ITTC Symbols and Terminology List

1
ITTC Symbols and Terminology List
Version 2017
September 2017
Supersedes all previous versions

Please go to next page for hypertext table of contents
Updated by the 28th ITTC Quality Systems Group

ITTC Symbols and Terminology List, Version 2017
Table of Contents:
all lines have hypertext link to symbols pages
1. GENERAL ............................................. 4 1.3.5.2 Flow fields .................................. 28

1.1 Fundamental Concepts ..................... 4 1.3.5.3 Pumps ......................................... 28
1.1.1 Uncertainty ................................... 4 1.4 Environmental Mechanics .............. 29
1.1.2 Coordinates and Space Related 1.4.1 Waves ......................................... 29
Quantities...................................... 8 1.4.1.1 Periodic waves............................ 29
1.1.2.1 Basic Quantities .......................... 11 1.4.1.2 Irregular waves ........................... 29
1.1.3 Time and Frequency Domain 1.4.1.3 Time Domain Analysis............... 30
Quantities.................................... 12 1.4.1.4 Frequency Domain Analysis ...... 30
1.1.3.1 Basic Quantities .......................... 12 1.4.1.5 Directional Waves ...................... 31
1.1.3.2 Complex Transforms .................. 13 1.4.2 Wind ........................................... 32
1.1.3.3 Complex Quantities .................... 13 1.4.2.1 Basic Quantities.......................... 32
1.1.4 Random Quantities and Stochastic 1.4.3 Ice Mechanics ............................. 33
Processes .................................... 14 1.4.3.1 Basic Quantities.......................... 33
1.1.4.1 Random Quantities ..................... 14 1.5 Noise .................................................. 34
1.1.4.2 Stochastic Processes ................... 14 1.5.1 Underwater Noise ....................... 34
1.1.4.3 Probability Operators 2. SHIPS IN GENERAL ......................... 35
(Superscripts).............................. 15 2.1 Basic Quantities ............................... 35
1.1.5 Balances and System Related 2.2 Geometry and Hydrostatics ............ 37
Concepts ..................................... 16 2.2.1 Hull Geometry ............................ 37
1.2 Solid Body Mechanics ..................... 17 2.2.1.1 Basic Quantities.......................... 37
1.2.1 Inertial and Hydrodynamic 2.2.1.2 Derived Quantities...................... 38
Properties .................................... 17 2.2.1.3 Symbols for Attributes and
1.2.1.1 Basic Quantities .......................... 17 Subscripts ................................... 39
1.2.2 Loads .......................................... 18 2.2.2 Propulsor Geometry ................... 41
1.2.2.1 External Loads ............................ 18 2.2.2.1 Screw Propellers ......................... 41
1.2.2.2 Sectional Loads .......................... 19 2.2.2.2 Ducts........................................... 43
1.2.3 Rigid Body Motions ................... 20 2.2.2.3 Waterjets (see also section 1.3.5)43
1.2.3.1 Motions ....................................... 20 2.2.2.4 Pods ............................................ 43
1.2.3.2 Attitudes ..................................... 21 2.2.2.5 Operators and identifiers ............ 43
1.3 Fluid Mechanics ............................... 22 2.2.3 Appendage Geometry ................. 44
1.3.1 Flow Parameters ......................... 22 2.2.3.1 Basic Quantities.......................... 44
1.3.1.1 Fluid Properties .......................... 22 2.2.3.2 Identifiers for Appendages
1.3.1.2 Flow parameters ......................... 22 (Subscripts)................................. 44
1.3.1.3 Boundary conditions................... 23 2.2.4 Hydrostatics and Stability .......... 46
1.3.2 Flow Fields ................................. 24 2.2.4.1 Points and Centres (Still under
1.3.2.1 Velocities etc. ............................. 24 construction) ............................... 46
1.3.2.2 Circulation etc. ........................... 24 2.2.4.2 Static Stability levers .................. 46
1.3.3 Lifting Surfaces .......................... 25 2.2.4.3 Derived Quantities...................... 48
1.3.3.1 Geometry .................................... 25 2.2.4.4 Intact and Damage (Flooded)
1.3.3.2 Flow angles etc ........................... 25 Stability ...................................... 48
1.3.3.3 Forces ......................................... 26 2.2.4.5 Symbols for Attributes and
1.3.3.4 Sectional coefficients ................. 26 Subscripts (under construction) .. 49
1.3.4 Boundary Layers ........................ 27 2.3 Resistance and Propulsion .............. 50
1.3.4.1 Two-dimensional Boundary Layers 2.3.1 Hull Resistance (see also Section
............................................... 27 1.4.1 on Waves) .......................... 50
1.3.5 Cavitation ................................... 28 2.3.1.1 Basic Quantities.......................... 50
1.3.5.1 Flow parameters ......................... 28 2.3.1.2 Derived Quantities...................... 51
3
2.3.1.3 Symbols for Attributes and 3.1.2.2 Levers, Underway .................... 76
Subscripts ................................... 52 3.1.3 Resistance and Propulsion .......... 77
2.3.2 Ship Performance ....................... 53 3.2 Multi-Hull Vessels (Add trimaran
2.3.2.1 Basic Quantities .......................... 53 symbols) ............................................ 78
2.3.2.2 Derived Quantities ...................... 53 3.2.1 Geometry and Hydrostatics ........ 78
2.3.2.3 Efficiencies etc. .......................... 54 3.2.2 Resistance and Propulsion .......... 79
2.3.3 Propulsor Performance ............... 55 3.2.2.1 Resistance Components.............. 79
2.3.3.1 Basic Quantities .......................... 55 3.3 Hydrofoil Boats ................................ 80
2.3.3.2 Derived Quantities ...................... 55 3.3.1 Geometry and Hydrostatics ........ 80
2.3.3.3 Induced Velocities etc. ............... 56 3.3.1.1 Geometry, Underway ................. 80
2.3.4 Unsteady Propeller Forces.......... 58 3.3.2 Resistance and Propulsion .......... 82
2.3.4.1 Basic Quantities .......................... 58 3.3.2.1 Basic Quantities.......................... 82
2.3.5 Water Jets ................................... 59 3.3.2.2 Derived Quantities...................... 83
2.4 Manoeuvrability and Sea Keeping . 62 3.4 ACV and SES ................................... 84
2.4.1 Manoeuvrability ......................... 62 3.4.1 Geometry and Hydrostatics ........ 84
2.4.1.1 Geometrical Quantities ............... 62 3.4.2 Resistance and Propulsion .......... 85
2.4.1.2 Motions and Attitudes ................ 62 3.5 Ice Going Vessels ............................. 86
2.4.1.3 Flow Angles etc. ......................... 63 3.5.1 Resistance and Propulsion .......... 86
2.4.1.4 Forces and Derivatives ............... 63 3.6 Sailing Vessels .................................. 87
2.4.1.5 Linear Models............................. 64 3.6.1 Geometry and Hydrostatics ........ 87
2.4.1.6 Turning Circles ........................... 64 3.6.2 Resistance and Propulsion .......... 88
2.4.1.7 Zig-Zag Manoeuvres .................. 65 4. BACKGROUND AND REFERENCES
2.4.1.8 Stopping Manoeuvres ................. 65 ............................................................... 89
2.4.2 Sea Keeping ................................ 66 4.1 Symbols and Terminology Group .. 89
2.4.2.1 Basic Quantities .......................... 66 4.2 Description of the List of Symbols . 89
2.4.3 Large Amplitude Motions 4.2.1 Classification .............................. 89
Capsizing .................................... 68 4.2.2 Structure of the Lists .................. 89
2.4.4 Symbols for Attributes and 4.2.3 Organization of the matrix
Subscripts ................................... 73 structured list .............................. 89
3. SPECIAL CRAFT ............................... 74 5. PRINCIPLES OF NOTATION ......... 90
3.1 Planing and Semi-Displacement 5.1 Excerpts of ISO 31 ........................... 91
Vessels ............................................... 74 5.2 Computer Symbols ........................ 100
3.1.1 Geometry and Hydrostatics ........ 74 5.3 Documentation ............................... 101
3.1.2 Geometry and Levers, Underway... 5.3.1 ITTC Documents ...................... 101
............................................... 75 5.3.2 Translations .............................. 101
3.1.2.1 Geometry, Underway ................. 75 5.3.3 Other References ...................... 101
ITTC Symbols 1 General
1.1 Fundamental Concepts
Version 2017 1.1.1 Uncertainty 4
ITTC Computer Definition or SI-

Name
Symbol Symbol Explanation Unit
1. GENERAL
1.1.1 Uncertainty
(The following table follows ISO/IEC Guide 98-3:2008 – Annex J)
Half-width of a rectangular dis-
Half-width of a rectangular distribution of possible values of in-
a
tribution put quantity Xi:
a = (a+– a_) / 2
Upper bound, or upper limit, of
a+ Upper bound
input quantity Xi:
Lower bound, or lower limit, of
a_ Lower bound
input quantity Xi:
Upper bound, or upper limit, of
b+ Upper bound of the deviation the deviation of input quantity Xi
from its estimate xi: b+ = a+ - xi
Lower bound, or lower limit, of
b_ Lower bound of the deviation the deviation of input quantity Xi
from its estimate xi: b_ = xi – a_
ci Sensitivity coefficient ci = ∂f/∂xi . 1
Functional relationship between
measurand Y and input quantities
Xi on which Y depends, and be-
f Function 1
tween output estimate y and in-
put estimates xi on which y de-
pends.
Partial derivative of f with re-
∂f/∂xi Partial derivative 1
spect to input quantity xi
For calculation of expanded un-
k Coverage factor 1
certainty U = kuc(y)
For calculation of expanded un-
kp Coverage factor for probability p 1
certainty Up = kpuc(y)
n Number of repeated observations 1
Number of input quantities Xi on
N Number of input quantities 1
which the measurand Y depends
p Probability Level of confidence: 0 ≤ p ≤ 1.0 1
q Random quantity 1
q Arithmetic mean or average 1
kth independent repeated obser-
qk kth observation of q vation of randomly varying 1
quantity q
r(xi,xj) Estimated correlation coefficient r(xi, xj) = u(xi, xj)/(u(xi) u(xj)) 1
2
s p Pooled estimate of variance 1
Pooled experimental standard de-
sp
viation
Positive square root of sp2 1
Experimental variance of the

s 2 (q ) = s 2 (qk ) /n ; estimated
2
s (q ) mean variance obtained from a Type A 1
evaluation
Experimental standard deviation
s (q ) Positive square root of s 2 ( q ) 1
of the mean
Experimental variance from re-
s 2 ( qk ) peated observations
1

Name
s ( qk ) Experimental standard deviation

of repeated observations
Positive square root of s 2 (qk ) 1
From mean X i , determined

Experimental variance of input from n independent repeated ob-
s2 ( X i ) mean servations Xi,k, estimated vari- 1
ance obtained from a Type A
evaluation.
s( X i ) Standard deviation of input mean Positive square root of s2 ( X 1) 1
s ( q ,r ) Estimate of covariance of means 1
Estimate of covariance of input
s ( X i ,X j ) means
1
Student t-distribution for v de-
tp(v) Inverse Student t grees of freedom corresponding 1
to a given probability p
Student t-distribution for veff de-
grees of freedom corresponding
Inverse Student t for effective de-
tp(veff) to a given probability p in calcu- 1
grees of freedom
lation of expanded uncertainty
Up
Associated with input estimate xi
u2(xi) Estimated variance 1
that estimates input quantity Xi
u(xi) Standard deviation Positive square root of u2(xi) 1
u(xi,xj) Estimated covariance 1
Combined variance associated
uc2 ( y ) Combined variance
with output estimate y
1
uc(y) Combined standard uncertainty Positive square root of uc2 ( y ) 1

Combined standard uncertainty
ucA(y) From Type A evaluations alone 1
from Type A
ucB(y) From Type B evaluations alone 1
from Type B
of output estimate yi when two
uc(yi) Combined standard uncertainty or more measurands or output 1
quantities are determined in the
same measurement
Component of combined vari-
1
ui2 ( y ) ance
ui2 ( y ) ≡ [ci u ( xi )]2 1
Component of combined stand-
1ui(y) ui ( y ) ≡ ci u ( xi ) 1
ard uncertainty
Relative standard uncertainty of
u(xi)/|xi| 1
output estimate x
Relative combined standard un-
uc(y)/|y|
certainty of output estimate y
Estimated relative variance asso-
[u(xi)/|xi|]2 Estimated relative variance
ciated with input estimate xi
Relative combined variance as-
[uc(y)/|y|]2 Relative combined variance
sociated with output estimate y
Estimated relative covariance as-
u(xi ,xj))/|xi xj| Estimated relative covariance sociated with input estimates xi
and xj

Name
Expanded uncertainty of output

estimate y that defines an inter-
val Y = y ±U having a high level
U Expanded uncertainty of confidence, equal to coverage
factor k times the combined
standard uncertainty uc(y) of y:
U = k uc(y)
Expanded uncertainty of output
estimate y that defines an inter-
val Y = y ±Up having a high level
Expanded uncertainty associated
Up of confidence p, equal to cover-
to confidence level p
age factor kp times the combined
standard uncertainty uc(y) of y:
Up = kp uc(y)
Estimate of input quantity Xi
NOTE when xi is determined
xi Estimate of input quantity Xi from the arithmetic mean or av-
erage of n independent repeated
observation xi = X i
th
i input quantity on which meas-
th urand Y depends
Xi i input quantity
NOTE Xi may be the physical
quantity or the random variable
Estimate of the value of input
quantity Xi equal to the arithme-
Estimate of the value of input
tic mean or average of n inde-
quantity Xi
pendent repeated observation Xi,k
of Xi
kth independent repeated observa-
Xi,k
tion of Xi
Estimated of measurand Y or Re-
y sult of a measurement or Output
estimate
Estimate of measurand Yi when
two or more measurands are de-
yi Estimate of measurand Yi
termined in the same measure-
ment
A measurand. Estimated relative
Y uncertainty of standard uncer-
tainty u(xi) of inputs estimate xi
Expectation or mean of the prob-
Expectation or mean of the prob-
µp ability distribution of random-
ability distribution
varying quantity q
ν Degrees of freedom (general)
Degrees of freedom, or effective
degrees of freedom of standard
νi Degrees of freedom
uncertainty u(xi) of input esti-
mate xi
Effective degrees of freedom of
uc(y) used to obtain tp(νeff) for
νeff Effective degrees of freedom
calculating expanded uncertainty
Up

Name
Variance of a probability distri-

bution of (for example) a ran-
σ2 Variance of a probability
domly-variing quantity q, esti-
mated by s2(qk)
Standard deviation of a probabil-
Standard deviation of a probabil-
σ ity distribution
ity distribution, equal to the pos-
itive square root of σ2
Variance of q , equal to σ 2 / n,
()
estimated by
σ2 q Variance of q
( )
s 2 qk
s q =
2
() n
q , equal
()
Standard deviation of
σ q Standard deviation of q
to the positive root of ()
σ2 q
()
Variance of experimental stand-
σ 2  s q  ard deviation ()
s q of q
Standard deviation of experi-
mental standard deviation ()
s q
()
σ  s q 
of q , equal to the positive square
root of ()
σ 2  s q 
Version 2017 1.1.2 Coordinates and Space related Quantities 8
Coordinate systems fixed in bodies, ocean platforms,

1.1.2 Coordinates and Space Related Quanti- or ships.
ties
For the definition of hull forms and ocean wave prop-
Orientation of coordinates erties and the analysis of structural deflections it is cus-
tomary to take the x-axis positive forward and parallel to
A problem of general interest, the orientation of the the reference or base line used to describe the body's
axes of coordinate systems, has been treated extensively shape, the y-axis positive to port, and the z-axis positive
in the Report of the 17th ITTC Information Committee. upwards.
The present QS Group recommends that the orientations
of the coordinate systems chosen for convenience should For seakeeping and manoeuvrability problems the co-
be stated explicitly in any case. The coordinate system ori- ordinate system is defined as follows: usually the x-axis
entation should not be inferred from the symbols and/or as before the y-axis positive to starboard, and the z-axis
names of the concepts or from national or professional tra- positive downwards, the origin customarily at the centre
ditions. All sign conventions of related Quantities should of mass of the vehicle or at a geometrically defined posi-
be consistent with the orientation chosen. tion.
For ready reference the recommendation of the 17th For ship flow calculations usually the x-axis positive
ITTC Information Committee is quoted in the following. in the main flow direction, i.e. backwards, the y-axis pos-
itive to starboard, and the z-axis positive upwards, the
"In order to adapt ITTC nomenclature to common origin customarily at the intersection of the plane of the
practice a proposal for a standard coordinate system was undisturbed free-surface, the centre plane, and the mid-
published in the newsletter No 7, March 1983, to generate ship section.
discussion. The response was quite diverse. On the one
hand it was suggested that instead of the two orthogonal
right handed systems with the positive x-axis forward and Fixed or space axes (x0,y0,z0)
the positive z-axis either up- or downward as proposed
only one system should be selected, in particular the one Coordinate systems fixed in relation to the earth or
with the positive z-axis upwards. On the other hand the the water. For further references see ISO Standard 1151/1
attention of the Information Committee was drawn to the ...6: Terms and symbols for flight dynamics.
fact that in ship flow calculations neither of the two sys-
tems proposed is customary. Normally the x-axis is di-
rected in the main flow direction, i.e. backwards, the y-
axis is taken positive to starboard and the z-axis is positive There may be other coordinate systems in use and
upwards. The origin of the co-ordinates in this case is usu- there is no possibility for the adoption of a single system
ally in the undisturbed free surface half way between fore for all purposes. Any problem requires an adequate coor-
and aft perpendicular. dinate system and transformations between systems are
simple, provided that orientations and origins are com-
In view of this state of affairs the Information Com- pletely and correctly documented for any particular case."
mittee (now Quality System Group - QSG) may offer the
following recommendation, if any: Origins of coordinates
Axes, coordinates In sea keeping and manoeuvrability problems cus-

tomarily the centre of mass of the vehicle is chosen as the
Preferably, orthogonal right handed systems of Car- origin of the coordinates. This is in most cases not neces-
tesian co-ordinates should be used, orientation and origin sarily advantageous, as all the hydrodynamic properties
in any particular case should be chosen for convenience. entering the problems are related rather to the geometries
of the bodies under investigation. So any geometrically
Body axes (x,y,z) defined point may be more adequate for the purposes at
hand.
ISO Standard 31-11 makes the following suggestions

Item No. Coordinates Position vector and its differ- Name of coordi- Remarks
ential nate system
11-12.1 x, y, z r = xex + yey + zez cartesian ex, ey and ez form an
(-) dr = dx ex + dy ey + dz ez coordinates orthonormal right-handed sys-
tem. See Figure 1.
11-12.2 ρ, φ, z r= ρeρ + zez cylindrical eρ(φ), eφ(φ) and ez form an or-
(-) dr = dρ eρ + dφ eφ + dz ez coordinates thonormal right-handed system.
See Figures 3 and 4. If z = 0,
then ρ and φ are the polar coor-
dinates
11-12.3 r, ϑ,φ r=rer; spherical er(9, gyp), eϑ ( ϑ , φ) and eφ(φ)
(-) dr = dr er + r d ϑ eϑ + coordinates
form an orthonormal right-
r sin ϑ dφ eφ handed system. See Figures 3
and 5.
NOTE 1 If, exceptionally, a left-handed system (see figure 2) is used for certain purposes, this shall be clearly stated to
avoid the risk of sign errors.
1.

