UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA SANTO

TORIBIO DE MOGROVEJO

Curso:
INGENIERÍA ANTISÍSMICA

Docente:

ING. ACERO MARTÍNEZ, JOSÉ ALBERTO

Tema:

INFORME N°02 ARTÍCULO CIENTÍFICO

Alumnos:

-AGUIRRE SEGURA, MAX.

-GUEVARA DIAZ, MAYCOL
-GINES TAFUR, LORENZO.
-SANTAMARIA RIVAS, DEYVIS.

CHICLAYO –PERU
 Artículo PAGINA ENLACE, DE ARTICULO RECOPILADO EN

científico INGLES:

 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267
relacionado 72611730876X

REVISTA: SCIENCIEDIRECT
a temas del
Diseño Recent earthquakes and the need for a new
philosophy for earthquake-resistant design
Sísmico. Año
a b

2019
Author: JiroTakagi , AkiraWada
a

Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-osawa,

Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
b

Tokyo Institute of Technology and Member, Science Council of Japan, Japan

open access

Highlights
• Structures have been designed to undergo ductile plastic deformations in
case of large earthquakes.
• Large numbers of buildings may be significantly damaged and not only
individual buildings but also entire cities may lose their function following
extreme earthquake events.
• The earthquake-resistant design philosophy should now be revised to
meet modern social and economic requirements and Sustainable
Development Goals (“SDGs”).
• The seismic design philosophy for building and infrastructure should be
changed from life-saving to business continuity for modern and resilient
societies.
• Structures should be designed to be quickly restored to full operation
with minimal disruption and cost following a large earthquake.

Abstract

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Modern seismic design and construction technologies have undergone significant
developments over the last 100 years. In order to prevent collapse of buildings
under large earthquakes while maintaining reasonable construction costs,
structures are allowed to undergo ductile plastic deformations under current
design and detailing methods. This implies that large numbers of buildings may
be significantly damaged and not only individual buildings but also entire cities
may lose their function following extreme earthquake events. In recent large
earthquakes, it has been observed that many properly designed and constructed
buildings, which did not collapse, were no longer functional and were later
demolished rather than being repaired. Considering such situations, the
earthquake-resistant design philosophy developed in the previous century should
now be revised to meet modern social and economic requirements
and Sustainable DevelopmentGoals (“SDGs”). The seismic design philosophy for
building and infrastructure should be changed from life-saving to business
continuity for modern and resilient societies. Structures should be designed to be
quickly restored to full operation with minimal disruption and cost following a
large earthquake.

1. Introduction
Development of seismic engineering technologies will never eliminate
earthquake disasters. Humans will never be able to conquer nature and can only
live in it with a better relationship. Seismic engineering specialists have achieved
only a limited understanding of global crustal behavior. While predicting the
magnitude, epicenter, and precise time of large earthquakes is very difficult and
beyond our scientific knowledge, earthquakes are certain to occur within a long
enough time period. The currently existing seismic design methods allow
structures to undergo plastic deformations under large earthquakes, while
remaining elastic under small or moderate earthquakes. The plastic deformation
dissipates earthquake energy and is intended to prevent structural collapse. While
this design method is highly effective for protecting human lives, it does not fully
account for people's lives after the earthquakes. People may be unable to return to
their damaged houses and may be forced to stay inconveniently in evacuation

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shelters for a long recovery term. They may be unable to work and consequently
may fall in financial difficulties. In this recent matured and complex society,
people's demand for building structures has increased and many people expect
buildings to remain fully operational after large earthquakes. Corresponding to
such societal demands, a new seismic design approach to generate resilient
building structures against large earthquakes is needed [1], [2], [3], [4]. Special
structures, serving important functions, such as hospitals, fire-fighting stations
and power plants, are normally designed to remain fully operational even after
large earthquakes. This structural design approach shall be expanded to more
general structures. Such structural design philosophy is required for modern and
resilient societies. In order to achieve this, increase of the initial construction
cost is the issue; however, the disruption cost can overcome the initial cost to
improve the structural performance. Although quantitative cost evaluation with
respect to the structural performance or the seismic risk is not within the scope of
this paper, the fact that the additional initial cost can provide structural
sustainability and business continuity shall be certainly recognized. The
structural design approach toward more reliable structures shall be more
commonly accepted (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1. Relationships between human achievements and nature.

