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English 101b
05 May 2008
"I can't define pornography," one judge once famously said, "but I know it when I see
it."(Justice Stewart in Jacobellis v. Ohio 378 US 184 (1964).)The word "pornography comes
from the Greek for writing about prostitutes. However, the etymology of the term is not much of
a guide to its current use, since many of the things commonly called "pornography" nowadays
Here is a first, simple definition. Pornography is any material (either pictures or words)
that is sexually explicit. This definition of pornography may pick out different types of material
in different contexts, since what is viewed as sexually explicit can vary from culture to culture
and over time. "Sexually explicit" functions as a kind of indexical term, picking out different
features depending on what has certain effects or breaks certain taboos in different contexts and
cultures. Displays of women's uncovered ankles count as sexually explicit in some cultures, but
not in most western cultures nowadays (although they once did: the display of a female ankle in
Victorian times was regarded as most risqué). There may be borderline cases too: do displays of
bared breasts still count as sexually explicit in various contemporary western cultures? However,
some material seems clearly to count as sexually explicit in many contexts today: in particular,
audio, written or visual representations of sexual acts (e.g., sexual intercourse, oral sex) and
exposed body parts (e.g., the vagina, anus and penis-especially the erect penis).
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Within the general class of sexually explicit material, there is great variety in content. For
example, some sexually explicit material depicts women, and sometimes men, in postures of
sexual display (e.g., Playboy centrefolds). Some depicts non-violent sexual acts (both
homosexual and heterosexual) between adults who are portrayed as equal and consenting
participants. Other sexually explicit representations depict acts of violent coercion: people being
bound, whipped, beaten, tortured, penetrated by objects, mutilated, raped and even killed. Some
sexually explicit material may be degrading, without necessarily being overtly violent. This
material depicts people (most often women) in positions of servility and subordination in their
sexual relations with others, or engaged in sexual acts that many people would regard as
humiliating. Some sexually explicit material involves or depicts children. Some portrays
On the first definition of pornography as sexually explicit material, all such material
would count as pornography, insofar as it is sexually explicit. But this simple definition is not
quite right. Anatomy textbooks for medical students are sexually explicit-they depict exposed
genitalia, for example-but are rarely, if ever, viewed as pornography. Sexual explicitness may be
a necessary condition for material to count as pornographic, but it does not seem to be sufficient.
So something needs to be added to the simple definition. What else might be required?
that is primarily designed to produce sexual arousal in viewers. This definition is better: it deals
with the problem of anatomy textbooks and the like. Indeed, this definition is one that is
Even though the depiction of sexual acts is as old as civilization the concept of
pornography as we know it today did not exist until the Victorian Era. Before that time, though
some sex acts were mentioned and stipulated in laws, looking at objects or images depicting
them was not mentioned. Specific books, engravings or image collections were censored or
outlawed in some cases, but the movement to formulate laws that constrained viewing of
Much of the erotic art of the Romans came to light when large scale excavations of
Pompeii were undertaken in the 1860s. This in turn shocked the Victorians who saw themselves
as the scholarly heirs of the Roman Empire. They had no clue as to what they should do with the
frank depictions of sexuality, and did as much as they could to hide them away from everyone
but upper class scholars. The moveable objects were locked away in the Secret Museum in Italy
and what could not be moved was enclosed and cordoned off as to not corrupt the mindsets of
women, children and the working class. The world's first law criminalizing pornography was
enacted by the Parliament of the United Kingdom in 1857 in the Obscene Publications Act soon
after this excavation. The Victorian attitude that pornography was for a selected audience can be
seen in the wording of the Hicklin Test stemming from a court case in 1868 where it asks,
"whether the tendency of the matter charged as obscenity is to deprave and corrupt those whose
minds are open to such immoral influences." Despite their suppression, depictions of erotic
The issue that I am considering and putting forward here is how teenagers and in turn
women and society are affected by this device of evil – Pornography. I would be analyzing its
effect on teenagers, its role in the degradation of women and hence its role in disrupting society.