Name
1.1.2.1 Basic Quantities

Any scalar quantity distributed,
s S ∫ds
maybe singularly, in space
Zeroth order moment of a scalar
S0ij SM0(I,J) ∫δijds =δijS
quantity
First order moment of a scalar
S1ij SM1(I,J) quantity, formerly static mo- ∫εikjxkds
ments of a scalar distribution
Second moment of a scalar
S2ij SM2(I,J) quantity, formerly moments of ∫εklixlεjkm xmds
inertia of a scalar distribution
Sij = S0ij
Si, 3+j = S1ijT
Generalized moment of a scalar
Suv S(U,V) S3+i, j = S1ij
quantity distributed in space
S3+i, 3+j = S2ij
Tensor in space referred to an

Tij T(I,J) orthogonal system of Cartesian Tijs + Tija
coordinates fixed in the body
TijA TAS(I,J) Anti-symmetric part of a tensor ( Tij - Tji ) / 2
TijS TSY(I,J) Symmetric part of a tensor ( Tij + Tji ) / 2
TijT TTR(I,J) Transposed tensor Tji
Tij vj Tensor product Σ Tij vj
ui, vi U(I), V(I) Any vector quantities
u i vi UVPS Scalar product uivi
u i vj UVPD(I,J) Diadic product uivj
u×v UVPV(I) Vector product εijkujvk
Zeroth order moments of a vec-
tor quantity distributed in space,
V0i ,Vi V0(I),V(I) referred to an orthogonal system ∫dvi
of Cartesian coordinates fixed in
the body
First order moments of a vector
V1i V1(I) ∫εijkxjdvk
distribution
Vi = V0i
Vu V(U) Generalized vector
V3+i = V1i
x, x1 X, X(1)
Body axes and corresponding Right-hand orthogonal system of
y, x2 Y, X(2) m
Cartesian coordinates coordinates fixed in the body
z, x3 Z, X(3)
x0, x01 X0, X0(1) Right-hand orthogonal system of
Space axes and corresponding
y0, x02 Y0, X0(2) coordinates fixed in relation to m
Cartesian coordinates
z0, x03 Z0, X0(3) the space
xF, xF1 XF, XF(1) Right-hand orthogonal system of
Flow axes and corresponding
yF, xF2 YF, XF(2) coordinates fixed in relation to m
Cartesian coordinates
zF, xF3 ZF, XF(3) the flow
+1 : ijk = 123, 231, 312
εijk EPS(I,J,K) Epsilon operator 1 : ijk = 321, 213, 132
0 : if otherwise
+1 : ij = 11, 22, 33
δij DEL(I,J) Delta operator
0 : if otherwise
ITTC Symbols 1 Mechanics in General
Version 2017 1.1.3 Time and Frequency Domain Quantities 12

Name
1.1.3 Time and Frequency Domain Quantities

a ADMP Damping sr, in Laplace variable 1/s
f FR Frequency Hz
fC FC Basic frequency in repeating 1 / TC Hz
functions
fS FS Frequency of sampling 1 / TS Hz
period in repeating spectra
i I Imaginary unit sqrt(-1) 1
I IM Imaginary variable 1
j J Integer values -∞ ...+∞ 1
R R Complex variable exp(s TS)
Laurent transform
s S Complex variable a + 2πif 1/s
Laplace transform
t TI Time -∞ ... +∞ s
tj TI(J) Sample time instances j TS
TC TC Period of cycle 1 / fC duration of cycles in peri- s
odic, repeating processes
TS TS Period of sampling Duration between samples s
x x Values of real quantities x(t)
X Real "valued" function
xj X(J) Variables for samples values of x(tj) = ∫x(t)δ(t - tj)dt
real quantities
z Z Complex variable
Version 2017 1.1.3 Time and Frequency Domain Quantities 13

Name
1.1.3.2 Complex Transforms

xA XA Analytic function XA(t) = X(t) + iXH(t)
xDF XDF Fourier transform of sampled XDF(f) = Σxjexp(-i2πfjTS)
function i.e. periodically repeating
= X(0)/2 + fSΣXF(f + jfS)
sample theorem: aliasing!
xDL XDL Laurent transform of XDL(s) = Σxjexp(-sjTS)
sampled function
xF XFT Fourier transform XF(f) = ∫X(t)exp(-i2πft)dt
inverse form:
= ∫XF(f)exp(-i2πft)dt
if X(t) = 0 and a = 0 then
XF(f)=XL(f)
xFj XFT(J) Fourier transform of 1/TC∫X(t)exp(-i2πjt/TC)dt
periodic function t = 0 . . TC
XF = ΣxFjδ(f - j/TC)
inverse form:
X(t) = ΣxFjexp(-i2πfjTC)
xH XHT Hilbert transform XH(t) = 1/π ∫X(τ)/(t - τ)dτ
xHF XHF Fourier transform of XHF(f) = XF(f)(-i sgn f)
Hilbert transform (1/t)F = -i sgn f
xL XLT Laplace transform XL(s) = ∫X(t)exp(-st)dt
if X(t<0) = 0 then
= (X(t)exp(-at))F
xR XRT Laurent transform XR(r) = Σxjr-j=XDL
xS XS Single-sided complex spectra XS(f) = XF(f)(1 + sgn f)
= XAF
i.e. = 0 for f < 0
xSj XS(J) Single-sided complex Fourier se- XFj(1 + sgn j)
ries line spectra
1.1.3.3 Complex Quantities

za ZAM Amplitude mod(z) = sqrt(zr2+zi2)
zc ZRE Real or cosine component zc = real(z) = zacos(zp)
zi ZIM Imaginary or sine component imag(z) = zasin(zp) = zs
zj ZCJ Conjugate zr - izi
zl ZLG (Phase) Lag
zp ZPH Phase arc(z) = arctg(zi / zr)
zr ZRE Real or cosine component real(z) = zacos(zp) = zc
zs ZIM Imaginary or sine component zs = imag(z) = zasin(zp)
Version 2017 1.1.4 Stochastic Processes 14

Name
1.1.4 Random Quantities and Stochastic Processes

1.1.4.1 Random Quantities
gE, gM, gMR GMR Expected value of a function of a E(g) = ∫g(x)fx(x)dx
random quantity x = -∞ ... ∞
x, y X, Y Random quantities x(ζ), y(ζ)
xi, yi X(I), Y(I) Samples of random quantities i = 1... n
n : sample size
(xm)E XmMR m-th moment of a random quan- (xm)E
tity
xD, xDR, σx XDR Standard deviation of a random xVR ½
quantity
xDS, sx XDS Sample deviation of a random xVS 1/2,
quantity unbiased random estimate of the
standard deviation
xxR, xxMR, Rxx XXMR Auto-correlation of a random x xE
quantity
xyR, xyMR, Rxy XYMR Cross-correlation of two random x yE
quantities
xE, xM , xMR, μx XMR Expectation or population mean E(x)
of a random quantity
xA, xMS, mx XMS Average or sample mean of a 1/n Σ xi , i = 1...n
random quantity unbiased random estimate of the
expectation with
xAE = xE
xVSE = xV / n
xPD, fx XPD Probability density of a random d Fx / dx
quantity
xyPD, fxy XYPD Joint probability density of two ∂2 Fxy / (∂x ∂y)
random quantities
xPF, Fx XPF Probability function (distribu- 1
tion) of a random quantity
xyPF, Fxy XYPF Joint probability function (distri- 1
bution) function of two random
quantities
xV, xVR, xxVR XVR, XXVR Variance of a random quantity x2 E - xE 2
xVS, xxVS XVS, XXVS Sample variance of a random 1/ (n - 1) Σ (xi - xA)2
quantity i = 1...n
unbiased random estimate of the
variance xVSE = xV
xyV, xyVR XYVR Variance of two random quanti- E
xy -x y E E
ties
ζ Outcome of a random "experi-
ment"
1.1.4.2 Stochastic Processes

gMR GMR Mean of a function of a random M(g(t)) = lim(1/T ∫g(t)dt)
quantity t =-T/2 ... +T/2
T =-∞ ... +∞
gMS GMS Average or sample mean of a A(g(t)) = 1/T ∫g(t)dt
function of a random quantity t =0 ... +T
x, y X, Y Stationary stochastic process x(ζ,t), y(ζ,t)
xxC, xxCR, Cxx XXCR Auto-covariance of a stationary (x(t) - xE)(x(t + τ) - xE)E
stochastic process
Version 2017 1.1.4 Stochastic Processes 15

Name
xyC, xyCR, Cxy XYCR Cross-covariance of two station- (x(t) - xE)(y(t + τ) - yE)E
ary stochastic processes
xxR, xxRR, Rxx XXRR Auto-correlation of a stationary x(t)x(t + τ)E = Rxx(τ)
stochastic process Rxx(τ) = Rxx(-τ)
if x is ergodic:
Rxx(τ) = x(t)x(t + τ)MR
Rxx(τ) = ∫ Sxx(ω)cos(ωτ)dτ
τ = 0 ... ∞
xyR, Rxy XYRR Cross-correlation of two station- x(t)y(t + τ)E = Rxy(τ)
ary stochastic processes Ryx(τ) = Rxy(-τ)
if x, y are ergodic:
Rxy(τ) = x(t)y(t + τ)MR
xxS, Sxx XXSR Power spectrum or autospectral xxRRSR
power density of a stochastic
process
xyS, Sxy XYSR Cross-power spectrum of two xyRRSR
stationary stochastic processes
τ TICV Covariance or correlation time s
ζ Outcome of a random "experi-
ment"
1.1.4.3 Probability Operators (Superscripts)

A, MS MS Average, sample mean
C, CR CR Population covariance
CS CS Sample covariance
D, DR DR Population deviation
DS DS Sample deviation
E, M, MR MR Expectation, population mean
PD PD Probability density
PF PF Probability function
S SR (Power) Spectrum
SS SS Sample spectrum
R, RR RR Population correlation
RS RS Sample correlation
V, VR VR Population variance
VS VS Sample variance
Version 2017 1.1.5 Balances and System Related Concepts 16

Name
1.1.5 Balances and System Related Concepts
Quantity of the quality under

q QQ consideration stored in a control QU
volume
Q Quality under consideration QU/s
QC QCF Convective flux QU/s
QD QDF Diffusive flux QU/s
Total flux across the
QF QFL Inward positive! QU/s
surface of the control volume
QM Molecular diffusion QU/s
Production of sources in the con-
QP QPN QU/s
trol volume
Storage in the control volume,
QS QRT rate of change of the quantity dq / dt QU/s
stored
QT QDT Turbulent diffusion QU/s
1.2 Solid Body Mechanics
Version 2017 1.2.1 Inertial and Hydrodynamic Properties 17

Name

1.2.1 Inertial and Hydrodynamic Properties
Added mass coefficient in ith

Aij AM(I,J)
mode due to jth motion
Damping coefficient in ith mode
Bij DA(I,J)
due to jth motion
Restoring force coefficient in ith
Cij RF(I,J)
mode due to jth motion
Generalized hydrodynamic
Dhuv DH(U,V)
damping
∂Fuh / ∂Vv
F hu FH(U) Generalized hydrodynamic force
Ihuv IH(U,V)
Generalized hydrodynamic iner- 
∂Fuh / ∂ V
tia v
Longitudinal second moment of About transverse axis through
IL IL m4
water-plane area centre of floatation
Transverse second moment of About longitudinal axis through
IT IT m4
water-plane area centre of floatation
IY, IYY,
Iy , Iyy ,
M2(2,2), Pitch moment of inertia
m222 , kg m2
MA(5,5) around the principal axis y
m55
Iz , Izz , IZ, IZZ,
Yaw moment of inertia
m233 , M2(3,3), kg m2
around the principal axis z
m66 MA(6,6)
Ixy , I12 IXY, I2(1,2)
Real products of inertia in case
Iyz , I23 IYZ, I2(2,3) kg m2
of non-principal axes
Izx , I31 IZX, I2(3,1)
kx, kxx Roll radius of gyration around
RDGX (Ixx/m)1/2 m
k the principal axis x
Pitch radius of gyration
ky, kyy RDGY (Iyy/m)1/2 m
around the principal axis y
Yaw radius of gyration around
kz, kzz RDGZ (Izz/m)1/2 m
the principal axis z
m MA mass kg
0 M0(I,J), th
m ij , Zero- moments of mass, i.e. in-
MA(I,J) mij = m δij kg
mij ertia distribution, mass tensor
First moments of mass, i.e. iner-
m1ij M1(I,J) Alias static moments of mass kg m
tia distribution
2
m ij , M2(I,J), Second moments of mass, i.e. in-
Alias mass moments of inertia kg m2
Iij IN(I,J) ertia distribution
Generalized mass, i. e. general- Mij = M0ij
ized inertia tensor of a (rigid) Mi, 3+j = M1Tij
Muv MA(U,V)
body referred to a body fixed co- M3+i, j = M1ij
ordinate system M3+i , 3+j = M2ij
Version 2017 1.2.2 Loads 18

Name
1.2.2 Loads
1.2.2.1 External Loads
MFu = MMu
Force, generalized, load,
Fu F(U) Fi = F0i N
in body coordinates
F3+i = F1i
Gravity field strength, general- gi = g1i
gu G(U) m/s2
ized, in body coordinates g3+i = 0
Gravity field strength,
gi G1(I) m/s2
in body coordinates!
K, Mx , K, M(1),
Moment around body axis x Nm
F 11 , F 4 F1(1), F(4)
M, My , M, M(2),
Moment around body axis y Nm
F 12 , F 5 F1(2), F(5)
N, Mz , N, M(3),
Moment around body axis z Nm
FN13 , F6 F1(3), F(6)
X, Fx , X, FX,
Force in direction of body axis x Nm
F 01 , F 1 F0(1), F(1)
Y, Fy , Y, FY,
Force in direction of body axis y Nm
F 02 , F 2 F0(2), F(2)
Z, Fz , Z, FZ,
Force in direction of body axis z Nm
F 03 , F 3 F0(3), F(3)
Gravity or weight force, general-
Gu G(U) Gu = muv gv N
ized, in body co-ordinates!
Gravity or weight force Gi = G0i = m0ij gj
G 0i , G i G0(I) N
in body coordinates! = mgi
Gravity or weight moment in G3+i = G1i = εikj xk G0j
G1i G1(I) Nm
body coordinates! = m1ij gj
q UNQ Load per unit length N/m
w WPUL Weight per unit length dW / dx1 N/m
Version 2017 1.2.2 Loads 19

Name
1.2.2.2 Sectional Loads
Force or load acting at a given

planar cross-section of the body, FSi = FS0i N
FSu FS(U)
generalized, in section coordi- FS3+i = FS1i = MBi Nm
nates!
FSi FS(I) Shearing force FS02 , FS03 N
FT,
FT Tensioning or normal force FS01 N
FS(1)
MBi MB(I) Bending moment F S1
2 ,F S1
3 Nm
MT,
MT Twisting or torsional moment FS11 Nm
MB(1)
Version 2017 1.2.3 Rigid Body Motions 20

Name
1.2.3 Rigid Body Motions

1.2.3.1 Motions
p , ωx , P, OMX, Rotational velocity around body
rad/s
v01 , v4 V0(1), V(4) axis x
q , ωy , Q, OMY, Rotational velocity around body
rad/s
v02 , v5 V0(2), V(5) axis y
r , ωz , R, OMZ, Rotational velocity around body
rad/s
v03 , v6 V0(3), V(6) axis z
u , vx , U, VX, Translatory velocity in the direc-
m/s
v11 , v1 V1(1), V(1) tion of body axis x
v , vy , V, VY, Translatory velocity in the direc-
m/s
v12 , v2 V1(2), V(2) tion of body axis y
w , vz , W, VZ, Translatory velocity in the direc-
m/s
v13 , v3 V1(3), V(3) tion of body axis z
Components of generalized ve-
vi = v1i m/s
vu V(U) locity or motion relative to body
v3+i = v0i rad/s
axes
p PR Rates of change of components
q QR of rotational velocity relative to rad/s2
RR body axes
r
u UR Rates of change of components
v VR of linear velocity relative to m/s2
w WR body axes
α AA Angular acceleration dω/dt rad/s2
Version 2017 1.2.3 Rigid Body Motions 21

Name
1.2.3.2 Attitudes
The angle of the longitudinal

body axis from the projection
into the principal plane of sym-
AT metry of the velocity of the
α Angle of attack rad
ALFA origin of the body axes relative
to the fluid, positive in the posi-
tive sense of rotation about the
y-axis
The angle to the principal plane
of symmetry from the velocity
DR vector of the origin of the body
β Angle of drift or side-slip rad
BET axes relative to the fluid, posi-
tive in the positive sense of rota-
tion about the z-axis
The angular displacement about
the xo axis of the principal plane
RO
γ Projected angle of roll or heel of symmetry from the vertical, rad
GAMR
positive in the positive sense of
rotation about the xo axis
X(4)
Positive in the positive sense of
φ RO Angle of roll, heel or list rad
rotation about the x-axis
PHIR
X(5)
θ TR Angle of pitch or trim rad
rotation about the y-axis
TETP
X(6)
ψ YA Angle of yaw, heading or course rad
rotation about the z-axis
PSIY
1.3 Fluid Mechanics
Version 2017 1.3.1 Flow Parameters 22

Name
1.3 Fluid Mechanics

1.3.1 Flow Parameters
1.3.1.1 Fluid Properties
c CS Velocity of sound (E / ρ)1/2 m/s
E EL Modulus of elasticity Pa
w WD Weight density ρg (See 1.1.1)
κ CK Kinematic capillarity σ/ρ m3/s2
μ VI Viscosity kg/ms
v VK Kinematic viscosity μ/ρ m2/s
ρ DN, RHO Mass density kg/m3
σ CA Capillarity Surface tension per unit length kg/s2
1.3.1.2 Flow parameters

Bo BN Boussinesq number V / (g RH)1/2 1
Ca CN Cauchy number V / (E / ρ)1/2 1
Fr FN Froude number V / (g L)1/2 1
Frh FH Froude depth number V / (g h)1/2 1
Fr∇ FV Froude displacement number V / (g ∇1/3)1/2 1
Ma MN Mach number V/c 1
Re RN Reynolds number VL/v 1
c0.7 VA2 + ( 0.7π nD )

2
Re0.7 RN07
Propeller Reynolds number at Re0.7 = 1
0.7 R ν
St SN Strouhal number fL/V 1

Thoma number, Cavitation num-
Th TN (pA – pV)/q 1
ber
We WN Weber number V2 L / κ 1
1.3 Fluid Mechanics
Version 2017 1.3.1 Flow Parameters 23

Name
1.3.1.3 Boundary conditions

Roughness height, usually in
k HK Roughness height or magnitude m
terms of some average
Mean diameter of the equivalent
ks SK Sand roughness m
sand grains covering a surface
Area of section divided by wet-
RH RH Hydraulic radius m
ted perimeter
1.3 Fluid Mechanics
Version 2017 1.3.2 Flow Fields 24

Name
1.3.2 Flow Fields

1.3.2.1 Velocities etc.
e ED Density of total flow energy ρ V2 / 2 + p + ρ g h Pa
Strength of force fields, usually
fi FS(I) Mass specific force m/s2
only gravity field gi
Δz0 ,
h HS Static pressure head m
z0-axis positive vertical up!
H HT Total head e / w = h +p/w +q/w m
Pressure, density of static flow
p PR, ES Pa
energy
Ambient pressure in undisturbed
p0 P0 Pa
flow
Dynamic pressure, density of ki-
q PD, EK ρ V2 / 2 Pa
netic flow energy,
QF, Volume passing across a control
Q Rate of flow m3/s
QFLOW surface in time unit
SH THL Total head loss m
sRij SR(I,J) Turbulent or Reynolds stress ρ vivjCR Pa
Density of total diffusive mo-
sij ST(I,J) Total stress tensor mentum flux due to molecular Pa
and turbulent exchange
sVij SV(I,J) Viscous stress Pa
u, vx ,v1 VX, V1
Velocity component in direction
v, vy ,v2 VY, V2 m/s
of x, y, z axes
w, vz ,v3 VZ, V3
vi V(I) Velocity m/s
V VA Velocity V = vivi1/2 m/s
V0 V0 Velocity of undisturbed flow m/s
τw TAUW Wall shear stress μ (∂U / ∂y)y=0 Pa
1.3.2.2 Circulation etc.
Γ / (π D V)
Γn CN Normalized circulation 1
π is frequently omitted
Ratio between velocities induced
I ID Induction factor by helicoidal and by straight line 1
vortices
Strength per length or per area of
Γ VD Vortex density m/s
vortex distribution
∫V ds
Γ CC Circulation m2/s
along a closed line
Φ PO Potential function m2/s
ψ = const
Ψ SF Stream function is the equation of a stream sur- m3/s
face
1.3 Fluid Mechanics
Version 2017 1.3.3 Lifting Surfaces 25

Name
1.3.3 Lifting Surfaces

1.3.3.1 Geometry
A AP Projected area b cM m2
b SP Wing or foil span m
bF BSPF Flap span m
cM CHME Mean chord length A/b m
cT CHTP Tip chord length m
cr CHRT Root chord length m
fL FML Camber of lower side (general) m
fU FMU Camber of upper side m
γ ANSW Sweep angle rad
δs ANSL Slat deflection angle rad
Thickness ratio of foil section
δ DELTT t/c 1
(general)
Thickness ratio of trailing edge
δB DELTB tB / cS 1
of struts
Camber ratio of mean line (gen-
δF DELTF f/c 1
eral)
δFL DLTFL Angle of flap deflection rad
Camber ratio of lower side of
δL DELTL fL / c 1
foil
δS DELTS Thickness ratio of strut tS / cS 1
Theoretical thickness ratio of
δSTH DELTT tS / cSTH 1
section
δU DELTU Camber ratio of upper side fU / c 1
λ TA Taper ratio ct / cr 1
Λ AS Aspect ratio b2 / A 1
1.3.3.2 Flow angles etc
VI VI Induced velocity m/s
Resultant velocity of flow ap- Taking vortex induced velocities
VT VT m/s
proaching a hydrofoil into account
Angle between the direction of
AA,
α Angle of attack or incidence undisturbed relative flow and the rad
ALFA
chord line
The angle of attack relative to
AAEF, Effective angle of attack or inci-
αEFF the chord line including the ef- rad
ALFE dence
fect of induced velocities
The angle of attack relative to
AAGE, Geometric angle of attack or in-
αG the chord line neglecting the ef- rad
ALFG cidence
fect of induced velocities
AAHY, In relation to the position at zero
αH Hydrodynamic angle of attack rad
ALFI lift
For thin airfoil or hydrofoil, an-
gle of attack for which the
streamlines are tangent to the
AAID,
αI Ideal angle of attack mean line at the leading edge. rad
ALFS
This condition is usually referred
to as "shock-free" entry or
"smooth"
AAZL, Angle of attack or incidence at
α0 Angle of zero lift rad
ALF0 zero lift
1.3 Fluid Mechanics
Version 2017 1.3.3 Lifting Surfaces 26

Name
1.3.3.3 Forces
Force in the direction of motion
DF DRF Foil drag N
of an immersed foil
For finite span foil, the compo-
DI DRIND Induced drag nent of lift in the direction of N
motion
Due to mutual interaction of the
DINT DRINT Interference drag boundary layers of intersecting N
foil
Section or profile drag at zero
DP DRSE Streamline drag N
lift
LF LF Lift force on foil CL AFT q N
Lift force for angle of attack of
L0 LF0 CL0 AFT q N
zero
1.3.3.4 Sectional coefficients
CD CDSE Section drag coefficient 1
CDI CDSI Section induced drag coefficient 1
CL CLSE Section lift coefficient 1
Section lift coefficient for angle
CL0 CLSE0 1
of attack of zero
CM CMSE Section moment coefficient 1
ε EPSLD Lift-Drag ratio L/D 1
1.3 Fluid Mechanics
Version 2014 1.3.4 Boundary Layers 27

Name
1.3.4 Boundary Layers

1.3.4.1 Two-dimensional Boundary Layers
Cf CFL Skin friction coefficient τ / (ρ Ue2 / 2) 1
F CQF Entrainment factor 1 / (Ue dQ / dx) 1
H HBL Boundary layer shape parameter δ* / Θ 1
HE HQF Entrainment shape parameter (δ - δ*) / Θ 1
p PR Static pressure Pa
P PT Total pressure Pa
b
Q QF Entrainment ∫Udy
a
m2/s
Reynolds number based on dis-

Reδ* RDELS U∞ δ* / v or Ue δ* / v 1
placement thickness
Reynolds number based on mo-
Reθ RTHETA U∞ Θ / v or Ue Θ / v 1
mentum thickness
Velocity fluctuations in bound-
u UFL m/s
ary layer
Root mean square value of ve-
us UFLS m/s
locity fluctuations
Non-dimensional distance from
u+ UPLUS U / uτ 1
surface
uτ UTAU Shear (friction) velocity (τ / ρ)1/2 m/s
Time mean of velocity in bound-
Um UMR m/s
ary layer
Ui UIN Instantaneous velocity m/s
Free-stream velocity far from the
U∞ UFS m/s
surface
Velocity at the edge of the
Ue UE m/s
boundary layer at y=δ995
Velocity defect in boundary
ΔU UDEF (Ue- U) / uτ 1
layer
Non-dimensional distance from
y+ YPLUS y uτ / v 1
the wall
β BETE Equilibrium parameter δ* / (τw dp / dx) 1
Thickness of a boundary layer at
δ995 DEL m
U=0.995Ue
Displacement thickness of
δ*, δ1 DELS ∫(Ue- U) / Ue dy m
boundary layer
K K von Karman constant 0.41 1
Λ PRGR Pressure gradient parameter δ995 / (v dUe / dx) 1
θ*, δ** ENTH Energy thickness ∫(U / Ue) (1 - U2 / Ue2)dy m
Θ THETA Momentum thickness ∫(U / Ue) (1 - U / Ue)dy m
τw TAUW Local skin friction μ (∂U / ∂y)y=0 Pa
1.3 Fluid Mechanics
Version 2017 1.3.5 Cavitation 28

