The bulk modulus of hydraulic fluids at elevated temperatures

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Authors Downs, Harry Bertram, 1927-

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 TEE BULK MODULUS

OF HYDRAULIC FLUIDS
AT ELWATED TEMPERATURES

Uy
Harry B„ Dawns

A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the

DEPARTMENT OF MEfflAHICAL ENGINEERING

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

For the Degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE
In the Graduate College

THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA

 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR

This thesis has heen submitted in partial'fulfillment of require­

ments for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is
deposited in the University Library to he made available to borrowers
under rules of the Library.

Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special

permission, provided that accurate acknowledgement of source is made.

.Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction .

of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of.

the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in their

judgement' the proposed use of the material is in the interests of

scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be

obtained from the author.

APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR

This thesis has been approved on the date shown below:

/ "O
m T r T bsttaccini Date ~FJ
Professor of Mechanical Engineering
 ABSTRACT

The object of this study was to collect data which would show,

the effect of temperature and pressure on the elastic properties of

hydraulic fluids,
A search was made for.published data9 including information

gathered from the manufacturers and users of.hydraulic fluids, and .

from' trade journals„
Samples of nine different hydraulic fluids were tested. All
were designed to operate at. temperatures up to 400° F or higher.
These were;

Ddw Corning F-6o

Dow Corning QF-1-0026

General Electric 81705

General Electric Versilube F-50

General Electric.81644

Monsanto OS45 Type IV

., . . . . » ■ '
Oronite 8515 '

Texaco TL 3809 (58-9125)

Texaco Turbine Oil.15 (TL-31^8)

A tank was built in which the fluids could be heated and

compressed. With this equipment, data were collected which showed, the
compressibility of each fluid as a function of temperature, up to

5000. psi and 400° F.

The original and borrowed data were compared.
 ACKtTGWLEDGEMEIff

The- author wishes to take this opportunity to express his

appreciation to Dr. M. B„ Bottaccini, who suggested this problem and
under whose guidance this work was accomplished.

-Thanks are also due to the staff and members of the Tucson
Engineering Laboratory, Hughes Aircraft Company. This work was

carried out while the writer was a member of the technical staff of

the Hughes Aircraft Company — Systems Development Laboratory, and a

holder of a fellowship under the Hughes Cooperative Fellowship Program.

The following companies donated the hydraulic fluids tested,

and supplied pertinent informations

Ddw Corning'Corporation

General Electric - Silicone Products Dept,

Monsanto Chemical Co. - Organic Chemicals Div.

Oronite Chemical Co.
The Texas- Company
 TABLE OF COHENTS

■ • Page

1. Scope of this study , 1

2a Mathematical definitions and analogies 2 .
3. Information currently available . 10

k* Experiments 12

4«1 Equipment used 12

4„2 Description ofExperiments' 16

4.3 Accuracy 16
4.4 Results 19

4.5 Discussion andComparisonwith previous work 4l

iv
 H E B T M MODULUS

OF HYDRAULIC FLUIDS
AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES

1.0 SCOPE OF STUDY

H e object of this study was to find experimentally the

effect of elevated temperature on the static bulk modulus of hydraulic
fluids 9 at various pressures.
The results given' are the tangent, isothermal bulk moduli 9
for temperatures to 400° F and pressures to 5000 psi.
Samples of nine fluids were tested. These were:

Dow Corning . F~6o

Dow Coming QF-1-O026

General Electric 81705

General Electric Versilube F-50

General Electric 81644

.Monsanto 0S-45 Type IV

Oronite 8515

Texaco TL 3809 (58-9125)

Texaco 15 (TL=3l68)

Any pertinent information available from the manufacturers

was collected and compared to. the experimental results.

2.0 MA.TEEMA.TICAl DEFIHTIONS AMD ANALOGIES'

The "bulk .modulus of a fluid is defined "by the following

equation:

B r — dP
dV/V

B = "bulk modulus

P = pressure

V. - volume

whence unit change in volume - - change in pressure

"bulk modulus

Values given in. this report are for the static tangent isothermal

hulk modulus, which is defined by the above equation where, for a given

pressure:

™ “ slope, of tangent to isothermal curve of P vs A V

at the point on the curve corresponding to the given, pressure.