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The first major issue that I will be dealing with is pornography and teenagers. Being a
teenager is a very confusing age without pornography to complicate it more. Young teenagers are
prey to child pornography and pedophilia as well. While there are many ways that pornography
harms teenagers, I want to assure you that every teenager who views pornography will not
necessarily be affected and, at worst, traumatized in the same way. The effects of pornography
are progressive and addictive for many people. Just as every person who takes a drink does not
automatically become an alcoholic, every teen who is exposed to pornography does not
automatically become a sexual deviant or sex addict. However, since pornography has a new
door to the home, school, and library through the Internet, it is important for us to look at the
The Internet has proven a useful tool for pedophiles and sexual predators as they
distribute child pornography, engage in sexually explicit conversations with young teens, and
seek victims in chat rooms. The more pornography these individuals access, the higher the risk of
their acting out what they see, including sexual assault, rape, and child molestation.
deviant sexual practice, particularly rape. Slightly more than one-third of the child molesters and
rapists in this study claimed to have at least occasionally been incited to commit an offense by
exposure to pornography. Among the child molesters incited, the study reported that 53 percent
The habitual consumption of pornography can result in a diminished satisfaction with mild forms
of pornography and a correspondingly strong desire for more deviant and violent material. In a
study of convicted child molesters, 77 percent of those who molested boys and 87 percent of
those who molested girls admitted to the habitual use of pornography in the commission of their
crimes. Besides stimulating the perpetrator, pornography facilitates child molestation in several
ways. For example, pedophiles use pornographic photos to demonstrate to their victims what
they want them to do. They also use them to arouse a teenager or to lower his/her inhibitions and
communicate to the unsuspecting child that a particular sexual activity is okay: "This person is
As more and more teenagers are exposed not only to soft-core pornography, but also to
explicit deviant sexual material, they are learning an extremely dangerous message from
One of the grimmer consequences of adult-like sexual activity among teenagers has been
a steady increase in the extent to which youth are afflicted with venereal disease. In the United
States about one in four sexually experienced teenagers acquires a sexually transmitted disease
(STD) every year, resulting in three million cases of teenage STDs. Infectious syphilis rates have
more than doubled among teenagers since the mid-1980s. More children contract sexually
transmitted diseases each year than all the victims of polio in its eleven-year epidemic, 1942-
1953.
Another obvious result of children involved in adult sexual activity is the increased rate
Research has shown that "males who are exposed to a great deal of erotica when they are
in their teens are more sexually active and engage in more varied sexual behaviors as adults than
is true for males not so exposed." One study reveals that among 932 sex addicts, 90 percent of
the men and 77 percent of the women reported that pornography was significant to their
addiction.
Teenagers often imitate what they've seen, read, or heard. Studies suggest that exposure
to pornography can prompt teens to act out sexually against younger, smaller, and more
vulnerable children. Experts in the field of adolescents and teenager sexual abuse report that any
premature sexual activity in children always suggests two possible stimulants: experience and
exposure. This means that the sexually deviant teen may have been molested or simply exposed
In a study of six hundred American males and females of junior high school age and
above, researcher Dr. Jennings Bryant found that 91 percent of the males and 82 percent of the
females admitted having been exposed to X-rated, hard-core pornography. Over 66 percent of the
males and 40 percent of the females reported wanting to try out some of the sexual behaviors
they had witnessed. And among high schoolers, 31 percent of the males and 18 percent of the
females admitted actually doing some of the things they had seen in the pornography within a
Most of the parents would want to instill in children their own personal values about
relationships, sex, intimacy, love, and marriage. Unfortunately, the powerful irresponsible
messages of pornography may be educating one’s children on these very important life issues.
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Just as thirty-second commercials can influence whether or not we choose one popular soft drink
over another, exposure to pornography shapes our attitudes and values and, often, our behavior.