Name
1.3.5 Cavitation
1.3.5.1 Flow parameters
as GR Gas content ratio α / αS 1
Actual amount of solved and un-
α GC Gas content ppm
dissolved gas in a liquid
Maximum amount of gas solved
αS GS Gas content of saturated liquid ppm
in a liquid at a given temperature
σ CNPC Cavitation number (pA - pC) / q 1
σI CNPI Inception cavitation number 1
σV CNPV Vapour cavitation number (pA - pV) / q 1
1.3.5.2 Flow fields
DC DC Cavity drag N
Stream wise dimension of a
lC LC Cavity length fully-developed cavitating re- m
gion
pA PA Ambient pressure Pa
Absolute ambient pressure at
pAC PACO Collapse pressure Pa
which cavities collapse
Absolute ambient pressure at
pAI PAIC Critical pressure which cavitation inception takes Pa
place
Pressure within a steady or
pC PC Cavity pressure Pa
quasi-steady cavity
Pressure, may be negative, i.e.
pCI PCIN Initial cavity pressure tensile strength, necessary to cre- Pa
ate a cavity
pV PV Vapour pressure of water At a given temperature! Pa
Free stream velocity at which
UI UNIN Critical velocity m/s
cavitation inception takes place
VL VOLS Volume loss WL / w m3
Weight of material eroded from
WL WTLS Weight loss a specimen during a specified N/s
time
Maximum height of a fully-de-
veloped cavity, normal to the
δC HC Cavity height or thickness m
surface and the stream-wise di-
rection of the cavity
1.3.5.3 Pumps
HN HTNT Net useful head of turbo-engines m
Total head upstream of turbo-en-
HU HTUS m
gines
Th, σ TN Thoma number (HU - pV / w) / HN 1
1.4 Environmental Mechanics
Version 2017 1.4.1 Waves 29

Name

1.4.1 Waves
This section is related to Sections 3.1.2 Time and Frequency Domain Quantities and 3.1.3 Random Quantities and Sto-
chastic Processes.
1.4.1.1 Periodic waves
gLW / 2π
cW VP Wave phase velocity or celerity LW / TW = in m/s
deep water
const = cW
Wave phase velocity of harmonic
cWi VP(I) for periodic waves in deep m/s
components of a periodic wave
water
The average :rate of ad-
vance of the energy in a
cG VG Wave group velocity or celerity m/s
finite train of gravity
waves
fW FW Basic wave frequency 1 / TW Hz
Frequencies of harmonic compo-
fWi FW(I) i fW Hz
nents of a periodic wave
The vertical distance from
wave crest to wave trough, or
HW HW Wave height m
twice the wave amplitude of a
harmonic wave. ηC - ηT
k, κ WN Wave number 2 π / LW = ω2/g 1/m
The horizontal distance be-
LW , λW LW Wave length tween adjacent wave crests in m
the direction of advance
Time between the passage of
TW TW Basic wave period two successive wave crests s
past a fixed point. 1 / fW
The angle between the direc-
µ WD Wave direction tion of a component wave and rad
the x0 axis
Instantaneous wave elevation at a z-axis positive vertical up,
η EW m
given location zero at mean water level;
Amplitudes of harmonic compo-
ηαi EWAM(I) ηFSα m
nents of a periodic wave
Phases of harmonic components
ηpi , εi EWPH(I) ηFSp rad
of a periodic wave
ηC EC Wave crest elevation m
ηT ET Wave trough depression Negative values! m
z-axis positive vertical down,
ζ DW Instantaneous wave depression m
zero at mean water level
Radius of orbital motion of a
ζA WAMP Wave amplitude m
surface wave particle
ω W, σ FC Circular wave frequency 2 π fW = 2 π / TW rad/s
1.4.1.2 Irregular waves

Wave height by zero down- The vertical distance between a
Hd HD m
crossing successive crest and trough.
The vertical distance between a
Hu HU Wave height by zero up-crossing m
successive trough and crest

Name
Average of the highest one third

HW1/3 H13D Significant wave height zero down-crossing wave m
heights
T1/3d T13D Significant wave period By downcrossing analysis s
T1/3u T13U Significant wave period By upcrossing analysis s
Time elapsing between two suc-
Wave periods by zero down-
Td TD cessive downward crossings of s
crossing
zero in a record
Time elapsing between two suc-
Wave periods by zero up-cross-
Tu TU cessive upward crossings of zero s
ing
in a record
Maximum of elevations of wave
ηC EC m
crests in a record
Elevations of wave troughs in a
ηT ET Negative values! m
record
The horizontal distance between
Wave length by zero down-
λd LD adjacent down crossing in the di- m
crossing
rection of advance
The horizontal distance between
λu LU Wave length by zero up-crossing adjacent up crossing in the direc- m
tion of advance
1.4.1.3 Time Domain Analysis
Wave height estimated from vis-
HWV HWV m
ual observation
Average of the highest one third
Zero down-crossing significant
H1/3d H13D zero down-crossing wave m
wave height
heights
Zero up-crossing significant Average of the highest one third
H1/3u H13U m
wave height zero up-crossing wave heights
Estimate of significant wave
Hσ HWDS height from sample deviation of m
wave elevation record
Wave length estimated by visual Measured in the direction of
LWV LWV m
observation wave propagation
The average interval in years be-
Trt TRT Return period tween times that a given design
wave is exceeded
TR TR Duration of record 1 / fR s
1 / fS ,
TS TS Sample interval time between two successive s
samples
Wave period estimated from vis-
TWV TWV s
ual observation
1.4.1.4 Frequency Domain Analysis
Sampling frequency divided by

b B Bandwidth of spectral resolution Hz
the number of transform points
Cr CRA Average reflection coefficient 1
Reflection coefficient amplitude
Cr(f) CRF 1
function
Frequency at which the spectrum
fP FRPK Spectral peak in frequency Hz
has its maximum
fR FRRC Frequency resolution 1 / TR Hz
fS FRSA Sample frequency 1 / TS Hz

Name
Significant wave height based on

Hmo HMO zeroth moment for narrow 4 (m0)1/2 m
banded spectrum
Estimate of significant wave
Hσ HWDS height from sample deviation of m
wave elevation record
n-th moment of wave power
mn MN ∫fn S(f)df m2/ sn
spectral density
Si(f), EISF, Incident wave power spectral
m2/Hz
Si(ω) EISC density
Sr(f), ERSF, Reflected wave power spectral
m2/Hz
Sr(ω) ERSC density
Sη(f), EWSF,
Wave power spectral density m2/Hz
Sη(ω) EWSC
TP TP Period with maximum energy 2πfP s
Average period from zeroth and
T01 T1 m0/m1 s
first moment
Average period from zeroth and
T02 T2 (m0/m2)1/2 s
second moment
1.4.1.5 Directional Waves
S(f,θ)=S(f)DX(f,θ) where
DX(f,θ), DIRSF 2π
∫ D ( f ,θ )dθ = 1
DX(ω,μ), Directional spreading function rad
σθ SIGMAOX X
0
f FR Frequency 2πω=1/T Hz
Sζ (ω,μ) S2ZET
Two dimensional spectral den-
Sθ (ω,μ) S2TET 1
sity
etc. etc.
Sρ(f,θ) m2/Hz/
STHETA Directional spectral density
Sζ(ω,μ) rad
θ, μ CWD Component wave direction rad
MWD Mean or dominant wave direc-
θm rad
THETAMOX tion
Version 2017 1.4.2 Wind 32

Name
1.4.2 Wind
C10 C10M Surface drag coefficient (0.08 + 0.065U10)10-3
Distance over water the wind
F FETCH Fetch length m
blows
td DURATN Wind duration s
The average interval in years be-
Trt TRT Return period tween times that a given wind
speed is exceeded
uz , uzi UFLUCT Turbulent wind fluctuations m/s
U A, u * USHEAR Wind shear velocity C101/2 U10 or 0.71U101.23 m/s
Reference mean wind speed at
U10 U10M elevation 10 meters above sea U10 = (10/z)1/7 UzA m/s
surface
(Uz + uzi)A
A Average wind speed at elevation
Uz UZA UzA = (z/10)1/7 U10 or m/s
z above the sea surface
UzA = U10 + UA ln(z/10)
VWR VWREL Apparent wind velocity see section 1.4.1 m/s
VWT VWABS True wind velocity see section 1.4.1 m/s
XF FDIM Dimensionless Fetch gF/U102
Height above the sea surface in
z ZSURF m
meters
Apparent wind angle (relative to
βWA BETWA see section 2.6 rad
vessel course)
True wind angle (relative to ves-
βWT BETWT see section 2.6 rad
sel course)
θW TETWI Wind direction rad
Version 201 1.4.3 Ice Mechanics 33

Name
1.4.3 Ice Mechanics

EI MEI Modulus of elasticity of ice Pa
Weight of salt per unit weight of
SI SAIC Salinity of ice 1
ice
Weight of dissolved salt per unit
SW SAWA Salinity of water 1
weight of saline water
tA TEAI Temperature of air °C
tI TEIC Local temperature of ice °C
tW TEWA Temperature of water °C
δI ELIC Deflection of ice sheet Vertical elevation of ice surface m
εI STIC Ice strain Elongation per unit length 1
ε I STRTIC Ice strain rate ∂ε / ∂τ 1/s
μI POIIC Poisson's ratio of ice 1
Volume of gas pores per unit vol-
vA POAI Relative volume of air 1
ume of ice
Volume of liquid phase per unit
vB POBR Relative volume of brine 1
volume of ice
v0 POIC Total porosity of ice v0 = vA + vB 1
ρI DNIC Mass density of ice Mass of ice per unit volume kg/m3
ρSN DNSN Mass density of snow Mass of snow per unit volume kg/m3
ρW DNWA Mass density of water kg/m3
ρΔ DNWI Density difference ρΔ = ρW - ρI kg/m3
σCI SCIC Compressive strength of ice Pa
σFI SFIC Flexural strength of ice Pa
σTI SNIC Tensile strength of ice Pa
τSI STIC Shear strength of ice Pa
1.5 Noise
Version 2017 1.5.1 Underwater noise 34

Name
1.5 Noise
1.5.1 Underwater Noise
Distance hydrophone to acoustic
𝑑𝑑 DIDR m
centre
2
𝑝𝑝̅𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
𝐿𝐿𝑝𝑝 = 10 log10 � 2 � dB, 𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
𝐿𝐿𝑝𝑝 SPL Sound pressure level 𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
= 1 µPa
𝐿𝐿s
Underwater sound radiated noise = 𝐿𝐿p
𝐿𝐿s SRNL 𝑑𝑑
level at a reference distance of 1m
+ 20 log10 � � dB, 𝑑𝑑𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 1 m
𝑑𝑑𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
p SPRE Sound pressure Pa
ITTC Symbols 2 Ships in General
Version 2017 2.1 Basic Quantities 35

Name
2. SHIPS IN GENERAL
2.1 Basic Quantities
a, a1 AC, A1 Linear or translatory acceleration dv / dt m/s2
A, AR,
A Area in general m2
AREA
B B, BR Breadth m
C, FF2 FF(2) Cross force Force normal to lift and drag (forces) N
C
Cc CC Cross force coefficient CC = 1
qA
Force opposing translatory velocity,
D, FF1 FF(1) Resistance, Drag (force) generally for a completely immersed N
body
d, D D, DI Diameter m
E E, EN Energy J
f FR Frequency 1/T Hz
F, F0 F, F0 Force N
Weight force / mass, strength of the
g G, GR Acceleration of gravity m/s2
earth gravity field
h DE Depth m
H H, HT Height m
Second order moment of a mass dis-
I I, IN Moment of inertia kg m2
tribution
L L, LE Length m
Force perpendicular to translatory ve-
L, FF3 FF(3) Lift (force) N
locity
M, MA,
m Mass kg
MASS
First order moment of a force distri-
M, F1 M1, F1 Moment of forces Nm
bution
M MO Momentum Ns
Alias RPS (RPM in some propulsor
n, N FR, N Frequency or rate of revolution Hz
applications)
P P, PO Power W
r, R RD Radius m
R, FF1 R, RE, FF(1) Resistance (force) Force opposing translatory velocity N
s SP Distance along path m
t TI Time s
t TE Temperature K
Duration of a cycle of a repeating or
T TC Period periodic, not necessarily harmonic s
process
U U, UN Undisturbed velocity of a fluid m/s
Linear or translatory velocity of a
v, V1 V, V1 ds / dt m/s
body
V VO Volume m3
Weight density, formerly specific
w WD dW / dV = ρg N/m3
weight
Weight (force), gravity force act-
W WT N
ing on a body
Relative mass or weight, in Eng- Mass density of a substance divided
γ MR lish speaking countries called spe- by mass density of distilled water at 1
cific gravity 4°C
η EF, ETA Efficiency Ratio of powers
Version 2017 2.1 Basic Quantities 36

Name
ρ DN, RHO Mass density dm / dV kg/m3

water density for reference water
ρ0 RHO0 kg/m3
temperature and salt content
ρA DNA, RHOA Mass density of air Mass of air per unit volume kg/m3
τ ST, TAU Tangential stress Pa
Ship dimension divided by corre-
λ SC Scale ratio 1
sponding model dimension
σ SN, SIGS Normal stress Pa
ω FC, OMF Circular frequency 2πf 1/s
ω, V0 V0, OMN Rotational velocity 2πn rad/s
2.2 Geometry and Hydrostatics
Version 2017 2.2.1 Hull Geometry 37

Name

2.2.1 Hull Geometry
The area of the ram projected on
Area of bulbous bow in longitudi-
ABL ABL the middle line plane forward of m2
nal plane
the fore perpendicular
The cross sectional area at the fore
perpendicular. Where the water
lines are rounded so as to termi-
Area of transverse cross-section of
nate on the forward perpendicular
ABT ABT a bulbous bow (full area port and m2
ABT is measured by continuing the
star-board)
area curve forward to the perpen-
dicular, ignoring the final round-
ing.
Midway between fore and aft per-
AM AM Area of midship section m2
pendiculars
Area of transom (full area port and Cross-sectional area of transom
AT ATR m2
starboard) stern below the load waterline
Area of portion of ship above wa-
AV AV Area exposed to wind terline projected normally to the m2
direction of relative wind
AW AW Area of water-plane m2
AWA AWA Area of water-plane aft of midship m2
Area of water-plane forward of
AWF AWF m2
midship
Area of maximum transverse sec-
AX AX m2
tion
Beam or breadth, moulded, of
B B m
ships hull
Breadth, moulded of midship sec-
BM BM m
tion at design water line
Breadth, moulded of transom at
BT BTR m
design water line
Maximum moulded breadth at de-
BWL BWL m
sign water line
Breadth, moulded of maximum
BX BX m
section area at design water line
d, T T Draught, moulded, of ship hull m
TAD - TFD alias “keel drag”
dKL KDROP Design drop of the keel line m
or “slope of keel”
D DEP Depth, moulded, of a ship hull m
From the freeboard markings to
f FREB Freeboard the freeboard deck, according to m
official rules
Angle of waterline at the bow with
iE ANEN Angle of entrance, half reference to centre plane, neglect- rad
ing local shape at stem
Angle of waterline at the stern
with reference to the centre-plane,
iR ANRU Angle of run, half rad
neglecting local shape of stern
frame
Reference length of ship (gener-
L L Length of ship ally length between the perpendic- m
ulars)

Name
From the forward perpendicular to

LE LEN Length of entrance the forward end of parallel middle m
body, or maximum section
LOA LOA Length, overall m
LOS LOS Length, overall submerged m
Length of constant transverse sec-
LP LP Length of parallel middle body m
tion
LPP LPP Length between perpendiculars m
From section of maximum area or
after end of parallel middle body
LR LRU Length of run m
to waterline termination or other
designated point of the stern
LWL LWL Length of waterline m
LFS LFS Frame spacing used for structures m
LSS LSS Station spacing m
S S, AWS Area of wetted surface m2
The intercept of the tangent to the
t TT Taylor tangent of the area curve sectional area curve at the bow on 1
the midship ordinate
T, d T Draught, moulded, of ship hull m
TA, dA TA, TAP Draught at aft perpendicular m
Design draught at aft perpendicu-
TAD TAD, TAPD m
lar
TF, dF TF, TFP Draught at forward perpendicular m
Design draught at forward perpen-
TFD TFD, TFPD m
dicular
Maximum draught of the hull
TH THUL Draught of the hull m
without keel or skeg
(TA + TF) / 2 for rigid bodies with
TM, dM TM, TMS Draught at midship m
straight keel
TMD TMD, TMSD Design draught at midship (TAD + TFD) / 2 for rigid bodies m
Vertical depth of trailing edge of
TT TTR Immersion of transom boat at keel below water surface m
level
∇, V DISPVOL Displacement volume Δ / (ρ g) = ∇BH + ∇AP m3
∇BH DISPVBH Displacement volume of bare hull ΔBH / (ρ g) m3
Displacement volume of append-
∇APP DISPVAP ΔAP / (ρ g) m3
ages
Δ DISPF Displacement force (buoyancy) gρ∇ N
Displacement force (buoyancy) of
ΔBH DISPFBH g ρ ∇BH N
bare hull
Displacement force (buoyancy) of
ΔAPP DISPFAP g ρ ∇AP N
appendages
Δm DISPM Displacement mass ρ∇ kg
λ = LS / LM = BS / BM
λ SC Linear scale of ship model 1
= TS / TM
2.2.1.2 Derived Quantities
BC CIRCB R.E. Froude's breadth coefficient B / ∇1/3 1
CB CB Block coefficient ∇ / (L B T) 1
CGM CGM Dimensionless GM coefficient GM /∇1/3 1
CGZ CGZ Dimensionless GZ coefficient GZ /∇1/3 1
CKG CKG Dimensionless KG coefficient KG /T 1

Name
Coefficient of inertia of water

CIL CWIL 12 IL / ( B L3) 1
plane, longitudinal
Coefficient of inertia of water
CIT CWIT 12 IT / (B3 L) 1
plane, transverse
Midship section coefficient (mid-
CM CMS way between forward and aft per- AM / (B T) 1
pendiculars)
CP CPL Longitudinal prismatic coefficient ∇ / (AX L) or ∇ / (AM L) 1
∇A / (AX L / 2) or
CPA CPA Prismatic coefficient, after body 1
∇A / (AM L / 2)
∇E / (AX LE) or
CPE CPE Prismatic coefficient, entrance 1
∇E / (AM LE)
∇F / (AX L / 2) or
CPF CPF Prismatic coefficient fore body 1
∇F / (AM L / 2)
∇R / (AX LR) or
CPR CPR Prismatic coefficient, run 1
∇R / (AM LR)
1/2
CS CS Wetted surface coefficient S / (V L) 1
CVP CVP Prismatic coefficient vertical ∇ / (AW T) 1
CWA CWA Water plane area coefficient, aft AWA / (B L / 2) 1
Water plane area coefficient, for-
CWF CWF AWF /(B L / 2) 1
ward
CWP CW Water plane area coefficient AW /(L B) 1
A / (B T), where B and T are
Maximum transverse section coef- X
CX CX measured at the position of maxi- 1
ficient
mum area
C∇ CVOL Volumetric coefficient ∇ / L3 1
fBL CABL Area coefficient for bulbous bow ABL / (L T) 1
Taylor sectional area coefficient
fBT CABL ABT / AX 1
for bulbous bow
Sectional area coefficient for tran-
fT ATR AT / AX 1
som stern
R.E. Froude's length coefficient, or
MC CIRCM L / ∇1/3 1
length-displacement ratio
R.E. Froude's wetted surface area
SC CIRCS
coefficient S∇23 1
TC CIRCT R.E. Froude's draught coefficient T / ∇1/3 1
2.2.1.3 Symbols for Attributes and Subscripts

A AB After body
AP AP After perpendicular
APP APP Appendages
B BH Bare hull
DW Design waterline
E EN Entry
F FB Fore body
FP FP Fore perpendicular
FS FS Frame spacing
H HE Hull
LR Reference Line
LP LP Based on LPP
LW LW Based on LWL
M MS Midships
PB Parallel body
R RU Run

Name
SS SS Station spacing
W WP Water plane
S WS Wetted surface
Version 2017 2.2.2 Propulsor Geometry 41

Name
2.2.2 Propulsor Geometry

2.2.2.1 Screw Propellers
Developed blade area of a screw
AD AD Developed blade area m2
propeller outside the boss or hub
Expanded blade area of a screw
AE AE Expanded blade area m2
A0 AO Propeller Disc Area π D2 / 4 m2
Projected blade area of a screw
AP AP Projected blade area m2
aD ADR Developed blade area ratio AD / A0 1
aE ADE Expanded blade area ratio AE / A0 1
aP ADP Projected blade area ratio AP / A0 1
c LCH Chord length m
c0.7 C07 Chord length Chord length at r/R=0.7 m
The part of the Chord delimited by
the Leading Edge and the intersec-
cLE CHLE Chord, leading part tion between the Generator Line m
and the pitch helix at the consid-
ered radius
The expanded or developed area
cM CHME Mean chord length of a propeller blade divided by the m
span from the hub to the tip
The displacement between middle
of chord and the blade reference
cS CS Skew displacement line. Positive when middle chord m
is at the trailing side regarding the
blade reference line
The part of the Chord delimited by
the Trailing Edge and the intersec-
cTE CHTE Chord, trailing part tion between the Generator Line m
and the pitch helix at the consid-
ered radius
dh DH Boss or hub diameter 2 rh m
Aft diameter of the hub, not con-
dha DHA Hub diameter, aft m
sidering any shoulder
Fore diameter of the hub, not con-
dhf DHF Hub diameter, fore m
sidering any shoulder
D DP Propeller diameter m
f FBP Camber of a foil section m
GZ GAP Gap between the propeller blades 2 π r sin (φ) / z m
The depth of submergence of the
propeller measured vertically from
h0 HO Immersion m
the propeller centre to the free sur-
face
Distance between the propeller
HTC HTC Hull tip clearance m
sweep circle and the hull
The displacement from the propel-
ler plane to the generator line in
iG , Rk(ISO) RAKG Rake m
the direction of the shaft axis. Aft
displacement is positive rake.
The axial displacement of a blade
section which occurs when the
iS RAKS Rake, skew-induced m
propeller is skewed. Aft displace-
ment is positive rake

