Ullucus Tuberosus (Ulluco)

Ullucus tuberosus (ulluco)
flowering plant (perennial); root &

leaf vegetable (Andean); carbo,
protein & vit C; Family Basellaceae
S. America
https://blogpull-gdvuch3veo.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/jewelsincas.png
https://zoom50.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/ulluco.jpg
CS 95 | Methods of Research in Crop Science
2nd Semesters
JMJamago, PhD.
DAPB. CA. CMU
2 Approaches in Research
1 Quantitative Approach
generate quantitative data, data subjected to rigorous
quantitative analysis & rigid fashion
a inferential – form a sufficient data base from which to
infer the characteristics or relationships of population
b experimental – more control of research environment,
manipulate the independent variable to determine
effects on dependent variables
c simulation – construction of an artificial environment to
generate relevant data & info
2 Approaches in Research
2 Qualitative Approach
 Subjective assessment of attitudes, opinions, behavior,
practices
 Research is a function of researcher’s insights & impressions
 Not subjected to rigorous quantitative analysis
 Focus group interviews, in-depth interviews
Significance of Research
“All progress is born out of inquiry.

Doubt is often better than overconfidence,
for it leads to inquiry, and inquiry leads to invention.”
- a famous Hudson Maxim
Research Methods vs. Research Methodology
Research Methods
o all methods/techniques used for conduct of research;
o research methods or techniques;
o methods the researchers use in performing research operations;
o all methods used by the researcher during the course of studying
his/her research problem
Research Methods vs. Research Methodology
Research Methodology
o a way to systematically solve the research problem;

o may be understood as a science of studying how research is done
scientifically;
o we study the various steps generally adopted by a researcher in
studying his/her research problem & the logic behind them
Scientific Method of Doing Research
1 The Research Problem
2 The Research Design
3 The Research Plan
*Assignment of thesis advisers/mentors on or before

end of Feb.
Formulating the RP
 2 types of research problems: (i) those related to states of nature
& (ii) those which relate to relationships bet. variables
 Researcher must single out the problem to study, i.e., must
decide the general area of interest or aspect of a subject-matter
to inquire into
 Initially, problem may be stated in a broad general way & resolve
later the ambiguities
 Feasibility of a particular solution - to be considered before a
working formulation of the problem can be set up
 Formulation of a general topic into a specific research problem,
thus, constitutes the first step in a scientific enquiry
 2 steps in formulating the RP: understand the problem
thoroughly, & rephrase the same into meaningful terms from an
analytical point of view
 Best way to understand a problem - discuss with one’s own
colleagues or with those having some expertise in the matter
 In academes: researcher can seek help from a guide who is
usually an experienced person & has several research
problems in mind
 Often, guide puts forth the problem in general terms & it is up
to the researcher to narrow it down & phrase the problem in
operational terms
 In private business units or in governmental organizations,
problem is usually earmarked by administrative agencies with
whom the researcher can discuss as to how the problem
originally came about & what considerations are involved in its
possible solutions
 Researcher must examine all available literature to get
acquainted with selected problem
 Review 2 types of lit — (i) conceptual lit: concepts & theories, (ii)
empirical lit: previous studies similar to the proposed RP
 .Basic outcome of review: knowledge as to what data & other
materials are available for operational purposes to enable the
researcher to specify RP in a meaningful context
 Researcher rephrases the problem into analytical or operational
terms i.e., to put the problem in as specific terms as possible
 Formulating or defining the RP - a step of greatest importance in
the entire research process
 Problem to be investigated must be defined unambiguously to help
id/discriminate relevant data from irrelevant ones
 Verify the objectivity & validity of the background facts concerning
the problem
o Statement of the objective - of basic importance because
*it determines the data which are to be collected,
*characteristics of the data which are relevant,
*relations which are to be explored,
*choice of techniques to be used &
*form of the final report
o Formulation of the problem often follows a sequential pattern
where a number of formulations are set up
*each formulation more specific than the preceding one,
*each one phrased in more analytical terms, &
*each more realistic in terms of available data & resources.
Questions? Clarification?
FFT (Food For Thought)
If you do not need or want anything,