Photographs, videos, magazines, virtual games, and Internet pornography that depict rape
and the dehumanization of females in sexual scenes constitute powerful but deforming tools of
sex education. The danger to teenagers stems at least partly from the disturbing changes in
attitude that are facilitated by pornography. Replicated studies have demonstrated that exposure
how adult consumers view women, sexual abuse, sexual relationships, and sex in general. These
studies are virtually unanimous in their conclusions: When male subjects were exposed to as
little as six weeks' worth of standard hard-core pornography, they developed an increased sexual
callousness toward women. They also began to trivialize rape as a criminal offense or no longer
considered it a crime at all. They developed distorted perceptions about sexuality and developed
an appetite for more deviant, bizarre, or violent types of pornography (normal sex no longer
seemed to do the job)In addition to all the above, they also devalued the importance of
monogamy and lacked confidence in marriage as either a viable or lasting institution and viewed
During certain critical periods of childhood, a teenager's brain is being programmed for
sexual orientation. During this period, the mind appears to be developing a "hard drive" for what
the person will be aroused by or attracted to. Exposure to healthy sexual norms and attitudes
during this critical period can result in the teenager developing a healthy sexual orientation. In
contrast, if there is exposure to pornography during this period, sexual deviance may become
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imprinted on the child's "hard drive" and become a permanent part of his or her sexual
orientation.
Psychologist Dr. Victor Cline's findings suggest that memories of experiences that
occurred at times of emotional arousal (which could include sexual arousal) are imprinted on the
brain by epinephrine, an adrenal gland hormone, and are difficult to erase. (This may partly
explain pornography's addicting effect.) Viewing pornography can potentially condition some
viewers to have recurring sexual fantasies during which they masturbate. Later they may be
Sexual identity develops gradually through adolescence. In fact, children generally do not
have a natural sexual capacity until between the ages of ten and twelve. As they grow up, and
follow into their teens they are especially susceptible to influences affecting their development.
Information about sex in most homes and schools comes, presumably, in age-appropriate
incremental stages based on what parents, educators, physicians, and social scientists have
learned about child development. But pornography short-circuits and/or distorts the normal
personality development process and supplies misinformation about a child's sexuality, sense of
self, and body that leaves the child confused, changed, and damaged.
Pornography often introduces teenagers prematurely to sexual sensations that they are
The sexual excitement and eventual release obtained through pornography are mood
altering. For example, if a young boy's early stimulus was pornographic photographs, he can be
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conditioned to become aroused through photographs. Once this pairing is rewarded a number of
times, it is likely to become permanent. The result is that it becomes difficult for the individual to
The pornographic lyrics of much of the music listened to by teenagers today is also
degrading, not only for the girls, but also for the young men whose focus becomes what they can
get and rarely on what they can give. Future relationships are sure to suffer because of the
Almost every movie released today under the drama/action genre has a pornographic
scene in it. This is something that attracts teenagers attentions to the movie. A very famous
movie – ‘We Own the Night’ that was nominated for an oscar as well, starring a very famous
actress – Eva Mendes, started off with a partially nude sex scene. This caused a stir with a lot of
teenagers once they came to know that the actress was baring almost all in the movie. Teenagers
from all over rushed to see the movie. ‘Titanic’ was another controversial movie that started a lot
Most of the adults find it difficult to talk to their children about sex in general, let alone
the harmful effects of pornography, as graphically described in this research. One wants to
protect the innocence and purity of one’s children for as long as possible.
The next major issue I would be dealing with is the pornography and the degradation of
women. The vast majority of pornography represents women as complete sexual objects, as
and death. Pornography degrades women in many ways. It is very hostile towards women and
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also portrays women as if they are hated. Pornography does not have any form of love or
romance. Its main purpose is to humiliate and degrade the female body for male pleasure. The
objectification of women in pornography allows the viewer to separate him/herself from the
humiliation and pain experienced by the women portrayed in pornography. Viewers do not
question why pain brings sexual pleasure and why women (or children or men who act like
women) are the victims of the mental and physical abuse and violence pictured in pornography.
