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• A titration curve
provides visual picture
of how the property of
the titration reaction
changes as the titrant is
added to the analyte.
• It helps choose the
proper titrants and
indicators to be used for
the analysis
Determining the Equivalence point
• Equivalence points in acid-base titrations are
determined most often using chemical
indicators that change color at or near
equivalence point.
• Acid-base indicators are weak organic acids or
bases whose conjugate forms have different
colors.
• It must be weaker than the analyte acid or
base so that it reacts last with the titrant.
Determining the Equivalence point
Equilibrium for Indicator
• The behavior of an acid-type indicator:
HIn + H2O ↔ H3O+ + In—
(acid color) (base color)
• Conversion of CO3—2 to
HCO3—, pH 8.3
• Formation of CO2
– The second endpoint is
used for the
standardization bec
change in pH is greater
than the first.
Primary Standard Bases
2. Sodium tetraborate, Na2B4O7•10H2O
• Also known as borax; it has high molar mass
• Cannot be heated to remove water
• Stored in dessicator over an aqueous solution
saturated with NaCl and sucrose (ensures no
dehydration to occur)
Na2B4O7 + 2H3O+ + 3H2O → 2Na+ + 4H3BO3
Primary Standard Bases
3. Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane,
(HOCH2)2CNH2
• TRIS or THAM, available in primary-standard
purity
• Substantially greater MM/mole of protons
consumed
(HOCH2)2CNH2 + H3O+ → (HOCH2)2CNH3+ + H2O
Problem Set
1. A 0.4512g of primary standard grade Na2CO3
(105.99 g/mol) required 36.44mL of an HCl
solution to reach the endpoint in the reaction.
What is the molarity of the HCl?
Equilibrium of acid-
base forms of
phenolphthalein
Acid-Base Indicators
2. Azo indicators
– Exhibit color change from red to yellow
– Methyl red , pH 4.2-6.2
– Methyl orange, pH 3.1- 4.4