2. Damage by recent earthquakes

The number of deaths and missing people caused by natural disasters in Japan
was fewer than 1000 per year for the 34 years before 1995, when the Great

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Hanshin (Kobe) earthquake occurred [5]. In 1995, people noticed that the
relatively few number of deaths and missing people that lasted for a period of
time was not a proof that seismic engineering technology had overcome
earthquakes.

Seismic design provisions in Japan were revised in 1981. In this revision,

evaluations of failure mechanisms and ultimate lateral strengths became required
for larger buildings. Plastic deformations are allowed for large earthquakes under
the assumption of ductile behavior in reinforced concreteand steel members. The
goal of this revision was to protect economically human lives against large
earthquakes by allowing building damage. Therefore, building damage was
considered as the trade-off saving lives.

Fig. 2a shows a reinforced concrete residential building designed and constructed

to comply with the 1981 revision. It was significantly damaged by the Great
Hanshin earthquake in 1995. As shown in the figure, major flexural cracks were
observed in many beams near the column connections. This damage had been
expected in the design. As designed, the plastic deformation dissipated the
earthquake energy and saved human lives. In this sense, the building was
successfully designed; however, the building was eventually demolished rather
than being repaired (Fig. 2b).

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Fig. 2. Damaged and demolished residential building in 1995 the Great Hanshin
earthquake.

Fig. 3 shows a residential building damaged by the Great East Japan earthquake
in 2011. The columns, beams and non-structural reinforced concrete walls were
damaged. The damage in the non-structural walls was particularly severe and
they failed in shear. This type of damage is not critical for building stability. In
this sense, this damage had been expected and the structure behaved as predicted
in the design. The damaged walls had absorbed the seismic energy; however, the
walls were no longer functional as the building's exterior. While the structural

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designer or seismic engineering specialist may consider the design to have been
successful, lay people, including the residents, may not have agreed. The building
was red tagged in the emergency evaluation and the residents were prohibited
from returning to their homes. The building was later demolished.

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Fig. 3. Damaged and demolished residential building in the Great East Japan
earthquake.

Although repairing the damaged building may have been less expensive than
demolishing it and reconstructing a new building, demolition was nonetheless
chosen. During the earthquake, residents likely experienced significant shaking,
heard components breaking or fracturing, and may have imagined that the
building might collapse. The reason that demolition was selected may have been
to prevent the future possibility of residents having a similar experience in the
event of a later large earthquake if the building was brought back to its original
condition by simply repairing the damage. Other possible reasons may have been
that the Japanese government provided financial support for demolition or that
neighbors requested that the damaged building be removed.
While only two buildings had completely collapsed in the Christchurch
earthquake in New Zealand in 2011, approximately 1700 out of 2400 buildings
were demolished due to cracking or tilting. Fig. 4 illustrates the repaired and
demolished buildings. The white and red squares indicate the repaired and
demolished buildings, respectively. Note that more buildings were demolished
than repaired.

Fig. 4. Damaged buildings in 2011 Christchurch earthquake.

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In the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake, the vulnerability of old wooden houses,
which is well known in the engineering community, was again observed (Fig.
5a). In a reinforced concrete hospital building of conventional design, the
equipment fell due to the large acceleration. Minor cracks were observed in the
columns and walls (Fig. 5b, c). Although these types of damage do not affect
the seismic performance of the structure, people in the building, including 300
patients and doctors, had to be moved to other hospitals (Fig. 5d) and the hospital
was not used for rescue activities.

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 Fig. 5. Damages by the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake.