Also pornography is made mostly by men and for men. In an episode of the well known
television show “Friends”, Joey and Chandler, two male characters, stumble upon free porn
while switching channels. They keep the television set on and the channel unchanged for the fear
of losing the free porn channel. Later, they become so accustomed to watching pornography, that
they expect real life scenarios to change into pornographic scenarios. This in turn makes them
degrade women.
Firstly, Pornography causes a lot of violence against women. Men watch pornography
and try to do the same in real life. This is a very simple ideology. Whatever people see, they do.
This is true for children and people may argue that grown ups will not act out the ridiculous
things they see while watching pornography, but, they are forgetting that these people have been
watching pornography from the time they were kids, and most of the stuff they have watched are
etched in their mind. Hence, when it comes to courting a woman, or dating, all they would think
about is performing the acts that they have watched on the person they are trying to seduce at
that particular time. The women would have no idea that this is what the males are trying to do
and this in turn would turn violent if and when a woman objects to some ‘kinky fetish’ that the
man has and wants to perform. There is now tremendous violence against women in the U.S. For
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example, 70 percent of all victims of assault admitted to hospital emergency rooms are women
beaten by their husbands or boyfriends. those who have forgotten history, such a situation has
existed before: huge propaganda for violence against a group of people, and violence against that
group. It occurred during the rise of the Ku Klux Klan in this country and it occurred in pre-
A lot of men who watch pornography stumble upon incest while surfing the internet. It is
all interconnected. Every pornographic site nowadays has a string of links below each page that
leads a surfer to a hundred other links. In this way a hardcore porn lover would easily get hitched
onto incest as well. According to Google, the keyword search for ‘incest’ by surfers were a
thousand times less than the keyword search for ‘porn’ during the last year. This shows how
common incest has become amongst pornography lovers. Incest tugs on to the very roots of a
family. Incest is the carnal sin in 99.9% of social norms and religions. A man watches incest and
then looks at his female siblings with a different view and also looks at his mother and
daughter(s) with the same dirty eyes. I believe this is the worst effect on females that
pornography has. How horrible would it be for a member of a man’s own family to be looked
upon with dirty thoughts in mind? Even the thought would make any normal rational human
being shudder.
Another case of values versus pornography that now has pretty much vanished from the
public eye involved the megastar Vanessa Williams, who was Miss America in 1983. Because
she posed in nude pictures before she won the title, she was stripped of her crown. The Miss
America position represents traditional values of feminine honor; no woman who takes off her
clothes off for public viewing could reflect those values. Perhaps Williams was flattered to think
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her naked body would stimulate men all over the country. Yet she was misled by the idea still
held by many men that, aside from the kitchen, a women’s place in the bedroom. Penthouse
countries and an estimated 30 million internet page viewers per month gives the title “Pet of the
Months” to a woman who will share her nude body in erotic photographs for male readers. Such
women are foolish to consider the term “Pet” an honor. It is perfectly normal for a woman to
share her body, but with someone she loves- and not the whole world!
Most of the women in pornography are exploited or victimized. This is an issue that is
debated a lot by feminist groups. They state facts that more than 80% of the women in
pornography are acting on their own free will. This might be true, but what about the rest 20%?
Is it fair to justify this issue without considering the women who are actually paying the price for
this industry to thrive? Young female runaways, drug addicts, prostitutes, and mentally ill women
often turn to pornography for security and money. Our whole culture is affected negatively when
we accept the sexual exploitation of women because we pay for the violence and crime attached
to it.
