Unsteady State Conduction Perpindahan Kalor

Jurusan Teknik Mesin, FT Universitas Negeri Semarang
UNSTEADY HEAT TRANSFER
Banyak masalah perpindahan panas memerlukan pemahaman sejarah waktu lengkap dari variasi
suhu. Misalnya, dalam metalurgi, proses perlakuan panas dapat dikontrol untuk secara langsung
mempengaruhi karakteristik bahan yang diproses. Annealing (dingin lambat) dapat melunakkan
logam dan meningkatkan keuletan. Di sisi lain, pendinginan (pendinginan cepat) dapat
mengeraskan batas regangan dan meningkatkan kekuatan. Untuk mengkarakterisasi perilaku
sementara ini, diperlukan persamaan lengkap yang tidak stabil:
∂T 2 1 ∂T
ρc = k ∇ T , or = ∇2T
∂t α ∂t
k
where α = is the thermal diffusivity
ρc

“Benda yang dipanaskan / didinginkan di Ti tiba-tiba terkena cairan di T
dengan koefisien perpindahan panas yang diketahui. Evaluasi suhu pada
waktu tertentu, atau temukan waktu untuk suhu tertentu. "
Q: “How good an approximation would it be to say the bar is more or less

isothermal?”
A: “Depends on the relative importance of the thermal conductivity in the
thermal circuit compared to the convective heat transfer coefficient”.

Biot No. Bi
•Defined to describe the relative resistance in a thermal circuit of
the convection compared
hLc Lc / kA Internal conduction resistance within solid

Bi = = =
k 1 / hA External convection resistance at body surface
Lc is a characteristic length of the body

Bi→0 : No conduction resistance at all. The body is isothermal.
Small Bi : Conduction resistance is less important. The body may still be approximated
as isothermal (purple temp. plot in figure) Lumped capacitance analysis can
be performed.
Large Bi : Conduction resistance is significant. The body cannot be treated as isothermal (blue
temp. plot in figure).

Transient heat transfer with no internal resistance: Lumped Parameter Analysis
Valid for Bi<0.1
Solid
Total Resistance= Rexternal + Rinternal
GE: BC:
Solution:

Lumped Parameter Analysis
Θi = Ti − T∞
Θ hA
ln =− t
Θi mc p
hA
− t
Θ mc p
=e
Θi
mc p - To determine the temperature at a given time, or
T − T∞ −t
hA - To determine the time required for the
=e
Ti − T∞ temperature to reach a specified value.
Note: Temperature function only of time and not of space!

T − T∞ hA
T= = exp( − t)
T0 − T∞ ρcV
hA ⎛ hLc ⎞⎛ k ⎞ 1 1 α
t =⎜ ⎟⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ t = Bi 2 t
ρcV ⎝ k ⎠⎝ ρc ⎠ Lc Lc Lc
Thermal diffusivity: ⎛ k ⎞ (m² s-1)
α ≡ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ ρc ⎠
Define Fo as the Fourier number (dimensionless time)

α hLC
Fo ≡ 2
t and Biot number Bi ≡
Lc k
The temperature variation can be expressed as
T = exp(-Bi*Fo)
where Lc is a characteri stic length scale : realte to the size of the solid invloved in the problem
r
for example , Lc = o (half - radius) when the solid is a cylinder.
2
r
Lc = o (one - third radius) when the solid is sphere
3
Lc = L (half thickness) when the solid is aplane wall with a 2L thickness

Spatial Effects and the Role of Analytical Solutions
The Plane Wall: Solution to the Heat Equation for a Plane Wall with
Symmetrical Convection Conditions
1 ∂T ∂ 2T
⋅ = 2
a ∂τ ∂x
T ( x, 0) = Ti
∂T
=0
∂x x =0
∂T
−k = h[T ( L, t ) − T∞ ]
∂x x =l

The Plane Wall:
Note: Once spatial variability of temperature is included,
there is existence of seven different independent
variables.
How may the functional dependence be simplified?
•The answer is Non-dimensionalisation. We first need

to understand the physics behind the phenomenon,
identify parameters governing the process, and group
them into meaningful non-dimensional numbers.