Name
The axial displacement of the

blade reference line from the pro-
iT RAKT Rake, total peller plane m
iG + iS = cS sinφ
Positive direction is aft.
The length of the hub, including
lh LH Hub length m
any fore and aft shoulder
Length of the hub taken from the
lha LHA Hub length, aft propeller plane to the aft end of m
the hub including aft shoulder
Length of the hub taken from the
lhf LHF Hub length, fore propeller plane to the fore end of m
the hub including fore shoulder
NP NPR Number of propellers 1
p PDR Pitch ratio P/D 1
Ρ PITCH Propeller pitch in general m
r LR Blade section radius m
rh RH Hub radius m
R RDP Propeller radius m
t TM Blade section thickness m
Thickness on axis of propeller Thickness of propeller blade as ex-
t0 TO m
blade tended down to propeller axis
xB XBDR Boss to diameter ratio dh / D
Distance of propeller centre for-
xP XP Longitudinal propeller position m
ward of the after perpendicular
Transverse distance of wing pro-
yP YP Lateral propeller position m
peller centre from middle line
Z, z NPB Number of propeller blades 1
Height of propeller centre above
zP ZP Vertical propeller position m
base line
Propeller axis angle measured to Angle between reference line and
ε, ψbP PSIBP rad
body fixed coordinates propeller shaft axis
The angular displacement about
the shaft axis of the reference
point of any blade section relative
θs TETS Skew angle to the generator line measured in rad
the plane of rotation. It is positive
when opposite to the direction of
ahead rotation
θ RAKA Angle of rake rad
The difference between maximum
θEXT TEMX Skew angle extent rad
and minimum local skew angle
φ PHIP Pitch angle of screw propeller arctg (P / (2 π R)) 1
Pitch angle of screw propeller
φF PHIF 1
measured to the face line
Propeller axis angle measured to Angle between horizontal plane
ψaP PSIAP rad
space fixed coordinates and propeller shaft axis
τB Blade thickness ratio t0 / D 1

Name
2.2.2.2 Ducts
ADEN ADEN Duct entry area m2
ADEX ADEX Duct exit area m2
Clearance between propeller tip
dD CLEARD Propeller tip clearance m
and inner surface of duct
fD FD Camber of duct profile m
LD LD Duct length m
Axial distance between leading
LDEN LDEN Duct entry part length m
edge of duct and propeller plane
Axial distance between propeller
LDEX LDEX Duct exit length m
plane and trailing edge of duct
tD TD Thickness of duct profile m
Angle between nose-tail line of
αD AD Duct profile-shaft axis angle rad
duct profile and propeller shaft
Angle between inner duct tail line
βD BD Diffuser angle of duct rad
and propeller shaft
2.2.2.3 Waterjets (see also section 1.3.5)
An , A6 Nozzle discharge area m2
As Cross sectional area at station s m2
D Impeller diameter (maximum) m
Dn Nozzle discharge diameter m
H ij Head between station i and j m
H JS Jet System Head m
maximum height of cross sectional
h1A m
area of stream tube at station 1A
gH
KH Head coefficient: 1
n2 D5
2.2.2.4 Pods
Wetted Surface Area of Pod Main
APB APB m2
Body
Wetted Surface Area of Bottom
APBF APBF m2
Fin
APS APS Wetted Surface Area of Strut m2
Thickness Cord Ratio of Bottom
CBFTC CBFTC 1
Fin
CSTC CSTC Thickness Cord Ratio of Strut 1
DPB DPB Maximum Diameter of Pod Body m
LPB LPB Length of Pod Main Body m
Code length of bottom fin under
LPBF LPBF Length of Bottom Fin m
pod main body
Code length of strut between for-
LPS LPS Length of Upper Strut m
ward edge and aft edge
TPBS TPBS Bottom Thickness of Strut m
2.2.2.5 Operators and identifiers
a absolute (space) reference (superscript)
b body axis reference (superscript)
P propeller shaft axis (subscript)
D Duct (subscript)
Version 2017 2.2.3 Appendage Geometry 44

Name
2.2.3 Appendage Geometry

Related information may be found in Section 3.3.3 on Lifting Surfaces.
AC AC Area under cut-up m2
AFB AFB Area of bow fins m2
Projected frontal area of an ap-
AFR AFR Frontal area m2
pendage
ARF AF Projected flap area m2
AR ARU Lateral rudder area Area of the rudder, including flap m2
Lateral area of the fixed part of
ARX ARX m2
rudder
Lateral area of rudder in the pro-
ARP ARP m2
peller race
ART ART Total lateral rudder area ARX + ARmov m2
AFS AFS Projected area of stern fins m2
ASK ASK Projected skeg area m2
SWBK SWBK Wetted surface area of bilge keels m2
c CH Chord length of foil section m
cM CHME Mean chord length ART / S m
cR CHRT Chord length at the root m
cT CHTP Chord length at the tip m
Camber of an aerofoil or a hydro- Maximum separation of median
f FM m
foil and nose-tail line
Measured in direction parallel to
LF LF Length of flap or wedge m
keel
Maximum thickness of an aerofoil
t TMX Measured normal to mean line m
or a hydrofoil
αFB ANFB Bow fin angle rad
αFS ANFS Stern fin angle rad
Angle between the planing surface
δF DELFS Flap angle (general) of a flap and the bottom before the rad
leading edge
Angle between the planing surface
δW DELWG Wedge angle of a wedge and the bottom before rad
the leading edge
δFR ANFR Flanking rudder angle rad
Initial angle set up during the as-
Assembly angle of flanking rud-
δFRin ANFRIN sembly as zero angle of flanking rad
ders
rudders
δR ANRU Rudder angle rad
δRF ANRF Rudder-flap angle rad
λR TARU Rudder taper cT / cR 1
λFR TAFR Flanking rudder taper 1
ΛR ASRU Rudder aspect ratio bR2 / ART 1
ΛFR ASRF Flanking rudder aspect ratio
2.2.3.2 Identifiers for Appendages (Subscripts)
BK Bilge keel
BS Bossing
FB Bow foil
FR Flanking rudder
FS Stern foil
KL Keel
RU Rudder
RF Rudder flap
Version 2017 2.2.3 Appendage Geometry 45

Name
SA Stabilizer
SH Shafting
SK Skeg
ST Strut
TH Thruster
WG Wedge
Version 2017 2.2.4 Hydrostatics and Stability 46

Name
2.2.4 Hydrostatics and Stability

2.2.4.1 Points and Centres (Still under construction)
Assumed centre of gravity above
A keel used for cross curves of sta-
bility
Centre of flotation of added buoy-
b ant layer or centre of lost buoy-
ancy of the flooded volume
Centroid of the underwater vol-
B Centre of buoyancy
ume
Centre of flotation of the water
F
plane
Centre of gravity of an added or
g
removed weight (mass)
G Centre of gravity of a vessel
K Keel reference
M Metacentre of a vessel See subscripts for qualification
Longitudinal distance from refer-
Longitudinal centre of buoyancy ence point to the centre of buoy-
XCB , LCB XCB m
(LCB) ancy, B such as XMCF from Mid-
ships
Longitudinal centre of flotation ence point to the centre of flota-
XCF , LCF XCF m
(LCF) tion, F such as XMCF from Mid-
ships
Longitudinal centre of buoyancy ence point to the centre of buoy-
xCb XACB m
of added buoyant layer ancy of the added buoyant layer, b
such as xMCb from Midships
Longitudinal centre of flotation of ence point to the centre of flota-
xCf XACF m
added buoyant layer tion of the added buoyant layer, f
such as xMCf from Midships
ence to the centre of gravity, g, of
Longitudinal centre of gravity of
xCg XACG an added or removed weight m
added weight (mass)
(mass) such as xMCg from Mid-
ships
Longitudinal distance from a ref-
Longitudinal centre of gravity erence point to the centre of grav-
XCG , LCG XCG m
(LCG) ity, G such as XMCG from Mid-
ships
Lateral displacement of centre of Lateral distance from a reference
YCG YCG m
gravity (YCG) point to the centre of gravity, G
Intersection of righting arm with
Z ZRA line of action of the centre of
buoyancy
2.2.4.2 Static Stability levers

Longitudinal centre of buoyancy Distance of centre of buoyancy
AB XAB m
from aft perpendicular from aft perpendicular
Distance of centre of flotation
AF XAF m
from aft perpendicular

Name
Longitudinal centre of gravity Distance of centre of gravity from

AG L XAG
from aft perpendicular aft perpendicular
m
Transverse distance from assumed
AG T YAG centre of gravity A, to actual cen- m
tre of gravity G
Vertical distance from assumed
AG V ZAG centre of gravity A, to actual cen- m
tre of gravity G
Righting arm based on horizontal
Generally tabulated in cross
AZ YAZ distance from assumed centre of m
curves of stability
gravity A, to Z
Distance from the centre of buoy-
Transverse metacentre above cen- ancy B to the transverse metacen-
BM ZBM tre M. m
tre of buoyancy
BM = I T / ∇= KM - KB
Longitudinal metacentre above
BM ZBML KM L - KB
L centre of buoyancy
Longitudinal centre of buoyancy, Distance of centre of buoyancy
FB XFB m
LCB, from forward perpendicular from forward perpendicular
Longitudinal centre of floatation, Distance of centre of flotation
FF XFF m
LCF, from forward perpendicular from forward perpendicular
FG XFG m
from forward perpendicular forward perpendicular
Horizontal stability lever caused
GG H GGH by a weight shift or weight addi- m
tion
Longitudinal stability lever caused
GG L GGL by a weight shift or weight addi- m
tion
Vertical stability lever caused by a
GG1 , GG V GG1, GGV
weight shift or weight addition KG 1 = KG 0 + GG 1 m
Distance of centre of gravity to the
GM Transverse metacentric height metacentre m
GM
KM - KG
GMEFF
Effective transverse metacentric GM corrected for free surface m
GM EFF height and/or free communication effects
Distance from the centre of gravity
Longitudinal centre of metacentric G to the longitudinal metacentre
GM L GML ML m
height
GM L = KM L − KG
GZ = AZ − AG V sin ϕ –
GZ GZ Righting arm or lever m
AG T cosφ
GZ MAX GZMAX Maximum righting arm or lever m
Distance from the assumed centre
KA ZKA of gravity A to the moulded base m
moulded base or keel
or keel K
Centre of buoyancy above
KB ZKB ancy B to the moulded base or m
keel K

Name
Centre of gravity above moulded Distance from centre of gravity G

KG ZKG m
base or keel to the moulded base or keel K
Vertical centre of gravity of added
Distance from centre of gravity, g,
Kg ZKAG or removed weight above moulded
to the moulded base or keel K
m
base or keel
Distance from the transverse meta-
Transverse metacentre above
KM ZKM centre M to the moulded base or m
keel K
Distance from the longitudinal
KM L ZKML metacentre ML to the moulded m
base or keel K
l XTA Longitudinal trimming arm xCG - xCB m
t YHA Equivalent transverse heeling arm Heeling moment /Δ m
CGM CGM Dimensionless GM coefficient GM /∇1/3 1
CGZ CGZ Dimensionless GZ coefficient GZ /∇1/3 1
CKG CKG Dimensionless KG coefficient KG /T 1
Trimming moment divided by
change in trim which approxi-
CMTL CMTL Longitudinal trimming coefficient mately equals 1
BM L / L
2.2.4.4 Intact and Damage (Flooded) Stability
trimming moment divided by
change in trim which approxi-
CMTL CMTL Longitudinal trimming coefficient mately equals 1
BM L / L
official rules
ASI, IAS ASI Attained subdivision index (to be clarified) 1
∆GZ Other moments such as
Moment of ship stability in gen- those of capsizing, heeling, etc.
MS MS will be represented by MS with Nm
eral
additional subscripts as appropri-
ate
m SHIPMA Ship mass W/g kg
Moment to change trim by one
MTC MTC Nm/cm
centimetre
Moment to change trim by one
MTM MTM ΔCMTL Nm/m
meter
RSI RSI Required subdivision index 1
ts, tKL TRIM Static trim TA - TF - dKL m
W SHIPWT Ship weight mg N
zSF ZSF Static sinkage at FP Caused by loading m
zSA ZSA Static sinkage at AP Caused by loading m
zS ZS Mean static sinkage (zSF + zSA) / 2 m
δ D Finite increment in... Prefix to other symbol 1
δtKL DTR Change in static trim m
Δ DISPF Displacement (buoyant) force gρ∇ N
Δm DISPM Displacement mass ρ∇ kg
∇ DISPVOL Displacement volume Δ / (ρg) m3

Name
Displacement volume of flooded

∇fw DISVOLFW Δfw / (ρg) m3
water
θS TRIMS Static trim angle tan-1((zSF - zSA) / L) rad
The ratio of the volume of flood-
μ PMVO Volumetric permeability ing water in a compartment to the 1
total volume of the compartment
φ HEELANG Heel angle rad
φF HEELANGF Heel angle at flooding rad
φVS HEELANGV Heel angle for vanishing stability rad
2.2.4.5 Symbols for Attributes and Subscripts (under construction)

a apparent
A, att attained
d, dyn dynamic
e, EFF effective
f false
KL keel line
L longitudinal
MAX maximum
MTL longitudinal trimming moment
R, req required (to be clarified)
s Static
S, sqt Sinkage, squat
TC Trim in cm
TM Trim in m
T transverse
V vertical
0 Initial
φ at heel angle φ
θ at trim angle θ
2.3 Resistance and Propulsion
Version 2017 2.3.1 Hull Resistance 50

Name

2.3.1 Hull Resistance
(see also Section 1.4.1 on Waves)
Maximum transverse area of
m BLCK Blockage parameter model ship divided by tank cross 1
section area
Incremental resistance to be added
to the smooth ship resistance to
RA RA Model-ship correlation allowance N
complete the model-ship predic-
tion
RAA RAA Air or wind resistance N
RAPP RAP Appendage resistance N
RAR RAR Roughness resistance N
RTM[(1 + k) CFMC + CR] /
Resistance corrected for difference [(1 + k) CFM + CR]
RC RC in temperature between resistance where CFMC is the frictional coeffi- N
and self-propulsion tests cient at the temperature of the self-
propulsion test
Due to fluid friction on the surface
RF RF Frictional resistance of a body N
of the body
RF0 RF0 Frictional resistance of a flat plate N
Due to the normal stresses over the
RP RP Pressure resistance N
surface of a body
Due to normal stress related to vis-
RPV RPV Viscous pressure resistance N
cosity and turbulence
RR RR Residuary resistance RT - RF or RT - RF0 N
Residuary resistance of the bare
RRBH RRBH N
hull
RS RS Spray resistance Due to generation of spray N
RT RT Total resistance Total towed resistance N
RTBH RTBH Total resistance of bare hull N
RV RV Total viscous resistance RF + RPV N
RW RW Wave making resistance Due to formation of surface waves N
Associated with the breakdown of
RWB RWB Wave breaking resistance N
the bow wave
RWP RWP Wave pattern resistance N
S S Wetted surface area, underway SBH + SAPP m2
S0 S0 Wetted surface area, at rest SBH0 + SAPP0 m2
Appendage wetted surface area,
SAPP SAP m2
underway
Appendage wetted surface area, at
SAPP0 SAP0 m2
rest
Bare Hull wetted surface area, un-
SBH SBH m2
derway
Bare Hull wetted surface area, at
SBH0 SBH0 m2
rest
ΔCF DELCF Roughness allowance 1
V V Speed of the model or the ship m/s
VK VKN Speed in knots
VWR VWR Wind velocity, relative m/s
zVF ZVF Running sinkage at FP m
zVA ZVA Running sinkage at AP m

Name
zVM ZVM Mean running sinkage (zVF + zVA) / 2 m

η EW Wave Elevation see 3.4.1 m
θV , θD TRIMV Running (dynamic) trim angle tan-1((zVF - zVA) / L) 1
τW LSF, TAUW Local skin friction see 3.3.4 N/ m2
Incremental resistance coefficient
CA CA RA / (S q) 1
for model ship correlation
RAA / (S q)
ρ A AV ρ A
CAA CAA Air or wind resistance coefficient = C = −CX A V 1
DA
ρS SS ρS SS
CAPP CAPP Appendage resistance coefficient RAPP / (S q) 1
CD CD Drag coefficient D / (S q) 1
Fujiwara air or wind resistance
CDA CDA coefficient, from wind tunnel RAA / (AV qR) 1
tests
Frictional resistance coefficient of
CF CF RF / (S q) 1
a body
Frictional resistance coefficient of
CF0 CF0 RF0 / (S q) 1
a corresponding plate
Cp CP Local pressure coefficient 1
Pressure resistance coefficient, in-
CPR CPR RP / (S q) 1
cluding wave effect
Viscous pressure resistance coef-
CPV CPV RPV / (S q) 1
ficient
CR CR Residuary resistance coefficient RR / (S q) 1
CS CSR Spray resistance coefficient RS / (S q) 1
CT CT Total resistance coefficient RT / (S q) 1
CTL CTLT Telfer's resistance coefficient g R L / (ΔV2) 1
CTQ CTQ Qualified resistance coefficient CT∇ / (ηH ηR) 1
CT∇ CTVOL Resistance displacement RT / (∇2/3 q) 1
Total viscous resistance coeffi-
CV CV RV / (S q) 1
cient
Wave making resistance coeffi-
CW CW RW / (S q) 1
cient
Wave pattern resistance coeffi-
CWP CWP 1
cient, by wave analysis
Air or wind resistance coefficient,
CX CXA -RAA / (AV qR) 1
usually from wind tunnel tests
R.E. Froude's resistance coeffi-
CC CIRCC 1000 RT / (Δ(KC)2) 1
cient
R.E. Froude's frictional resistance
FC CIRCF 1000 RF / (Δ(KC)2) 1
coefficient
Ratio of tangential force to normal
f FC Friction coefficient 1
force between two sliding bodies
Three dimensional form factor on
k K (CV - CF0) / CF0 1
flat plate friction
k(θ) WDC Wind direction coefficient CAA/ CAA0 1
R.E. Froude's speed displacement
KC CIRCK (4 π)1/2 Fr∇ or (4π/g)1/2VK/∇1/6
coefficient
Resistance coefficient corre-
KR KR R / (ρ D4 n2) 1
sponding to KQ, KT
Dynamic pressure, density of ki- ρ V2 / 2
q PD, EK Pa
netic flow energy, see 3.3.2

Name
Dynamic pressure based on ap- ρ VWR2/ 2

qR PDWR, EKWR Pa
parent wind see 3.4.2
R. E. Froude’s wetted surface co-
SC CIRCS
efficient S∇23 1
Resistance-displacement ratio in
ε EPSG R/Δ 1
general
Residuary resistance-displace-
εR EPSR RR / Δ 1
ment ratio
2.3.1.3 Symbols for Attributes and Subscripts
FW Fresh water
MF Faired model data
MR Raw model data
OW Open water
SF Faired full scale data
SR Raw full scale data
SW Salt water
Version 2017 2.3.2 Ship Performance 53

Name
2.3.2 Ship Performance

Towing force applied to a model
Friction deduction force in self to correct the model resistance for
FD SFC N
propulsion test different Re between model and
full scale.
FP FP Force pulling or towing a ship N
FP0 FPO Pull during bollard test N
kS KHS Roughness height of Hull surface m
Frequency, commonly rate of rev-
n N Hz
olution
PB PB Brake power Power delivered by prime mover W
PD , PP PD, PP Delivered power, propeller power Q ω W
PE , PR PE, PR Effective power, resistance power R V W
Determined from pressure meas-
PI PI Indicated power W
ured by indicator
PS PS Shaft power Power measured on the shaft W
PT PTH Thrust power T VA W
Q Q Torque PD / ω Nm
tV TV Running trim m
V V Ship speed m/s
Equivalent propeller open water
VA VA Propeller advance speed speed based on thrust or torque m/s
identity
zV ZV Running sinkage of model or ship m
ω V0,OMN Rotational shaft velocity 2πn 1/s
a RAUG Resistance augment fraction (T - RT) / RT 1
CADM CADM Admiralty coefficient Δ2/3 V3 / PS 1
CD∇ CDVOL Power-displacement coefficient PD / (ρ V3 ∇2/3 / 2) 1
Trial correction for propeller rate
CN CN nT / nS 1
of revolution at speed identity
Trial correction for propeller rate
CNP CNP PDT / PDS 1
of revolution at power identity
Trial correction for delivered
CP CDP 1
power
Ship model correlation factor for
K1 C1 ηDS / ηDM 1
propulsive efficiency
Ship model correlation factor for
K2 C2 nS/ nM 1
propeller rate revolution
Scale effect correction factor for
model appendage drag applied at
KAPP KAP Appendage correction factor 1
the towing force in a self-propul-
sion test
Change of draught, fore and aft,
sV SINKV Sinkage, dynamic 1
divided by length
Change of the trim due to dynamic
tV TRIMV Trim, dynamic 1
condition, divided by length
t THDF Thrust deduction fraction (T - RT) / T 1
w WFT Taylor wake fraction in general (V - VA) / V 1
wF WFF Froude wake fraction (V - VA) / VA 1
Propeller speed VA determined
wQ WFTQ Torque wake fraction 1
from torque identity
Version 2017 2.3.2 Ship Performance 54

Name
Propeller speed, VA, determined

wT WFTT Thrust wake fraction 1
from thrust identity
Ship-model correlation factor for
Δw DELW wT,M - wT,S 1
wake fraction
Ship-model correlation factor with
ΔwC DELWC respect to wT,S method formula of 1
ITTC 1978 method
x XLO Load fraction in power prediction ηD PD / PE - 1 1
Ship appendage resistance divided
β APSF Appendage scale effect factor 1
by model appendage resistance
2.3.2.3 Efficiencies etc.
ηAPP ETAAP Appendage efficiency PEw0APP / PEwAPP, RTBH / RT 1
ETAB,
ηB Propeller efficiency behind ship PT / PD = T VA / (Q ω) 1
EFTP
ETAD, Quasi-propulsive efficiency coef-
ηD PE / PD = PR / PP 1
EFRP ficient
ETAG,
ηG Gearing efficiency 1
EFGP
ETAH, PE / PT = PR / PT
ηH Hull efficiency 1
EFRT = (1 - t) / (1 - w)
Mechanical efficiency of transmis-
ηM ETAM P /P 1
sion between engine and propeller D B
ETAO, P / P = T VA / (Q ω) all quanti-
ηO Propeller efficiency in open water T D 1
EFTPO ties measured in open water tests
ηP ETAP Propulsive efficiency coefficient PE / PB 1
ETAR,
ηR Relative rotative efficiency ηB / ηO 1
EFRO
ETAS,
ηS Shafting efficiency PD / PS = PP / P S 1
EFPS
Version 2017 2.3.3 Propulsor Performance 55