Respect for the human body is directly related to the degradation of women. When sex is
viewed as a mutual act of love and ceases to be seen as an unconscionable act of deviant sinners,
the degradation of women will end. But this is not an excuse if pornography is the cause and
effect of it all. Bans, censorship, the First Amendment and even civil rights aside, the fact is that
anyone who attends pornographic films is condoning violence toward women and the
exploitation and degradation of women. All studies aside, it is obvious that the portrayal of
women in pornography does and will affect our attitudes toward women.
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Both the previous issues on effect on teenagers and its role in the degradation of women
make it evident that pornography has a detrimental effect on society as a whole. Although some
people show lack of concern for women in pornography, most civilized societies feel that
case a few years back, for example, women police officers posed for nude pictures. As a result,
the women were either suspended or fired from their jobs. Normal Citizens have little respect for
such displays and do not tolerate this kind of behavior from people in respectable positions in our
society.
Pornography is more just than arts, or freedom of sexual expression, or the liberation of
women. In fact, its potential harmful affects on society have been ignored because it is as
terrifying to mention as death in everyday life. Father Paul Murphy, Morality in Media's late
president warned, "too many decent grassroots Americans have been drifting and dreaming while
suggesting risk and the possibility of harm. "In over 90% of my patients, regardless of what the
original initiating causes were-pornography may act as a facilitator... to their sexual addiction
counseling and sexual addictions at the University of Berkley. According to him, once involved,
the porn-consumers kept coming back for more and still more. The material seemed to provide a
very powerful sexual desire followed by sexual release, most often through masturbation. The
use of pornography by its very nature isolates individuals-making them more intent on satisfying
selfish needs. Once addicted, they could not throw off their dependence on the material by
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themselves despite many negative consequences such as divorce, and problems with the law.
Being immersed in their fantasies, they tend to have an increasing sense that "everybody does it"
and this gave them permission to also do it, even though the activity was possibly illegal and
contrary to their previous moral beliefs. Afterwards, "they tend to act out sexually the behaviors
viewed in the pornography, including compulsive promiscuity, exhibitionism, having sex with
minor children, rape, and inflicting pain on themselves or a partner during sex," said Dr. Cline.
This behavior grew into sexual addiction, which they found themselves locked into-no matter
The largest problem with pornography is its ability to control the user. "It is difficult for
non-addicts to comprehend the totally driven nature of a sex addict," Dr. Cline added, "their
addiction virtually rules their lives." An example comes from Gary Bishop, convicted
homosexual pedophile who murdered five young boys in Salt Lake City, Utah, in order to
conceal his sexual abuse of them. He wrote in a letter after his conviction: "Pornography was a
determining factor in my downfall… For me, seeing pornography was lighting a fuse on a stick
actions." Further research also indicates that violence can come from those who are vulnerable to
pornography. Kelvin who had heavy use of pornography in an interview conducted by journalist
Robert Jensen admitted "one that sticks out in my mind right now was really violent. There was
pistol whipping and a man chained this woman … like a dog in a doghouse... and then have sex
with her from behind." In his Kingston study, Marshal found that pornography could play a
number of roles in sexual offences. In some cases, men told him that they looked at pornography
with the intention only of masturbating, but then became aroused and decided to go out and
These are vicious beyond the users of pornography. Experts estimate that as many as one
in three girls and one in seven boys will be sexually molested before age eighteen. In the United
States, pornography is the third largest money-maker for organized crime - after drugs and
gambling - an $8 - 10 billion per year enterprise. In response to the FBI's questions on the
subject, 81 percent of serial killers surveyed said that hard-core pornography was their highest
sexual interest. According to the report from Dr. William Marshall, Report on the use of
scenes found in pornography. A Michigan state police study of 38,000 rapes concluded that
pornography was used prior to or during the commission of the rape in 41 percent of all sexual
assault cases.