P s gage pressure • -
A V r V - V„ hence tiP = dP
0 dV d(AV)

Vo -
-
initial volume at P - 0

V is volume of the fluid at the given pressure.

See Figure 2.1.

Given pressure
 Another definition is known as the static "secant" hulk modulus.
This is an over-all value from atmospheric pressure to the given
pressure. In this cases

5Z. - slope of secant from origin of curve of P vs. AV to

dV
the point on the' curve corresponding to the given

pressure.

The "sonic", or dynamic hulk modulus,-found hy measuring the

speed of sound through the fluid, is defined as:

B = ( cf

- mass density

.(X - speed of sound

This hulk modulus is derived as follows.

A stationary wave front is assumed in a fluid moving in a
closed channel. On one side of the wave fronts

^ = mass density

v F velocity of fluid

A r cross sectional area of channel

On the other side of the wave fronts -.

1
V. L. Streeter, Fluid Mechanics., 2nd Ed., McGraw-Hill Book Co.,
Inc., 1958, p. 230
 ^ ^ - mass density

v + dv = velocity of fluid

A z.cross sectional area of channel

Prom the continuity equations

^vA = (^ + d^)(xr-Ki”v-) A
= (^-xr t- ^ d i r + x r d ^ 4 - ^ d t r ) A
is negligible, hence
^ cl -x r — — xr d ^

Prom the momentum equations

Z F = f Q (v; - " U l )

Sum of forces across the wave front z

(^Q,)(change of fluid velocity across the wave front)

P A - (P-hdP) A = ^xr A ('V+jxr-v)-.

- Ap - ^xr dxr

■ fdxr =. - d?
\ - v -

(Assuming viscous forces are negligible)

Combining the results from the two above equations';

^ d xT ~ — xr d ^ — d p

■XT2’ = 4 P
d f
 From the definition of hulk modulus;
B r-YdP.
dV

And <&V — — A
v <

So A p
a

Substituting for d P •
d^
B =

Now if the fluid is assumed to he at rest, the wave front must

travel at the velocity (v).

XT

This is the velocity of sound in a fluid, as-given in elementary

physics hooks.

. The hulk modulus of a fluid is analogous to the modulus of

elasticity of a solid. For a solid in tension or compression: ■

 7
e z as ■
dL/L .

E = modulus of elasticity ••

S = stress = force
area

L = length

The modulus of elasticity is approximately'constant- over a certain

range of stresses.

The spring constant of a solid in simple tension is;

. K = _F •= SA S = E dL
dL dL -IT

K - spring constant

E = force

A. = area ,

K = E dL A _ E A
L dL L

The equivalent spring constant of a fluid in a cylinder is:

K = dF = AdP
dL dL

In a cylinder d? = ai = dP
' V "L "1

KrAdP^ = BA
L dL/L L.
 The 'bulk modulus of a perfect gas, for an Isothermal process

Is; .'

B - P

For an 1sentropic process;

B - Oja P
Cv
Cp = specific heat in a constant pressure process

Cv = specific heat in a constant volume process

Moreover, for any,substance;

% = C£ Br

Bg - isentropic bulk modulus

Brp - isothermal bulk modulus

Since Cv is difficult to find experimentally for a fluid or solid,

technical literature describing hydraulic fluids presents values for

1
Cp. The following relation -can be used to find the isentropic bulk

modulus from the isothermal bulk modulus, or vice versa.

1_ _ , Tc< 2
Bt - Bg 12J ^ Cp

1
D. H. Menzel, Fundamental Formulas of Physics,
. Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1955, p* 26?
 T. r absolute temperature (°E)

e< - thermal coefficient of expansion (1/°F)

^ = density (#/in^)

Cp = specific heat at constant pressure

(Btu/#-°J)

12J - correction for units = 12 in x 778 ft-#

ft Itu
3*0 IKFOEMATIOI CTJERMTLY ATAILABLB

3.1 Boeing Aircraft Company

Unpublished research notes were obtained from Boeing, ■

These were results of a study "by Br, Bottaecini and Mr, T, Timar,
The notes contained curves of "both tangent and over-all "bulk modulus •
of three fluids:

Oronite 8515
Monsanto OS-45
General Electric 8l4o6

These data were obtained by pumping fluid into a constant volume

tanks stabilizing the temperatures and then measuring the fluid volume

extracted to reduce the pressure to zero gage,

3.2 Dow Corning

Dow Coming's "Silicone Botes"9 ref. 3-316, October, 1958,

gives properties of Dow Corning E-6o fluid, including compressibility

at 5>000 psi and 10,000 psi, presumably at room temperature.

