TUTOR, MARK ANTHONY C.

BSECE-5 THERMODYNAMICS CC2

1. If an object has a weight of 10 lbf on the moon, what would the same object weigh
on Jupiter?
g =75 ft g = 5.4 ft g = 32 lbm-ft
Jupiter sec2 JJK Moon sec2 c lbf-sec2
g
JJKmg W moon c 10×32
W = g ⇒m= g = 5.4 = 59.26 lbm
c moon

mg
JJK Jupiter 59.26×75
W = gc = 32 = 139 lbf
Jupiter

2. An object that weighs 50 lbf on earth is moved to Saturn where its new weight is 105
lbf. What is the acceleration due to gravity on Saturn?
g = 32 ft g = 32 lbm-ft
Earth sec2 c lbf-sec2

50 lbf onearth ⇒ 50 lbm

JJK
JJKmg W gc 105 32 ft
W =g ⇒g= m = 50 = 67.2 sec2
c
3.Given: P1 = 4 psig, PATM = 15 psia, and P2 = 10 psig
Find PA and PB.

ATM

P =P -P
gage system reference

P1 = PATM - PB ⇒PB = 15 psia - 4 psia = 11 psia

P2 = PA - PB ⇒ PA = 10 psig + 11 psia = 21 psia
4.Given: PATM = 15 psia, P2 =6 psiv, and P3 = 7 psig Find
PA and PB.

ATM

P =P -P
gage system reference

P3 = PA - PATM ⇒PA = 15 psia + 7 psia = 22 psia

P2 = PA - PB ⇒ PB = 22 psia - (- 6) psi = 28 psia

5.Given the conversion factor 1 inch H2O = 0.0361 psid and that the manometer below employs
water, find the difference in pressure between compartments A and B.

A B

6 ft

∆P = 6 ft 12in 0.0361psid = 2.6 psid

1ft 1in
6.Given the following information about a system, calculate specific enthalpy (in Btu/lbm).
ft3 Btu
P=100 psia ν =1.6 u = 600 Note: 778ft-lbf=1 Btu
lbm lbm

h = u + Pν
Btu lbf ft 3 144 in 2 Btu Btu
h = 600 + (100 2 )(1.6 )( )( ) = 629.6
lbm in lbm ft 2 778ft − lbf lbm

7.Given the following information about a system, calculate specific internal energy (in
Btu/lbm).
ft3 Btu
P=200psia ν =2.8 h=1000 Note:778ft-lbf=1Btu
lbm lbm
h = u + Pν ⇒ u = h − Pν
Btu lbf ft 3 144 in 2 Btu Btu
u =1000 − (200 2 )(2.8 )( 2 )( ) = 896.3
lbm in lbm ft 778ft − lbf lbm

8.A 5 lbm system was taken from 50 F to 150 F. How much energy in the form of heat was
added to the system to produce this temperature increase?
Btu
c =1.6
p lbm-F
Q =mcp (Thot − Tcold )
Btu
Q = 5lbm (1.6 lbm F ) (150 − 50)F 800Btu

9. A 10 lbm metal ball has a temperature of 200 degree F when it is placed in a 50 lbm bath
of water at room temperature (72 degree F). Heat transfer occurs between the two
substances until equilibrium is reached. Find this equilibrium temperature.
cp =1.0 Btu cp = 4.3 Btu
Water lbm-F Metal lbm-F
 Q
Out = QIn
Water

Ball
m c (T −T )=m c (T −T
ball ball ball eq water water eq water )
initial initial

T = ( mcT )ball + ( mcT )water

eq
( mc)ball + ( mc)water
10 lbm 4.3 Btu 200 F +50 lbm 1.0 Btu 72F
lbm − F lbm − F
T =
eq 50 lbm 1.0Btu +10 lbm 4.3 Btu
lbm − F lbm − F
T
eq =131.2F

10. During a phase change, the specific entropy of a 20 lbm system increases from
Btu Btu
0.31 to 1.61 while the temperature of the substance is a constant
lbm − R lbm − R
212 F.
Find the heat transfer into this system.
Hint: Must convert temperature to Rankine.