*θ T − T∞
Dimensionless temperature difference: θ = =
θ i Ti − T∞
x
Dimensionless coordinate: x* =
L
αt
Dimensionless time: t* = 2
= Fo
L
hL
The Biot Number: Bi =
k solid
The solution for temperature will now be a function of the other non-dimensional
quantities
θ * = f ( x * , Fo, Bi )
∞
Exact Solution: θ = ∑ Cn exp(− ζ n2 Fo )cos(ζ n x * )
*
n =1
4 sin ζ n
Cn = ζ n tan ζ n = Bi
2ζ n + sin (2ζ n )
The roots (eigenvalues) of the equation can be obtained from tables given in standard textbooks.
The One-Term Approximation Fo > 0.2
Variation of mid-plane temperature with time Fo ( x * = 0)

T − T∞
*
θ =
0 ≈ C1 exp(− ζ 12 Fo )
Ti − T∞
From tables given in standard textbooks, one can obtain C1 and ζ1
as a function of Bi.
Variation of temperature with location ( x * ) and time ( Fo ):
θ * = θ 0* = cos(ζ 1 x * )
Change in thermal energy storage with time: ΔE st = −Q

⎛ sin ζ 1 ⎞ *
Q = Q0 ⎜⎜1 − ⎟⎟θ 0
⎝ ζ1 ⎠
Q0 = ρcV (Ti − T∞ )
Graphical Representation of the One-Term Approximation:
The Heisler Charts
Midplane Temperature:

Temperature Distribution
Change in Thermal Energy Storage
Assumptions in using Heisler charts:

•Constant Ti and thermal properties over the body
•Constant boundary fluid T∞ by step change
•Simple geometry: slab, cylinder or sphere

Radial Systems
Long Rods or Spheres Heated or Cooled by Convection
Similar Heisler charts are available for radial systems in standard

text books.
Important tips: Pay attention to the length scale used in
those charts, and calculate your Biot number accordingly.

Unsteady Heat Transfer in Semi-infinite Solids
q Solidification process of the coating layer during a thermal spray

operation is an unsteady heat transfer problem. As we discuss
earlier, thermal spray process deposits thin layer of coating
materials on surface for protection and thermal resistant purposes,
as shown. The heated, molten materials will attach to the substrate
and cool down rapidly. The cooling process is important to prevent
the accumulation of residual thermal stresses in the coating layer.

Unsteady Heat Transfer in Semi-infinite Solids(contd…)
liquid
Coating with density ρ,
latent heat of fusion: hsf
S(t) δ
solid
Substrate, k, α

Example
q As described in the previous slide, the cooling process can now be

modeled as heat loss through a semi-infinite solid. (Since the substrate
is significantly thicker than the coating layer) The molten material is at
the fusion temperature Tf and the substrate is maintained at a constant
temperature Ti. Derive an expression for the total time that is required
to solidify the coating layer of thickness δ.

Example
q Assume the molten layer stays at a constant temperature Tf

throughout the process. The heat loss to the substrate is solely
supplied by the release of the latent heat of fusion.
From energy balance:
hsf Δm (solidified mass during Δt) = ΔQ = q" AΔt (energy input)
dm
h sf= q"A, where m = ρV = ρAS,
dt
where S is solidified thickness
dS
Heat transfer from ρ = q"
dt
the molten material
to the substrate
(q=q”A)

Example (contd...)
q Identify that the previous situation corresponds to the case of a semi-

infinite transient heat transfer problem with a constant surface
temperature boundary condition. This boundary condition can be
modeled as a special case of convection boundary condition case by
setting h=∞, therefore, Ts=T∞).

Example (contd...)
If the surface temperature is Ts and the initial temperature of
the bolck is Ti , the analytical solution of the problem can be found:
The temperature distribution and the heat transfer into the block are:
T(x,t)-Ts ⎛ x ⎞
= erf ⎜ ⎟ , where erf( ) is the Gaussian error function.
Ti − Ts ⎝ 2 αt ⎠
2 w − v2
It is defined as erf(w)=
π ∫ e dv
0
k(Ts − Ti )
q s"(t)=
πα t

Example (contd...)
From the previous equation

δ t
dS k(Tf − Ti ) k(Tf − Ti ) dt
ρ hsf =q"= , and ∫ dS = ∫
dt πα t 0 ρ hsf πα 0 t
2
2k(Tf − Ti ) πα ⎛ δρ hsf ⎞
δ (t ) = t , therefore, δ ∝ t. Cooling time t = 2 ⎜
⎜ ⎟⎟
ρ hsf πα 4k ⎝ T f − Ti ⎠
q Use the following values to calculate: k=120 W/m.K, α=4×10-5 m2/s,

ρ=3970 kg/m3, and hsf=3.577 ×106 J/kg, Tf=2318 K, Ti=300K, and δ=2
mm

Example (contd…)
2k(Tf − Ti )
δ (t ) = t = 0.00304 t
ρhsf πα
q δ(t) ∝ t1/2
0.004 q Therefore, the layer solidifies
very fast initially and then slows
0.003 down as shown in the figure
q Note: we neglect contact
δ( t )0.002 resistance between the coating and
the substrate and assume
0.001 temperature of the coating material
stays the same even after it
0 solidifies.
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
t
q To solidify 2 mm thickness, it takes 0.43 seconds.