Some advocates of porn industries say that viewing pornography would help to improve
their sex lives. However, research proves that they are wrong. In fact, pornography can cause
disturbance in family life and decrease sexual satisfaction within marriage. "In my clinical
experience, the major consequence of being addicted to pornography is the disturbance of the
fragile bonds of intimate family and marital relationships," says Dr. Cline. He added "I have had
a number of couple-clients where the wife tearfully reported that her husband preferred to
masturbate to pornography than to make love to her." Betty Wein, an editor of Morality in Media
" shared her experience: "it is not uncommon to receive a distressed phone call from a woman
whose marriage has gone sour due to her husband's porn addiction." She further stated that "we
also hear from the addicted men themselves-tortured souls seeking help after the destruction of
their marriage and loss of their children." As Dr. Jennings Bryant noted, "if the values which
permeate the content of most hardcore pornography are examined have been espoused in the
value systems of most civilized cultures. Forget trust. Forget family. Forget love. Forget
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marriage. Here, in the world of ultimate physical hedonism, anything goes." This is a real danger
to the happiness of family life where a husband, for example, feels that his partner can be
disposed of when he is no longer satisfied. Additionally empirical research suggests that when
the experimental subjects are exposed to repeated presentations of pornography over a six-week
period, "they devalue the importance of monogamy and lack confidence in marriage as a lasting
institution." In a study by Mills College sociologist Diana Russell, it was found that viewing
pornography would intensify the "rape myth", (that most women really enjoy having sex forced
upon them) and the men were inclined to act out their fantasies. She found that when both the
fantasies were acted out, they led to considerable conflict and suffering particularly in sexual
The victims of pornography are all around us, in a child's lost innocence, a woman's lost
security and privacy, and a man's lost self-control. The women who "perform" in hard-core
pornography are also victims; many are teen-age runaways, drug abusers, and victims of sexual
molestation. If one saw the pornographic film Deep Throat, he would be surprised to realize that
Linda Marchiano, who appeared as Linda Lovelace in the film, was "kidnapped" and forced to
participate in the movie. From testimony before the Attorney General's Commission on
Pornography, she described being coerced in to participating by means of mental abuse, beatings,
and threats against herself and her family. "I was a victim of pornography"; that's how she
sadomasochism, incest, bestiality, group sex, bisexuality, necrophilia and other aberrations.
Pornography, to be sure, has become more sick and violent. Ultimately, it destroys all human
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qualities from one who becomes addicted to it. An example is the loss of compassion towards
women expressed by Craig, a rapist and porn addicted in an interview. "They were made for sex
and that's all. Use them and throw them away," he said. Another example is from Thomas Schiro,
who was convicted of the rape and murder of a 28-year-old woman, unsuccessfully raised the
defense "pornography made me do it." An expert in the case testified that continual exposure to
hard-core pornography creates "a person who no longer distinguishes between violence and rape,
or violence and sex." To inform his people about the invasion of pornography in their daily
living, Pope John Paul II warned his flock, "by reducing the body to an instrument for the
gratification of the senses, pornography frustrates authentic moral growth and undermines the
hold a girl down and force her to have intercourse. When did the moral values of this society
deteriorate to such a low level? When a young boy has easy access and constant exposure to such
materials, the causal affects of such exposure of his mind helps him to formulate theories that
support the above situation. The consequences can be seen in newspaper headlines like "Boy in
rape case: Imitating video/10-year-old is held in detention home," or "Boy, 11, Who Raped 5-
Year-Old Says He Copied Cable TV." Already today youth have been misguided by the depiction
of eye-catching pictures that contain a "harmful message," but as vulnerable and inexperienced
as they are, the risk is extremely high. In a study reported to the Attorney General's Commission
on Pornography by Dr. Bryant, 600 American males and females of high school age and above
were interviewed about their "out of real life involvement with pornography." He found that 91%
of the males and 82% of the females admitted having been exposed to X-rated, hard-core
pornography. Two-thirds of the males and 40% of the females reported wanting to try out some
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of the behaviors they had witnessed. And, among high school students, 31% of males and 18% of
the females admitted doing some of the things sexually they had seen in the pornography within
a few days after exposure. This clearly suggests the "modeling-affect or imitative-learning affect,
as well as 'triggering affect,' that pornography has on human sexual behavior in some
mystery. However, some of the "experts" who publicly insist that pornography has no affects are
just unaware of the research and studies suggesting harm. Others really do not believe what they
are asserting. In some cases, they are pretending not to know because of their concern over what
they falsely believe is the loss of First Amendment rights. Some fear that the tyranny of a
moralist minority might take away their rights to use pornography, and then later take away free
speech and expression. Some themselves are sex addicts with a hidden agenda behind their
public posturing. These are kinds of people who are afraid to look at the evidences for fear that
they are responsible. If we don't start now to act now, and continue to ignore the seriousness of
this matter, we are unconsciously contributing to the corruption of society and of our children's
future.