Q = mT ∆s = 20lbm 212 + 460 R (1.61− 0.31)Btu = 17,472 Btu

lbm R

11.A nuclear power plant is found to generate 80 MW of power. A typical Honda

civic is capable of producing 150 HP. How many Honda Civic’s would be required
to generate the equivalent power of this nuclear power plant?
Use the energy and power equivalences found in the DOE Fundamentals Handbook
(see Pages 23 and 24 of the “Energy, Work, and Heat” module).

80MW 1000KW 3,413BTU 1HP ⋅ hr 1Honda Civic = 716Honda Civics

1MW 1KW ⋅ hr 2,545BTU 150HP

11.A system contains 250 lbm of saturated liquid and 10 lbm of saturated vapor. What is the
quality of the system?
m
vapor 10lbm
X= m +m =250lbm + 10lbm = 0.038 or 3.8%
liquid vapor
 12. Use the steam tables and the concept of quality to find h and ν for water at a
Btu
pressure of 260 psia if entropy is known to be 0.725 .
lbm − R
s = s + Xs ⇒ X = sWV − sf = 0.725 − 0.5722 = 16%
WV f fg s
fg 0.9508
h = h + Xh = 379.9 + 0.16 x 821.6 = 511.4 Btu
WV f fg lbm
ν WV = ν f + Xν fg = 0.01870 + 0.16 x 1.75548 = 0.29958 ft^3/lbm

13.Calculate specific internal energy for a 200 psia system of saturated liquid. Hint:
Review the definition of enthalpy.

h =u + Pν ⇒ u = h − Pν
Btu lbf ft 3 144in 2 Btu Btu
u = 355.5 − (200 )(0.01839 )( )( ) = 354.82
lbm in 2 lbm ft 2 778ft − lbf lbm

14.The following schematic of a simple Rankine cycle consists of steam leaving a boiler at
T=550 F and P=400 psia and passes through a turboexpander where it does work and exhausts
with an enthalpy of 932 Btu/lbm. The exhaust is then condensed to an enthalpy of 85 Btu/lbm
before being pumped back into the boiler.
T=550 F
P=400 psia

h=?? Btu/lbm
h=932 Btu/lbm

h=85 Btu/lbm

Btu 6 Btu7
Given Wturb = 4.15×10 lbm and Qboiler =1.43×10 lbm ,find the mass flow rate of the

system(msystem ), the total heat transfer out at the condenser(QCond ),and the enthalpy of
the fluid after leaving the pump and before entering the boiler.
 ( ∆h) ⇒ m
W
W =m turb

turb system turb system = ( ∆h)turb

Btu 6
⇒m system =
4.15 10 hr
= 1.2 x 104 lbm
hr
(1277.5 − 932) Btu
lbm

4 lbm Btu 7 Btu

Q =m (∆h) =
condenser system condenser 1.2 x 10 hr (932 − 85) lbm = 1.02 x 10 hr

1.43 x 107 Btu

m ( ∆h) ⇒ ∆hboiler
Q
boiler hr Btu
Q
boiler system boiler = = = 1191.67
m
system 4 lbm lbm
1.2 x 10 hr
∆h =h −h ⇒h = 1277.5 − 1191.67 = 85.8 Btu
boiler steam water entering boiler water entering boiler lbm

15.What is the maximum possible cycle efficiency of a heat engine operating between a heat
source at 400 F and a heat sink at 32 F?

ηmax = 1− TC = 1− (32 + 460) =1− .572 = 42.8%

T
(400 +460) H

16.An inventor claims to have invented a device which absorbs 2500 Btu of heat and produces
2000 Btu of work. If the heat sink for the device is ice water (32 F), what would be the minimum
source temperature?
T
W 2000Btu C (given)
η = Q net

T
actual
in = 2500Btu = 80% ηmax = 1− H (need to solve)
gives T
Setting η max equal to ηactual H (minimum)

0.80 =1− (32 + 460)R ⇒ T = (32 + 460)R = 2460 R = 2000 F

H (minimum)
T
H (minimum) 1 − 0.80
17.What is the efficiency of a turbine which receives dry, saturated steam at 100 psia and exhausts
a wet vapor at 1 psia, while producing 230 Btu/lbm of real work?

