves to the reader of modern languages to delete the schwa when appropriate.[6]

See also
Sukun, a similar diacritic in Arabic script
Zero consonant

References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virama 2/3
10/1/2019 Virama - Wikipedia

1. " พ กา น แปล าอะไร?" (http://dict.longdo.com/search/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%


B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C). Longdo Dict.
2. th:กา น
3. " พ ณฑฆาต แปล าอะไร?" (http://dict.longdo.com/search/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%93%E0%B
8%91%E0%B8%86%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95). Longdo Dict.
4. th: ณฑฆาต
5. Constable, Peter (2004). "Clarification of the Use of Zero Width Joiner in Indic Scripts" (https://www.unicode.org/re
view/pr-37.pdf) (PDF). Public Review Issue #37 (https://www.unicode.org/review/resolved-pri.html#pri37).
Unicode, Inc. Retrieved 2009-11-19. External link in |work= (help)
6. Akira Nakanishi: Writing Systems of the World, ISBN 0-8048-1654-9, pp. 48.

External links
Blog: Sorting it all Out (http://www.siao2.com/2005/04/09/406765.aspx)

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virama&oldid=911250474"

This page was last edited on 17 August 2019, at 16:09 (UTC).

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virama 3/3

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