"Hew Products Information Bulletin" Ho. Qr3“303> August, 1958,

contains a description of some properties of the QE-1-Q026 fluid, but

contains no information on the bulk modulus.

3.3 General Electric

"Silicone Spotlight-Properties of High Temperature Bydraulie
Fluids", September 30, 1958, contains the most complete- description of
 11
high-temperature hydraulic fluids found "by the author. Included in the

report are curves of tangent and secant hulk moduli vs temperature and

pressure for MLO 8515 s OS-45 9 and Versilube T-50.

"An Analysis of Silicone High-Temperature Lubricating and Hydraulic
Fluids11presents characteristics of General Electric1s silicones compared
to other high, temperature fluids. This includes values for the hulk
modulus of Versilube'F-50 at ?0° F, 200° F, 400° F, 700° F 9 hut indicates
neither variation with pressure nor a definition of hulk modulus.

"Silicones Product Data" was provided for each fluid donated by

General Electric. These reports presented much useful information, hut

contained no information on bulk moduli.

3.4 Monsanto 'Chemical Company

"High Temperature Hydraulic Fluids-Development Bulletin Ho. ■

AV-4", June, 1958, presents information on OS-45 fluids. Bulk modulus

of OS-45 and MIL-0-5606 are compared at 3,000 psi and 4,000 psi for
temperatures to 500° F. Ho definition is given of hulk modulus nor is
the experimental, technique described.

3.5 Oronite Chemical Company

"Technical Bulletin - Oronite High Temperature Hydraulic

Fluids", January, 1958„ presents characteristics of 8515 and 8200

fluids, including curves of adiabatic (or tangent) hulk modulus vs
temperature to 500° F and pressure to 5,000 psi. These values were
obtained- "by measuring the velocity of sound waves through the fluids,
and using the formula;

.adiabatic bulk modulus =

2
(density of fluid) (velocity of sound)

3«6 The Texas Company

"Product Information Letter - Texaco Synthetic Turbine Oil

15" gives characteristics of Turbine Oil 15 and TL-3809, but presents

no bulk modulus information.
 12

4.0 EXPERIMENTS

4.1 Equipment Used

The tank, in which the fluid was heated and compressed,

consisted of a stainless steel tube 3 l/2M 0D x 9 H long with threaded

caps at both ends, and with Teflon 0-ring seals under the caps to

prevent leakage through the threads. (See Figures 1.1 and 1.2).

Figure 1.1
 13

Figure 1.2

Half way through the project, the cape were welded to the tube, as

the Teflon seals tended to leek. It was found that the Teflon O-ring

flowed to assume the shape of the groove in which it was placed, then

ceased to function as an O-ring.

A thermocouple well was screwed into the lower cap. The thermo­

couple was connected to a readoutpotentiometer.

The upper cap held a movableram. This was sealed by two Vi ton

"A" O-rings, each with Teflon backup rings on both sides of the

O-ring. A vernier attached to the ram was used in conjunction with a

scale attached to the cap to readchanges in ram position sothat

changes in volume could be found.(See Figure 1.3).

 14

Figure 1.3

Ihe tank was used in a vertical position with the ram at the top.

The inside of the upper cap was tapered to "bring trapped air to a vent

hole connected to an external valve, so that air could he bled from

the system.

The heater consisted of a 1500 watt electric resistance wire

mounted on a sheet of asbestos which surrounded the lower cap. (See

Figure 1.1). Additional insulation was added outside the heater and

around the tank.

The force on the ram was obtained by using a hydraulically

controlled materials testing press.