Btu
η w real 230 lbm
−h
turbine =w ideal = hstm exh
ideal
Btu

h
sat.stm@100 psia = 1188lbm
 h = 895 Btu
exh @1 psia
ideal lbm

η Btu
230 lbm
turbine = Btu = .785 = 78.5%
(1188 − 895) lbm

18. A gas having a constant volume specific heat equal to

(4.52 + 0.00737T) Btu/lbm – °F is initially at 175°F. Heat is
then added to the gas in a constant volume process until its
temperature rises to 200°F. Calculate the change in entropy
associated with this process.
Solution: In this case, Cv, for the gas is in the form

Cv = a + bT
where
a = 4.52
and
b = 0.00737
The entropy change per unit mass is given as
ΔS = b∫a Cp (dT / T) = b∫a [(a + bT) / T} dT
= b∫a a (dT / T) + b∫a (bT / T) dT
Integration yields
ΔS = a In (Tb / Ta) + b (Tb – Ta)
= 4.52 In [(660) / (635)] + 0.00737(200 – 175)
= 0.1745 + 0.1843
= 0.3588 Btu/lbm.

19. An ideal gas undergoes an isothermal expansion in which its

volume doubles. For one mole of this gas calculate the
change in entropy for the surroundings if the process is
assumed to be reversible.
Solution:
For any reversible isothermal process, the surrounding temperature
and the system temperature must be the same
∴ (ΔS)surr = [{(qrev) surr} / T]
The surroundings absorb the heat that is given up by the system
∴ (ΔS)surr = – [{(qrev) sys} / T]
(qrev)sys = T(ΔS)sys
∴ (ΔS)surr = – T [(ΔS)sys / T}
= – (ΔS)sys
(S2 – S1)sys = C(v)0 In (T2 / T1) + R In (V2 / V1)
= R In (2)
(ΔS)surr = – 1.38 cal/mole – °K
20. Calculate the minimum power required to cool 100
lb moles / min of air from 550°R to 500°R when the
surrounding temperature is 550°R.
Solution: Apply the equation
W = To ∆S – ∆H
to 1 pound mole of air. Assume the heat capacity as 7 Btu/(lb mole)(°R)
∴ ∆S = – 7 In (550 / 500)
= – 0.666 Btu/(lb mole)(°R)
 ∆H = 7(500 – 550) = – 350 Btu/(lb mole)
The minimum work required is
Wmin = (550) (– 0.666) + 350
= – 16 Btu/(lb mole).
For 100 lb moles of air per minute
Wmin = (– 16) (100) = – 1600 Btu/min.
= – 37.7 hp.
21. Air at an initial state of 100 psia and 800°R is expanded in a
cylinder to a final pressure of 10 psia, along a polytropic path
with n = 1.3. Assuming the process to be adiabatic, and air
to behave as an ideal gas, calculate the friction of the
process per lbm of air.

Solution
T2 = T1(p2 / p1)(n–1/n)
= 800(1 / 10)0.230
= 470° R
Then by Eq. (2), with cv = 0.172 Btu/lbm –°R
wact = 0.172(800 – 470)
= 56.6 Btu/lbm
The reversible work for this system is given as
wrev = [{P2 v2 – P1 v1} / {1 – n}] = [{R(T2 – T1)} / {1 – n}]
= [{1.986(800 – 470)} / {29(0.3)}]
= 75.4 Btu/lbm
Then from Eq. (1)
F = 75.4 – 56.6 = 18.8 Btu/lbm
which is the frictional force.

