DISCIPLINES AND IDEAS IN THE APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES

Chapter 2 Discipline of Counseling

3. Clientele and Audiences in Counseling

3.1 Characteristics and needs of various types of clientele and audiences

3.1.1 Individuals

3.1.2 Groups and Organizations

3.1.3 Communities

Content Standard: The learners demonstrate an understanding of clientele and audiences in counseling

Performance Standard: The learners shall be able to use acceptable research protocols, conduct a survey
among young adults (i.e., ages 18-21) on their counseling needs and present results and recommendation for
class discussion.

WEEK 4

Lesson 3 Professionals and Practitioners in Counseling

I. Objectives
1. To identify and describe the different types of clientele and audience of counseling.
2. To describe the characteristics and needs of the different types of clientele
3. To distinguish the needs of individuals, groups, organizations, and communities
4. To demonstrate appreciation of counseling clientele through a clientele analysis.

II. Motivation
Modified KUD Chart

Topic: Clientele and Audiences in Counseling

Know Understand Do

KNOW includes the key counselling and audiences

UNDERSTAND the significance of counselling

DO include what counsellors do in their real-world wok environments

III. Discussion

Counseling and Its Clientele and Audience

The clientele and audiences of the counseling profession come from different settings. Counselors deal
with a mixture of people with different concerns and issues.

- People who abuse drugs – drug abuse is not just harmful to our physical health but to our
mental health as well. It cannot be denied that the drug addiction create more social
problems and contribute to social disintegration. Consequently, more youth victims cry for
help and seek for counselors’ attention.
- People who use Tobacco – slowly our population recognizes the bad effects of tobacco to
our health. However, many people still use and continue use tobacco even if it is deadly.
Users find it difficult to stop smoking. Hence, smokers who desire to quit tobacco were
added to the list of the counselor’s audiences.
- People who abuse alcohol – alcoholism is seen as a disease alcoholics find it difficult to
stop drinking on their own. This requires help from a professional as it requires appropriate

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 treatment. However, an equally important paradigm is to look at alcoholism as a weakness
of self – control and self –discipline .therefore this requires intervention other than treatment.
- Women – most men still have less participation in household responsibilities and child care.
In this case, women’s advancement is constrained. What complicates this situation is the
women’s perception about themselves and the society’s expectations. Counselors are
responsible in helping women appreciate their own values, abilities, aptitudes, and interests
and to utilize these to develop their full potential. ( Gibson and Mitchel ,2003 )
- Older Adults – a transition from a busy life to retirement stage must be instituted. This is a
challenge to the counseling profession. other issues that require attention of counseling
include loss of a partner ,decline of mental capacity and mobility, increased loneliness
,decline in financial security etc.
- People with AIDS –acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) has been labeled as the
most feared disease due to its incurability. Victims of this disease are seeking help to
improve their quality of life and to handle their emotional stress and low self-esteem.
Counseling’s approach requires sensitivity and appreciation of the intricacies of the disease.
Counselors may also help in assisting and educating the victims’ support system.
- Victims of Abuse – this population represents victims of domestic violence characterized
by spouse and child abuses. Spouse abuse is often associated with poverty, drug abuse
and career disappointments. The abuse has also become rampant and has caused
psychological damage to the victims. The counselors are increasingly utilized to help the
victims.
- Gay Men and Lesbian Women- they are usually the victims of harassment, violence,
discrimination, and isolation. Gays and lesbians, like other sectors of the society, suffer from
peer denial, family clash, health uncertainties and prejudgment. Counseling will focus on
self-awareness, self- acceptance and understanding.

IV. Application

Act. Analyzing the Context of counseling Clients

Instruction:

1. Choose one among the identified counseling clientele. Choose a particular problem that this type of clients (
i.e., youth suffering from depression ) face.

2. Read related cases about this type of clients.

3. Write paper: profile of this type of clients, discuss and analyze their situation, and the difficulties and
challenges they face.