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Another seismically isolated hospital building (Fig. 5e) experienced large
movement, with a maximum amplitude of 900 mm (i.e. a maximum displacement
of 450 mm) (Fig. 5f). This is the largest displacement ever recorded in past
earthquakes. Despite experiencing this large displacement, the superstructure was
almost intact and the building was fully active after the earthquake and was able
to accommodate the Disaster Medical Assistance Team (DMAT). Many structures
designed by new technology have not fully experienced severe earthquakes nor
proved their performance; however, there are certainly some structures like this
hospital had experienced and no damage.
Reviewing the facts described above, we understand that there is some room to
improve the current seismic design practice. People do not stay in buildings that
are red tagged in post-earthquake evaluations. Most structural
engineers understand the rationale behind a seismic design approach in which
plastic deformation of beams, columns and walls is expected; however,
the ductility based on this deformability is equivalent to the damage of a
structure. This damage is easily recognized by people after large earthquakes,
while the seismic performance is hardly evaluated, even by specialists. Damage
should therefore be more strictly controlled during large earthquakes.

3. New seismic design philosophy

Table 1 compares the fundamental goals of the current and newly
proposed seismic design approaches. These goals are described from three points
of view, “H”, “B”, and “C”, which refer to “Human lives”, “Building future use”
and “Continuous operation”, respectively. It is seen that the current design
approach may be insufficient to support modern sustainable and resilient
societies without pursuing the continuous use of buildings after earthquakes. On
the other hand, buildings designed under the new approach would achieve these
goals easily for small and moderate earthquakes and likely even for large
earthquakes.

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 Table 1. Fundamental goals of seismic design against large earthquakes.

Current seismic design approach New seismic design approach

H Human lives likely to be saved Human lives surely to be saved

B No certainty of future building use with repair Building to be used with some repair

C No continuous operation after earthquake Continuous use even after earthquake

In order to achieve the goals of the new seismic design approach shown in Table
1, an effective method of design would allow structural components play separate
roles. The primary structure supports the gravity load and the seismic members
mainly resist earthquake loads. Therefore, the seismic members protect the
primary members against large earthquakes. Similar systems to protect the main
body are often found in nature and industrial products. Collarbones are broken to
ease forces on the human body (Fig. 6a). Bumpers in cars are obviously
components to protect the main body (Fig. 6b). Fuses in computers are buffers to
protect the main system against excessive electric currents (Fig. 6c).

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 Fig. 6. Buffers in nature and industrial products.

Fig. 7a illustrates the concept of a structural system with seismic members and a
primary structure. Buckling Restrained Braces (BRBs) represent the seismic
members, which are separated from the primary structure. The ductile BRBs will
yield and absorb the earthquake energy to the buildings (Fig. 7b, c). They protect
the primary structure, which remains elastic, and the goals of H, B and C for the
new seismic design approach in Table 1 can be satisfied.

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 Fig. 7. Buckling restrained braces (BRBs).

Fig. 8 schematically shows the seismic isolation system [6]. The superstructure is
flexibly connected to the foundations by mechanisms (1), (2), and (3).

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 Fig. 8. Schematic diagram of a seismically isolated structure.

where,

(1) the mechanism for supporting the superstructure in the vertical direction

(2) the mechanism for exhibiting a restoring force in the horizontal direction

(3)the mechanism for absorption of energy in the relative

displacementbetween the superstructure and the foundations

Fig. 9 shows seismically isolated buildings at the Tokyo Institute of Technology

(TITech) designed under the new seismic design approach shown in Table 1. The
structure has 20 stories and is 91.35 m in height. Columns of the superstructure
consist of concrete-filled square tube (CFT) columns, and all beams are made of
steel wide flange sections. The seismic lateral forces are significantly reduced by
the effect of seismic isolation and the number of the CFT columns is 16, which is
fewer than that in ordinary structural systems. The seismic isolation system
consists of 16 rubber bearing isolators, 14 steel dampers, and 2 oil dampers. The
braces are placed in the outer frames to resist earthquakes in the transverse
direction. The inner frames are moment frames and most of the lateral forces in
the transverse direction are carried by the two outer frames. Due to the
concentration of the lateral forces and the large aspect ratio, the overturning
moment of the outer frames is large. Therefore, the isolators are required to work
even under the uplift forces. The isolators at the 4 corners in the outer frames (i.e.
isolators shown in Fig. 9b) are connected by the anchor-bolts through the conical