22. A container contains compressed air at 620 kPa, 27°C. If

atmospheric conditions are 103 kPa and 27°C calculate the
work potential per kg of air.
Solution
A.E. = (Wrev)max – Wsurr.
= (U1 + P0V1 – T0S1) – (U∞ + P0V∞ – T0S∞)
= (U1 – U∞) + P0(V1 – V∞) – T0 (S1 – S∞)
However U1 = U∞ and hence
A.E. = P0(V1 – V∞) – T0(S1 S∞)
Assuming air to behave ideally
V = (RT / P)
and
∆S = R ln (P1 / P0) (for this case)
Substituting into Eq. (1) and rearranging
A.E. = P0RT0[(1 / P1) – (1 / P0)] + T0R In(P1 / P0)
= RT0 [(P0 / P1) – 1] + RT0 In (P1 / P0)
for air
R = 0.287 kJ/kg – °K
Therefore from Eq. (2)
A.E. = 0.287(300)[(103 / 620) – 1] + 0.287(300) In (620 / 103)
= 82.75 kJ/Kg
23. Determine the available energy that can be associated with
a 10 m3 perfect vacuum and its surroundings at a pressure
of 0.100 MPa and at a temperature of 300K.
Solution: The Equation of availability for any system is given as
ɸ = (u + P0v – T0s) – (u0 + P0v0 – T0s0
= (u – u0) + P0(v – v0) – T0(s – s0)
For a perfect vacuum
m = 0, (u – u0) = 0, (s – s0) = 0, v0 = 0
ɸ = P 0v
= (0.10) × (10) × 106 N – m
= 1,000 kJ
24. In a particular flow system 1 lbm of saturated water at 400°F
is heated at constant pressure until it is saturated vapor. If
the reservoir temperature is 40°F, calculate the availability of
the heat transferred to the water. Assume the process to be
reversible and the heat of vaporisation at 400°F to be 826.0
Btu/lbm.
Solution:

Qrev = hfg = the heat of vaporisation.

Qrev = 2∫1 Tds

∆S = {Qrev / TA} = {hfg / TA}

A.E . = (S)2∫(S)1 Tds – T0 T0∆s

or
A.E. = hfg – (T0 / TA)hfg
= [1 – (T0 / TA)]hfg

A.E. = [1 – (500 / 960)]826

= 396 Btu
25. An automobile battery is able to deliver 5.2 MJ of electrical
energy to start a car. Suppose compressed air at 7MPa,
25°C were to be used for doing the same work. What will be
the volume of the tank required in order for the compressed
air to have an availability of 5.2 MJ?

Solution: The availability of air at 7 MPa, 25°C is given by

ɸ = (u – u0) – T0(s – s0) + P0(v – v0)
where
v = (RT / P)
= [{0.287 × 298.15} / {7000}]
= 0.01222 m3/kg
v0 = (RT0 / P0)
= [{0.287 × 298.15} / {100}]
= 0.8557 m3/kg.
∴ ɸ = 0 – 298.15[0 – 0.287 In (7000 / 100)] + 100 (0.01222 -0.8557)
= 279.2 kJ/kg
For an availability of 5.2 MJ, the mass of air required is
m = {(5.2MJ) / ɸ} = [{5200kJ} / {279.2kJ/kg}]
= 18.625 kg
The volume of the tank then is,
V = mv
 = 18.625 (0.01222)
= 0.2276 m3.

26. A turbine takes in air at 825K, 690 kPa and expands it to 138
kPa and 585K. Assuming air to be an ideal gas, calculate
a) the available energy of the air taken in,
b) the loss of available energy in the turbine, and
c) T0, the isentropic exit temperature, or, the lowest available
temperature.
Solution: a) The available energy of the air taken in can be obtained from the
equation
(A.E.)1–0 = h1 – h0
h1 – h0 = cp(T1 – T0)
but
(T0 / T1) = (p0 / p1) {(k – 1) / k
T0 = 825 (138 / 690)(0.4/1.4)
= 520.9 K
Therefore
(A.E.)1–0 = 1.0046(825 – 520.9)
= 305.5 kJ/kg
b) The loss of available energy in the turbine can be obtained from the
equation
(A.E.)loss = T0(s0 – s2)
= – T0(s2 – s0)
and
(s2 – s0) = cp In (T2 / T0)
= 1.0046 In {(585) / (520.9)}
s2 – s0 = 0.1160 kJ/kg – K
∴ (A.E.)loss = – (520.9)(0.1160)
= – 60.4 kJ/kg
c) From equation (1) the lowest available temperature is 520.9K.