'Die pressure in the fluid was found from a strain-gage bridge

type pressure transducer. This was mounted a few inches from the tank

to prevent heating of the transducer. (See Figure 1.4). A galvanometer

was used to read the output of the pressure transducer, and a battery was

used for excitation.

 15

Figure 1.4
 16
4,2 Description of Experiments

With the ram removed., the sample of fluid was poured into
the tank. With the "bleed valve open, the ram was Inserted until the
air trapped in the tank was "bled off. The tank was placed under the
press and heated until the thermocouple read a constant temperature
for 30 minutes. The heater was controlled manually.
The "bleed valve was used again to discharge any. previously
entrained gas that might have collected while the sample was "being
heated.
The position of the ram was noted on the scale, then a force
was applied to cause a pressure in the fluid, and the ram position was
again noted. This procedure was repeated for numerous pressure

increments. The temperature was increased successively to 100 , 200,

300, and 400 degrees f. At each temperature the ram position was

noted for each pressure increment. '

4.3
The "bulk modulus was computed "by multiplying the volume (V)

• of the fluid "by the slope of the isothermal curve of A V vs P.

The initial volume of fluid at zero gage pressure was found

"by measuring, with a graduated "beaker, the amount of fluid added

to and "bled from the tank, "before testing, at room temperature. This

volume was known within ± 5 cc. and the corresponding ram position
was known. At temperatures other than room temperature, the initial
volume was the initial volume at room temperature (VQ0) plus a
correction for change in ram position (Yjj) during heating "before the
next compression, plus a correction for change in tank volume due
to temperature change (V^). Change in volume vs ram position was
computed from the ram diameter, and was also measured (see Appendix

A-l).

Vg I 58.00 cc/inch

Earn position could he read to d: .001 inch (or,.058 cc). Change in

tank volume due to temperature change was computed (see Appendix

A-4).

VT r 2.9 cc/l00°E
If this correction is within 50^ of the true correction, then at
400QF;

Vrp = 9.3 cc+4.6 cc

Vo = To o + TE + y T

In the formula for hulk modulus, the volume used (V) was the initial
volume (V0) minus the change in volume due to compression (A V ) .
A V could he read from the ram within ± 0.12 cc. However, A Y
was corrected for change in tank volume due to pressure (Vp)

(see Appendix A-4).

. Vp - 2.0 cc/5000 psi

This correction was prohahly too large, possibly hy a factor of

two. Then at 5000 psi:

Vp - 2.0 + 1.0 cc

V r v00 ± 5 cc + V E ± 0.12 cc + VT ± 4.6 cc

— A V ± 0.12 cc + Yp ± 1.0 cc

So values of V were known within dl11 cc.

To plot,the curve of A V vs P, ahout 20 readings were taken at
 18

each temperature. Values of AV, computed from change in ram position9

were known within i 0.12 cc and were'plotted within i 0.1 cc.

Each point was corrected for change in tank volume due to pressure

change. This correction was 2.0 cc i 1.0 cc at maximum pressure „

and was proportional to pressure» So A V was plotted within
+ 1.2 cc at maximum.pressure9 and within ± 0.3 cc at low pressure.
The pressure was read from a strain-gage bridge type transducer
which had been calibrated against a dead-weight tester (see Appendix
.A-3).• The output of the transducer was read from a galvanometer.
This could be read to + 30 psi, and was plotted within i 10 psi. As

most of these errors were randoms a smooth curve was drawn through
the data points to average out individual random errors. Change in

position of the points due to temperature drift during compression

was accounted for when the curve was drawn. If the temperature drifted

more than + 2°E, the test was interrupted until the temperature was

brought back within this range.

The temperature of the fluid was read with a thermocouple.

This reading was compared to a mercury-in-glass thermometer inserted •

in the sample fluid, with the ram removed but all insulation in place.

The mercury thermometer was checked in boiling water, and was also
checked against another mercury thermometer in an oven. Tempera­
tures read from the thermocouple were adjusted to the corresponding
readings from the thermometer (see Appendix A-2). C heating
the tank at the bottom only, the variation in temperature through­
out the fluid could be held to 1° E after holding one temperature •
 18a

for 10 minutes. It was assumed that the presence of the ram 'made
no appreciable change. Ahout 5 cc of the fluid under compression

was outside the tank, in the pressure" transducer and associated •

plumbing, at about room temperature. Efo correction was made for this

contribution to error.