Example (contd…)
q What will be the substrate temperature as it varies in time? The

temperature distribution is:
T ( x, t ) − TS ⎛ x ⎞
= erf ⎜ ⎟,
Ti − TS ⎝ 2 αt ⎠
⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ x ⎞
T ( x, t ) = 2318 + (300 − 2318)erf ⎜ ⎟ = 2318 − 2018erf ⎜ 79.06 ⎟
⎝ 2 αt ⎠ ⎝ t⎠

Example (contd…)
q For a fixed distance away from the surface, we can examine

the variation of the temperature as a function of time. Example,
1 cm deep into the substrate the temperature should behave as:
x 0.79
T ( x = 0.01, t ) = 2318 − 2018erf 79.06 = 2318 − 2018erf
t t

Example (contd...)
2000
q At x=1 cm, the temperature rises almost
1600
Temperature
T1 ( t ) instantaneously at a very fast rate. A short time
1200
T2 ( t ) later, the rate of temp. increase slows down
800
T3 ( t ) significantly since the energy has to distribute to
400
a very large mass.
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
q At deeper depth (x=2 & 3 cm), the
t
Time temperature will not respond to the surface
x=1 cm
x=2 cm condition until much later.
x=3 cm

Example (contd...)
q We can also examine the spatial temperature distribution at

any given time, say at t=1 second.
T ( x, t = 1) = 2318 − 2018erf 79.06 x = 2318 − 2018erf 79.06 x
t
3000 q Heat penetrates into the
substrate as shown for different
Temperature (K)
T1( x ) 2000
time instants.
T2( x ) q It takes more than 5 seconds
T3( x ) 1000 for the energy to transfer to a
depth of 5 cm into the substrate
0 q The slopes of the temperature
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
profiles indicate the amount of
x
distance (m) conduction heat transfer at that
t=1 s. instant.
t=5 s.
t=10 s. Jurusan Teknik Mesin, FT Universitas Negeri Semarang
Numerical Methods for Unsteady Heat Transfer
q Unsteady heat transfer equation, no generation, constant k, two-

dimensional in Cartesian coordinate:
1 ∂T ∂ 2T ∂ 2T
= 2 + 2
α ∂t ∂x ∂y
q We have learned how to discretize the Laplacian operator into system of
finite difference equations using nodal network. For the unsteady problem,
the temperature variation with time needs to be discretized too. To be
consistent with the notation from the book, we choose to analyze the time
variation in small time increment Δt, such that the real time t=pΔt. The
time differentiation can be approximated as:
∂T TmP,n+1 − TmP,n
≈ , while m & n correspond to nodal location
∂t m ,n Δt
such that x=mΔx, and y=nΔy as introduced earlier.
Finite Difference Equations
m,n+1
m-1,n m,n m+1, n
m,n-1
q From the nodal network to the left, the heat equation can be written
in finite difference form:

Finite Difference Equations (contd…)
P +1 P P P P P P P
1 Tm ,n − Tm ,n Tm +1,n + Tm −1,n − 2Tm ,n Tm ,n +1 + Tm ,n −1 − 2Tm ,n
= 2
+
α Δt ( Δx ) ( Δy ) 2
αΔt
Assume Δx=Δy and the discretized Fourier number Fo= 2
( Δx )
TmP,n+1 = Fo (TmP+1,n + TmP−1,n + TmP,n +1 + TmP,n −1 ) + (1 − 4 Fo )TmP,n
This is the explicit, finite difference equation for a 2-D,
unsteady heat transfer equation.
The temperature at time p+1 is explicitly expressed as a
function of neighboring temperatures at an earlier time p

Nodal Equations
q Some common nodal configurations are listed in table for your

reference. On the third column of the table, there is a stability
criterion for each nodal configuration. This criterion has to be
satisfied for the finite difference solution to be stable. Otherwise,
the solution may be diverging and never reach the final solution.

Nodal Equations (contd…)
q For example, Fo≤1/4. That is, αΔt/(Δx)2 ≤1/4 and

Δt≤(1/4α)(Δx)2. Therefore, the time increment has to be small
enough in order to maintain stability of the solution.
q This criterion can also be interpreted as that we should require

the coefficient for TPm,n in the finite difference equation be greater
than or equal to zero.
q Question: Why this can be a problem? Can we just make time

increment as small as possible to avoid it?