27. Determine the melting point increase of ice, due to an

Increase of pressure of 1 atm. Assume that at 0°C the
specific volumes of water and ice are 0.001000 and
0.001091 m3/kg respectively and the latent heat of fusion is
334 kJ/kg.

Solution: The Clausius-Clapeyron equation is written as

dT = [(TsatVsfdP) / hsf
where
Tsat = 0°C + 273.15 = 273.15°K
Vsf = 0.001000 – 0.001091 = – 0.000091 m3/kg
hsf = 334 kJ/kg
and
dP = 1 atm = 101.325 kN/m2
Therefore
dT = [{273.15(– 0.000091)(101.325)} / (334)]
= – 0.00753°K
28. Calculate Δhvap of liquid oxygen if it boils at 90.15°K and has
a vapor pressure of 2.5 atm at 100°K.
Solution
 dP = [(Δhvap) / (Tvvap)] = [(Δhv) / {(TRT) / P}] = [(ΔhvP) / RT2]
(dP / P) = [(Δhv) / R] ∙ (dT / T2)
Assume Δhv to be a constant. Integrate equation (1)
ln(P2 / P1) = [(Δhv) / R] [(1 / T1) – (1 / T2)
ln[(2.50) / (1.00)] = [(Δhv) / (1.98 cal/mol°K)]
[{1 / (90.15°K)} – {1 / (100°K)}]
Δhv = 1658 cal/g-mol

29. Obtain an expression for the entropy change as a function of

pressure and temperature

Solution
Tds = du + p (dv / J)
Differentiating the enthalpy equation h = u + (dv / J) gives:
dh = du + [(pdv) / J] + [(vdp) / J]
or
du + [(pdv) / J] = dh – [(vdp) / J]

Tds = dh – v(dp / J
But dh = cpdT, and v = (RT / p).
Thus
Tds = CpdT – (RT / J)(dp / p)
Dividing by T gives the required expression:
ds = Cp (dT / T) – (R / J)(dp / p)

30. Determine the numerical values of (∂V / ∂T)P. at 140°F and a

specific volume of 2.100 cu ft per lb for
(a) a perfect gas with a molecular weight of 70.9, and
(b) a van der Waals gas of the same molecular weight for
which a = 4.88 (psi) (ft3/lb)2 and β = 0.0127 ft3/lb

Solution: a) For a perfect gas, (∂V / ∂T)P = (b / P) = (bV / bT) = (V / T)

(∂V / ∂T)P = [(2.100) / (460 + 140)] = 0.00350 (cu ft per lb) / °R
b) For the van der waals gas,
b = [(10.73) / (70.9)] = 0.1514 (psi)(cu ft per lb) / °R
Therefore
(∂V / ∂T)P = [{bV3(V – β)} / {bTV3 – 2α(V – β)2}]
= [{(0.1514)(2.100)3(2.100 – 0.0127)}
/ {(0.1514)(600)(2.100)3 – 2(4.88)(2.100 -0.0127)2}]
= [(2.925) / (841.0 – 42.5)]
= 0.00366 (cu ft per lb) / °R

31. A gas obeys the van der Waals equation, with Pc = 30 atm
and Tc = 200°C. The compressibility factor (PV / RT) will be
more than one (at P = 50 atm, T = 250°C; at P = 1 atm,
T = 100°C; P = 500 atm, T = 500°C; none of these).
Calculate the van der Waals constant b for this gas.

Solution: For a compressibility factor greater than unity, P = 500 atm and
T = 500°C (that is the highest P and T) are chosen. The constant
bc = (Vc / 3). It is known that
[(PcVc) / (RTc)] = [{[a / (27b2)] (3b)} / {R [8a / (27Rb)]}] = (3 / 8)
 for a van der Waals gas. Therefore,
Vc = [(3RTc) / (8Pc)] [{(3)(.082)(473°K)} / {(8)(30 atm)}]
Vc = 0.4848 b = [(0.4848) / 3] = 0.162 liter/mole.