Hie author drew several curves through the same set of data

points, in an attempt to estimate the accuracy in drawing the curve„

The greatest variation in slope, found at the high pressure end of
the curve, was ± 7.0 psi/cc, where the average ...slope was about
140 psi/cc. The random error in taking the tangent to a.curve at

a particular pressure was about ±0.5 psi/cc. Therefore, the

slope of the curve was known to within ± 7.5 psi/cc.

To find the maximum error in the computed value of bulk

modulus:
B -Y S

S 55 slope

Be = (V+?e) (S + Se) - V S
__ . . _

Subscript E stands for error.

%. = T Sj, + S Tj.
— --- -— — -r C/
B VS
_ 900 (7.5) ±l4o (11) = 6.6$
'900 (140) “

Therefore, the author claims accuracy within7$, andmuch of this

error is of a random nature, and would notall add upin the same

direction, as has been assumed.

 4„4 Results

This section presents the experimental results in the

of graphs, as listed "below. .

Tangent hulk modulus vs pressure at given temperatures s

Dow Corning T-60 . Dig. 4.1

Dow Corning QT’-1-OO26 Dig. 4.2
General Electric Versiluhe D-50 . Dig. 4.3
General Electric 81644 .. Dig. 4.4

General Electric 81705 Dig. 4.5

Monsanto OS-45 llype IV Dig. 4.6

Qronite 8515 ' Dig. 4.7.

Texaco Turbine Oil 15 Dig. 4.8

Texaco TL 3809 ' Dig. 4.9

Tangent bulk modulus vs temperature at given pressures:

Dow Corning D-60 Dig..4.10

Dow Corning QV-1-0026 Dig. 4.11

General Electric Versiluhe D-50 Dig. 4.12

General Electric 81644 Dig. 4.13
■ - General Electric 81705 Dig. 4.14
Monsanto OS-45 O^pe IV Dig. 4.15
Oronite 8515. Dig. 4.16
 20
Texaco Turbine Oil 15 Fig. 4.17
Texaco TL 3809 Fig. 4.18

Tangent bulk modulus vs. temperature at 2000 psi;

comparison of Ibw Corning F-60 and QJ1-l-0026, Gen­

eral Electric F-50, 81644s and 81705 fluids Fig. 4.19

Tangent bulk modulus vs. temperature at 2000 psi;

comparison of Monsanto OS-45, Oronite 8515, Texaco

15 and TL 3809 fluids Fig. 4'.20

The values given were found for each fluid as follows:

A graph was made, at each temperature, showing change in

volume vs. pressure, and a curve was drawn through the points.

The slope of the tangent to the curve (dP.), at each

dV
desired pressure, was multiplied by the total fluid volume at that same
pressure.

Thus B s - VdP
dV

Ozalld reproductions of the graphs of change in volume

vs pressure are available from the author or from the Mechanical

Engineering Department, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona. .

 21
Fig. 4.1
260
TANGENT BULK MODULUS
OF
DCW CORNING ?-6o FLUID
240

220

200

180
(PSI X 10"3)

160
BULK MODULUS

140

120

100

80

60
0 1 2 3 4 5
PRESSURE (PSI X 10-3)
 Fig. 4.2
260
TANGENT BULK MODULUS
OF
DCM CORNING Qp-1-0026
240

220

200
Z
)

180 c

y 82°F
160

140
v/ (
,

<
^ 192°F

120
)

^ 290°F c
100

^90°F
80
*

60 )
1

cxj

C°V
—1

4- 5
PRESSURE (PSI X 10-3)
 Fig. 4.3
260
TMGEM1BULK MODULUS
OF
GENERAL ELECTRIC F~50 FLUID
240

220

200 C

180 c
\

cX ^ 82°E

160
c)

140
)
^ 92°E
•

120

100
290°F

80
390°F

60
)
1 2 3 4 5
PHESSURE (PSI X 10-3)
 24
Fig. 4.4
260
TANGENT BULK MODULUS
OF
GENERAL ELECTRIC 81644 FLUID
240

220

200
(PSI X 10“3)