Lesson 4

COUNSELING AND ITS WORK SETTINGS

Content Standard: The learners demonstrate an understanding of settings, processes, methods, and tools in
counseling.

Performance Standard: The learners shall be able to use the results of the survey conducted, critically evaluate
whether the needs of the respondents are addressed by the practitioners and pertinent institutions.

I. Objectives

1. To identify the setting where the counselors can be found.

2. To demonstrate appreciation of counselors work setting through locating the counselors work settings in Metro
Manila.

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II. Motivation
Act. 1 Locating the Counselors

Instruction:

1. Imagine that you are an agent.

2. Your role is to locate the work settings of the counselors.
3. Map out and draw their work setting.

Use the notes box below for your drawing.

Notes Box

Guide Questions:

1. How can you describe the work setting of a counselor?

2. What would be the surroundings of the counselor work place?

3. What would be your expectations about the work setting of a counselor?

III. Discussion

Counseling and Its Work settings

- Counselors in Schools – has grown rapidly. According to Gibson and Mitchell (2003),
counselors are recognized especially in the preventive interventions and developmental
stage. There are elementary school counselors, junior high school counselors, secondary
school counselors, counselors in vocational schools, counselors in higher education, and

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 counselors in community and junior colleges. The counseling service in the schools is
usually located under the student affairs program. It is under the supervision of the Dean of
Students Affairs.
- Counselors in the Community Setting – refers to employment in community, agency, and
other non-school professional situations. Counselors can be found in community and
mental health agencies, employment and rehabilitation agencies, correctional settings, and
marriage and family practice. ( Gibson and Mitchell , 2003 )
- Counselors in the Private Sector – refers to counselors who decided to do full time work
as private practitioners or engage in part – time private practice while employed by
community agencies. This is feasible if the counselors expertise and specialization matches
or relevant to an adequate client population in the geographic area. ( Gibson and Mitchell ,
2003 )
- Counselors in the Government - counselors are also present in various agencies of
government or institutions supported by the government that are into social welfare, health,
and education. Relevant agencies or institutions include public schools, public social welfare
agencies such as that for the youth, children, and the aging.

IV. Application

Act. 2 Where are the counselors?

Instruction:

1. Your task is to locate the counselors in Manila through internet.

2. Which work setting can you find many of the counselors? What could be the reason why many of the
counselors in that particular setting ? Please explain.

3. Write your answer in the box below.

Open Notes
Name:_______________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________

V. Valuing

1. What is the importance to know where the counselors work?

2. If you are going to become a counselor what particular work setting are you going to and why?

VI. Generalization

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1. Give the different work settings of counseling.

2. What are the reasons why they are in deploy in different work settings?

WEEK 5

LESSON 5 COUNSELING AND ITS PROCESSES, METHODS, AND TOOLS

CONTENT STANDARD – the learners demonstrate an understanding settings, processes, methods, and tools in
counseling

Performance standard – the learners should be able to use the results of the survey conducted, critically
evaluate whether the needs of the respondents are addressed by the practitioners and pertinent institutions and
propose suggestions on how needs can be effectively addressed

Counseling and Its Process

I. Objectives

1. Discuss the different processes in counseling.

2. Illustrate the different processes in counseling.

3. Demonstrate understanding of the processes of counseling.

II. Motivation

Pretest

Matching Type: Match the items in column A with items in column B.

A B
Relationship Building This serves as the window for the counselor to have a
thorough appreciation of the client’s condition.

Assessment and Diagnosis It shall serve as the parameter of work and the client
– counselor relationship.

Formulation of Counseling Goals The essential goal in counseling to witness a client

progress on his/her own without the assistance of the
counselor.
Research and Evaluation
This stage can be undertaken at any point in
Termination and Follow –up counseling stage.