32. A chamber contains 5 lbm of an ideal gas, initially at a

temperature of 100°F. The gas then undergoes a reversible
isobaric process during which 500 Btu are added to the gas
as heat. Determine the final temperature of the gas,
assuming that the following properties of the gas are known.
R = 0.0641Btu/lbm –°R [0.2684 kJ/kg–°K] k = 1.147

Solution:
cv = [R / (k – 1)]

cp = R + cv
Also T1 = 100°F + 460 = 560°R [311.11°K]

cv = [(0.0641) / (1.147 – 1)]

= 0.4361 Btu/lbm–°R [1.8257 kJ/kg –°K]

cp = 0.0641 + 0.4361
= 0.5 Btu/lbm–°R [2.0942 kJ/kg –°K]

Q = mcp dT = mcp (T2 – T1)

T2 = [{Q / (mcp)} + T1]

= [(500) / {(5)(0.5)}] + 560 = 760°R (422.2°K)

T2 = 300°F [149.1°C]
33. What is the pressure of carbon dioxide (CO2) at 200°F and
a specific volume of 0.20 ft3/lbm?

Solution: From the table of the critical constants, for CO2,

Tcr = 547.6°R
Vcr = 1.53 ft3/lbm–mol = 0.0348 ft3/lbm
Zcr = 0.279
Converting to reduced temperature and volume obtain,
Tcr = [T / (Tcr)] = [(660) / (547.6)] = 1.203
vr = [v / (vcr)] = [(0.20) / (0.0348)] = 5.747
Then
vr' = vrZcr = 5.747(0.279) = 1.63
From the generalized compressibility factor's chart at Tr and vr', obtain
Z = 0.87
Hence
p = [(ZRT) / v]
= [{0.87 (35.12) (660)} / (0.20 × 144)]
= 700 psia.

34. 3000 J of heat is added to a system and 2500 J of work is done by the
system. What is the change in internal energy of the system?
Known :
 Heat (Q) = +3000 Joule
Work (W) = +2500 Joule
ΔU = Q-W
ΔU = 3000-2500
ΔU = 500 Joule

35. 2000 J of heat is added to a system and 2500 J of work is done on the
system. What is the change in internal energy of the system?
Known :
Heat (Q) = +2000 Joule
Work (W) = -2500 Joule
ΔU = Q-W
ΔU = 2000-(-2500)
ΔU = 2000+2500
ΔU = 4500 Joule
36. 2000 J of heat leaves the system and 2500 J of work is done on the system.
What is the change in internal energy of the system?

Known :
Heat (Q) = -2000 Joule
Work (W) = -3000 Joule
Solution :
ΔU = Q-W
ΔU = -2000-(-3000)
ΔU = -2000+3000
ΔU = 1000 Joule
Internal energy increases by 4500 Joule.

37. An engine absorbs 2000 Joule of heat at a high temperature and exhausted
1200 Joule of heat at a low temperature. What is the efficiency of the
engine?

Known :
Heat input (QH) = 2000 Joule
Heat output (QL) = 1200 Joule
Work done by engine (W) = 2000 – 1200 = 800 Joule
Wanted : efficiency (e)
Solution :
e = W / QH
e = 800/2000
e = 0.4 x 100%
e = 40%
38. An engine absorbs heat at 960 Kelvin and the engine discharges heat at 576
Kelvin. What is the efficiency of the engine.

Known :
 High temperature (TH) = 960 K
Low temperature (TL) = 576 K
Wanted: efficiency (e)
Solution :

Efficiency of Carnot engine = 0.4 x 100% = 40%

39. The efficiency of a Carnot engine is 40%. If heat absorbed at 727°C then
what is the low temperature.

Known :
Efficiency (e) = 40% = 40/100 = 0.4
High temperature (TH) = 727oC + 273 = 1000 K
Wanted : Low temperature
Solution :

TL = 600 Kelvin – 273 = 327oC

40. The high temperature of a Carnot engine is 600 K. If the engine absorbs 600
J of heat and the low temperature is 400 K, what is the work done by the
engine.