180

160
BULK MODULUS

140

120

100

80

60
0 1 2 3 4 5
PRESSURE (PSI X 10“3)
 Fig. 4.5
260

240

220

200
(PSI X 10-3)

180

160
BULK MODULUS

140

120

100

80
TANGENT BULK MODULUS
OF
GENERAL ELECTRIC 81705 FLUID
60
0 1 2 3 4 5
PRESSURE (PSI X 10-3)
 Fig. 4.6

240

220

200
(PSI X 10-3)

180
BULK MODULUS

160

140

120

100

80
TANGENT BULK MODULUS

MONSANTO 05-45 TYPE IV FLUID

6o

PRESSURE (PSI X 10 3)

/
 260
TANGENT BULK MODULUS
OF
ORONITE 8515 FLUID
240

220

200
(PSI X 10“3)

180
BULK MODULUS

160

140

120

100

"80

60
0 1 2 3 4 5
PRESSURE (PSI X 10-3)
 Fig. 4.8
260

240

220

200

180

160

140

120

100

80
TMOEtJT BULK MODULUS
OF
TEXACO TUHBINE OIL 15
60 1 2 ] 4 5
PRESSURE (PSI X lO"3)
 Fig. 4.9 29

260

240

220

200
(PSI X 10“3)

180
BULK MODULUS

160

140

120

100

80
TANGENT BULK MODULUS

TEXACO TL 3809 FLUID

60
0 1 2 3 4 5
PRESSURE (PSI X 10-3)
 Fig. 4.10

TANGENT BULK MODULUS

OF
ECM CORNING F-60 FLUID

250

200
(PSI X 10-3)
BULK MODULUS

100
5000 PSI-
3000 PSI-
1000 PSI-

80

60

0 100 200 300 400

TEMPERATURE (°F)
 Fig. 4.11

TANGENT BULK MODULUS

OF
T O CORNING QF-1-0026 FLUID
(PSI X 10-3)
BULK MODULUS
 Fig. 4.12

TANGENT BULK MODULUS

OF
GENERAL ELECTRIC F-50 FLUID

250

200
(PSI X 10"3)
BULK MODULUS

100

3000 PSI
1000 PSI

100 200 300

TEMPERATURE (°F)
 Fig. 4.13
TANGENT BULK MODULUS
OF
GENERAL ELECTRIC 81644 FLUID

250

200

150
(PSI X 10“3)
BULK MODULUS

100

3000 PSI
1000 PSI

100 "300
 Fig. 4.14
TANGENT BULK MODULUS
OF
GENERAL ELECTRIC 81705 FLUID

250

200
(PSI X 10-3)

5000 PSI

1000 PSI
BULK MODULUS

100

100 300 W
 Fig. 4.15
TANGENT BULK MODULUS
OF
MONSANTO OS-45 TYPE IV FLUID

250

200
(PSI X 10-3)

5000 PSI
3000 PSI
1000 PSI
BULK MODULUS

100

80

60

0 100 200 300 400

TEMPERATURE (°F)
 Fig. 4.16
TANGENT BULK MODULUS
OF
ORONITE 8515 FLUID

200

150

3000 PSI

1000 PSI

100

80

0 100 200 300 400

TEMPERATURE (°F)
 Fig. 4.1?

TANGENT BULK MODULUS

OF
TEXACO TURBINE OIL 15

250

200
(PSI X 10-3)

5000 PSI

3000 PSI -
1000 PSI-
BULK MODULUS

100

80

60

loo 200 300 %00

TEMPERATURE (°F)
 Fig. 4.18
TANGENT BULK MODULUS
OF
TEXACO TL 3809 FLUID

250

200

150
(PSI X 10-3)

3000 PSI
1000 PSI
BULK MODULUS

100

0 . 100 200 300 400

TMPERATURE (°F)
 Fig. 4.19
TANGENT BULK MODULUS
VS.
TEMPERATURE AT 2000 PSI

250

200

150
(PSI X 10“3)
BULK MODULUS

100

V DCW COINING F-60

O DCW COINING OF-l-OC

O GE 81?C.
A GE 816^
□ GE F-5C

0 100 200 300 400

TEMPERATURE (°F)
 Fig. 4.20

TANGENT BULK MODULUS

VS.
TEMPERATURE AT 2000 PSI

250

200

150
(PSI X 10"3)
BULK MODULUS

100

80
□ MONSANIO 05-45

A ORONITT 8515
O TEXACO
V TEXACO TL 380?
60

100 200 300

TEMPERATURE (°F)
 4»5 Discussion and comparison.with previous work..