The guidelines include the following : ( a ) the

Intervention and Problem solving
counselor has to provide a mapping of the different
approaches offered , (b) describe the role of the
counselor and client for each procedure ,(c) identify
possible risks and benefits that may come and (d)
estimate the time and cost of each procedure.

This is the heart of the counseling process because it

provides the force and foundation for the counseling
to succeed.

III. Discussion

There are six stages of the counseling process, namely, relationship building, assessment and diagnosis,
formulation of the counseling goals, intervention and problem solving, termination and follow –up, and research
and evaluation.

1. Stage One: Relationship Building

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  This is the heart of counselling process because it provides the force and foundation for the
counselling to succeed.

 This stage involves establishing rapport,

 promote acceptance of the client as a person with worth,

 establishing genuine interaction,

 promote direct mutual communication

 helping clients understand themselves,

 helping client focus and

 Slowly promote counselling relevant communication, from the client.

2. Stage Two: Assessment and Diagnosis

 One of the most crucial stages.

 This serves as the window for the counsellor to have a thorough appreciation of the client’s condition.

 It entails analysis of the root causes of problems.

 The data that will be gathered in diagnosis will be utilized in the formulation of goals.

3. Stage Three: Formulation of Counseling Goals

 Goals are important as it sets the direction of the counselling process.

 It shall serve as the parameter of work and the client-counsellor relationship.

 Counselling goals may be treated as a process goal or outcome goal.

 The client and counsellor must agree on the counselling goals.

4. Stage Four: Intervention and Problem Solving

 Guidelines:

 A. The counselor has to provide a mapping of the different approaches offered.

 B. Describe the role of the counselor and client for each procedure.

 C. Identify possible risks and benefits that may come.

 D. Estimate the time and cost of each procedure.

 Kafner and Busemeyer identified the six-stage model for problem solving

 Problem detection

 Problem definition

 Identification of alternative solutions

 Decision-making

 Execution

 Verification

5. Stage Five: Termination and Follow –up

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  The essential goal in counselling is to witness a client progress on his/her own without the assistance of
the counselor.

 There are four components of termination which were identified by Quintan and Holahan:

 1. Discussion of the end of counselling

 2. Review of the course of counselling

 3. Closure of the counsellor-client relationship

 4. Discussion of the client’s future and post-counselling plan

6. Stage Six: Research and Evaluation

 This stage can be undertaken at any point in the counselling stage.

 Research and evaluation are fundamental part of the evaluation.

 Results of the research provide a scientific appreciation of the counselling situation.

IV. Application

Role playing: What if I am the Counselor?

3 2 1

Creativity The role play is
And presentation Creative and effectively written
and is presented well.
Diction The role play having the
appropriate connections
between identified problems and
the concepts studied in class
The role play is somewhat
creative and effective and/or
the presentation is adequate.
The role play having the
appropriate identified problems
and the concepts studied in
class but somewhat unclear
The role play shows little
creativity or effectiveness
and/or is not well
presented.
The role having the
inappropriate connection
between problems
identified and the concepts
studied in class

Visual aids The role play makes The role play The role play
(props) good use of visual aids includes visual aids does not include any
or props. or props, but they do visual aids or props
not significantly
contribute to the
commercial and/or
they are not well done.

Within time The role play is The role play l is The role play is
frame (7minutes ) presented within the time frame. presented slightly outside the Presented significantly
time frame. outside the time frame.

Group Work The group functioned
exceptionally well. All
members listened to, shared
with and supported the
efforts of others. The group
(all members) was almost
always on task!
The group functioned pretty
well. Most members
listened to, shared with and
supported the efforts of
others. The group (all
members) was almost
always on task!
The group functioned
fairly well but was
dominated by one or
two members. The
group (all members)
was almost always on
task!

Instruction:

1. We already discussed the six stages of the counseling processes, namely, relationship building, assessment
and diagnosis, formulation of counseling goals, intervention and problem solving, termination and follow –up and

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research and evaluation. To determine your appreciation of the counseling processes, you are required to
perform a role play depicting the different stages of the counseling processes.