then you have no problem.
Are we satisfied with crop production in the Philippines?
Is the country food and nutritionally secure?
Are you sure?
#WoW5
http://www.brainyquote.com/photos/g/georgebernardshaw386923.jpg
Tiesa or egg fruit (Lucuma campechiana Kunth.)
http://www.brainyquote.com/photos/g/georgebernardshaw386923.jpg
Crop Phenotyping (http://www.kp.ethz.ch/research/research-and-thesis-
projects/crop-phenotyping.html)
 aims at a quantification of quality, photosynthesis, development,

architecture, growth or biomass productivity of single plants or
plant stands using a broad variety of sensors & analysis
procedures
 quantify plant color, spectral reflection, chlorophyll-fluorescence,
temperature & other properties, from which traits such as
biomass, architecture, ear number, photosynthetic efficiency,
stomatal aperture or stress resistance can be derived
 presents an indispensable means to investigate physiological
principles involved in the control of basic plant functions as well
as for selecting superior genotypes in plant breeding program
http://www.publicdomainpictures.net/pictures/170000/velka/spinach-leaves-1461774375kTU.jpg
Reminders:
Long quiz: March 1
& Mid-term exams:
March 13-17
Spinach, one source cited this to have the highest amount of chlorophyll =
Highest amount
23.7 mg /cup, of chlorophyll
raw leaves https://blogpull-gdvuch3veo.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/jewelsincas.png
Plant Breeding
 improvement of plant genotypes is a prerequisite for
sufficient and secure yields in the future
 biotic & abiotic stresses diminish the potential yield of all
crops
 rapidly changing environmental scenarios caused by global
CC increase the need for ever-refining the genetic
constitution of our major crops & of alternative crops alike
Agronomy
 Sustainable production of crops requires more resource-use
efficient agricultural practices in the future
 Soil conservation, improvement of soil structure, precision
farming approaches, in which pesticides & nutrients are only
applied at times & locations when they are really necessary are
aspects that are considered in our field experiments
 Organic farming approaches including mixed cropping &
investigations of plant-plant & plant-bacteria symbioses are
investigated & ranked with respect to their agronomic &
environmental benefit via phenotyping approaches
o Observe (more)
o See (closer)
o Listen (hard)
o Taste (be braver)
o Feel/Touch (be more sensitive)
o Read (a lot)
o Ask (often)
o Think/Re-think (always)
Repeat.
Research = is re-thinking & re-studying the concerns of

men, women, society & other life forms
https://image.slidesharecdn.com/selectionofaresearchproblem-141008003102-
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Possible sources of researchable problems
1. Gaps in the body of knowledge (crop science)

2. Gray areas in results of researches/studies (not very
conclusive yet)
3. Recommendations of previous researches
4. Findings that need validation
5. Existing problems in the communities
6. New theories, concepts, principles discovered – for applied
research
7. Etc.
Next Activity
Developing a Topic Outline
(brainstorm, list words & phrase related to the topic, organize)
o Subject selected for research should be familiar & feasible so
that related research material or sources of research are within
reach
o A researcher should contact an expert or a professor in the
University who is already engaged in research
o Read articles published in current literature available on the
subject & examine how the techniques and ideas discussed
therein might be applied to solve other problems
o Discuss with others thoughts/ideas in mind concerning a
problem
o Make all possible efforts in selecting a problem
The (1) importance of the subject,
(2) qualifications, & training of a researcher,
(3) costs involved,
(4) time factor are few other criteria that must also be
considered in selecting a problem.
In other words, before the final selection of a problem is done, a

researcher must ask the ff: questions:
(a) Are you well-equipped in terms of background to carry out the

research?
(b) Can you afford your proposed study?
Defining/Refining the RP
Follow these steps:
1 State of the problem in a general way;
2 Understand the nature of the problem;
3 Survey the available literature
4 Develop the ideas through discussions;
5 Rephrase the research problem into a working
proposition
1. Technical terms & words or phrases, with special meanings
used in the statement of the problem, should be clearly
defined.
2. Basic assumptions or postulates (if any) relating to the
research problem should be clearly stated.
3. A straight forward statement of the value of the investigation
(i.e., the criteria for the selection of the problem) should be
provided.
4. The suitability of the time-period & the sources of data
available must also be considered by the researcher in
defining the problem.
5. The scope of the investigation or the limits within which the
problem is to be studied must be mentioned explicitly in
defining a research problem.
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Example:
 “Why is productivity in Japan so much higher than in India”?

