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Slide 1 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 10 Prentice-Hall © 2007

Petrucci • Harwood • Herring • Madura

GENERAL
Ninth
Edition

CHEMISTRY
Principles and Modern Applications

Chapter 10: Chemical Bonding I:

Basic Concepts
Philip Dutton
University of Windsor, Canada
Prentice-Hall © 2007

Slide 2 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 10 Prentice-Hall © 2007

 Contents
10-1 Lewis Theory: An Overview
10-2 Covalent Bonding: An Introduction
10-3 Polar Covalent Bonds
10-4 Writing Lewis Structures
10-5 Resonance
10-6 Exceptions to the Octet Rule
10-7 The Shapes of Molecules
10-8 Bond Order and Bond Lengths
10-9 Bond Energies

 Focus On Molecules in Space: Measuring Bond Lengths

Slide 3 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 10 Prentice-Hall © 2007

 10-1 Lewis Theory: An Overview
 Valence e- play a
fundamental role in
chemical bonding.
 e- transfer leads to
ionic bonds.
 Sharing of e- leads to
covalent bonds.
 e- are transferred of
shared to give each atom
a noble gas configuration
 the octet.

Slide 4 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 10 Prentice-Hall © 2007

 Lewis Symbols

A chemical symbol represents the nucleus

and the core e-.
Dots around the symbol represent valence e-.
•
• Si •
•
•• •• •• •• ••
•N• • P• • As • • Sb • • Bi •
• • • • •

•• •• ••
• Al • • Se I • Ar

••
••
•
••

• • •• ••

Slide 5 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 10 Prentice-Hall © 2007

 Semuanya memang terasa sulit sebelum ia
menjadi mudah (gayatri) gadis mengusai 14
bahasa

Slide 6 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 10 Prentice-Hall © 2007

EXAMPLE 10-2
Writing Lewis Structures of Ionic Compounds. Write Lewis
structures for the following compounds: (a) BaO; (b) MgCl2 ;
(c) aluminum oxide.

• •• 2+ •• 2-
BaO Ba• • O• Ba O

••
••
•• ••

Note the use of the “fishhook” arrow to denote a

single electron movement. A “double headed”
arrow means that two electrons move.

Slide 7 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 10 Prentice-Hall © 2007

EXAMPLE 10-2
••
• Cl

••
• •• 2+ •• -
MgCl2 Mg • Mg 2 Cl

••
••
•• ••
• Cl

••
••

Slide 8 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 10 Prentice-Hall © 2007

 10-2 Covalent Bonding: An Introduction

Slide 9 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 10 Prentice-Hall © 2007

 Coordinate Covalent Bonds

+
H H
•• -
H N H Cl H N H Cl

••
••
••

••
H H

Note the “double headed” arrow

showing that two electrons move.

Slide 10 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 10 Prentice-Hall © 2007

 Multiple Covalent Bonds

• • • • • •
O• • C• •O O C O
••

••

••
••
•• • •• •• • ••

• • • •• ••
O C O O C O
••

••
•• • •• •• ••

Slide 11 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 10 Prentice-Hall © 2007

 Multiple Covalent Bonds

• • • •
N• •N N N

••
••
••

••
• • • •

•
N N N N

••
••

••
••

Slide 12 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 10 Prentice-Hall © 2007

 Paramagnetism of Oxygen

Slide 13 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 10 Prentice-Hall © 2007

 10-3 Polar Covalent Bonds and
Electrostatic Potential Maps

Slide 14 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 10 Prentice-Hall © 2007

 Polar Molecules

Slide 15 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 10 Prentice-Hall © 2007

 Electronegativity

Slide 16 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 10 Prentice-Hall © 2007

 Percent Ionic Character

Slide 17 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 10 Prentice-Hall © 2007

 10-4 Writing Lewis Structures

All the valence e- of atoms must appear.

Usually, the e- are paired.
Usually, each atom requires an octet.
 H only requires 2 e-.
Multiple bonds may be needed.
 Readily formed by C, N, O, S, and P.

Slide 18 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 10 Prentice-Hall © 2007

 Skeletal Structure

Identify central and terminal atoms.

H H
H C C O H
H H

Slide 19 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 10 Prentice-Hall © 2007

 Skeletal Structure

 Hydrogen atoms are always terminal atoms.

 Central atoms are generally those with the lowest
electronegativity.
 Carbon atoms are always central atoms.
 Generally structures are compact and symmetrical.

Slide 20 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 10 Prentice-Hall © 2007

 Strategy for
Writing Lewis
Structures

Slide 21 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 10 Prentice-Hall © 2007

EXAMPLE10-7
Writing a Lewis Structure for a Polyatomic Ion. Write the
Lewis structure for the nitronium ion, NO2+.

Step 1: Total valence e- = 5 + 6 + 6 – 1 = 16 e-

Step 2: Identify the central and terminal atoms

Step 3: Plausible structure: O—N—O

•• ••
Step 4: Add e- to terminal atoms: O—N—O

••
••
•• ••

Slide 22 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 10 Prentice-Hall © 2007

EXAMPLE 10-7

Step 5: Determine e- left over: 16 – 4 – 12 = 0

Step 6: Use multiple bonds to satisfy octets.