2. Class will be divided into 5 groups. Each group will identify a typical youth counseling case, i.e., victim of
bullying, difficulty)

3. Divide the tasks (counselor, client, friends of the client, family of the client, etc.) among your group members.
Present at least 5-8 minutes.

4. Develop the plot and story line and present it in class.

V. Valuing

1. Why is it important to know the processes of counseling?

2. For you what is the most important stage of counseling and why?

3. As a student what is the significance of studying the processes of counseling and how can you apply it?

VI. Assessment

Matching Type: Match the items in column A with items in column B.

A B
Relationship Building This serves as the window for the counselor to have a
thorough appreciation of the client’s condition.

Assessment and Diagnosis It shall serve as the parameter of work and the client
– counselor relationship.

Formulation of Counseling Goals The essential goal in counseling to witness a client

progress on his/her own without the assistance of the
counselor.
Research and Evaluation
This stage can be undertaken at any point in
Termination and Follow –up counseling stage.

The guidelines include the following : ( a ) the

Intervention and Problem solving
counselor has to provide a mapping of the different
approaches offered , (b) describe the role of the
counselor and client for each procedure ,(c) identify
possible risks and benefits that may come and (d)
estimate the time and cost of each procedure.

This is the heart of the counseling process because it

provides the force and foundation for the counseling
to succeed.

Lesson 5 Counseling and Its Methods

I. Objectives
1. Discuss the different methods in counseling.
2. Understand the different methods in counseling though a comparative summary of counseling theories
and methods.

3. Demonstrate some method in counseling theory specially Gestalt’s Technique though answering open
notes.

II. Discussion
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Methods in Counseling

 1. CLASSIC THEORIES -The psychological theories developed by Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, and Carl
Jung are considered as the classic schools for the reason that they primed the underpinning of clinical
practice.

 a. FREUD’S PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY -The approach of Freud in counselling and psychotherapy is

popularly known as psychoanalysis which is an analysis of the mind. Its objective is to restructure the
personality by resolution of intrapsychic conflict, which focuses in the internal forces such as
unconscious processes .It focuses on personal adjustment through reorganization of internal forces within the
person to help him/her become aware of the unconscious aspect of his/her personality. It focuses on personal
adjustment through reorganization of internal forces within the person to help him/her become aware of the
unconscious aspect of his/her personality.

 Psychoanalysis has three goals:

1. to help clients gain insights about themselves
2. to help clients work unstuck issues
3. to help clients cope with the stresses of the society.
 The following techniques may be used:
1. FREE ASSOCIATION- a method to encourage the patient to discuss whatever comes to his mind in
order to release suppressed emotions.
2. DREAM ANALYSIS- a method to explore unconscious process using dreams.
3. CONFRONTATION AND CLARIFICATION- a form of feedback procedure for patients to become
aware of what is happening to him/her and to determine areas for further analysis.
4. INTERPRETATION- a process of giving insights to patients about their inner conflicts which can be
reflected in resistance, transference, and other processes.