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spring washers, and the bottom plate of each isolator sits on a circular hole made
in the base-plate(Fig. 9c). Accordingly, the uplift forces against the devices are
relieved by this mechanism. The outer frames are securely connected to the
adjacent inner frames with strong beams in the longitudinal direction and the
uplift of the columns does not exceed more than 20 mm in large earthquakes
(Fig. 9b). The construction cost is lower than that of an alternative design with
ductile frames satisfying the strong-column-weak-beam conditions.

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 Fig. 9. Seismic isolated building in TITech.

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The possibility of unstable modes of failure cannot be completely eliminated
even in new construction practices and new technological devices. Therefore,
varied and comprehensive discussions and preparations of countermeasuresfor
cases that exceed certain performance limits are necessary. In this building, the
spring washers in Fig. 9b were installed as stoppers for exceedance of the vertical
uplift of more than 20 mm.
Fig. 10 shows conceptual relationships between earthquake ground motionand
the damage or repair cost for different structural systems, which are: ductile
frame structures, strength-oriented structures, passive controlled structures and
seismically isolated structures; where, the passively controlled structures are
those equipped with energy dissipating devices such as BRBs or oil dampers, and
the strength oriented structures are conventional structures primarily relying on
elastic lateral strength to resist seismic forces. The damage or repair cost is the
lowest in the seismically isolated structures, followed the passive controlled
structures, strength-oriented structures and ductile frame structures. Since the
ductile frame structures dissipate seismic energy through damage of the main
structure, the repair cost is consequently high. Although quantitative discussions
on this issue are difficult, resilient structures such as seismically isolated
structures or passive controlled structures are effective for the SDGs and
continuous use of the buildings, described as the goals of the new seismic design
approach in Table 1.

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 Fig. 10. Relationships between earthquake ground motion and damage or repair
cost.
Fig. 11 illustrates the difference in safety design between vehicles and buildings.
The design philosophy of protecting the lives of drivers and passengers by
sacrificing the engine or main body of the vehicle is desired for major traffic
accidents (Fig. 11a) [7]. These traffic accidents are generally local events and do
not happen simultaneously in multiple places. Therefore, the damage is limited to
a single or a limited number of vehicles. On the other hand, if most buildings
would be designed with the same approach against large earthquakes, many non-
functional buildings would be generated simultaneously near the epicenter of the
large earthquakes (Fig. 12a). This is the situation similar to what occurred
following the Christchurch earthquake in 2011 (Fig. 4). If this were to occur in a
big city, the entire city would lose its functionality and recovery activities would
be highly restrained. Evacuation shelters would not be sufficiently provided.
Such a situation is not acceptable for modern resilient societies. The design
approach for buildings should be different from that for vehicles. New design
philosophy for buildings with minimal damage against large earthquakes shall be
accepted especially for big cities (Fig. 12b).

Fig. 11. Safety design of vehicles and buildings.