■ The results of this experiment were compared with previous

work in which the values given were defined as tangent hulk modulus „
Table II compares values obtained for General Electric
F-50 fluid to values given in General Electric "Silicone Spotlight."
Table III compares values obtained for Monsanto OS-45
fluid to values given by Boeing research notes and General Electric
"Silicone Spotlight."

Table IV compares values obtained for Oronite 8515 fluid

with values given by Boeing for static tangent bulk modulus„ and with
1
values derived by Oronite from speed-of-sound measurements.

Comparing the results of this experiment with the values

given by Boeing for static tangent bulk modulus„ differences were

computed as a percentage of the smaller value.

52% of the differences computed were less than 5$.

yyfo of the differences computed were between

5 and 15$.
15$ of the differences computed were between

15 and 35$.
Disagreement was greatest at highest temperatures and pressures.
A possible explanation of these differences appears in the fact
that those who took the Boeing data have little faith in their

accuracy. Their method was such that the compression process used

was neither isentropic nor isothermal. Also their method intro­

duced greater error at higher temperatures„ where, disagreement

was greatest.

Values of bulk modulus found in this experiment were smaller

than values derived by Oronite from speed-of-sound measurements by 8

to About half of this difference can be accounted for by using the

formula given in Section 2.0 for conversion from isentropic to
isothermal bulk modulus 9 assuming speed-of-sound measurements give
isentropic values of bulk modulus. For the 8515 fluid at 5000 psi
and 400° F, where the. disagreement was greatest (kffl):

1_ - 1___ Tc*.2
Bg Biji 12J ^ Op

= 1 - 860x 3'6 x 10~8

89,000 • 12 X 778 x\oWx~7Ez

Bg r 107,000 psi

Bg — Brp — .20 8 or 20^

bt

In attempting to explain the general qualitative variation

of bulk modulus with temperature and pressure, it seems reasonable

to assume that either high pressure or low temperature will reduce

the molecular free path. •Hence it appears reasonable that such an
increase of density of the fluid would cause it to become less
compressible, that is, nearer the solid phase.
 200°F 300°F 4oo°F'

1000 psi A 102,000 74,000 53,000

B 100,000 72,000 52,000

3000 psi A 128,000 96,000 72,000

B 126,000 98,000 76,000

5000 psi A 150,000 112,000 83,000

B 147,000 , 120,000 99,000

TABLE. II T M GMT m K MODULUS (PSI) OE

GENERAL EIECTRIC F-50 FLUID
VALUES AEE FROM THE FOLLOWING SOURCES:
A - this experiment
B - General Electric "Silicone Spotlight11
 200° E 300Q E 400° E

1000 psi A 131,000 102,000 76,000

B 132,000 97,000 72,000

3000 psi A 162,000 124,000 92,000

B 151,000 122,000 99,000

5000 psi A 182,000 137,000 100,000

B 170,000 144,000 122,000

TABLE III TANGENT BULK MODULUS (PSI) OE

'MONSANTO OS-45 TYPE IV ELUID

VALUES ABE EROM THE FOLLOWING SOUECES;

A - this experiment
B - Boeing research notes and
General Electric "Silicone
Spotlight" (the two sources
in B give identical values)
 200° F 300° F 400° F

•1000 psi A . 136,000 100,000 " 74,000

B 130,000 96,000 72,000

0 166,000 115,000 80,000

3000 psi A 153,000 113,000 83,000

.B 150,000 118,000 95,000

C 190,000 143,000 104,000

5000 psi A i64,ooo 121,000 89,000

B 170,000 i4o,000 120,000
C 219,000 . 167,000 ■ 129,000

TABLE IV TANGENT BULK MODULUS (PSI)

. OF OBOMTE 8515 FLUID
VALUES ARE FEOM THE FOLLOWING SOURCES:
A - this experiment

B - Boeing' research notes and'

General Electric "Silicone
Spotlight®
(The two sources’in B give
identical values).