Name
2.3.3 Propulsor Performance

AO AO Propeller disc area π D2 / 4 m2
D DP Propeller diameter m
n FR Propeller frequency of revolution Hz
Roughness height of propeller
kP KS m
blade surface
Dynamic pressure based on ad-
qA QA ρ VA2 / 2 Pa
vance speed
Dynamic pressure based on sec-
qS QS ρ VS2 / 2 Pa
tion advance speed
About spindle axis of controllable
QS QSP Spindle torque pitch propeller QS=QSC+ QSH Nm
positive if it increases pitch
QSC QSPC Centrifugal spindle torque Nm
QSH QSPH Hydrodynamic spindle torque Nm
RU RU Pod unit resistance Resistance of a podded drive unit N
T TH Propeller thrust N
Pod unit resistance subtracted
TU TU Pod unit thrust N
from the propeller thrust
TD THDU Duct thrust N
TDP THDP Ducted propeller thrust N
Total thrust of a ducted propeller
TDT THDT N
unit
TxP TXP Propeller Thrust along shaft axis N
Propeller normal force in y direc-
TyP TYP N
tion in propeller axis
Propeller normal force in z direc-
TzP TZP N
tion in propeller axis
VA VA Advance speed of propeller m/s
Mean axial velocity at propeller
VP VP m/s
plane of ducted propeller
Section advance speed
VS VS (VA2+ (0.7 R ω)2)1/2 m/s
at 0.7 R
ρP DNP Propeller mass density kg/m3
ω V0P Propeller rotational velocity 2πn 1/s
n PD½ / VA2.5
Taylor's propeller coefficient with n in revs/min,
BP BP 1
based on delivered horsepower PD in horsepower, and
VA in kn (obsolete)
n PT½ / VA2.5
Taylor's propeller coefficient with n in revs/min,
BU BU 1
based on thrust horsepower PT in horsepower, and
VA in kn (obsolete)
CP CPD Power loading coefficient PD / (AP qA VA) 1
CQ* CQS Torque index Q / (AP qS D) 1
Thrust loading coefficient, energy
CTh CTH T / (AP qA) = (TP / AP) / qA 1
loading coefficient
CT* CTHS Thrust index T / (AP qS) 1
J JEI Propeller advance ratio VA / (D n) 1
JA , JH JA, JH Apparent or hull advance ratio V / (D n) = VH / (D n) 1

Name
Propeller advance ratio for ducted

JP JP VP / (D n)
propeller
Advance ratio of propeller deter-
JT , JPT JT, JPT 1
mined from thrust identity
Advance ratio of propeller deter-
JQ , JPQ JQ, JPQ 1
mined from torque identity
KP KP Delivered power coefficient PD / (ρ n D ) = 2 π KQ
3 5
1
KQ KQ Torque coefficient Q / (ρ n2 D5) 1
Centrifugal spindle torque coeffi-
KSC KSC QSC / (ρ n2 D5) 1
cient
Hydrodynamic spindle torque co-
KSH KSH QSH / (ρ n2 D5) 1
efficient
KT KT Thrust coefficient T / (ρ n2 D4) 1
KTD KTD Duct thrust coefficient TD / (ρ n2 D4) 1
KTP KTP Ducted propeller thrust coefficient TP / (ρ n2 D4) 1
Total thrust coefficient for a
KTT KTT KTP+ KTD 1
ducted propeller unit
Torque coefficient of propeller
KQ0 KQ0 converted from behind to open KQ.ηR 1
water condition
Torque coefficient of propeller de-
KQT KQT termined from thrust coefficient 1
identity
PJ PJ Propeller jet power ηTJ T VA
SA SRA Apparent slip ratio 1 - V / (n P) 1
SR SRR Real slip ratio 1 - VA / (n P) 1
n D / VA
δ ADCT Taylor's advance coefficient with n in revs/min, D in feet, VA 1
in kn
Propeller pump or hydraulic effi-
ηJP EFJP PJ / PD = PJ / PP 1
ciency
Propeller pump efficiency at zero
ZET0,
ηJP0 advance speed, T / (ρ π / 2)1/3 / (PD D)2/3 1
EFJP0
alias static thrust coefficient
ηI EFID Ideal propeller efficiency Efficiency in non-viscous fluid 1
ηTJ EFTJ Propeller jet efficiency 2 / (1 + (1 + CTh)1/2) 1
ETA0, P / P = T VA / (Q ω) all quanti-
η0 , ηTP0 Propeller efficiency in open water T D 1
EFTP0 ties measured in open water tests
λ ADR Advance ratio of a propeller VA / (n D) / π = J / π 1
Ratio between propeller thrust and
τ TMR TP / TT 1
total thrust of ducted propeller
2.3.3.3 Induced Velocities etc.
Axial velocity induced by propel-
UA UA m/s
ler
Axial velocity induced by duct of
UAD UADU m/s
ducted propeller
Radial velocity induced by propel-
URP URP m/s
ler of ducted propeller
Radial velocity induced by duct of
URD URDU m/s
ducted propeller
Axial velocity induced by propel-
UAP UAP m/s
ler of ducted propeller
Radial velocity induced by propel-
UR UR m/s
ler

Name
Tangential velocity induced by

UTD UTDU m/s
duct of ducted propeller
UTP UTP m/s
propeller of ducted propeller
UT UT m/s
propeller
Advance angle of a propeller blade
β BETB arctg (VA / r ω) rad
section
Hydrodynamic flow angle of a Flow angle taking into account in-
βI BETI rad
propeller blade section duced velocity
β* BETS Effective advance angle arctg (VA/ (0.7 R ω)) rad
Version 2017 2.3.4 Unsteady Propeller Forces 58

Name
2.3.4 Unsteady Propeller Forces

Cuv SI(U,V) Generalized stiffness
Duv DA(U,V) Generalized damping
u = 1,.., 6 N
Generalized vibratory
Fu FG(I) u = 1, 2, 3: force N
force
u = 4, 5, 6: moment Nm
Fi F(I) Vibratory force i = 1, 2, 3 N
Generalized vibratory force coeffi- According to definitions of KFi
KFu KF(U) 1
cients and KMi
KFi KF(I) Vibratory force coefficients Fi / (ρ n2 D4) 1
KMi KM(I) Vibratory moment coefficients Mi / (ρ n2 D5) 1
Kp KPR Pressure coefficient p / (ρ n2 D2) 1
Mi M(I) Vibratory moment i = 1, 2, 3 Nm
Muv MA(U,V) Generalized mass
p PR Pressure Pa
u = 1,.., 6 N
Generalized vibratory bearing re-
Ru R(U) u = 1, 2, 3: force N
action
u = 4, 5, 6: moment Nm
Vi V(I) Velocity field of the wake i = 1, 2, 3 m/s
Origin O coinciding with the cen-
tre of the propeller. The longitudi-
x X m
nal x-axis coincides with the shaft
y Y Cartesian coordinates m
axis, positive forward; the trans-
z Z m
verse y-axis, positive to port; the
third, z-axis, positive upward
Cylindrical system with origin O
and longitudinal x-axis as defined
X X before; angular a-(attitude)-coordi- m
a ATT Cylindrical coordinates nate , zero at 12 o'clock position, 1
r R positive clockwise looking for- m
ward; r distance measured from
the x-axis
u = 1,.., 6 m
δu DP(U)
Generalized vibratory displace-
u = 1, 2, 3: linear m
ment
u = 4, 5, 6: angular rad
u = 1,.., 6 m/s
δ u DPVL(U) Generalized vibratory velocity u = 1, 2, 3: linear m/s
u = 4, 5, 6: angular rad/s
u = 1,.., 6 m/s2
δ u DPAC(U) Generalized vibratory acceleration u = 1, 2, 3: linear m/s2
u = 4, 5, 6: angular rad/s2
Version 2017 2.3.5 Water Jets 59

Name
2.3.5 Water Jets

Cp CP Local pressure coefficient (p-p0)/(ρ V²/2) 1
Thrust loading coefficient:viscous Tnet
CTn 1
2 ρU 0 An
pressure 1 2
Energy velocity coefficient at sta-

ces 1
tion s
Momentum velocity coefficient at
cms 1
station s
Pressure differential of flow rate
Dp transducer
Pa
Ej EJ Energy flux at station j Ej = (ρ/2)∫VEj2dQj W

QJ
1 p 
Es Total energy flux at station s (ki-
netic + potential + pressure)
∫∫ ρ 
As
2 u2 +
ρ
− g j x j ui ni dA
 W
1 p 
Esξ Total axial (in ξ direction) energy
flux at station s
∫∫ ρ 
As
2 uξ2 +
ρ
− g j x j ui ni dA
 W
Skin friction correction in a self

FD propulsion test carried out at the N
ship self-propulsion point
H1 HT1 Local total head at station 1 m
Mean increase of total head across
H35 H35 pump and stator or several pump m
stages
IVR IVR Intake velocity ratio VI/V 1
JVR JVR Jet velocity ratio VJ/V 1
Q
KQ Impeller torque coefficient:
ρ n2 D5
QJ
KQJ Flow rate coefficient: 1
nD 3
M is
Momentum flux at station s in i di-
rection
∫∫ ρ u (u n ) dA
As
i j j N
u 6ξ
NVR Nozzle velocity ratio: 1
U0
Jet thrust (can be measured di-
Tjx TJX N
rectly in bollard pull condition)
n Impeller rotation rate Hz
ni Unit normal vector in i direction 1
PD Delivered Power to pump impeller W
PE Effective power: RTBHU 0 W
PJSE Effective Jet System Power QJ H 1A7 W
PPE Pump effective power: QJ H 35 W

Name
PTE Effective thrust power W

Ambient pressure in undisturbed
p0 PR0 Pa
flow
ps Local static pressure at station s Pa
Q Impeller torque Nm
Volume flow rate inside boundary
Qbl m³/s
layer
Volume flow rate through water
QJ m³/s
jet system
RTBH Total resistance of bare hull N
Jet thrust (can be measured di-
Tjet x N
rectly in bollard pull condition)
Net thrust exerted by the jet sys-
Tnet N
tem on the hull
R
t Thrust deduction fraction (1 − t ) =TBH 1
Tnet
U0 Free stream velocity m/s
1
∫∫ uξ dA
Mean energy velocity in i direction 3
u eis m/s
at station s QJ
1
∫∫ u dA
Mean (total) energy velocity at sta- 3
u es m/s
tion s QJ
Velocity component in i-direction
uis m/s
at station s
us Velocity at station s m/s
Local tangential velocity at station
u7φ UJFI m/s
7
w1 Geometric intake width at station 1 m
Width of capture area measured
w1A m
over hull surface at station 1A
Vertical distance of nozzle centre
z6 m
relative to undisturbed surface
ΔM DMF Change of momentum flux N
Change in Momentum Flux in x
∆M x direction
N
PE
ηD Overall propulsive efficiency: 1
PD
PJSE
ηduct Ducting efficiency: 1
PPE
PJSE0
ηeI Energy interaction efficiency: 1
PJSE
Ideal efficiency, equivalent to jet PTE0
ηI efficiency in free stream condi- 1
tions PJSE0

Name
Installation efficiency to account

ηinst for the distorted flow delivered by 1
the jet intake to the pump
ηeI
ηINT Total interaction efficiency: (1 − t ) 1
ηmI
PTE
η jet Momentum or jet efficiency: 1
PJSE
PJSE
ηJS Jet system efficiency: 1
PD
Tnet0
ηmI Momentum interaction efficiency: 1
Tnet
PPE
ηP ETAP Pump efficiency 1
PD
Pump efficiency from a pump loop
ηP0 test
1
η0 Free stream efficiency: ηPηductηI 1
θn Jet angle relative to the horizontal

at the nozzle (station 6)
rad
ρ Mass density of fluid kg/m³
ζ ij Energy loss coefficient between
station i and j
1
E3 − E1
ζ 13 ZETA13 Inlet duct loss coefficient: 1
2 ρU 0
1 2
E7 − E5
ζ 57 ZETA57 Nozzle duct loss coefficient: 2 1
1
2 ρ u e6
2.4 Manoeuvrability and Sea Keeping
Version 2017 2.4.1 Manoeuvrability 62

Name

2.4.1 Manoeuvrability
2.4.1.1 Geometrical Quantities
see also Section 1.3.1 and Section 1.3.3
AFB AFBO Projected area of bow fins m2
The area of the profile of the un-
derwater hull of a ship when pro-
AHL AHLT Lateral area of the hull m2
jected normally upon the longitu-
dinal centre plane
ALV AHLV Lateral area of hull above water m2
AR ARU Total lateral area of rudder m2
Lateral area of movable part of
ARmov ARMV m2
rudder
ARN ARNO Nominal lateral area of rudder (AR + ARmov) / 2 m2
Maximum distance from root to
bR SPRU Rudder span m
tip
bRM SPRUME Mean span of rudder m
CAL CAHL Coefficient of lateral area of ship AHL / (L T) 1
h DE Water depth m
hM DEME Mean water depth m
Longitudinal position of rudder
xR XRU m
axis
δ ANRU Rudder angle, helm angle rad
ΛR ASRU Aspect ratio of rudder bR2 / AR 1
2.4.1.2 Motions and Attitudes
Roll velocity, rotational velocity
p OX, P 1/s
about body x-axis
Pitch velocity, rotational velocity
q OY, Q 1/s
about body y-axis
Yaw velocity, rotational velocity
r OZ, R 1/s
about body z-axis
Roll acceleration, angular acceler-
p OXRT, PR
ation about body x-axis
dp / dt 1/s2
Pitch acceleration, angular accel-
q OYRT, QR
eration about body y-axis
dq / dt 1/s2
Yaw acceleration, angular acceler-
r OZRT, RR
ation about body z-axis
dr / dt 1/s2
Surge velocity, linear velocity
u UX, U m/s
along body x-axis
Sway velocity, linear velocity
v UY, V m/s
along body y-axis
Heave velocity, linear velocity
w UZ, W m/s
along body z-axis
Surge acceleration, linear acceler-
u UXRT, UR
ation along body x-axis
du / dt m/s2
Sway acceleration, linear accelera-
v UYRT, VR
tion along body y-axis
dv / dt m/s2
Heave acceleration, linear acceler-

w UZRT, WR
ation along body z-axis
dw / dt m/s2
Linear velocity of origin in body
V V m/s
axes
VA,V0 VA, V0 Approach speed m/s
Vu V(URT) Generalized velocity m/s

Name
V u V(URT) Generalized acceleration m/s2

VF VF Flow or current velocity m/s
VWR VWREL Relative wind velocity m/s
VWT VWABS True wind velocity m/s
ψ YA Course angle or heading rad
χ YX Yaw angle rad
dtψ YART Rate of change of course dψ / dt rad/s
ΨO YA0R Original course rad
θ PI Pitch angle rad
φ RO Roll angle rad
2.4.1.3 Flow Angles etc.
α AAPI Pitch angle Angle of attack in pitch on the hull rad
β AADR Drift angle Angle of attack in yaw on the hull rad
βWR ANWIRL Angle of attack of relative wind rad
Angle of a control surface, rudder
δ ANCS rad
angle, helm angle
δ0 ANRU0 Neutral rudder angle rad
δEFF ANRUEF Effective rudder inflow angle rad
δFB ANFB Bow fin angle rad
δFS ANFS Stern fin angle rad
δR ANRU Rudder angle rad
δRO ANRUOR Rudder angle, ordered rad
ψC COCU Course of current velocity rad
ψWA COWIAB Absolute wind direction see also section 3.4.2, Wind rad
ψWR COWIRL Relative wind direction rad
2.4.1.4 Forces and Derivatives

Roll moment on body, moment
K MX Nm
about body x-axis
Pitch moment on body, moment
M MY Nm
about body y-axis
Yaw moment on body, moment
N MZ Nm
about body z-axis
Derivative of yaw moment with
Nr NR
respect to yaw velocity
∂N / ∂r Nms
N r NRRT
respect to yaw acceleration ∂N / ∂ r Nms2
Nv NV
respect to sway velocity
∂N / ∂v Ns
N v NVRT
respect to sway acceleration ∂N / ∂ v Nms2
Nδ ND
respect to rudder angle
∂N / ∂δ Nm
QFB QFB Torque of bow fin Nm
QR QRU Torque about rudder stock Nm
QFS QFS Torque of stern fin Nm
Surge force on body, force along
X FX N
body x-axis
XR XRU Longitudinal rudder force N
Derivative of surge force with re-
Xu XU
spect to surge velocity
∂X / ∂u Ns/m

Name
X u Derivative of surge force with re-

XURT
spect to surge acceleration
∂X / ∂u Ns2/m
Sway force, force in direction of
Y FY N
body axis y
Derivative of sway force with re-
Yr YR
spect to yaw velocity
∂Y / ∂r Ns
YR YRU Transverse rudder force N
Y r Derivative of sway force with re-
YRRT
spect to yaw acceleration
∂Y / ∂r Ns2
Yv YV
spect to sway velocity
∂Y / ∂v Ns/m
Y v YVRT
spect to sway acceleration
∂Y / ∂v Ns2/m
Yδ YD
spect to rudder angle
∂Y / ∂δ N
Heave force on body, force along
Z FZ N
body z-axis
2.4.1.5 Linear Models
Cr CRDS Directional stability criterion Yv (Nr - muxG) - Nv (Yr - mu) N2s2
Lb , lb LSB Static stability lever Nv / Yv m
Ld , ld LSR Damping stability lever (Nr - muxG) / (Yr - mu) m
Time constant of the 1st order
T TIC s
manoeuvring equation
First time constant of manoeu-
T1 TIC1 s
vring equation
Second time constant of manoeu-
T2 TIC2 s
vring equation
Third time constant of manoeu-
T3 TIC3 s
vring equation
Gain factor in linear manoeuvring
K KS 1/s
equation
P-number, heading change per unit
Pn PN 1
rudder angle in one ship length
2.4.1.6 Turning Circles
DC DC Steady turning diameter m
Non-dimensional steady turning
DC’ DCNO DC / LPP 1
diameter
Inherent steady turning diameter
D0 DC0 m
δR = δ0
Non-dimensional inherent steady
D 0′ DC0N D0 / LPP 1
turning diameter
Loop height of r-δ curve for unsta-
lr LHRD rad/s
ble ship
Loop width of r-δ curve for unsta-
lδ LWRD rad
ble ship
rC OZCI Steady turning rate 1/s
Non-dimensional steady turning
rC′ OZCINO rC LPP / UC or 2 LPP / DC m
rate
RC RCS Steady turning radius m
Time to reach 90 degree change of
t90 TI90 s
heading
Time to reach 180 degree change
t180 TI180 s
of heading

Name
UC UC Speed in steady turn m/s

x090 X090 Advance at 90° change of heading m
Advance at 180° change of head-
x0180 X0180 m
ing
x0max XMX Maximum advance m
y090
Y090 Transfer at 90° change of heading m
Tactical diameter (transfer at 180°
y0180 Y0180 m
change of heading)
y0max Y0MX Maximum transfer m
βC DRCI Drift angle at steady turning rad
2.4.1.7 Zig-Zag Manoeuvres
ta TIA Initial turning time s
tc1 TIC1 First time to check yaw (starboard) s
tc2 TIC2 Second time to check yaw (port) s
thc TCHC Period of changes in heading s
tr TIR Reach time s
y0max Y0MX Maximum transverse deviation m
δmax ANRUMX Maximum value of rudder angle rad
ψS PSIS Switching value of course angle rad
ψ01 PSI01 First overshoot angle rad
ψ02 PSI02 Second overshoot angle rad
2.4.1.8 Stopping Manoeuvres
Distance along track,
sF SPF m
track reach
x0F X0F Head reach m
y0F Y0F Lateral deviation m
tF TIF Stopping time s
Version 2017 2.4.2 Sea Keeping 66

Name
2.4.2 Sea Keeping

Related information is to be found in Chapter 3 on General Mechanics in Sections 3.1.2 on Time and Frequency Domain
Quantities, 3.1.3 on Stochastic Processes, 3.2.1 on Inertial Properties,, 3.2.2 on Loads, 3.2.3 on Rigid Body Motions, and
3.4.1 on Waves.
AFS AFS Projected area of stern fins m2
Attitudes of the floating i = 1, 2, 3, e.g. Euler angles of roll,
ai AT(I) rad
system pitch, and yaw, respectively
f FR Frequency 1/T Hz
fE FE Frequency of wave encounter 1 / TE Hz
fz Natural frequency of heave 1 / Tz Hz
fθ Natural frequency of pitch 1 / Tθ Hz
fφ Natural frequency of roll 1 / Tφ Hz
FL FS(2) Wave excited lateral shear force Alias horizontal! N
FN FS(3) Wave excited normal shear force Alias vertical! N
MB(3), Wave excited lateral bending mo-
ML Alias horizontal! Nm
FS(6) ment
MB(2), Wave excited normal bending mo-
MN Alias vertical! Nm
FS(5) ment
MT(1),
MT Wave excited torsional moment Nm
FS(4)
Mean increased rate of revolution
nAW NAW 1/s
in waves
PAW PAW Mean power increased in waves W
QAW QAW Mean torque increased in waves Nm
Mean resistance increased in
RAW RAW N
waves
Sη(f), Sηη(f), EWSF, Wave elevation auto spectral den-
see also section 1.4.1, Waves m2s
Sη(ω), Sηη(ω) EWSC sity
Absolute displacement of the ship i = 1, 2, 3 :surge, sway,
xi X(I) m
at the reference point and heave respectively
Generalized displacement of a u = 1...6 surge, sway, heave, roll,
xu X(U) m, rad
ship at the reference point pitch, yaw
TAW TAW Mean thrust increase in waves N
T TC Wave period s
Te TE Wave encounter period s
Tz TNHE Natural period of heave s
Tθ TNPI Natural period of pitch s
Tφ TNRO Natural period of roll s
Yz(ω), Amplitude of frequency response za(ω) / ζa(ω) or
1
Azζ(ω) function for translatory motions za(ω) / ηa(ω)
Yθζ(ω), Amplitude of frequency response Θa(ω) / ζa(ω) or
1
Aθζ(ω) function for rotary motions Θa(ω) / (ω2/ (gζa(ω)))
E E E
z     
Z  
or
Λ Tuning factor
TZ T T
Z     
TE TE TE
Version 2017 2.4.2 Sea Keeping 67

Name
Angle between ship positive x axis

and positive direction of waves
μ Wave encounter angle rad
(long crested) or dominant wave
direction (short crested)
Version 2017 2.4.3 Large Amplitude Motions Capsizing 68

