TOLO, Christian Keanno D.

BMLS-1B
082719
CHEM 101-LEC
CHAPTER 2: COMPOUNDS AND CHEMICAL BONDS

Classification and Properties of Matter

Two principal ways of classifying matter are according to its physical state (as a gas, liquid, or
solid) and according to its composition (as an element, compound, or mixture). A sample
of matter can be a gas, a liquid, or a solid. These three forms of matter are called the states
of matter.

All matter has physical and chemical properties. Physical properties are characteristics that
scientists can measure without changing the composition of the sample under study, such as
mass, color, and volume (the amount of space occupied by a sample). Chemical
properties describe the characteristic ability of a substance to react to form new substances;
they include its flammability and susceptibility to corrosion. Physical properties can be extensive
or intensive. Extensive properties vary with the amount of the substance and include mass,
weight, and volume. Intensive properties, in contrast, do not depend on the amount of the
substance; they include color, melting point, boiling point, electrical conductivity, and physical
state at a given temperature.

Ionic compound and bonding

Ionic compounds are compounds made up of ions. These ions are atoms that gain or lose
electrons, giving them a net positive or negative charge. Ionic bonding is the complete transfer
of valence electron(s) between atoms. It is a type of chemical bond that generates two
oppositely charged ions. In ionic bonds, the metal loses electrons to become a positively
charged cation, whereas the nonmetal accepts those electrons to become a negatively charged
anion.

Naming ions and ionic compounds

An ionic compound is named first by its cation and then by its anion. The cation has the
same name as its element. For example, K+1 is called the potassium ion, just as K is called the
potassium atom. The anion is named by taking the elemental name, removing the ending, and
adding “ide.”

Valence bonding and molecules

Valence bond theory is a chemical bonding theory that explains the bonding between two
atoms is caused by the overlap of half-filled atomic orbitals. The two atoms share each other's
unpaired electron to form a filled orbital to form a hybrid orbital and bond together.
 TOLO, Christian Keanno D.
BMLS-1B
082719
Naming molecular compounds
1) Remove the ending of the second element and add “ide” just like in ionic compounds.
2) When naming molecular compounds prefixes are used to dictate the number of a given
element present in the compound. ” mono-” indicates one, “di-” indicates two, “tri-” is three,
“tetra-” is four, “penta-” is five, and “hexa-” is six, “hepta-” is seven, “octo-” is eight, “nona-” is
nine, and “deca” is ten.

3) If there is only one of the first element, you can drop the prefix. For example, CO is carbon
monoxide, not monocarbon monoxide.
4) If there are two vowels in a row that sound the same once the prefix is added (they
“conflict”), the extra vowel on the end of the prefix is removed. For example, one oxygen would
be monooxide, but instead it’s monoxide. The extra o is dropped.

Polyatomic Ions
Polyatomic ions are ions which consist of more than one atom. For example, nitrate ion, NO3-,
contains one nitrogen atom and three oxygen atoms. The atoms in a polyatomic ion are usually
covalently bonded to one another, and therefore stay together as a single, charged unit.

References:
https://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/165/169061/blb9ch0102.html

https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-
_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/01._Introduction%3A_Matter_and_Measurement/1.3%3
A_Properties_of_Matter

https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-are-ionic-reactions-definition-
examples.html#/targetText=Ionic%20compounds%20are%20compounds%20made,have%20a
%20net%20negative%20charge

https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_C
hemistry)/Fundamentals/Ionic_and_Covalent_Bonds

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introchem/chapter/naming-ionic-
compounds/#targetText=An%20ionic%20compound%20is%20named,%2C%20and%20adding
%20%E2 80%9Cide%E2%80%9D

https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-valence-bond-theory-605771

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-chemistry/chapter/naming-
compounds/#targetText=When%20naming%20molecular%20compounds%20prefixes,and%20
%E2%80%9Cdeca%E2%80%9D%20is%20ten.

https://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/nomenclature/poly_atom.htm#targetText=Polyatomic%
20ions%20are%20ions%20which,as%20a%20single%2C%20charged%20unit.