Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Abstract—— In this paper a power quality (PQ) problem in an duration of the sag and the type of load fed by the depressed
industrial plant is analyzed and its possible solutions explored, voltage:
specifically regarding voltage sags. It is analyzed a plant’s
electrical system sensitivity regarding voltage sags, how does the • Electromechanical relays and motor contactors in low
magnitude depression and its duration affect the performance of voltage systems are reported to drop out, when voltage
the electrical loads (mainly induction motors). Several proposals sag is in the range 50% - 70% lasting some cycles. [11]
are discussed and explored for voltage sag mitigation and their
feasibility for the plant’s PQ problem. Finally, settings of the • 120 V AC PLC I/O disrupts by sags of less than 86%
voltage sag mitigation equipment (timer or “latching” relay) are magnitude and more than 16 ms duration. [5]
made analyzing voltage recovery times after voltage sag has • Many DC drives will trip if the voltage magnitude on
occurred. any of the supply phases falls below 90%. [5]
Keywords-voltage sag; power quality (PQ); induction motor; A typical voltage sag waveform is shown in Fig. 1.
industrial plant
I. INTRODUCTION
800
INELECTRA S.A.C.A.
(SMES).
• Air compressed energy storage. S/S 2 S/S 3
13.8 / 4.16 kV 13.8 / 4.16 kV 13.8 / 4.16 kV 13.8 / 4.16 kV
• Use of DC contactors.
• Use of timer relay (“latching” relay) with adjustable S/S 4 S/S 5
delay time to latch AC contactors during voltage sags. 13.8 / 4.16 kV 13.8 / 4.16 kV 13.8 / 4.16 kV 13.8 / 4.16 kV
NO NO
• Insert series reactor to limit post-sag inrush and reduce ATS ATS
the setting of under-voltage protection for AC drives M 4.16 / 0.48 kV M 4.16 / 0.48 kV M 4.16 / 0.48 kV M 4.16 / 0.48 kV
(VFD).
50
0
30
mostly during the beginning of the rainy season, and
0
20
90
0
sometimes combined with some troubles in the operation of the
15
50
0
12
40
protection system (some failures were cleared by backup Sag depth
5
Sag duration
10
30
(%Vnom)
0
(ms)
relays). Some of these problems are produced by sub-inversion
50
20
in the sector.
The industrial plant studied in this work as a sample case is Figure 3. Motor Shedding Caused by Voltage Sags.
connected to the transmission system, and in consequence, it is
exposed directly to the mentioned events. This situation has As seen in Table II and Fig. 3, when voltage sags depth is
been present during more than a decade and it affects the lower or equal to 40%, all motors remain operative. Otherwise,
normal plant’s operation since motor’s AC contactors drop out when voltage sag depth is greater and/or duration is longer,
causing the stop of the production. Due to these facts, an almost all motors are disconnected. It is interesting to highlight
indoors voltage sag solution is required to mitigate plant’s that voltage sag of 100 ms and 50% depth do not disconnect
operation interruption or at least make a safe stop and prepare it motors; despite that contactor drop-out voltage is 60% during
to start again. Large interruptions require investments in the 90 ms.
Utility sector and they are long-term ones. This study shows how weak the electrical system is against
voltage sags and how important is to have continuity and
IV. PLANT’S SENSITIVITY STUDY AGAINST quality in electrical service.
VOLTAGE SAGS
The sensitivity study is made to analyze how affected motor V. PLANT’S SOLUTION ASSESSMENT FOR
loads could be when voltage sags are produced at Utility VOLTAGE SAG PROBLEM
busbar. The methodology used to develop this study was As indicated before, many solutions are available for
provoking voltage depressions of different magnitude and mitigating voltages sags, but also there are special problems or
duration and registering motor shedding caused mostly by consideration inherent to each solution. For example, taking
contactors drop out. actions in the transmission or distribution system is
AC contactors installed in this Industrial Plant drop out responsibility of the Utility Company and some of these
after 90 milliseconds when voltage drops below 60% of its solutions are not so easy to apply whether the complex of the
nominal value. In addition, it is assumed that static load does system or the great investment of money and time to make
not disconnect during or after a voltage sag of any magnitude these changes. Raising the system availability in the plant’s
has occurred. area would mean the construction of new transmission lines
that, among others, have the problem of passage rights; they
Motor shedding in terms of MVA caused by different sag also are long-term investment.
magnitude and duration is shown in Table II, noticing that the
total apparent power consumed by induction motors before Other options could be taken indoors the plant to mitigate
voltage sag is produced, is 26 MVA. Fig. 3 illustrates values the effect of voltage sags; one of the attractive solutions is the
shown in Table II. use of UPS, but the range of power that this device can handle
is about 1 MVA, so the installation of this equipment isn’t
feasible due to the amount of power consumed by the motor
TABLE II. MOTOR SHEDDING (MVA) CAUSED BY VOLTAGE SAGS loads (26 MVA). [4]
Depth Sag Magnitude (%) The Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) is also an attractive
90 70 50 40 30 20 solution. It could handle voltage sags of 50% depth, and its
50 0 0 0 0 0 0 rated maximum power is around 50 MVA [8], but the high
Sag Duration (ms)
IX. CONCLUSIONS
Voltage sags are power quality problems that cause severe
damage to several industry processes. Actual electrical power
systems or equipment are not immune against voltage sag. This
has been shown in the sensitivity study.
Several methods for voltage sag mitigation are already
developed and have different areas of action; there are actions
that could be taken in the transmission and/or distribution grid,
preventive actions and improvement of voltage sag immunity
Figure 6. Voltage Performance for 300 ms Voltage Sag. in equipment. For this reason, adding capacitors to the Utility
busbar was simulated also, founding some improvements in
Plant reaction.
VII. RE-STARING STRATEGY
The studied case presented some particular characteristics
If effective sag duration is grater than the setting of timer that distinguish it. These are that its predominant load is
relay, all plant motors will be disconnected. Only critical motorized (induction motors) which causes that after a voltage
motors will be automatically restarted when normal voltage sag the voltage recovery is not immediately due to the re-
restoration occurs if they were in operation before the sag acceleration of such equipment. Other characteristic is that
occurred. All remaining motors will be re-started by Operators some of the methods for voltage sag mitigation are not already
manually. suitable form the Plant. In addition, actions taken by the Utility
Four reacceleration groups were used in the simulation, Company are long-term solutions.
using the following time intervals measured from normal A “Timer relay” combined with an ERM module was use to
voltage restoration. avoid AC contactors early drop out due to transient voltage
depressions and to obtain the subsequent re-start of critical
TABLE IV. REACCELERATION GROUPS motors; due to its simplicity related to installation process and
its lack of substantial modifications to the electrical power.
Delay time
from Improving the immunity against voltage sags was the most
Group Quantity of
number
voltage
motors
attracting option in terms of cost and operation impact.
restoration
(s) Simulation results reveal that it is possible to minimize
1 0 3 Plant sensitivity regarding voltage sags using the proposed
2 3 11 solution.
3 8 11
4 12 27