Name
2.4.3 Large Amplitude Motions Capsizing

A keel used for cross curves of sta- 1
bility - I99/1.2.4.1
Longitudinal centre of buoyancy
Distance of centre of buoyancy
AB XAB from aft perpendicular - m
from aft perpendicular
I99/1.2.4.2
AC Area of deck available to crew m²
Distance of the centre of flotation
AF XAF m
from after perpendicular
AG L XAG m
from aft perpendicular aft perpendicular
Transverse distance from assumed
AG T YAG centre of gravity A, to actual cen- m
tre of gravity G
Vertical distance from assumed
AG V ZAG centre of gravity A, to actual cen- m
tre of gravity G
ALV AHLV Lateral area of hull above water m²
Positive area under righting lever
ARL m²
curve
ASI
ASI Attained subdivision index 1
IAS
Area of sails in profile according
AS AS m²
to ISO 8666
Projected lateral area of the por-
tion of the ship and deck cargo
AV AV m²
above the waterline - IMO/IS,
IMO/HSC'2000
Righting arm based on horizontal
Generally tabulated in cross
AZ YAZ distance from assumed centre of m
curves of stability
gravity A, to Z
Centroid of the underwater vol-
B Centre of buoyancy
ume
Beam between centres of buoy-
BCB m
ancy of side hulls
ancy CB to transverse metacentre
Transverse metacentre above cen- M
BM ZBM m
tre of buoyancy I
BM = T
= KM − KB
∇
BM L ZBML
centre of buoyancy BM L = KM L − KB m
Centre of flotation of added buoy-
b ancy layer or centre of lost buoy-
ancy of the flooded volume
b Maximum tank breadth m
Proportion of boat plan needed for
CD Crew density
crew
Height coefficient, depending on
the height above sea level of the
CH 1
structural member exposed to the
wind

Name
Maximum number of persons on

CLcpi Crew limit
board
Trimming moment divided by
Longitudinal trimming coefficient change in trim which approxi-
CMTL CMTL mately equals 1
- I99/1.2.4.3
BM L / L
Shape coefficient, depending on
Cs the shape of the structural member 1
exposed to the wind
Draught, moulded, of ship hull -
d T m
I99/1.2.1
Density coefficient for submerged
d 1
test weights
Centre of flotation of the water
F
plane
F Wind force - IMO/IS
official rules
Longitudinal centre of buoyancy, Distance of centre of buoyancy
FB XFB m
LCB, from forward perpendicular from forward perpendicular
Longitudinal centre of flotation, Distance of centre of floatation
FF XFF m
LCF, from forward perpendicular from forward perpendicular
Longitudinal centre of gravity, Distance of centre of gravity from
FG XFG m
from forward perpendicular forward perpendicular
G Centre of gravity of a vessel
Centre of gravity of an added or
g 1
removed weight (mass)
GG1 GGV
Horizontal stability lever caused
GG H GGH by a weight shift or weight addi- m
tion
Longitudinal stability lever caused
GG L GGL by a weight shift or weight addi- m
tion
GG V GGV
Distance of centre of gravity to the
metacentre
GM GM Transverse metacentric height GM = KM − KG m
(not corrected for free surface ef-
fect)
Effective transverse metacentric GM Corrected for free surface
GM EFF GMEFF m
height and/or free communication effects
Distance from the centre of gravity
G to the longitudinal metacentre
GM L GML Longitudinal metacentric height ML m
GM L = KM L − KG
GZ = AZ − AG V sin ϕ -
GZ GZ Righting arm or lever m
AG T cos φ

Name
Arm of static stability corrected

GZ m
for free surfaces - IMO/table
GZ MAX GZMAX Maximum righting arm or lever m
h Maximum tank height m
Height of centre of area of ASP
hCE m
above waterline at SSM
Heeling lever (due to various rea-
HL m
sons) - IMO/HSC'2000
Height of waterline above centre
hLP m
of area of immersed profile
K Keel reference
Distance from the assumed centre
KA ZKA of gravity A to the moulded base m
moulded base of keel
of keel or K
Centre of buoyancy above
KB ZKB ancy B to the moulded base of keel m
or K
Centre of gravity above moulded Distance from the centre of gravity
KG ZKG m
base of keel G to the moulded base of keel or K
Vertical centre of gravity of added Distance from the assumed centre
Kg ZKAG or removed weight above moulded of gravity, g, to the moulded base m
base of keel of keel or K
Distance from the transverse meta-
Transverse metacentre above
KM ZKM centre M to the moulded base of m
keel or K
Distance from the longitudinal
KM L ZKML metacentre ML to the moulded m
base of keel or K
Roll damping coefficient express-
k 1
ing the effect of bilge keels
Length of the vessel on the water-
L line in maximum load condition - m
IMO/IS
Arm of dynamic stability cor-
l rected for free surfaces - m
IMO/table
l XTA Longitudinal trimming arm X CG − X CB m
l Maximum tank length m
Actual length of enclosed super-
ls structure extending from side to m
side of the vessel
lw Wind heeling lever m
M Metacentre of a vessel See subscripts for qualification
m SHIPMA Ship mass W/g kg
Maximum offset load moment due
MC Nm
to crew
Minimum capsizing moment as
Mc determined when account is taken Nm
of rolling
Free surface moment at any incli-
MFS Nm
nation
mLCC Mass in light craft condition kg

Name
Mass in loaded displacement con-

mLDC kg
dition according to …
mMTL Maximum total load (mass) kg
MR Heeling moment due to turning Nm
∆ GZ . Other moments such as
Moment of ship stability in gen- those of capsizing, heeling, etc.
MS MS Nm
eral will be represented by MS with ad-
ditional subscripts as appropriate.
Mass in standard sailing condi-
mSSC kg
tions according to …
Moment to change trim one centi-
MTC MTC Nm/cm
metre
MTM MTM Moment to change trim one meter ∆ CMTL Nm/m
Maximum heeling moment due to
MW Nm
wind
Dynamically applied heeling mo-
Mv Nm
ment due to wind pressure
Height of centre of gravity above
OG m
waterline
PV Wind pressure Pa
r Effective wave slope coefficient 1
RSI RSI Required subdivision index 1
s Wave steepness 1
Actual stability index value ac-
STIX STIX 1
cording to …
Required stability index value, see
STIX STIXR
…
1
T YHA Equivalent transverse heeling arm Heeling moment/∆ m
TL Turning lever m
ts
TRIM Static trim TA - TF - dKL m
tKL
V
Tank total capacity m³
v
Speed of craft in the turn -
V0 IMO/HSC'2000 m/s
Service speed - IMO/IS
vW Wind speed used in calculation m/s
W SHIPWT Ship weight mg N
Longitudinal centre of floatation
xCB XACB ence point to the centre of the m
of added buoyant layer
added buoyant layer, b
XCB Longitudinal centre of buoyancy
XCB ence point to the centre of buoy- m
LCB (LCB)
ancy, B
XCF Longitudinal centre of flotation
XCF ence point to the centre of flota- m
LCF (LCF)
tion, F
Longitudinal centre of gravity of ence point to the centre of gravity,
xCG XACG m
added weight (mass) g, of an added or removed weight
(mass)

Name

XCG Longitudinal centre of gravity
XCG ence point to the centre of gravity, m
LCG (LCG)
G
X 1, X 2 Roll damping coefficients 1
Distance of down flooding open-
xD m
ing from end of boat
YCG, Lateral displacement of centre of Lateral distance from a reference
YCG m
yCG gravity (YCG) point to the centre of gravity, G
yD m
ing from gunwale
y D' m
ing off centreline
Intersection of righting arm with
Z ZRA line of action of the centre of
buoyancy
Vertical distance from the centre
of A to the centre of the underwa-
Z ter lateral area or approximately to m
a point at one half the draught -
IMO/IS
Vertical distance from the centre
Z, h m
of A to the waterline
Height above waterline of down
zD m
flooding opening
zSA ZSA Static sinkage at AP Caused by loading m
zSF ZSF Static sinkage at FP Caused by loading m
zS ZS Mean static sinkage (zSF+zSA)/2 m
δ Tank block coefficient 1
δtKL DTR Change in static trim m
∆ DISPF Displacement (buoyant) force gρ∇ N
∆m DISPM Displacement mass ρ∇ kg
∇ DISPVOL Displacement volume ∆ / (ρg) m³
Displacement volume of flooded
∇fw DISVOLFW ∆fw / (ρg) m³
water
φ HEELANG Heel angle rad
φ0 Heel angle during offset load tests rad
Maximum permitted heel angle
φ0(REQ) rad
during …
Actual down flooding angle ac-
φD rad
cording to …
Required down flooding angle,
φD(REQ) rad
see…
Down flooding angle to non-quick
φDC rad
draining cockpits
Down flooding angle to any main
φDH rad
access hatchway
φF HEELANGF Heel angle at flooding rad
Angle of heel at which maximum
φGZMAX rad
righting moment occurs
φR Assumed roll angle in a seaway rad
φVS HEELANGV Heel angle for vanishing stability rad
φW Heel angle due to calculation wind rad

Name
The ratio of the volume of flood-

µ PMVO Volumetric permeability ing water in a compartment to the 1
total volume of the compartment
Capsizing angle under the action
θc rad
of a gust of wind IMO/IS
Heel angle corresponding to the
φm maximum of the statical stability rad
curve
θS TRIMS Static trim angle tan-1((zSF-zSA)/L) rad
ρ RHO (Liquid) mass density kg/m³
RHOA
ρΑ DNA
(Air) mass density kg/m³
ρ DNWA (Water) mass density kg/m³
2.4.4 Symbols for Attributes and Subscripts
A Aft
E Entrance
F Fore
R Run
Z Heave
θ Pitch
φ Roll
ITTC Symbols 3 Special Craft
3.1 Planing and Semi-Displacement Vessels
Version 2017 3.1.1 Geometry and Hydrostatics 74

Name
3. SPECIAL CRAFT
3.1.1 Geometry and Hydrostatics
See also Section 1.2.1, Hull Geometry and Section 1.2.2 Propulsor Geometry
Horizontally projected planing
AP APB Planing bottom area bottom area (at rest), excluding m2
area of external spray strips
Breadth over spray strips meas-
Beam at longitudinal position of
BLCG BLCG ured at transverse section contain- m
the centre of gravity
ing centre of gravity
Beam over chines, excluding ex-
BPC BPC Beam over chines m
ternal spray strips
BPA BPA Mean breadth over chines AP / LP m
Breadth over chines at transom,
BPT BPT Transom breadth m
excluding external spray strips
Maximum breadth over chines, ex-
BPX BPX Maximum breadth over chines m
cluding external spray strips
LSB LSB Total length of shafts and bossings m
Length of chine projected in a
LPR LPRC Projected chine length m
plane parallel to keel
Angle between a straight line ap-
proximating body section and the
β BETD Deadrise angle of planing bottom rad
intersection between basis plane
and section plane
βM BETM Deadrise angle at midship section rad
βT BETT Deadrise angle at transom rad
Angle between shaft line and ref-
εSH EPSSH Shaft angle erence line (positive, shaft inclined rad
downwards)
Version 2017 3.1.2 Geometry and Levers, Underway 75

Name
3.1.2 Geometry and Levers, Underway

3.1.2.1 Geometry, Underway
Vertical depth of trailing edge of
dTR DTRA Immersion of transom, underway boat at keel below water surface m
level
Wetted height of strut palms
hP HSP m
(flange mounting)
hR HRU Wetted height of rudders m
LC LC Wetted chine length, underway m
Lever of resultant of pressure Distance between centre of pres-
lCP LCP m
forces, underway sure and aft end of planing surface
LK LK Wetted keel length, underway m
LM LM Mean wetted length, underway (LK + LC) / 2 m
Principal wetted area bounded by
Wetted area underway of planing
SWHP SWHP trailing edge, chines and spray m2
hull
root line
Area bounded by stagnation line,
SWB SWB Wetted bottom area, underway chines or water surface underway m2
and transom
Total wetted surface of hull un-
derway, including spray area and
SWHE SWHE Wetted hull area, underway m2
wetted side area, w/o wetted tran-
som area
Wetted area of the hull side above
SWHS SWSH Area of wetted sides m2
the chine or the design water line
Wetted area between design line
SWS, SS SWS Area wetted by spray m2
or stagnation line and spray edge
Angle between projected keel and
stagnation line in a in plane nor-
αB ALFSL Angle of stagnation line rad
mal to centre plane and parallel to
reference line
Angle between barrel axis and as-
αBAR ALFBAR Barrel flow angle rad
sumed flow lines
εWL EPSWL Wetted length factor LM / LWL 1
εWS EPSWS Wetted surface area factor S / S0 1
Angle between design waterline
Running trim angle based on de-
θDWL, TRIMDWL and running waterline (positive rad
sign waterline
bow up)
Angle between ship design water-
line and actual water line at rest
θS, θ0 TRIMS Static trim angle rad
(positive bow up) tan-1((zSF - zSA) /
L)
Angle between actual water line at
rest and running water line (posi-
θV , θD TRIMV Running (dynamic) trim angle rad
tive bow up)
-1
tan ((zVF - zVA) / L)
λW LAMS Mean wetted length-beam ratio LM / (BLCG) 1
Angle between design waterline
Running trim angle based on de-
τ TRIMDWL
sign waterline
and running waterline (positive deg
bow up)
Angle between the reference line
τDWL TAUDWL Reference line angle rad
and the design waterline
τR Angle of attack relative to the ref- Angle between the reference line
TAUR rad
erence line and the running waterline
Version 2017 3.1.2 Geometry and Levers, Underway 76

Name
Angle between stagnation line and

φSP PHISP Spray angle rad
keel (measured in plane of bottom)
Effective increase in friction area
Dimensionless increase in total
δλ DLAM length-beam ratio due to spray 1
friction area
contribution to drag
3.1.2.2 Levers, Underway
Distance between NA and centre of
eA ENAPP Lever of appendage lift force NA m
gravity (measured normally to NA)
Distance between NB and centre of
eB ENBOT Lever of bottom normal force NB m
gravity (measured normally to NB)
Distance between propeller centre-
Lever of propeller normal force
ePN ENPN line and centre of gravity (meas- m
NPN
ured along shaft line)
Distance between NPP and centre
Lever of resultant of propeller
ePP ENPP of gravity (measured normally to m
pressure forces NPP
NPP)
Distance between NPS and centre
Lever of resultant propeller suc-
ePS ENPS of gravity (measured normal to m
tion forces NPS
NPS)
Distance between NRP and centre
Lever of resultant of rudder pres-
eRP ENRP of gravity (measured normal to m
sure forces NRP
NRP)
Distance between RAA and centre
fAA FRAA Lever of wind resistance RAA of gravity (measured normal to m
RAA)
Distance between RAP and centre
fAP FRAP Lever of appendage drag RAP of gravity (measured normal to m
RAP)
Distance between RF and centre of
fF FRF Lever of frictional resistance RF m
gravity (measured normal to RF)
Distance between RK and centre of
fK FRK Lever of skeg or keel resistance RK m
gravity (measured normal to RK)
Distance between ΔRRP and centre
Lever of augmented rudder drag
fR FDRR of gravity (measured normal to m
ΔRRP
ΔRRP)
Distance between axial thrust and
fS FSL Lever of axial propeller thrust centre of gravity (measured nor- m
mal to shaft line)
Distance between RT and centre of
fT FRT Lever of total resistance RT m
gravity (measured normal to RT)
Version 2017 3.1.3 Resistance and Propulsion 77

Name
3.1.3 Resistance and Propulsion

See also Sections 2.3.1 on Hull Resistance
CL0 CL0D Lift coefficient for zero deadrise Δ / (BCG2 q) 1
Lift coefficient for deadrise sur-
CLβ CLBET Δ / (BCG q)
2
1
face
CV CSP Froude number based on breadth V / (BCG g)1/2 1
CΔ CDL Load coefficient Δ / (BCG3 ρ g ) 1
Vertical component of hydrody-
LVHD LVD N
namic lift
LVS LVS Hydrostatic lift Due to buoyancy N
Drag forces arising from append-
Appendage drag force (parallel to
FTA FTAPP ages inclined to flow, assumed to N
reference line)
act parallel to the reference line
Viscous component of bottom
Bottom frictional force (parallel to
FTB FTBOT drag forces assumed acting paral- N
reference line)
lel to the reference line
Drag forces arising from keel or
Keel or skeg drag force (parallel to
FTK FTKL skeg, assumed to act parallel to the N
reference line)
reference line
Drag forces arising from influence
Additional rudder drag force (par- of propeller wake on the rudder
FTRP FTRP N
allel to reference line) assumed to act parallel to the ref-
erence line
Lift forces arising from append-
Appendage lift force (normal to
NA NAPP ages inclined to flow, assumed to N
reference line)
act normally to reference line
Resultant of pressure and buoyant
Bottom normal force (normal to
NB NBOT forces assumed acting normally to N
reference line)
the reference line
Resultant of propeller pressure
Propeller pressure force (normal to
NPP NPP forces acting normally to the refer- N
reference line)
ence line
Resultant of propeller suction
Propeller suction force (normal to
NPS NPS forces acting normally to the refer- N
reference line)
ence line
Resultant of rudder pressure forces
Rudder pressure force (normal to
NRP NRP acting normally to the reference N
reference line)
line
RK RKEEL Keel drag N
Rπ RPI Induced drag g ρ ∇ tan τ N
Drag due to inlet and outlet open-
RPAR RPAR Parasitic drag N
ings
RPS RSP Pressure component of spray drag N
RT RT Total resistance Total towed resistance N
RVS RSV Viscous component of spray drag CF SWS qS N
Mean velocity over bottom of the
VBM VBM Mean bottom velocity m/s
hull
Relative velocity between hull and
VSP VSP Spray velocity m/s
spray in direction of the spray
3.2 Multi-Hull Vessels

Name
3.2 Multi-Hull Vessels (Add trimaran symbols)

See also Section 2.2.1, Hull Geometry
AI AIA Strut-hull intersection area m2
BB BB Box beam Beam of main deck m
BS BS Hull spacing Distance between hull centre lines m
Minimal distance of the demihulls
BTV BTUN Tunnel width m
at the waterline
Diameter of axis symmetric sub-
DH DHUL Hull diameter m
merged hulls
Hull diameter at the longitudinal
DX DX m
position "X"
Minimum clearance of wet deck
HDK HCLDK Deck clearance m
from water surface at rest
Depth of strut from still water line
HSS HSS Strut submerged depth m
to strut-hull intersection
Half angle of entrance at tunnel Angle of inner water line with ref-
iEI ANENIN rad
(inner) side erence to centre line of demihull
Half angle of entrance at outer Angle of outer water line with ref-
iEO ANENOU rad
side erence to centre line of demihull
LCH LCH Length of centre section of hull Length of prismatic part of hull m
LCS LCS Length of centre section of strut Length of prismatic part of strut m
LH LH Box length Length of main deck m
Length of nose section of hull with
LNH LNH Length of nose section of hull m
variable diameter
Length of nose section of strut
LNS LNS Length of nose section of strut m
with variable thickness
Length of strut from leading to
LS LS Strut length m
trailing edge
LSH LSH Length of submerged hull m
tS TSTR Maximum thickness of strut m
3.2 Multi-Hull Vessels

Name

3.2.2.1 Resistance Components
See also Section 2.3.1 on Hull Resistance
Frictional resistance of multi-hull
RFMH RFMH N
vessel
Frictional resistance interference
RFINT RFINT RFMH - Σ RF N
correction
Residuary resistance correction of
RRMH RRMH RTMH - RFMH N
multi-hull
Residuary resistance interference
RRI RRINT RRMH - Σ RR N
correction
Total resistance of multi-hull ves-
RTMH RTMH N
sel
Total resistance interference cor-
RTI RTINT RTMH - Σ RT N
rection
3.3 Hydrofoil Boats

Name
3.3 Hydrofoil Boats

See Sections 2.2.1 and 2.2.4
AF AFO Foil area (general) Foil area in horizontal plane m2
AFT AFT Total foil plane area m2
Maximum vessel breadth includ-
BFOA BFOA m
ing foils
bS BST Span of struts m
Transverse horizontal distance of
bST BSTT m
struts
cC CHC Chord length at centre plane m
cF CFL Chord length of flap m
cM CHM Mean chord length m
cS CSTR Chord length of a strut m
Chord length of strut at intersec-
cSF CHSF m
tion with foil
cT CHTI Chord length at foil tips m
WF WTF Weight of foil N
αc ALFTW Geometric angle of twist rad
θDH DIHED Dihedral angle rad
∇F DISVF Foil displacement volume m3
3.3.1.1 Geometry, Underway
AFE AFE Emerged area of foil m2
AFF ASFF Submerged area of front foil m2
AFR ASFR Submerged area of rear foil m2
AFS AFS Submerged foil area m2
Submerged foil plan area at take-
AFST0 AFSTO m2
off speed
ASS ASS Submerged strut area m2
bw BSPW Foil span wetted m
Distance of centre of pressure on a
cPF CPFL m
foil or flap from leading edge
Froude number based on foil dis-
FrL FNFD V / (g LF)1/2 1
tance
Froude number based on chord
Frc FNC V / (g cM)1/2 1
length
Height of centre of gravity foil- Distance of centre of gravity
hCG HVCG m
borne above mean water surface
Height of foil chord at foilborne
hF HFL Flight height m
mode above position at rest
Distance between keel and mean
hK HKE Keel clearance m
water surface foilborne
Horizontal distance of centre of
lF LEFF pressure of front foil to centre of m
gravity
Horizontal distance between cen-
lFR LEFR tres of pressure of front and rear lF + lR m
foils
Horizontal distance of centre of
lR LERF pressure of rear foil to centre of m
gravity
Distance between foil chord and
TF TFO Foil immersion m
mean water surface
3.3 Hydrofoil Boats

Name
Depth of submergence of apex of Distance between foil apex and

TFD TFD m
a dihedral foil mean water surface
TFM TFOM Mean depth of foil submergence m
αIND ALFIND Downwash or induced angle rad
Angle of attack of mean lift coeffi-
αM ALFM rad
cient for foils with twist
Angle of attack for which flow
αs AFS rad
separation (stall) occurs
αTO ATO Incidence angle at take-off speed rad
3.3 Hydrofoil Boats

Name

See also Section 2.3.1 Hull Resistance
Force in the direction of motion of
DF DRF Foil drag N
an immersed foil
DFR DFA Drag force on rear foil CDF AFR q N
DFF DFF Drag force on front foil CDF AFF q N
For finite span foil, the component
DI DRIND Induced drag N
of lift in the direction of motion
Due to mutual interaction of the
DINT DRINT Interference drag boundary layers of intersecting N
foil
Profile drag for angle of attack
DP0 DRF0 Streamline drag N
equal to zero lift
DS DRSP Spray drag Due to spray generation N
DST DRST Strut drag N
Due to propagation of surface
DW DRWA Wave drag N
waves
Due to reduced pressure at the rear
DV DRVNT Ventilation drag N
side of the strut base
LF LF Lift force on foil CL AFT q N
LFF LFF Lift force on front foil CL AFF q N
LFR LFR Lift force on rear foil CL AFR q N
Profile lift force for angle of attack
L0 LF0 CL0 AFT q N
of zero
LTO LT0 Lift force at take off CLTO AFT q N
M MSP Vessel pitching moment Nm
3.3 Hydrofoil Boats