 b. ADLER’S INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY

The approach of Adler in counseling and psychotherapy focuses on the role of cognition is
psychological functioning.
Its objective is to gain an understanding of the clients and assess why clients behave and think in
certain ways.
 Adlerian counseling focuses on four goals:
1. establishment and maintenance of egalitarian relationship
2. analysis of client’s lifestyle
3. interpretation of client’s lifestyle in a way that promotes insight
4. reorientation and reeducation of the client with accompanying behavior change.
 Adlerian techniques can be explained in four phases of Adlerian Psychotherapy.
First Phase: ESTABLISHING THE RELATIONSHIP
-Use of listening skills
-Winning respect and offering hope
-Encouragement
 Second Phase: PERFORMING ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT
-Lifestyle Analysis
-Dream analysis may be used to conduct lifestyle analysis
 Third Phase: PROMOTING INSIGHT
-Insight Process
 Fourth Phase: REORIENTATION
-Spitting in the Client’s Soup
- The push-button techniques
-Catching oneself
-Acting as-if
-Task setting and commitment
 c. JUNG’S ANALYTIC PSYCHOLOGY
The counseling and psychology approach of Jung is referred to as psychotherapy.
Jung’s approach highlights the task of the unconscious processes in “psychological functioning”
The approach applies dreams and other procedures to determine the unconscious processes to utilize the result to
boost the functioning of personality and to enhance mental health and wellness.
 2. EXPERIENTIAL THEORIES
It falls under the affective theories which are concerned about generating impact on the emotions of clients to effect
change.
The well-known experiential theorists include Rogers and Perls
a. Roger’s Person-Centered Counseling
It has been described as the “if-then” approach.
 The following conditions were formulated by Rogers:
1. Counselor Congruence

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 2. Empathic Understanding
3. Unconditional Positive Regard
 b. Pearl’s Gestalt Therapy
It focuses on the here and now.
It refers to the dialogue between the therapist and the client wherein the client experiences from the inside what the
therapist observes from the outside.
The goal of the approach is awareness on the environment, of responsibility for choices, of self, and self-
acceptance.
 Gestalt’s technique include the following:
ASSUMING RESPONSIBILITY- rephrase the statement and add “I take responsibility for it”.
USING PERSONAL PRONOUNS- take personal responsibility by saying “I or me “instead of “us or us”
NOW I AM AWARE- assists the clients to get in touch with himself/herself.
THE EMPTY CHAIR TECHNIQUE- helps client work through conflicting parts of personality.
 3.COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL THEORIES
a. ELLIS RATIONAL EMOTIVE BEHAVIOR THERAPY
REBT highlights the role of cognitions on emotions with assertion that persons can be best appreciated in terms of
internal cognitive dialogue or self-talk.
REBT views the emotional disorder is associated with cognitive processes that are not rational.
 REBT TECHNIQUES:
COGNITIVE- reforming ideas that are reasonable and irrational. Focus on “defeating cognitions”.
EMOTIVE TECHNIQUES- focus on the client’s “affective or emotional domain”
 BEHAVIORAL TECHNIQUES- Focus on the full array of behavioural methods such as assertiveness training,
relaxation therapy, self-management, self-monitoring, and homework assignments.
 b. BECK’S COGNITIVE THERAPY
 TECHNIQUES:
DECATASTROPHIZING- referred to as “what if”.
REDEFINING- rearticulating an obstacle to something that may be useful.
 DECENTERING- This will help the client apprehend that they are not the “center of attention”.
BEHAVIORAL TECHNIQUES – this method applies a broad selection of methods to assist clients obtaining ‘essential
skills, relaxing preparing for difficult situations, and exposing them to feared, preparing for difficult situations, and
exposing them to feared situations”.
 c. BERNE’S TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS
Refers to examining and dissecting transactions between people.
It includes evaluating the “three ego state of parent, adult, and child of each person”.
The fundamental goal is for the client to be “autonomous, self-aware, spontaneous and have the capacity for intimacy.”
 TECHNIQUES:
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS- assists clients to be conscious of their “three ego”.
TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS- assists clients to “learn to communicate with complementary transactions.”
SCRIPT ANALYSIS- looks into the “type of life script the client has developed and how it can be re-written.”
ANALYSIS OF GAMES- comprise of determining “what games the clients play and how the games interfere with
interpersonal functioning.”

III. APPLICATION
Let Us Apply Gestalt’s Technique
Instruction:
1. Let us do an exercise applying Gestalt’s techniques: assuming responsibility, and “now I am aware “.
2. For every technique, before completing every sentence, try to close your eyes, listen to your thoughts,
and be silent.
3. Use the box below for the exercise.
Open Notes
Name:_______________________________________________________

Assuming Responsibility
1.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________
and I will take responsibility for it.
2.
_________________________________________________________________________________
________________________
and I will take responsibility for it.
3._______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________
and I will take responsibility for it.