Known :
Low temperature (TL) = 400 K
High temperature (TH) = 600 K
Heat input (Q1) = 600 Joule
Wanted: Work was done by Carnot engine (W)
Solution :
The efficiency of the Carnot engine :
 Work was done by Carnot engine :
W = e Q1
W = (1/3)(600) = 200 Joule

41. Calculate the absolute pressure for a system, given a gauge pressure of 1.5 MPa and a
barometric pressure(atmospheric pressure) of 104 kPa.

absolute pressure = atmospheric pressure + gauge pressure

Pabs = Patm + Pgauge
Given:
Patm = 104 kPa {where kPa = kilo Pascal}
and
Pgauge = 1.5 MPa {where MPa = mega Pascal}
= 1.5 × 1000 kPa
= 1500 kPa
Pabs = 1500 + 104
= 1604 kPa
= (1604 / 1000)MPa
Pabs = 1.604 MPa

42. The density of liquid gallium is 6.09 g/cm3 at 35°C. If this element is employed in a
barometer instead of mercury, what is the height of a column of gallium sustained in
the barometer at 1 atm. pressure?
The gallium column can be computed by the use of the relation:
(hGa) (dGa) = (hHg) (dHg)
h = height of a column,
d = density,
hGa = [(hHg)(dHg) / (dGa)]
1 atm pressure = hHg = 760 mm Hg = 76.0 cm Hg.
dHg = 13.6 gm/cm3.
hGa = [{(76.0 cm Hg)(13.6 gm/cm3)} / (6.09 gm/cm3)]
= 169.7 cm Ga = 1697 mm Ga

43. If the temperature of the air in a chemistry laboratory is ambient (77°F), what is the
equivalent scale in Kelvin?

TK = 273 + TC
{(TF – 32) / 9} = (TC / 5)
{(77 – 32) / 9} = (TC / 5)
{5(77 – 32)} = 9TC
5 (45)} = 9TC
TC = 25°
TK = 273 + TC
TK = 273 + 25
TK = 298°.
44. A 0.2 m3 container holds oxygen at 70°C and 25 bars.Calculate the amount of oxygen
in the container if the atmospheric pressure is 1 bar.

PV = mRT
P = Pressure = 25 + 1 = 26 bars
V = Volume = 0.2 m3.
R = (R / M)
= [(8314.3 J / kg.mol–°K) / (32 kg / kg.mol)]
= 259.8 J / kg–°K
= 259.8 N–m / kg–°K
T = 273 + 70 = 343°K
m = (PV / RT)= 5.8354 kg

45. Calculate the volume of a cylinder which contains 60 lbm of carbon dioxide at 230°F
and 23 psig pressure. Assume atmospheric pressure to be 14.7 psia.

PV = mRT
∴ P = 14.7 + 23
= 37.7 psia
= [37.7 (lb / in2) × 144 (in2 / ft2)]
= [5429 (lb / ft2)]
T = 230 + 460
= 690°R
V = (mRT / P) = 268 ft3.

46. Calculate the total work transfer that takes place for a
process as shown in the figure.

T1 = – 50°F T2 = + 70°F
P1 = 650 psia P2 = 25 psia
H1 = 300 Btu/lbm H2 = 410 Btu/lbm
S1 = 1.0 Btu/lbm°R S2 = 1.65 Btu/lbm°R
Z1 = 100 ft Z2 = 100 ft
V1 = 450 ft/sec V2 = 150 ft/sec
 Solution: Taking into consideration the different forms of energy
Qact – (W)act = ΔH + ΔKE + ΔPE
= H2 – H1 + [(V22 – V12) / 2gc] + (Z2 – Z1)(g / gc)
220(Btu / lbm) – (W)act
= (410 – 300)(Btu / lbm)
+ [{(1502 – 4502)(ft2 / sec2)} / {2 × (32.2 ft lbm / sec2 lbf)}]
× [(1 Btu) / (778 ft–lbf)]
+ [{(100 – 100)(32.2 ft / sec2)} / {(32.2 ft–lbm) / (sec2lbf)}]
220 – Wact = 110 + (– 3.6) + 0
∴ – Wact = – 113.6 Btu/lbm
Wact = 113.6 Btu/lbm