+
•• •• •• ••
O—N—O O=N=O
••
••

•• •• •• ••

Slide 23 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 10 Prentice-Hall © 2007

 Formal Charge

1
FC = #valence e- - #lone pair e- - #bond pair e-
2

•• + ••
O=N=O
•• ••

1
FC(O) = 6 - 4 – (4) = 0
2
1
FC(N) = 5 - 0 – (8) = +1
2

Slide 24 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 10 Prentice-Hall © 2007

 Alternative Lewis Structure

•• •• + + •• -
O—N—O O N O

••
••

••
••
•• •• ••

1
FC(O≡) = 6 - 2 – (6) = +1
2
1
FC(N) = 5 - 0 – (8) = +1
2
1
FC(O—) = 6 - 6 – (2) = -1
2

Slide 25 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 10 Prentice-Hall © 2007

 Alternative Lewis Structures

 Sum of FC is the overall charge.

 FC should be as small as possible.
 Negative FC usually on most electronegative elements.
 FC of same sign on adjacent atoms is unlikely.

+ + •• -
O≡N—O
••
••

••

Slide 26 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 10 Prentice-Hall © 2007

EXAMPLE 10-7
Using the Formal Charge in Writing Lewis Structures. Write
the most plausible Lewis structure of nitrosyl chloride, NOCl,
one of the oxidizing agents present in aqua regia.

2+ 2- - 2+ - - +

Slide 27 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 10 Prentice-Hall © 2007

 10-5 Resonance

•• ••+ •• - - •• ••+ ••
O O O O O O

••
••
•• •• •• ••

-½ •• ••+ •• -½
O
••
O O
••

Slide 28 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 10 Prentice-Hall © 2007

 10-6 Exceptions to the Octet Rule

Odd e- species.

•• ••
N=O

•
••

H
••
H—C—H O—H

•
••
•

Slide 29 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 10 Prentice-Hall © 2007

 Exceptions to the Octet Rule

Incomplete octets.

•• •• ••

••
••
F F F

••
••

••
••

- +
B B B
-
F F + F F F F

Slide 30 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 10 Prentice-Hall © 2007

 Exceptions to the Octet Rule

Expanded octets.

•• •• ••
F

••
••
Cl Cl
••
••

••
••
Cl F F
Cl
P P S
Cl Cl Cl Cl F F
F

••
••
••

Slide 31 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 10 Prentice-Hall © 2007

 Expanded Valence Shell

Slide 32 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 10 Prentice-Hall © 2007

 10-7 The Shapes of Molecules

H O H

Slide 33 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 10 Prentice-Hall © 2007

 Terminology

 Bond length – distance between nuclei.

 Bond angle – angle between adjacent bonds.
 VSEPR Theory
 Electron pairs repel each other whether they are in
chemical bonds (bond pairs) or unshared (lone pairs).
Electron pairs assume orientations about an atom to
minimize repulsions.
 Electron group geometry – distribution of e- pairs.
 Molecular geometry – distribution of nuclei.

Slide 34 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 10 Prentice-Hall © 2007

 Balloon Analogy

Slide 35 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 10 Prentice-Hall © 2007

 Methane, Ammonia and Water

Slide 36 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 10 Prentice-Hall © 2007

 Table 10.1 Molecular Geometry as a
Function of Electron Group Geometry

Slide 37 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 10 Prentice-Hall © 2007

Slide 38 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 10 Prentice-Hall © 2007
Slide 39 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 10 Prentice-Hall © 2007
Slide 40 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 10 Prentice-Hall © 2007
Slide 41 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 10 Prentice-Hall © 2007
Slide 42 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 10 Prentice-Hall © 2007
 Applying VSEPR Theory

 Draw a plausible Lewis structure.

 Determine the number of e- groups and identify
them as bond or lone pairs.
 Establish the e- group geometry.
 Determine the molecular geometry.
 Multiple bonds count as one group of electrons.
 More than one central atom can be handled
individually.

Slide 43 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 10 Prentice-Hall © 2007

 Dipole Moments

Slide 44 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 10 Prentice-Hall © 2007

 Dipole Moments

Slide 45 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 10 Prentice-Hall © 2007

 Bond Order and Bond Length

Bond Order
 Single bond, order = 1
 Double bond, order = 2
Bond Length
 Distance between two nuclei
Higher bond order
 Shorter bond
 Stronger bond

Slide 46 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 10 Prentice-Hall © 2007

Slide 47 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 10 Prentice-Hall © 2007
 Bond Energies

Slide 48 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 10 Prentice-Hall © 2007

Slide 49 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 10 Prentice-Hall © 2007
EXAMPLE 10-15
Calculating an Enthalpy of Reaction from Bond Energies.
The reaction of methane (CH4) and chlorine produces a mixture
of products called chloromethanes. One of these is
monochloromethane, CH3Cl, used in the preparation of silicones.
Calculate H for the reaction.

ΔHrxn =  ΔH(product bonds) - ΔH(reactant bonds)

=  ΔH bonds formed -  ΔH bonds broken

= -770 kJ/mol – (657 kJ/mol) = -113 kJ/mol

Slide 50 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 10 Prentice-Hall © 2007

Focus on Molecules in Space: Measuring
Bond Lengths

Slide 51 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 10 Prentice-Hall © 2007

 End of Chapter Questions
•Testing your decisions:
–If you get an error or a nonsense result, then
climb back to an intersection where you KNOW
you were correct, and take another route.

a
b
c
d? e
e?!# f
Answer

Slide 52 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 10 Prentice-Hall © 2007