Finite Difference Solution
Question: How do we solve the finite difference equation derived?
q First, by specifying initial conditions for all points inside the

nodal network. That is to specify values for all temperature at
time level p=0.
q Important: check stability criterion for each points.
qFrom the explicit equation, we can determine all temperature at
the next time level p+1=0+1=1. The following transient response
can then be determined by marching out in time p+2, p+3, and so
on.

Example
q Example: A flat plate at an initial temperature of 100 deg. is suddenly

immersed into a cold temperature bath of 0 deg. Use the unsteady finite
difference equation to determine the transient response of the temperature
of the plate.
L(thickness)=0.02 m, k=10 W/m.K, α=10×10-6 m2/s,
h=1000 W/m2.K, Ti=100°C, T∞=0°C, Δx=0.01 m
x Bi=(hΔx)/k=1, Fo=(αΔt)/(Δx)2=0.1
1
There are three nodal points: 1 interior and two
2 3
exterior points: For node 2, it satisfies the case 1
configuration in table.
T2P +1 = Fo(T1P + T3P + T2P + T2P ) + (1 − 4 Fo)T2P = Fo(T1P + T3P ) + (1 − 2 Fo)T2P

= 0.1(T1P + T3P ) + 0.8T2P
1
Stability criterion: 1-2Fo ≥ 0 or Fo=0.1 ≤ ,it is satisfied
2
Example
For nodes 1 & 3, they are consistent with the case 3 in table.
Node 1: T1P +1 = Fo(2T2P + T1P + T1P + 2 BiT∞ ) + (1 − 4 Fo − 2 BiFo)T1P
= Fo(2T2P + 2 BiT∞ ) + (1 − 2 Fo − 2 BiFo)T1P = 0.2T2P + 0.6T1P
Node 3: T3P +1 = 0.2T2P + 0.6T3P
1
Stability criterion: (1-2Fo-2BiFo) ≥ 0, ≥ Fo(1 + Bi ) = 0.2 and it is satisfied
2
System of equations Use initial condition, T10 = T20 = T30 = 100,
T1P +1 = 0.2T2P + 0.6T1P T11 = 0.2T20 + 0.6T10 = 80
T2P +1 = 0.1(T1P + T3P ) + 0.8T2P T21 = 0.1(T10 + T30 ) + 0.8T20 = 100
T3P +1 = 0.2T2P + 0.6T3P T31 = 0.2T20 + 0.6T30 = 80
Marching in time, T11 = T31 = 80, T21 = 100
T12 = 0.2T21 + 0.6T11 = 0.2(100) + 0.6(80) = 68
T22 = 0.1(T11 + T31 ) + 0.8T21 = 0.1(80 + 80) + 0.8(100) = 96
T32 = 0.2T21 + 0.6T31 = 0.2(100) + 0.6(80) = 68, and so on
EXAMPLE : Boiling Eggs
EXAMPLE Boiling Eggs
An ordinary egg can be approximated as a 5-cm-diameter sphere (Fig. 4–19). The egg is initially at a uniform temperature of 5°C
and is dropped into boiling water at 95°C. Taking the convection heat transfer coefficient to be h 1200 W/m2 · °C, determine
how long it will take for the center of the egg to reach 70°C.
SOLUTION An egg is cooked in boiling water. The cooking time of the egg is to be determined.
Assumptions
1 The egg is spherical in shape with a radius of r0 2.5 cm.
2 Heat conduction in the egg is one-dimensional because of thermal symmetry about the midpoint.
3 The thermal properties of the egg and the heat transfer coefficient are constant.
4 The Fourier number is 0.2 so that the one-term approximate solutions are applicable.
Properties The water content of eggs is about 74 percent, and thus the thermal conductivity and diffusivity of eggs can be approximated by those of water at the
average temperature of (5 70)/2 37.5°C; k 0.627 W/m · °C and k/ Cp 0.151 10 6 m2/s
Analysis The temperature within the egg varies with radial distance as well as time, and the temperature at a specified location at a given time can be determined
from the Heisler charts or the one-term solutions. Here we will use the latter to demonstrate their use. The Biot number for this problem is
which is much greater than 0.1, and thus the lumped system analysis is not applicable. The coefficients 1 and
A1 for a sphere corresponding to this Bi are, from Table 4–1,
Substituting these and other values into Eq. 4–15 and solving for gives
which is greater than 0.2, and thus the one-term solution is applicable with an error of less than 2 percent. Then the cooking time is determined from the de-
finition of the Fourier number to be
Therefore, it will take about 15 min for the center of the egg to be heated from 5°C to 70°C.