Having discussed the three major issues I would like to reiterate the fact that the
detrimental effects of pornography weigh more exponentially than its supposedly beneficial
effects. I would like to establish the fact that pornography is just one of those things that is
entirely up to each person. Whether one views it or not, one is an advocate or not is entirely one’s
own problem. I have furnished evidence above on a number of issues as to how pornography will
From surveys that I have conducted, the average age of first internet exposure is at the
tender age of eleven. Also, 80% of 15-17 year olds have multiple hard-core exposures online
almost weekly. Also, 90% of teenagers admit to having viewed porn online, especially while
doing homework. The numbers are higher onto the male side when broken down
demographically.
From my findings, I would like to confirm pornography’s effects on children. At the mere
age of eleven being exposed to pornography would be nothing less than traumatic. I myself was
first exposed to pornography when I was only 15 and that itself was distressing. Here we can see
numbers and statistics on how pornography affects us. I say ‘us’ because pornography first
affects children, who then grow up become adults and constitute members of our society. These
societies in turn horrifyingly constitute us as well. Now how will one be able to differentiate
between a pervert, a person who has been exposed and a person who hasn’t been exposed to
Since we can trace the epidemic of pornography starting from children viewing it, I
believe that we can stop this epidemic by slowly influencing children and educating them. Acting
as if everything is normal and not educating them about pornography will not do them any good
and as a matter of fact will influence them the way present generations are being influenced-
That pornography is not a big deal. Proper education and guidance to children and teenagers will
clean the beginning of the chain and hence the generation and societies that will be constituted
by them will be free of pornography and at the same time they will have a healthy sexuality
about them.
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Works Cited
Communication, 1982.
Aggressions," Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 1981. 4 Rape and Marriage,
1982.
5. Cornell, D. (ed.), 2000, Feminism and Pornography, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
6. Donnerstein, E., Linz, D. and Penrod, S., 1987, The Question of Pornography: Research
Findings and Policy Implications, New York: Free Press; London: Collier Macmillan.
Harvard: Harvard University Press, ch. 17. -----,1993, "Women and Pornography", New
Malamuth and Donnerstein, eds., Pornography and Sexual Aggression (New York:
9. Green, L., 1998, "Pornographizing, Subordinating and Silencing" in Post, R (ed.): 285-
311. Gruen, L. and Panichas, G. (eds.), 1997, Sex, Morality, and the Law, New York:
Routledge: ch.3.
11. Soble, A. 1985, "Pornography: Defamation and the Endorsement of Degradation", Social
14. David Alexander Scott, "How Pornography Changes Attitudes," in Pornography: The
Human Tragedy, ed. Tom Minnery (Wheaton, Ill.: Tyndale House Publishers).
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Appendix
8-16 year olds having viewed porn online 90% (most while doing homework)
7-17 year olds who would freely give out home
29%
address
7-17 year olds who would freely give out email
14%
address
Children's character names linked to thousands of 26 (Including Pokemon and Action
porn links Man)