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4. Conclusions
The existing seismic design approach has been developed to allow for ductility of
building structures to resist large earthquakes economically. While structures are
designed to remain elastic in small or moderate earthquakes, they are allowed to
experience plastic deformations in large earthquakes to prevent their collapse and
save human lives. This design approach has been effective in terms of protecting
people; however, it may not be sufficient for modern, complex societies. In past
large earthquakes, many buildings that were damaged but did not collapse were
eventually demolished rather than being repaired. It should be noted that there is
a large gap between structural safety levels that specialists consider acceptable
and the expectations of lay people for buildings against large earthquakes. If most
buildings in large cities are designed under this design approach they would be
badly damaged in future large earthquakes, and the cities would have difficulties
in recovery activities and could experience catastrophic loss of function.
Corresponding to people's expectations from buildings, the goals of a modern
seismic design philosophy should be changed from solely life-safety to also
ensuring post-earthquake use and operation. For this goal, it would be effective
to design building structures in which the structural components play separate
roles. The primary structure will support the gravity load and the seismic
members will mainly resist earthquakes. Damage in the primary structure should
be minimized during large earthquakes for modern, sustainable and resilient
societies. Over the last 100 years, seismic engineering technologies have

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undergone significant development. More importantly, buildings with
higher seismic performance can be constructed less expensively than before. The
seismically isolated building at TITech is an example realizing significantly
higher seismic performance with lower construction cost compared with an
alternative conventional design. In the future, there must be more opportunities to
apply these developed technologies to buildings. The ultimate goal of the
development of seismic engineering technologies by researchers and engineers is
to provide better structures to our society. These specialists should not merely
develop new technologies, but more spontaneously act to have such technologies
implemented.

References

[1]Wada Akira, Mori Nobuyuki. Advanced seismic design of buildings for the resilient city.
In: Proceedings of the 11th world conference on seismic isolation, energy dissipation and
active vibration control of structures. Guangzhou, China; November 17-21 2009.

[2]Wada Akira, Mori Nobuyuki. Seismic design for the sustainable city – a report on
japanese practice. In: Proceeding of the structures congress 2008. Canada; April 24-26
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; 2008.

[3] Wada Akira, Connor JeromeJ, Iwata Mamoru, et al. Damage tolerant structure, ATC-15-
4. In: Proceedings of the fifth U.S.-Japan workshop on the improvement of building
structural design and construction practices. San Diego, California; September 8–10 1992.

[4] Takagi Jiro, Tamura Kazuo, Wada Akira. Seismic design of big cities. In: Proceedings of
2017 NZSEE Conference. Wellington, New Zealand; April 27–29 2017.

[5]White Paper on Disaster Management, Cabinet Office, Government of Japan; 2014.

[6] Architectural Institute of Japan (AIJ). Design Recommendations for Seismically Isolated
Buildings; 2015.

[7] Stephen A. Mahin said Designed to protect life in extreme event, but damage is
expected using the photograph (Figure 11a) in his presentation at TITech; 2012.

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CONCEPTUALIZACIÓN

En el artículo mencionado anteriormente; vemos en primer lugar el

incapíe del desarrollo significativo en los últimos 100 años tanto en el
diseño sísmico como las tecnologías de construcción, exponiendo una
problemática que existe actualmente entre los edificios y los terremotos
que cada vez son mas fuertes.

De modo que el enfoque que existe hasta la fecha, se centra en el

objetivo en el que los edificios puedan tener un comportamiento
eficiente sismoresistente, pero también estos son vulnerables a sufrir
deformaciones plásticas, donde deja expuesto la posibilidad cada vez
más grande de que los edificios o infraestructuras sufran daños de tal
manera que pierdan su funcionabilidad.

Dicho esto, se busca cambiar esta filosofía de diseño resistente en

donde el enfoque es que cumpla los requisistos sociales y económicos,
en donde no solo se busque una óptima eficiencia sismoresistente sino,
que ante un sismo estas estructuras deben estar diseñadas de tal
manera que puedan ser restauradas rápidamente a su operación
completa de funcionalidad, cumpliendo con un objetivo de desarrollo
sostenible y costo mínimo después de un gran terremoto.