EXAMPLE Heat Transfer from a Short Cylinder
Determine the total heat transfer from the short brass cylinder ( 8530 kg/m3, Cp 0.380 kJ/kg · °C)
SOLUTION We first determine the maximum heat that can be transferred from the cylinder, which is the sensible energy content of
the cylinder relative to its environment:
Then we determine the dimensionless heat transfer ratios for both geometries. For the plane wall, it is determined from Fig. 4–13c to
be
Similarly, for the cylinder, we have
Then the heat transfer ratio for the short cylinder is, from Eq. 4–28,
Therefore, the total heat transfer from the cylinder during the first 15 min of cooling is

Cengel,YunusA,1998.“HeatTransfer,APracticalApproach”.Mcb.Mc.Graw-Hill.

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Jurusan Teknik Mesin, FT Universitas Negeri Semarang

UNSTEADY HEAT TRANSFER

Jurusan Teknik Mesin, FT Universitas Negeri Semarang

Q: “How good an approximation would it be to say the bar is more or less

Jurusan Teknik Mesin, FT Universitas Negeri Semarang

hLc Lc / kA Internal conduction resistance within solid

Lc is a characteristic length of the body

Jurusan Teknik Mesin, FT Universitas Negeri Semarang

Valid for Bi<0.1

Jurusan Teknik Mesin, FT Universitas Negeri Semarang

Note: Temperature function only of time and not of space!

Jurusan Teknik Mesin, FT Universitas Negeri Semarang

Define Fo as the Fourier number (dimensionless time)

Lc = L (half thickness) when the solid is aplane wall with a 2L thickness

Jurusan Teknik Mesin, FT Universitas Negeri Semarang

How may the functional dependence be simplified?

•The answer is Non-dimensionalisation. We first need

Jurusan Teknik Mesin, FT Universitas Negeri Semarang

Variation of mid-plane temperature with time Fo ( x * = 0)

Variation of temperature with location ( x * ) and time ( Fo ):

Change in thermal energy storage with time: ΔE st = −Q

Jurusan Teknik Mesin, FT Universitas Negeri Semarang

Change in Thermal Energy Storage

Assumptions in using Heisler charts:

Jurusan Teknik Mesin, FT Universitas Negeri Semarang

Similar Heisler charts are available for radial systems in standard

Jurusan Teknik Mesin, FT Universitas Negeri Semarang

q Solidification process of the coating layer during a thermal spray

Jurusan Teknik Mesin, FT Universitas Negeri Semarang

Jurusan Teknik Mesin, FT Universitas Negeri Semarang

q As described in the previous slide, the cooling process can now be

Jurusan Teknik Mesin, FT Universitas Negeri Semarang

q Assume the molten layer stays at a constant temperature Tf

Jurusan Teknik Mesin, FT Universitas Negeri Semarang

q Identify that the previous situation corresponds to the case of a semi-

Jurusan Teknik Mesin, FT Universitas Negeri Semarang

Jurusan Teknik Mesin, FT Universitas Negeri Semarang

From the previous equation

q Use the following values to calculate: k=120 W/m.K, α=4×10-5 m2/s,

Jurusan Teknik Mesin, FT Universitas Negeri Semarang

q To solidify 2 mm thickness, it takes 0.43 seconds.

Jurusan Teknik Mesin, FT Universitas Negeri Semarang

q What will be the substrate temperature as it varies in time? The

Jurusan Teknik Mesin, FT Universitas Negeri Semarang

q For a fixed distance away from the surface, we can examine

Jurusan Teknik Mesin, FT Universitas Negeri Semarang

Jurusan Teknik Mesin, FT Universitas Negeri Semarang

q We can also examine the spatial temperature distribution at

q Unsteady heat transfer equation, no generation, constant k, two-

m-1,n m,n m+1, n

Jurusan Teknik Mesin, FT Universitas Negeri Semarang

Jurusan Teknik Mesin, FT Universitas Negeri Semarang

q Some common nodal configurations are listed in table for your

Jurusan Teknik Mesin, FT Universitas Negeri Semarang

q For example, Fo≤1/4. That is, αΔt/(Δx)2 ≤1/4 and

q This criterion can also be interpreted as that we should require

q Question: Why this can be a problem? Can we just make time

Jurusan Teknik Mesin, FT Universitas Negeri Semarang

Question: How do we solve the finite difference equation derived?

q First, by specifying initial conditions for all points inside the

Jurusan Teknik Mesin, FT Universitas Negeri Semarang

q Example: A flat plate at an initial temperature of 100 deg. is suddenly

T2P +1 = Fo(T1P + T3P + T2P + T2P ) + (1 − 4 Fo)T2P = Fo(T1P + T3P ) + (1 − 2 Fo)T2P