Name

CDF CDF Drag coefficient of foil DF / (AFS q) 1
CDI CDI Induced drag coefficient DI / (AFS q) 1
CDINT CDINT Interference drag coefficient DINT / (AFS q) 1
Section drag coefficient for angle
CD0 CDO DP / (AFS q) 1
of attack equal to zero
CDS CDSP Spray drag coefficient DS / (AFS q) 1
CDVENT CDVENT Ventilation drag coefficient DV / (AFS q) 1
CDW CDW Wave drag coefficient DW / (AFS q) 1
CLF CLF Foil lift coefficient LF / (AFS q) 1
Profile lift coefficient for angle of
CL0 CLO L0 / (AFS q) 1
attack equal to zero
Lift coefficient at take-off condi-
CLTO CLTO LTO / (AFS q) 1
tion
CLX CLA Slope of lift curve dCL / dα 1
CM CM Pitching moment coefficient M / ((AFF + AFR) (lF - lR) q) 1
MF MLF Load factor of front foil LFF / Δ 1
MR MLR Load factor of rear foil LFR / Δ 1
εF EPSLDF Lift/ Drag ratio of foil L/D 1
3.4 ACV and SES

Name
3.4 ACV and SES

See also Section 1.2.1
Projected area of ACV or SES
AC CUA Cushion area m2
cushion on water surface
SES cushion beam measured be-
BC BCU Cushion beam m
tween the side walls
BWLT BWLT Total waterline breadth of SES At the water line m
Height of centre of gravity above
HCG HVCG m
mean water plane beneath craft
Distance from side wall keel to
hBS HBS Bow seal height m
lower edge of bow seal
HSK HSK Skirt depth m
Distance from side wall keel to
hSS HSS Stern seal height m
lower edge of stern seal
LB LB Deformed bag contact length m
LC LAC Cushion length m
LE LACE Effective length of cushion AC / BC m
Wetted area of side hulls at rest off Total wetted area of side walls un- 2
SH0 SSH0 m
cushion der way on cushion
Wetted area of side hulls under Total wetted area of side walls un- 2
SSHC SSHC m
way on cushion der way on cushion
Wetted area of side hulls under Total wetted area of side walls un- 2
SSH SSH m
way off cushion der way off cushion
Horizontal spacing between inner
XH, LH XH, LH and outer side skirt hinges or at- needs clarification m
tachment points to structure
Distance of leading skirt contact
XS, LS XS, LS point out-board or outer hinge of needs clarification m
attachment point to structure
Vertical spacing between inner
ZH, HH ZH, HH and outer side skirt hinges or at- needs clarification m
tachment points to structure
Increase in cushion beam due to
δBC DBCV m
water contact
εWS EPSWS Wetted surface factor SSHC / SSH0 1
θB TETB Bag contact deformation angle rad
θF TETF Finger outer face angle rad
Slope of mean water plane for sur-
θW TETW face level beneath cushion periph- rad
ery
(ACV and SES) Mass density of
ρA DNA Mass of air per unit volume kg/m3
air
Height of cushion generated wave
ζC ZETAC above mean water plane at leading m
edge side of the skirt
3.4 ACV and SES

Name

See also Section 2.3.1 on Hull Resistance
CΔ CLOAD Cushion loading coefficient Δ / (g ρA AC3/2) 1
Aerodynamic profile drag coeffi- 2
CPR CPR R0 / (ρA VR AC / 2) 1
cient
CWC CWC Cushion wave making coefficient 1
pB PBM Mean bag pressure Pa
pBS PBS Bow seal pressure Pressure in the bow seal bag Pa
pCE PCE Mean effective skirt pressure Pa
pCU PCU Cushion pressure Mean pressure in the cushion Pa
pFT PFT Fan total pressure Pa
pLR PLR Cushion pressure to length ratio PCU / LC Pa/m
pSK PSK Skirt pressure in general Pa
pSS PSS Stern seal pressure Pressure in the stern seal bag Pa
PFCU PFCU Power of lift fan W
PFSK PFSK Power of skirt fan W
QBS QBS Bow seal air flow rate Air flow rate to the bow seal m3/s
QCU QCU Cushion air flow rate Air flow rate to cushion m3/s
QSS QSS Stern seal air flow rate Air flow rate to the stern seal m3/s
QT QT Total air volume flow m3/s
QTS QTS Total air volume flow of skirt m3/s
RAT RAT Total aerodynamic resistance RM + R0 N
RH RH Hydrodynamic resistance RW + RWET N
Intake momentum resistance in
RM RM ρ A QT V A N
general
Intake momentum resistance of
RMCU RMCU ρA QCU VA N
cushion
Intake momentum resistance of
RASK RASK ρA QTS VA N
skirt
RWET RWET Resistance due to wetting N
TC TC0 Cushion thrust N
3.5 Ice going Vessels

Name
3.5 Ice Going Vessels

(See Figure 3.4, p 225 and Figure 3.8, p 231 of Vol. 1 of the Proceedings of the 21st ITTC)
CI CI Coefficient of net ice resistance RI / (ρI g h2 B) 1
Coefficient of water resistance in
CIW CIW RIW / (S qIW) 1
the presence of ice
Projection of hull - ice interaction
FIN FNIC Normal ice force on a body N
force on the external normal
Projection of the hull - ice interac-
FIT FTIC Tangential ice force on a body tion force on the direction of mo- N
tion
Froude number based on ice thick-
FrI FNIC V / (g hI)1/2 1
ness
FXI FXIC N
FYI FYIC Components of the local ice force N
FZI FZIC N
Ratio of tangential force to normal
Coefficient of friction between
fID CFRD force between two bodies (dy- 1
surface of body and ice (dynamic)
namic condition)
Coefficient of friction between The same as above (static condi-
fIS CFRS 1
surface of body and ice (static) tion)
hI HTIC Thickness of ice m
hSN HTSN Thickness of snow cover m
Average coefficient of torque in
KQIA KQICMS QIA / (ρW nIA2 D5) 1
ice
KTIA KTICMS Average coefficient of thrust in ice TIA / (ρW nIA2 D4) 1
Average rate of propeller revolu-
nIA FRICMS Hz
tion in ice
PDI PDI Delivered power at propeller in ice 2 π QIA nIA W
QIA QIMS Average torque in ice Nm
RI RI Net ice resistance RIT - RIW N
RIT RIT Total resistance in ice Ship towing resistance in ice N
Hydrodynamic resistance in pres- Total water resistance of ship in
RIW RIW N
ence of ice ice
TIA TIMS Average total thrust in ice N
Relative propulsive efficiency in
ηICE ERIC ηID / ηD 1
ice
ηID EFDIC Propulsive efficiency in ice RIT V / (2 π nIA QIA) 1
3.6 Sailing Vessels

Name
3.6 Sailing Vessels

See also Section 2.2.1 on Hull Geometry
AJ ASJ Area of jib or genoa m2
ALK ALK Lateral area of keel m2
ALT ALT Total lateral area of yacht m2
Am ASM Area of mainsail m2
AN ASN Normalized sail area m2
ASP ASSP Area of spinnaker m2
AS, SA AS Sail area in general (P E + I J) / 2 m2
BOA BOA Beam, overall m
Cpi CPI Center of pressure for Ai Main-
m
E EM sail base
I I Fore triangle height m
J J Fore triangle base m
P P Mainsail height m
Effective length for Reynolds
LEFF LEFF m
Number
Wetted surface area of canoe
SC SC m2
body
SK SK Wetted surface area of keel m2
SR SR Wetted surface area of rudder m²
TC TCAN Draught of canoe body m
TEFF TEFF Effective draught FH / (ρVB2R)5 m
Height of centre of effort of sails
ZCE ZCE above waterline in vertical cen- m
tre plane
∇C DVCAN Displaced volume of canoe body m3
∇K DVK Displaced volume of keel m3
∇R DVR Displaced volume of rudder m3
Displacement force (weight) of
ΔC DFCAN N
canoe body
ΔK DFK N
keel
ΔR DFR N
rudder
3.6 Sailing Vessels

Name

Frictional resistance coefficient
CFU CFU RFU / (S q) 1
(upright)
Residuary resistance coefficient
CRU CRU RRU / (S q) 1
(upright)
Total resistance coefficient (up-
CTU CTU RTU / (S q) 1
right)
Wave resistance coefficient (up-
CWU CWU 1
right)
Total resistance coefficient with
CTφ CTPHI RTφ / (S q) 1
heel and leeway
CI Induced resistance coefficient 1
Cx, Cy, Cz Force coefficients 1
FH Heeling force of sails N
FR Driving force of sails N
FV Vertical force of sails N
H Side force N
LHY Hydrodynamic lift force N
RAW Mean added resistance in waves N
RFU Friction resistance (upright) N
RRU Residuary resistance (upright) N
Resistance increase due to side
RI N
(induced resistance)
RTU RTU Total resistance (upright) N
RTφ RTUH Total resistance when heeled RTU + Rφ N
Resistance increase due to heel
Rφ , RH RTUHA N
(with zero side force)
Components of resultant force
X,Y,Z N
along designated axis
V V Vessel velocity m/s
VWR VWR Apparent wind velocity m/s
VWT VWT True wind velocity m/s
Vmc VMC Velocity made good on course m/s
Velocity made good to windward
Vmg VMG m/s
(contrary to wind direction)
βL BETAL leeway angle rad
apparent wind angle (relative to
βaw BETWA rad
boat course)
true wind angle (relative to boat
βtw BETWT rad
course)
ITTC Symbols 4 Background and references
Version 2017 89
4. BACKGROUND AND REFERENCES far from being developed and understood to the
4.1 Symbols and Terminology Group extent necessary. A consequence of this situa-
The tasks of the former Symbols and Termi- tion is that the symbols proposed are not always
nology Group (SaT) have been handed over to as coherent as would be necessary for advanced
the Quality Systems Group in 2002. and systematic work, for which explicit models
and adequate notations are essential.
4.2 Description of the List of Symbols The problem under discussion is of course
4.2.1 Classification the same in national and international standards.
The prime concern of the QS Group was to However there is an accepted international
revise and try to complement the list of ITTC standard which deals with the general principles
Standard Symbols sticking to the system for the concerning physical quantities, equations, quan-
classification of concepts. tity and unit symbols, and coherent unit systems
With this regard, the following design re- for general use within the various fields of sci-
quirements and goals have been maintained: ence and technology (ISO 31.
4.2.3 Organization of the matrix structured
1. a coherent document, meeting the present and
possibly the future requirements of the ITTC
list
community in general and particular user As has been emphasized the development of
groups symbols is a continuing process and as the sub-
ject develops, further amendments and additions,
2. an open ended matrix structure that can be eas- as approved by the Conference, will be included
ily expanded as requirements arise, without the
need of restructuring and repetition or too many
in future editions of the list.
explicit cross-references In order to avoid any extra problems the
symbols are arranged in alphabetical order in
3. minimized departures from the well established each subject area as in previous lists. Continu-
and widely accepted previous list of symbols ous page numbering was discarded in earlier
On the other hand, to facilitate the practical versions. The idea was to establish a loose leaf
use of the list, a second version in which the organization as the most appropriate, in view of
symbols are arranged in alphabetic order was new draughts to be incorporated.
prepared. Symbols which have been listed sev- In view of the tremendous effort which ex-
eral times in the matrix structured document plicit mathematical models, explanations, and
have been maintained and for each symbol the sketches take for their preparation, the present
field in which it is used is given in italic letters QS Group can only follow the former SaT
prior to the meaning of the symbol. Group and state that the Technical Committees
4.2.2 Structure of the Lists and other interested parties are urged to provide
The concepts related to a given subject area further material for review by the QS Group and
or model are designated by the ITTC Symbol future inclusion into the list.
and called by their Name. Their meaning can in It has been noted that some users dislike the
principle only be concluded from the context of disruption of the list of symbols by lengthy ex-
the model. The logically consistent, so called planations. The present QS Group feels that the
'implicit' definition is derived from a definitely subject and the sensible use of the symbols re-
defined statement of the model, ideally a gener- quire such explanations, also as the fundamen-
ally accepted system or an equivalent, e.g. a tals of the theory of science and terminology of-
drawing. ten are not taught to students of naval architec-
The problem is that traditionally in lists of ture and marine engineering. However the ar-
symbols, as in dictionaries, these explicit mod- rangement has been changed so that these expla-
els are missing for various reasons. One reason nations can be visited by using hyperlinks and
is that many subject areas under discussion are the list is not disrupted any more.
ITTC Symbols 5 Principles of notation
Version 2017 90
5. PRINCIPLES OF NOTATION • exponentiation

In Fig 1 the principles of notation in accord- • the various aspects of complex quantities
ing to ISO 31 are shown. • the various aspects of spectra and
• the various aspects of random quantities and sto-
Symbols representing physical quantities chastic processes e.g. probability operators.
normally are one Latin or Greek letter with Sub-
scripts for further identification. They are writ- Subscripts signify identifiers
ten in italic style letters. • matrix components,
Numbers are normally written in roman • identifiers tested, e.g. ship S or model M, append-
style letters. For more details, look at the list be- ages (App)or the various bodies in a multi-body
problem,
low or in the Excerpts of ISO 31 below or in • identifiers of coordinate systems and of the refer-
standard itself. ence points, quantities( LPP)
Superscripts signify operators e.g.
Symbols for physical units italic, one letter, except dimensionless quanti- A ( e.g. Area in m²)
ties
Symbols for characteristic numbers 2 letters italic Re, Fr
Numbers roman, generally 103
Symbols representing numbers italic xij
Units roman, lower case unless derived from name m, Pa
Prefix of units roman µm
Symbols for chemical elements roman H2O
Symbols for universal constants italic g = 9,80665 m/s²
ITTC Symbols 5 Principles of Notation
5.1 Excerpt of ISO 31
Version 2017 91
Superscripts signify Operators

Numbers in roman
(power of n)
Symbols representing numbers
(n = 1, 2, 3 etc.) in italic
SYMBOLS
in italic K 2
TM × 10 n NUMBERS
in roman
Subscripts signify Identifiers:

Symbol for physical quantity in italic
(T = Thrust)
Other symbols in roman
(M = Model)
Fig. 1
5.1 Excerpts of ISO 31 so on would constitute such a category. Mutually compa-

rable quantities are called "quantities of the same kind".
1 Scope If a particular example of a quantity from such a cat-
This part of ISO 31 gives general infor- egory is chosen as a reference quantity, called the unit,
then any other quantity from this category can be ex-
mation about principles concerning physical pressed in terms of this unit as a product of this unit and a
quantities, equations, quantity and unit symbols, number. This number is called the numerical value of
and coherent unit systems, especially the Inter- the quantity expressed in this unit.
national System of Units, SI. In formal treatments of quantities and units,
The principles laid down in this part of ISO this relation may be expressed in the form
31 are intended for general use within the vari- A={A}-[A]
ous fields of science and technology and as a where A is the symbol for the physical quantity,
general introduction to the other parts of ISO 31. [A] the symbol for the unit and {A} symbolizes
the numerical value of the quantity A expressed
2. Quantities and units in the unit [A]. For vectors and tensors the com-
2.1 Physical quantity, unit and numerical value
In ISO 31 only physical quantities used for the quan-
ponents are quantities which may be expressed
titative description of physical phenomena are treated. as described above.
Conventional scales, such as the Beaufort scale, Richter If a quantity is expressed in another unit
scale and colour intensity scales, and quantities expressed which is k times the first unit, then the new nu-
as the results of conventional tests, e.g. corrosion re- merical value becomes 1/k times the first numer-
sistance, are not treated here, neither are currencies nor
information contents.
ical value; the physical quantity, which is the
Physical quantities may be grouped together into cat- product of the numerical value and the unit, is
egories of quantities which are mutually comparable. thus independent of the unit.
Lengths, diameters, distances, heights, wavelengths and
Version 2017 92
REMARK ON NOTATION FOR NUMERICAL

VALUES 2.2.4 Numerical factors in quantity equations
It is essential to distinguish between the Equations between quantities sometimes contain nu-
quantity itself and the numerical value of the merical factors. These numerical factors depend on the
definitions chosen for the quantities occurring in the equa-
quantity expressed in a particular unit. The nu- tions.
merical value of a quantity expressed in a par- EXAMPLE
ticular unit could be indicated by placing braces 1
(curly brackets) around the quantity symbol and Ek = mv²
2
using the unit as a subscript. It is, however, pref-
erable to indicate the numerical value explicitly 2.2.5 Systems of quantities and equations between
as the ratio of the quantity to the unit. quantities; base quantities and derived quantities
Physical quantities are related to one another through
2.2 Quantities and equations equations that express laws of nature or define new quanti-
2.2.1 Mathematical operations with quantities ties.
Two or more physical quantities cannot be added or For the purpose of defining unit systems and introduc-
subtracted unless they belong to the same category of mu- ing the concept of dimensions, it is convenient to consider
tually comparable quantities. some quantities as mutually independent, i.e. to regard
Physical quantities are multiplied or divided these as base quantities, in terms of which the other quan-
tities can be defined or expressed by means of equations;
by one another according to the rules of algebra; the latter quantities are called derived quantities.
the product or the quotient of two quantities, A It is a matter of choice how many and which quantities
and B, satisfies the relations are considered to be base quantities.
AB = {A} {B} - [A] [B] The whole set of physical quantities included in ISO 31
Thus, the product {A} {B} is the numerical value is considered as being founded on seven base quantities:
{AB} of the quantity AB, and the product [A] [B] is the length L, mass M, time T, electric current I, thermody-
unit [AB] of the quantity AB. Similarly, the quotient namic temperature Θ, amount of substance N and lu-
{A!/{B}) is the numerical value {A/B} of the quantity minous intensity J.
A/B, and the quotient [A]/[B] is the unit [A/B] of the In the field of mechanics a system of quantities and
quantity A/B. equations founded on three base quantities is generally
used. In ISO 31-3, the base quantities used are length, mass
2.2.2 Equations between quantities and equations be- and time.
tween numerical values In the field of electricity and magnetism a system of
Two types of equation are used in science and technol- quantities and equations founded on four base quantities is
ogy: equations between quantities, in which a letter generally used. In ISO 31-5, the base quantities used are
symbol denotes the physical quantity (i.e. numerical value length, mass, time and electric current.
× unit), and equations between numerical values. In the same field, however, systems founded on only
Equations between numerical values depend on the choice three base quantities, length, mass and time, in particular
of units, whereas equations between quantities have the ad- the "Gaussian" or symmetric system, have been widely
vantage of being independent of this choice. Therefore the used. (See ISO 31-5:1992, annex A.)
use of equations between quantities should normally be
preferred. 2.2.6 Dimension of a quantity
Any quantity Q can be expressed in terms of other
2.2.3 Empirical constants quantities by means of an equation. The expression may
An empirical relation is often expressed in the form of consist of a sum of terms. Each of these terms can be ex-
an equation between the numerical values of certain physi- pressed as a product of powers of base quantities A, B, C,
cal quantities. Such a relation depends on the units in which ... from a chosen set, sometimes multiplied by a numerical
the various physical quantities are expressed. factor ξ, i.e. ξA αBβCγ ..., where the set of exponents (α, β, γ
An empirical relation between numerical values can be ...) is the same for each term.
transformed into an equation between physical quantities, The dimension of the quantity Q is then expressed by
containing one or more empirical constants. Such an equa- the dimensional product
tion between physical quantities has the advantage that the dim Q = AαB βCγ ..
form of the equation is independent of the choice of the
units. The numerical values of the empirical constants oc- where A, B, C, ... denote the dimensions of the base quan-
curring in such an equation depend, however, on the units tities A, B, C, ..., and where α, β, γ .... are called the di-
in which they are expressed, as is the case with other phys- mensional exponents.
ical quantities.
Version 2017 93
A quantity all of whose dimensional exponents are General Conference on Weights and
equal to zero is often called a dimensionless quantity. Its Measures (Conférence Générale des Poids et
dimensional product or dimension is A0 B0 C0... = 1. Such
a quantity of dimension one is expressed as a number.
Mesures, CGPM) in 1960.
This system includes
In the system founded on the seven base quantities - base units
length, mass, time, electric current, thermodynamic tem- - derived units including supplementary units
perature, amount of substance and luminous intensity, the which together form the coherent system of SI units.
base dimensions may be denoted by L, M, T, I, O, N and J
respectively and the dimension of a quantity Q becomes in
general 2.3.2.1 Base units
dim Q = LαMβTγIδΘεNζJη. The seven base units are listed in Table 1.
EXAMPLES Table 1 - SI base units

SI base unit
Quantity Dimension Base quantity
Name Symbol
velocity LT-1
angular velocity T-1 length metre m
force LMT-2 mass kilogram kg
energy L2MT-2 time second s
relative density 1
electric current ampere A
thermodynamic tempera-
kelvin K
2.3 Units ture
2.3.1 Coherent unit systems amount of substance mole mol
Units might be chosen arbitrarily, but making an inde- luminous intensity candela cd
pendent choice of a unit for each quantity would lead to the
appearance of additional numerical factors in the equations
between the numerical values. 2.3.2.2 Derived units including supplementary units
It is possible, however, and in practice more conven-
ient, to choose a system of units in such a way that the equa- The expressions for the coherent derived units in terms
tions between numerical values have exactly the same form of the base units can be obtained from the dimensional
(including the numerical factors) as the corresponding products by using the following formal substitutions:
equations between the quantities. A unit system defined in L →m I →A
this way is called coherent with respect to the system of M → kg Θ→K
quantities and equations in question. The SI is such a sys- T →s N →mol
tem. The corresponding system of quantities is given in ISO J → cd
31-1 to ISO 31-10 and in ISO 31-12 and ISO 31-13. In 1960, the CGPM classified the SI units radian, rad,
For a particular system of quantities and equations, a and steradian, sr, for plane angle and solid angle respec-
coherent system of units is obtained by first defining units tively as "supplementary units".
for the base quantities, the base units. Then for each de- In 1980, the International Committee for Weights and
rived quantity, the definition of the corresponding derived Measures (Comité International des Poids et Mesures,
unit in terms of the base units is given by an algebraic ex- CIPM) decided to interpret the class of supplementary units
pression obtained from the dimensional product (see 2.2.6) in the SI as a class of dimensionless derived units for which
by replacing the symbols for the base dimensions by those the CGPM allows the freedom of using or not using them
of the base units. In particular, a quantity of dimension one in expressions for SI derived units.
acquires the unit 1. In such a coherent unit system no nu- Although, as a consequence of this interpretation, the
merical factor other than the number 1 ever occurs in the coherent unit for plane angle and for solid angle is the num-
expressions for the derived units in terms of the base units. ber 1, it is convenient to use the special names radian, rad,
and steradian, sr, instead of the number 1 in many practical
2.3.2 SI units and their decimal multiples and cases.
sub-multiples
The name International System of Units
(Système International d'Unités), with the inter-
national abbreviation SI was adopted by the 11th
Table 2 - SI derived units with special names, including SI supplementary units