Sin embargo, se debe tener en cuenta que, aunque haya avances

tecnológicos de ingeniería sísmica nunca se podrá eliminar los desastres
ocasionados por algún terremoto, ya que que es muy difícil predecir la
magnitud, el epicentro y el tiempo preciso de los grandes terremotos.
Por otro lado, hay tanta limitación y comprensión limitada de la corteza
global, que en los diseños sísmicos actuales están destinadas a prevenir
solo el colapso estructural. El cual es de vital importancia para proteger
vidas humanas, pero no se tiene en cuenta la vida de las personas
después de los terremotos, ya que las personas viven esperanzadas en
que el edificio donde trabajan, en donde viven, estudian u otro
particular; no se quede sin funcionabilidad, viéndose obligadas (os) a
abandonar sus lugares de ocupación, por el motivo de caer en
dificultades financieras.

Actualmente, existen pocas estructuras de las que se esperan que no

pierdan su función ante un gran fenómeno, las cuales se denominan
estructuras especiales; estructuras como hospitales, estaciones de

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bomberos y plantas de energía, normalmente están diseñadas para
permanecer completamente operativas incluso después de grandes
terremotos. Este enfoque debería ampliarse a estructuras generales
para las sociedades modernas. Aunque se anticipe problemas de costos,
el enfoque de diseño debería ser un diseño estructural a realizar
estructuras mas confiables y funcionales después de un gran fenómeno
como el terremoto, entre otros.

2.- Daño por Terremotos Recientes

En este punto vemos daños producidos por 4 terremotos, tanto en edificación

como en pérdidas de vidas, además la magnitud e intensidad producido por estos.

Primero debemos saber q en los 34 años anterior al año de 1995 las muertes por
persona eran de 1000 personas por año y después de este año, la taza baja.

Las disposiciones de diseño sísmico en Japón se revisaron en 1981

En esta revisión, las evaluaciones de los mecanismos de falla y las resistencias

laterales finales se hicieron necesarias para edificios más grandes. Se
permiten deformaciones plásticas para grandes terremotos bajo el supuesto de
comportamiento dúctil en hormigón armado y elementos de acero. El objetivo de esta
revisión era proteger económicamente las vidas humanas contra grandes terremotos al
permitir daños a los edificios. Por lo tanto, el daño a la construcción se consideró
como una compensación que salva vidas.

Terremoto de Hanshin

Se evaluó un edificio con la revisión de 1981, se observaron grandes grietas

de flexión en muchas vigas cerca de las conexiones de la columna. Este daño se
esperaba en el diseño. Tal como fue diseñado, la deformación plástica disipó la
energía del terremoto y salvó vidas humanas. En este sentido, el edificio fue

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 diseñado con éxito; sin embargo, el edificio finalmente fue demolido en lugar de
ser reparado

Terremoto del Gran Este de Japón

Las columnas, vigas y muros de hormigón armado no estructural fueron

dañados. El daño en las paredes no estructurales fue particularmente severo y
fallaron en el corte. Este tipo de daño no es crítico para la estabilidad del
edificio. En este sentido, se esperaba este daño y la estructura se comportó como
se predijo en el diseño.

Terremoto de Christchurch en Nueva Zelanda

Aproximadamente 1700 de 2400 edificios fueron demolidos debido a

grietas o inclinación . La figura 4 ilustra los edificios reparados y demolidos. Los
cuadrados blancos y rojos indican los edificios reparados y demolidos,
respectivamente. Tenga en cuenta que más edificios fueron demolidos que
reparados.

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 Terremoto de Kumamoto

En este terremoto se toma ejemplo la vulnerabilidad de las casas de madera

y 2 hospitales

Casa de Madera

Se Observa el hundimiento de las casas de madera

Hospital 1

Por las grandes aceleraciones ocurridas por el terremoto se produjo

pequeñas grietas en columnas y paredes

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 Hospital 2

Se produjo un desplazamiento de 45 cm, un desplazamiento jamás

registrado en terremotos anteriores

Deformación Plástica

Es aquella en la que el cuerpo no recupera su forma original al retirar la fuerza que le

provoca la deformación.

En los materiales metálicos, la deformación plástica ocurre mediante la formación y

movimiento de dislocaciones. Un mecanismo de deformación secundario es el maclado
(formación de maclas).