 “What factors were responsible for the higher labor
productivity of Japan’s manufacturing industries during the
decade 1971 to 1980 relative to India’s manufacturing
industries?”
 “To what extent did labor productivity in 1971 to 1980 in
Japan exceed that of India in respect of 15 selected
manufacturing industries? What factors were responsible for
the productivity differentials between the two countries by
industries?”
“Imagination is more
important than knowledge.
Knowledge is limited but
imagination encircles
the world.”
-Albert Einstein-
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With-Question-Mark.jpg
http://amaliehoward.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/Avatar_torukmakto1.jpg
Examples:
(quantitative-predictive-experimental research)
 The general predicted model if CC continues is that CO2 would

significantly increase further, whereas, O2 would be
significantly reduced.
1. Do we have indigenous crops that would survive under
these conditions?
2. Do we have traditional crops that would survive these
conditions?
3. Do we have current varieties of major crops that would
survive these conditions?
4. Do we have crop wild relatives that would survive these
conditions?
5. Do we have NUS that would survive these conditions?
Examples: (2)
 If such crops or species exist, what concentrations of

increased CO2 and reduced O2 can they tolerate?
 If no such species can be found, how should we grow our
staples and other crops?
 What new management strategies should we employ?
 How fast can we breed or develop cultivars of various
staples that can adapt to such conditions?
Review:
1. Formulate your research problem.
2. Do an extensive literature review*.
3. Develop several working hypotheses.
4. Prepare/plan your research design.
5. Determine your sampling design* (deliberate sampling, simple
random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling, quota
sampling, cluster sampling or area sampling, multi-stage sampling,
sequential sampling, etc.)
6. Execute/implement your plan.
7. Collect your data (accurately, correctly)
8. Data analysis
9. Interpretation, discussion & proving/disproving the hypotheses
10. Writing & presentation of the report
http://i.ytimg.com/vi/iESatI9dSck/maxresdefault.jpg
https://image.slidesharecdn.com/researchproposalp
resentation-triggs-131123160428-
phpapp01/95/research-proposal-presentation-
triggs-15-638.jpg?cb=1426234511
Examples:
(quantitative-predictive-experimental research)
 The general predicted model if CC continues is that CO2 would

significantly increase further, whereas, O2 would be
significantly reduced.
1. Do we have indigenous crops that would survive under
these conditions?
2. Do we have traditional crops that would survive these
conditions?
3. Do we have current varieties of major crops that would
survive these conditions?
4. Do we have crop wild relatives that would survive these
conditions?
5. Do we have NUS that would survive these conditions?
Problem Statement
The threats of climate change to crop production are

significant and alarming. Breeding for climate change-ready
crops is still at the adolescent stage in the Philippines. There
is also inadequate funding to launch a full-scale breeding
program for our major crops. Indigenous plant species are
known to be hardier against stresses and many are also
considered as resilient crops. It is therefore of a critical
investment to immediately investigate if there are
indigenous crop species in the country that could survive
conditions of increased CO2 but reduced O2.
https://s-media-cache- http://blog.efpsa.org/wp- http://www.keepcalmstudio.com/_galler
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Research Findings of Prof. Carol Dweck (US)
o “The Power of Yet”
o Not yet = we are still on a learning curve
o Students given some difficult problems to solve
 Group A students = loved the challenge, understood that their
abilities could be developed  students with “growth mindset”
 Group B students = considered problems tragic, catastrophic
 students with “fixed mindset”  what did they do next?
Cheat next time, look for some people who did worse, ran from
difficulty, ran from the error
o GMS = electrical activity, brain is on fire, they have more brain
activity, they learn from their errors, then correct them; teachable
o FMS = brain is less active, they are stuck with their errors, hardly
accept corrections, resent corrections
GMS – more resilient,
become smarter,
become better bec
their brains make
more connections
with other neurons

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Ullucus tuberosus (ulluco)

flowering plant (perennial); root &

“All progress is born out of inquiry.

o a way to systematically solve the research problem;

*Assignment of thesis advisers/mentors on or before

FFT (Food For Thought)

If you do not need or want anything,

 aims at a quantification of quality, photosynthesis, development,

Research = is re-thinking & re-studying the concerns of

1. Gaps in the body of knowledge (crop science)

In other words, before the final selection of a problem is done, a

(a) Are you well-equipped in terms of background to carry out the

 “Why is productivity in Japan so much higher than in India”?

 The general predicted model if CC continues is that CO2 would

 If such crops or species exist, what concentrations of

 The general predicted model if CC continues is that CO2 would

The threats of climate change to crop production are

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