Version 2017 94
SI derived unit
Derived quantity Expressed in terms of SI base
Special name Symbol
units and SI derived units
plane angle radian rad 1 rad = 1 m/m = 1
solid angle steradian sr 1 sr = 1 m2 /m2 = 1
frequency hertz Hz 1 Hz = 1 s - '
force newton N 1 N = 1 kg . m/s 2
pressure, pascal Pa 1 Pa = 1 N/m2
stress
energy, joule J 1J=1N-m
work,
quantity of heat
power, watt W 1 W = 1 J/s
radiant flux
electric charge, coulomb C 1C=1A-s
quantity of electricity
electric potential, volt V 1 V = 1 W/A
potential difference,
tension,
electromotive force
capacitance farad F 1 F = 1 C/V
electric resistance ohm S2 1Ω = 1 V/A
electric conductance siemens S 1 S = 1 Ω-'
magnetic flux weber Wb 1 Wb = 1 V . s
magnetic flux density tesla T 1 T = 1 Wb/m2
inductance henry H 1 H = 1 Wb/A
Celsius temperature degree °C 1 °C = 1 K
Celsius')
luminous flux lumen Im 1 lm = 1 cd . sr
illuminance lux Ix 1 lx = 1 lm/m2
1) Degree Celsius is a special name for the unit kelvin for use in stating values of Celsius temperature. (See
also ISO 31-4:1992, items 4-1.a and 4-2.a.)
For some of the SI derived units, special names and

EXAMPLES symbols exist; those approved by the CGPM are listed in
Quantity Symbol for SI unit tables 2 (and 3).
expressed in terms of It is often of advantage to use special names and symbols
the seven base units (and in compound expressions for units.
the supplementary units
in some cases) 2.3.2.3 SI prefixes
velocity m/s In order to avoid large or small numerical values, dec-

angular velocity rad/s or s-' imal multiples and sub-multiples of the SI units are added
force kg . m/s2 to the coherent system within the framework of the SI.
energy kg . m2/s2 They are formed by means of the prefixes listed in Table
relative density 1 4.
Version 2017 95
NOTES
Table 4 - Sl prefixes 3 In some countries the symbol %o ("per mill", or per thou-
Prefix sand) is used for the number 0,001. This symbol should be
Factor
Name Symbol avoided.
1024 yotta Y 4 Since per cent and per mill are numbers it is
1021 zetta z in principle meaningless to speak about percentage by mass
1018 exa E or percentage by volume. Additional information, such as
1015 peta P % (m/m) or % (V/V), should not therefore be attached to
1012 tera T the unit symbol. The preferred way of expressing a mass
109 giga G fraction is: "the mass fraction is 0,67" or "the mass fraction
106 mega M is 67 %", and the preferred way of expressing a volume
103 kilo k fraction is: "the volume fraction is 0,75" or "the volume
102 hecto h fraction is 75 %". Mass and volume fractions can also be
10 deca da expressed in the form 5 µg/g or 4,2 ml/m3.
10-1 deci d Abbreviations such as ppm, pphm and ppb shall not be
10-2 centi c used.
10-3 milli m
10-6 micro µ 2.3.4 Other unit systems and miscellaneous
10-9 nano n units
10-12 pico p The CGS system of mechanical units is a coherent sys-
10-15 femto f tem the base units of which are centimetre, gram and sec-
10-18 atto a ond for the three base quantities length, mass and time.
10-21 zepto z In practice this system was enlarged by adding the kel-
10-24 yocto y vin, the candela and the mole as base units for the base
quantities thermodynamic temperature, luminous intensity
For information about the use of the prefixes, see and amount of substance.
3.2.4. Units used in electricity and magnetism have been de-
fined in the CGS system in several ways depending on the
The SI units and their decimal multiples and submulti- system of quantities and equations chosen. The "Gaussian"
ples formed by use of the prefixes are specially recom- or symmetric CGS system, coherent with the "Gaussian" or
mended. symmetric system of quantities and equations founded on
three base quantities, has been widely used. For further in-
2.3.3 The unit one formation on this system, see ISO 31-5:1992, Annex A.
The coherent SI unit for any quantity of dimension
one is the unit one, symbol 1. It is generally not written The special names and symbols for derived CGS units
out explicitly when such a quantity is expressed numeri- such as dyne, erg, poise, stokes, gauss, oersted and maxwell
cally. shall not be used together with the Sl.
EXAMPLE
Table 5 - Units used with the SI
Quantity Unit
Refractive index n = 1,53 × 1 = 1,53
Name Symbol Definition
In the case of certain such quantities, however, the time minute min 1 min= 60s
unit 1 has special names that could be used or not, depend- hour h 1 h = 60 min
ing on the context. day d 1 d = 24 h
EXAMPLES plane angle degree ° 1 ° = (π/180)rad =

Plane angle α = 0,5 rad minute ' (n/l80) rad
= 0,5 , second '' 1' = (1/60)°
Solid angle Ω = 2,3 sr 1" = (1/60)'
= 2,3
Decimal multiples and sub-multiples of the unit one volume litre I, L 1) 1l = 1 dm3
are expressed by powers of 10. They shall not be ex- = 1 dm
pressed by combining the symbol 1 with a prefix. mass tonne 2)
t 1 t = 103 kg
In some cases the symbol % (per cent) is used for the 1)
The two symbols for litre are on an equal footing. The
number 0,01.
CIPM will, however, make a survey on the development
Version 2017 96
of the use of the two symbols in order to see if one of the 5 Symbols for quantities are given in ISO 31-1 to ISO 31-
two may be suppressed. 10 and in ISO 31-12 and ISO 31-13.
2)
Also called the metric ton in the English language.
6 Notations for vectorial and other non-scalar quantities
Table 6 - Units used with the SI, whose values in SI units are given in ISO 31-11, on mathematical signs and sym-
are obtained experimentally bols.
Unit 7 Exceptionally, symbols made up of two letters are

Quantity sometimes used for combinations of dimension one of
Name Symbol Definition quantities (e.g. Reynolds number, Re). If such a two-letter
energy electronvolt eV symbol appears as a factor in a product, it is recommended
that it be separated from the other symbols.
The electronvolt is the
kinetic energy acquired 3.1.2 Rules for the printing of subscripts
by an electron in passing When, in a given context, different quantities have the
through a potential dif- same letter symbol or when, for one quantity, different ap-
ference of 1 volt in vac- plications or different values are of interest, a distinction
uum: 1 eV ≈ can be made by use of subscripts.
1,602 177 ×10-19 J. The following principles for the printing of subscripts
are recommended:
A subscript that represents a symbol for a physical
mass unified u The unified atomic mass quantity is printed in italic (sloping) type.
atomic unit is equal to (1 /12) of Other subscripts are printed in roman (upright) type.
mass unit the mass of an atom of
the nuclide 12C: 1u ≈ EXAMPLES
1,660 540 ×10-27kg.
Upright subscripts Sloping subscripts
In other parts of ISO 31, the special names for the de- Cg (g gas) Cp (p: pressure)
rived CGS units are given in informative annexes which are gn (n: normal) ∑nanδn (n: running num-
not integral parts of the standards. ber)
There are certain units outside the SI which are recog- µr (r: relative) ∑xaxbx (x: running num-
nized by the CIPM as having to be retained for use together ber)
with the SI, e.g. minute, hour and electronvolt. These units Ek (k: kinetic) gik (i, k: running num-
are given in Tables 5 and 6. bers)
Other coherent systems of units have been defined, e.g. χe (e: electric) px (x:x-coordinate)
a system based on the units foot, pound and second and a T1/2 (1/2: half) lλ (λ wavelength)
system based on the units metre, kilogram-force and sec-
ond. NOTES
Apart from these, other units have been defined which 8 Numbers as subscripts should be printed in roman (up-
do not belong to any coherent system, e.g. the atmosphere, right type. However, letter symbols representing numbers
the nautical mile and the curie. are generally printed in italic (sloping) type.
3 Recommendations for printing symbols and num-

bers 3.1.3 Combination of symbols for quantities; elemen-
3.1 Symbols for quantities tary Operations with quantities
3.1.1 Symbols When symbols for quantities are combined in a prod-

The symbols for physical quantities are generally sin- uct, this process of combination may be indicated in one
gle letters of the Latin or Greek alphabet, sometimes with of the following ways:
subscripts or other modifying signs. These symbols are
printed in italic (sloping) type (irrespective of the type ab, a b, a·• b, a×b
used in the rest of the text).
The symbol is not followed by a full stop except for NOTES
normal punctuation, e.g. at the end of a sentence.
10 In some fields, e.g. in vector analysis, distinction is
NOTES made between a·• b and a × b.
Version 2017 97
11 For multiplication of numbers, see 3.3.3.

When a compound unit is formed by dividing one unit
12 In systems with limited character sets a dot on the line by another, this should be indicated in one of the follow-
may be used instead of a half-high dot. ing ways:
m
Division of one quantity by another may be indicated m/s m∙s-1
in one of the following ways: s
a A solidus (/) shall not be followed by a mul-
, a/b or by writing the product of a and b-1, tiplication sign or a division sign an the same
b
line unless parentheses are inserted to avoid any
e.g. a·∙ b-1 ambiguity. In complicated cases negative pow-
ers or parentheses shall be used.
3.2 Names and symbols for units 3.2.3 Printing of symbols for units
3.2.1 International symbols for units No recommendation is made or implied
When international symbols for units exist, they, and about the font of upright type in which symbols
no other, shall be used. They shall be printed in roman
(upright) type (irrespective of the type used in the rest of
for units are to be printed.
the text), shall remain unaltered in the plural shall be writ-
ten without a final full stop (period) except for normal NOTE 15 In this series of publications the font used in
punctuation, e.g. at the end of a sentence. such cases is generally that of the associated text, but this
Any attachment to a unit symbol as a means of giving does not constitute a recommendation.
information about the special nature of the quantity or
context of measurement under consideration is incorrect. 3.2.4 Printing and use of prefixes
Symbols for prefixes should be printed in roman (up-
EXAMPLE right) type without a space between the symbol for the
prefix and the symbol for the unit.
Umax = 500 V (not U = 500 Vmax) Compound prefixes shall not be used.
The unit symbols shall in general be printed in lower EXAMPLE

case letters except that the first letter is printed in upper
case when the name of the unit is derived from a proper Write nm (nanometre) for 10-9 m, not mμm.
name.
The symbol of a prefix is considered to be combined
EXAMPLES with the single unit symbol to which it is directly attached,
m metre forming with it a new symbol (for a decimal multiple or
s second sub-multiple) which can be raised to a positive or negative
A ampere power, and which can be combined with other unit sym-
Wb weber bols to form symbols for compound units (see 3.2.2).
3.2.2 Combination of symbols for units EXAMPLES

When a compound unit is formed by multiplication of 1cm3 = (10-2m)3=10-6 m3
two or more units, this should be indicated in one of the 1 μs-1= (10-6 s)-1 = 106 s-1
following ways: 1 kA/m = (103A)/m = 103 A/m
N∙m, Nm
NOTE 16 For historical reasons the name of the base unit
NOTES or mass, the kilogram, contains the name of the SI prefix
,"kilo". Names of the decimal multiples and sub-multiples
13 In systems with limited character sets a dot on the line of the unit of mass are formed by adding the prefixes to
may be used instead of a half high dot. the word ,,gram“, e.g. milligram (mg) instead of microkil-
ogram (μkg).
14 The latter form may also be written without a space,
provided that special care is taken when the symbol for 3.3 Numbers
one of the units is the same as the symbol for a prefix. 3.3.1 Printing of numbers
Numbers should generally be printed in roman (up-
EXAMPLE right) type.
mN means millinewton, not metre newton.
Version 2017 98
To facilitate the reading of numbers with

many digits, these may be separated into suita- 3.5 Symbols for chemical elements and nuclides
Symbols for chemical elements shall be written in ro-
ble groups, preferably of three, counting from man (upright) type (irrespective of the type used in the rest
the decimal sign towards the left and the right; of the text). The symbol is not followed by a full stop ex-
the groups should be separated by a small space, cept for normal punctuation, e.g. at the end of a sentence.
and never by a comma or a point, or by any other
means. EXAMPLES
3.3.2Decimal sign H He C Ca
The decimal sign is a comma on the line.
If the magnitude of the number is less than unity, the
decimal sign should be preceded by a zero. A complete list of the symbols for the chemical ele-
ments is given in ISO 31-8:1992, annex A, and 150 31-
NOTE 17 In documents in the English language. a dot is 9:1992, annex A.
often used instead of a comma. If a dot is used, it should The attached subscripts or superscripts specifying a
be on the line. In accordance with an ISO Council deci- nuclide or molecule shall have the following meanings
sion, the decimal sign is a comma in ISO documents. and positions.
The nucleon number (mass number) of a nuclide is
3.3.3 Multiplication of numbers shown in the left superscript position, e.g.
14
The sign for multiplication of numbers is a cross (×) N
or a dot half-high (·).
The number of atoms of a nuclide in a molecule is
NOTES shown in the right subscript position, e.g.
14
18 If a dot half-high is used as the multiplication sign, a N2
comma should be used as the decimal sign. If a dot is used
as the decimal sign, a cross should be used as the multi- The proton number (atomic number) may be indi-
plication sign. cated in the left subscript position, e.g.
64Gd
19. In ISO documents, the dot is not used directly between
numbers to indicate multiplication.
3.4 Expressions for quantities If necessary, a state of ionization or an excited state
may be indicated in the right superscript position.
The symbol of the unit shall be placed after
the numerical value in the expression for a quan- EXAMPLES
tity, leaving a space between the numerical
value and the unit symbol. It should be noted State of ionization: Na+
that, in accordance with this rule, the symbol °C P O34− or (PO4)3-
for degree Celsius shall be preceded by a space Electronic excited state: He*•, N0*•
110
when expressing a Celsius temperature. Nuclear excited state: Ag*•, 110Agm
The only exceptions to this rule are for the units de-
gree, minute and second for plane angle, in which case
there shall be no space between the numerical value and 3.6 Mathematical signs and symbols
the unit symbol.
If the quantity to be expressed is a sum or a difference Mathematical signs and symbols recommended for
of quantities then either parentheses shall be used to com- use in the physical sciences and technology are given in
bine the numerical values, placing the common unit sym- 1S031-11.
bol after the complete numerical value, or the expression
shall be written as the sum or difference of expressions for
the quantities.
EXAMPLES
l = 12 m - 7 m= (12 - 7) m = 5m
t = 28.4 °C ± 0,2 °C = (28,4 ± 0,2) °C
(not 28,4 ± 0,2 °C)
λ.=220 × (1 ± 0,02) W/(m∙K)
Version 2017 99
3.7 Greek alphabet (upright and sloping types)
alpha Α a Α a
beta Β β Β β
gamma Γ γ Γ γ
delta Δ δ Δ δ
epsilon Ε ε Ε ε
zeta Ζ ζ Ζ ζ
eta Η η Η η
theta Θ θ, ϑ Θ θ, ϑ
iota Ι ι Ι ι
kappa Κ κ Κ κ
lambda Λ λ Λ λ
mu Μ μ Μ μ
nu Ν ν Ν ν
xi Ξ ξ Ξ ξ
omicron Ο ο Ο ο
pi Π π Π π
rho P ρ Ρ ρ,
sigma Σ σ Σ σ
tau Τ τ Τ τ
upsilon Υ υ Υ υ
phi Φ φ Φ φ
chi Χ χ Χ χ
psi Ψ ψ Ψ ψ
omega Ω ω Ω ω
5.2 Computer symbols
Version 2017 100
5.2 Computer Symbols 3. The Froude 'circular' symbols are defined by the
Wherever possible the symbols in the second prefix CIRC.
4. All symbols start with a letter.
column of the tables have been chosen so that 5. Qualifiers and operators, preferably two charac-
their meaning is readily apparent. They have ters, are currently suffixed to the main symbol
been constructed from the CCITT International line, without spacing.
Telegraph Alphabet, restricted character set. 6. No one computer compatible symbol should be
They are therefore suitable for use in a wide used for different concepts in a given context.
This goal has not been completely achieved for
range of situations e. g.: Telex messages, letters, the whole list. Ad hoc solutions have been at-
computer printouts etc. tempted but discarded as unsatisfactory.
To ensure that the symbols can be used in a 7. Since the computer compatible symbols have been
wide range of programming languages they cur- proposed as the basis of attribute names for data ex-
rently have been kept to less than six characters changes, the above rules will probably be further de-
veloped in the near future.
long. The symbols should be used as defined,
A final remark on the Computer Symbols: in
and, in accordance with modern programming
the computer, the letter O and figure 0 (zero)
practice, should have their type explicitly de-
have fundamentally different meanings, but ow-
clared before use. The following rules were ap-
ing to their resemblance they can be easily con-
plied in the derivation of the symbols:
fused. Thus it is necessary to distinguish rigor-
1. Only upper case letter A - Z and digits 0 - 9 have ously between them. As a matter of fact there are
been used. contradictory conventions being widely used.
2. Formerly Greek letters have been spelled out, if
necessary in abbreviated form or with changed
spelling. This practice is considered obsolete.
5.3 Documentation
Version 2017 101
5.3 Documentation 4. Japanese Translation of ITTC Standard Sym-

5.3.1 ITTC Documents bols. Transactions of the Society of Naval
1. International Towing Tank Conference, Architects of Japan, No.538, April 1974.
Standard Symbols 1971, BSRA Technical 5. Russian Translation of ITTC Standard Sym-
Memorandum No.400, August 1971. bols 1971. Brodarski Institute Publication
2. International Towing Tank Conference, No.28, Zagreb 1974.
Standard Symbols 1976. BSRA T.M. 6. Simbolos Internacionales en Arquitectura Na-
No.500, 1976. val. Asociacion de Investigacion de la Cons-
3. ITTC Dictionary of Ship Hydrodynamics. truccion Naval,
RINA Maritime Technology Monograph Publication 7/75, Juli 1975, Madrid.
No.6, 1978. 7. Report of Information Committee, Proc. 17th
4. Translation of Overall Index of Titles of Dic- ITTC, Göteborg 1984.
tionary of Ship Hydrodynamics., Vol. 1: 8. Chinese Translation of ITTC Standard Sym-
CETENA, Genova, 1984, bols. China Ship Scientific Research Centre,
Vol. 2: University of Tokyo, 1984. Wuxi.
5. Bibliography and Proposed Symbols on Hy-
drodynamic Technology as Related Model
Tests of High Speed Marine Vehicles. 5.3.3 Other References
Prep. by 17th ITTC High-Speed Marine Ve- Apart from the organizations represented on
hicle Committee. SPPA Maritime Research the ITTC these symbols have been recom-
and Consulting. Rep. No.101, 1984. mended for use in technical writing on naval ar-
chitecture by a number of organizations con-
cerned with marine matters including The Royal
5.3.2 Translations Institution of Naval Architects, the American
A number of translations of the List of ITTC Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engi-
Standard Symbols into languages other than neers and the American, British, Canadian, Aus-
English have been made including French, Ger- tralian, and Italian Navies. Where possible, the
man, Italian, Japanese, Russian, Spanish and symbols for Section 3.4.1, Waves are consistent
Chinese. For obvious reasons these translations with the IAHR/PIANC List of Sea State Param-
are no longer up-to-date as the present accepted eters, Supplement to Bulletin No 52, January
list in English and the Russian one. 1986.
1. French Translation of ITTC Standard Sym- In 1985 the Draught International Standard
bols 1971., Association Francaise de Nor- ISO/DIS 7463 Shipbuilding - Symbols for Com-
malisation (AFNOR). puter Applications - has been published. The
2. International vereinbarte Buchstabensymbole symbols are based on the list approved by the
und Bezeichnungen auf dem Gebiet der ITTC in Ottawa 1975 and a related list produced
Schiffshydrodynamik. Collatz, G. by the ISSC in 1974, inconsistencies having
Schiff und Hafen 27 (1975) No.10. been removed. The ISO/TC8/SC15 has been no-
3. Italian Translation of ITTC Standard Symbols tified that major changes of the ITTC Symbols
1971. Luise E. Appendix II, Report of are under discussion. Subsequently processing
Presentation Committee. of ISO/DIS 7463 has not been postponed, but
Proceedings 14th ITTC, Vol. 4, Ottawa 1975. the standard has been published as ISO 7463 in
1990.

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1

ITTC Symbols and Terminology List

Supersedes all previous versions

Updated by the 28th ITTC Quality Systems Group

1. GENERAL ............................................. 4 1.3.5.2 Flow fields .................................. 28

ITTC Computer Definition or SI-

Experimental variance of the

ITTC Computer Definition or SI-

s ( qk ) Experimental standard deviation

From mean X i , determined

uc(y) Combined standard uncertainty Positive square root of uc2 ( y ) 1

ITTC Computer Definition or SI-

Expanded uncertainty of output

ITTC Computer Definition or SI-

Variance of a probability distri-

Coordinate systems fixed in bodies, ocean platforms,

Axes, coordinates In sea keeping and manoeuvrability problems cus-

ISO Standard 31-11 makes the following suggestions

ITTC Computer Definition or SI-

1.1.2.1 Basic Quantities

Tensor in space referred to an

ITTC Computer Definition or SI-

1.1.3 Time and Frequency Domain Quantities

ITTC Computer Definition or SI-

1.1.3.2 Complex Transforms

1.1.3.3 Complex Quantities

ITTC Computer Definition or SI-

1.1.4 Random Quantities and Stochastic Processes

1.1.4.2 Stochastic Processes

ITTC Computer Definition or SI-

1.1.4.3 Probability Operators (Superscripts)

ITTC Computer Definition or SI-

1.1.5 Balances and System Related Concepts

Quantity of the quality under

ITTC Computer Definition or SI-

1.2 Solid Body Mechanics

Added mass coefficient in ith

ITTC Computer Definition or SI-

ITTC Computer Definition or SI-

1.2.2.2 Sectional Loads

Force or load acting at a given

ITTC Computer Definition or SI-

1.2.3 Rigid Body Motions

ITTC Computer Definition or SI-

The angle of the longitudinal

ITTC Computer Definition or SI-

1.3 Fluid Mechanics

1.3.1.2 Flow parameters

c0.7 VA2 + ( 0.7π nD )

St SN Strouhal number fL/V 1

ITTC Computer Definition or SI-

1.3.1.3 Boundary conditions

ITTC Computer Definition or SI-

1.3.2 Flow Fields

ITTC Computer Definition or SI-

1.3.3 Lifting Surfaces

ITTC Computer Definition or SI-

ITTC Computer Definition or SI-

1.3.4 Boundary Layers

Reynolds number based on dis-

ITTC Computer Definition or SI-

ITTC Computer Definition or SI-

1.4 Environmental Mechanics

1.4.1.2 Irregular waves