Estos mecanismos de deformación plástica (maclas y dislocaciones) se activan cuando las

tensiones aplicadas superan a la tensión de fluencia del material. Es decir, en un ensayo de
tracción, a la tensión de fluencia finaliza la zona de deformación elástica y comienza la
zona de deformación plástica (la tensión deja de ser proporcional a la deformación).

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Fallas por Corte

Ductilidad

Como definición del término ductilidad podemos decir que es la propiedad que
define la posibilidad de la estructura o algunos de sus componentes estructurales
de experimentar deformaciones más allá del límite elástico sin reducir de manera
significativa su resistencia o rigidez.

3.- Nueva Filosofía del Diseño Sísmico

Trata de una comparación de enfoques de diseño sísmico actuales y recientemente

propuestos referidos a la vida Humana(H), Creación de uso futuro(B) y operación continua
(C).

Mejor dicho, que la filosofía propone usar un método eficaz capaz de salvar vidas,
teniendo una edificación en buen estado capaz de ser reparado y tenga uso continuo

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después de un terremoto. Planteando la idea que la estructura primaria debe ser
protegida por los miembros sísmicos

Edificio Estructural Estructura Primaria Miembros Sísmicos

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Los Brackets Restringidos de Pandeo (BRB) representan los miembros sísmicos, q
absorberán la energía del terremoto a los edificios y cumplen con los objetivos H,B y C

4.- Conclusiones

El enfoque de diseño sísmico existente se ha desarrollado para permitir la ductilidad de las

estructuras de los edificios para resistir grandes terremotos económicamente. Si bien las
estructuras están diseñadas para permanecer elásticas en terremotos pequeños o
moderados, se les permite experimentar deformaciones plásticas en grandes terremotos
para evitar su colapso y salvar vidas humanas. Este enfoque de diseño ha sido efectivo en
términos de protección de las personas; sin embargo, puede no ser suficiente para
sociedades modernas y complejas. En grandes terremotos pasados, muchos edificios que
fueron dañados pero no colapsaron fueron finalmente demolidos en lugar de ser
reparados. Cabe señalar que existe una gran brecha entre los niveles de seguridad
estructural que los especialistas consideran aceptables y las expectativas de los laicos para
edificios contra grandes terremotos. Si la mayoría de los edificios en las grandes ciudades
se diseñan bajo este enfoque de diseño, se dañarían gravemente en futuros terremotos
grandes, y las ciudades tendrían dificultades en las actividades de recuperación y podrían
experimentar una pérdida catastrófica de la función. En correspondencia con las
expectativas de las personas respecto de los edificios, los objetivos de una filosofía
moderna de diseño sísmico deben cambiarse de seguridad únicamente para la vida a
garantizar también el uso y la operación después del terremoto. Para este objetivo, sería
efectivo diseñar estructuras de construcción en las que los componentes estructurales
desempeñen roles separados. La estructura primaria soportará la carga de gravedad y los

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miembros sísmicos resistirán principalmente los terremotos. El daño en la estructura
primaria debe minimizarse durante grandes terremotos para sociedades modernas,
sostenibles y resistentes. En los últimos 100 años, las tecnologías de ingeniería sísmica han
experimentado un desarrollo significativo. Más importante aún, los edificios con un mayor
rendimiento sísmico se pueden construir de manera menos costosa que antes. El edificio
sísmicamente aislado en TITech es un ejemplo de rendimiento sísmico significativamente
mayor con un costo de construcción más bajo en comparación con un diseño convencional
alternativo. En el futuro, debe haber más oportunidades para aplicar estas tecnologías
desarrolladas a los edificios. El objetivo final del desarrollo de tecnologías de ingeniería
sísmica por parte de investigadores e ingenieros es proporcionar mejores estructuras a
nuestra sociedad. Estos especialistas no deberían simplemente desarrollar nuevas
tecnologías, sino actuar de manera más espontánea para implementar dichas tecnologías.

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