I am aware
1. Now I am aware
_________________________________________________________________________________
__________

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 2. Now I am aware
_________________________________________________________________________________
__________
3. Now I am aware
_________________________________________________________________________________
__________

Reflection Question
What did you feel?
_________________________________________________________________________________
___
_________________________________________________________________________________
___
_________________________________________________________________________________
___

What were your realizations?

_________________________________________________________________________________
___
_________________________________________________________________________________
___
_________________________________________________________________________________
___
_________________________________________________________________________________
___
_________________________________________________________________________________
___

IV. Valuing
1. What are the importance of studying the methods of counselling?
2. As a student it can be helpful to you? Why or Why not?

V. Assessment

A Comparative Summary of Counseling Theories and Methods (Knowledge)

Assessment Rubric

Category 4 3 2 1
Coverage of Captures all Captures important Captures information Captures information
the topic important information about about the issue about the issue
information about the issue which will which will provide which will provide
the issue which will provide the audience the audience little the audience poor
provide the audience basic understanding understanding on understanding on
full understanding on on the issue the issue the issue
the issue
Accuracy of the All supportive facts Almost all supportive Most supportive Most supportive
fact are accurate facts are accurate. facts are accurate. facts are inaccurate.
Sequencing of Information is Most information is Some information is Poor organization of
Information organized in a clear organized in a clear organized in a information.
and logical way. and logical way. logical way.
Analysis and Provides a Provides a thorough Provides a thorough Poor analysis
evaluation discerning and analysis of some of analysis of some of
thorough problem the problems the problems
analysis of all the identified identified
problems analysis of
all the problems
presented
Relevance With appropriate With appropriate With inappropriate No connection at all
/Connection to connections identified problems connection between
lesson between identified and concepts problems identified
problems and the studied in class but and the concepts
concepts studied in somewhat unclear studied in class
class

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 Writing Shows clarity , Shows clarity of Unclear writing ; Very poor writing
mechanics conciseness and ideas ; Some poor grammar , and
correctness ; writing grammar or spelling organization
is free of grammar errors, lacks
and spelling errors organization

Instruction: Please fill out the required information in the table below.

Theories Founder / Methods Contribution to Strengths Weaknesses

Theorist the field
Freud’s
Psychoanalytic
Theory
Adlerian
Counseling

Rogers Person –
Centered
Counseling
Perls Gestalt
Theory
Beck’s Cognitive
Theory

Ellis Rational
Emotive Therapy

Berne
Transaction
Analysis

References:
Gibson , Robert L. and Mitchell ,Marriane H. Introduction to Counseling and guidance. (Sixth edition).
NJ: Merill Prentice Hall, 2003.
Gladding, Samuel T. Counseling: A Comprehensive Profession. ( Fourth Edition) .NJ and Ohio : Merill
Prentice Hall,2000.

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Kaplan, David M., Tarvydas, Vilia M. and Gladding, Samuel T. “20/20: A Vision for the Future of the
Counseling: The New Consensus Definition of Counseling.” Journal of Counseling and Development.
Volume 92, 2014.
Mcleod, John. An introduction to Counseling. (Third Edition). Buckingham and Philadelphia: Open
University Press ,2003.
Nystul , Michael. Introduction to Counseling : An Art and Science Perspective.( Second Edition ). USA:
Allyn and Bacon, 2003.
Santrock, John W. Psychology. ( Seventh Edition) .USA: Mc Graw Hill,2003

Chapter 3 Social Work

3.1 The Discipline of Social Work
3.2 Professionals and Practitioners in Social Work
3.3 Clientele and Audiences in Social Work
3.4 Social Work Settings, Processes and Services
3.5 Methods and Tools Of Social Work

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