47. For the data given in the figure, calculate the change in energy, Δe for 1 kg of steam.

Solution: From the steam tables

u1 = 3273.0 j/gm
v1 = 78.69 cm3/gm
u2 = 2519.7 j/gm
v2 = 1159.3 j/gm
Δe = Δ[u + (1/2)V2 + gz] = Δu + Δ(1/2)V2 + Δgz (1)
Δu = u2 – u1 = 2519.7 – 3273.0 = – 753.3 j/gm = – 753,300 j/kg
Δ(1/2)V2 = (1/2)(V22 – V12) = – (1/2)(9 – 0.09)1 = – 4. 455 j/kg
Units:
(m2 / sec2) × 1(N–sec2 / kg–m) → (N–m / kg) → (j / kg)
Δgz = g(z2 – z1) = – 9.8(3 – 0)1 = – 29.4 j/kg
Then Eq. (1) gives
Δe = – 753,300 – 4.455 – 29.4 = – 753,333.85 J/kg = – 753.34 kJ/kg

48. A Carnot engine operates between the temperatures 1000°F and 50°F, producing 120
Btu of work. Calculate the heat input to the engine.
Solution: The first law of thermodynamics yields
QH − QL = W (1)
where
QH = Heat input
QL = Heat output
W = Work done = 120 Btu
From the definition of absolute thermodynamic temperature scale,
(QH / QL) = (TH / TL) (2)
Solving equations (1) and (2) for QH,
QH − QH (TL / TH) = W
Or
QH = [W / (1 – TL / TH)] (3)
TH = 1000 + 460 = 1460°R
TL = 50 + 460 = 510°R
Substituting these values in equation (3),
QH = [(120) / {1 − (510 / 1460)}] = 184.4 Btu

49. One kg of water is initially located 100m above a very large lake. The water, the lake,
and the air are at uniform temperature of 20°C. Then the one kg of water falls into the
lake, mixing and coming to equilibrium with it. Determine the entropy change
associated with this process..

Solution: For a combined system of the water, the lake, and the air
UF − UI = (P.E.)I − (P.E.)F
However at the final state (at equilibrium) the potential energy (P.E.) is
zero. Thus
UF − UI = (P.E.)I = mgh
where
m = 1 kg
g = 9.81 m/sec2
h = 100 m
Also for the change in entropy
ds = (1 / T) (du + Pdv) ≅ (1 / T) du (1)
Integrating Eq. (1),
∫ds = Δs = (1 / T) ∫du
= (1 / T) (UF – UI)
= (1 / T) (mgh)
Substituting the known values
Δs = [1 / (293)] (1.0 × 9.81 × 100)
= 3.346 J/°K
50. Calculate the change in specific entropy of 1 lbm of air when it is compressed from
14 psia, 60°F to 84 psia and 460°F.
Solutions: Assume a reversible process between the two state points. Thus
(T2 / T1) = (P2 / P1)[(n – 1) / n]
[(920) / (520)] = (84 / 14)[(n – 1) / n]
1.769 = (6)[(n – 1) / n]
Hence
[(n – 1) / n] = 0.3185
n = 1.467
For a polytropic process
Cn = Cv + [R / {J (1 – n)}]
= 0.1715 + [(53.35) / {(1 – 1.467) 778}]
= 0.1715 – 0.1467
= 0.0248 Btu/lbm – °R
Then S2 – S1 = mCn ln (T2 / T1)
= 1 × 0.0248 ln [(920) / (520)]
= 0.01416 Btu/°R
The change in entropy is
ΔS = 0.01416 Btu/°R