0 - Oronite Technical Bulletin

(Values derived from speed
of sound)
6.0 JEPMDICES

A-l Change in Tank Volume vs. Change

in Earn Position
A-2 Temperature Calihration
A-3 Pressure Calibration
A-4 Change in Tank Volume Due to Changes
in Temperature and Pressure

I
 CHANGE IN TANK VOLUME
VS.
CHANGE IN RAM POSITION

60

50

40
(CC)
IN VOLUME

30
Computed line
CHANGE

O Measured values
20

10

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

CHANGE IN RAM POSITION

(INCHES)
II
 TEMPEEtATBHB CALIBRATION

Thermocouple Thermometer Percent

Heading (°F) Heading (°F)' Difference

80 82 - 2.4

' 196 - 188 + 4.3

.243 239 + 1.7

307 297 + 3=4

410 ' 401 + 2.2 .

Ill
 •A-3 PRESSURE CALIBRATION

4000

3000
PRESSURE

5.7 Volt ittery

5-8 Volt ittery

6.0 Volt ittery

PSI)

2000

1000

10 22 20 22

GALVANOMETER READING
 a -4

Change in Tank Volume Dae to Temperature Changes

A L = CL A T

C = 'coefficient of thermal expansion.

1 - length inside caps

A L = .00893"/lOO0 F
A D = CDAT

D = inside-diameter = 2.885"

A D = .0027?"/lOO0 F ■

1 V ™ volume = 1Tt D^L

T

V+ A V = 1T [" (D+AD)2 (14-AD)

'TrF/ D2 4- 2D Ad + (AD)£
ITLl
D2! +• D2 A L -t 2DSLAD + 2DA D AD

V 4- A V - TT D2D 4-D2 A D 4-2DLAD

>] 4- £»

V
V + AV - V =1tT D2A L + 2DLAD + &
7T L

A T ^ r iT r (8.323 x .00893)
¥L

+ (2 x 2.885 x 9.310 x .002??)J

A V ^ '0.175 In 3/100° 3T = 2.88 cc /l00° F

H
Change in Tank Volume Dae to Pressure Changes

Hoop Stresss -
F Z P DL
- F z Force

P - Pressure - 5000 psi

D z Inside diameter = 2.885"

; L = Insidelength - 9.31011

F = 134,000#
A = Metal area . ^

= (length) (outside diameter - inside diameter)

A = 9.310 (3.500 - 2.885) = 5.725 in.2.

- S = Tensile stress = F
A -•

= 134,000 =. 23,400 psi

5.725

A D Z change in inside diameter

= m
E
E = Modulus of elasticity - 28 x 10^

A D = 2.885 x. 23,400
28 x 106

A D = .00241 "/5000 psi

Longitudinal 'Stress;

.F ■= (pressure) (area of end of tank - area of end of ram)

- 5000 Tf (3&5002 - 2<,1222) = 30,400# .

HI
 A r metal area = TT (tank outside diameter)^
IT

-(tank inside diameter

H' (3^5002 - 2„8852) = 3.08 in.2

4

S = F = 30,400 = 9880 psi

A 3.08"

A l - change in length ~ LS

9.310 x 9880
28 x 106

,00328"/5000 psi

Volume Change;

A V = TT [" D2 A L + 2DL A D | + £-
L J

-rr (8.323 x .00328)

TT

+ (2 x 2.885 x 9.310 x j00241) |

A V^ 2 ,123 in.^15000 psi z 2.02 ec/5000 psi

The author realizes that this is a rough approximation,

hut the effect on total accuracy is very small. .

VIII
7.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Bottaccini 3 M. R. g and Timar „ T.» Research Notes. Boeing

Aircraft Co. ■(■unpublished).
2. High Temperature Hydraulic Fluids „ Development Bulletin AV-4,
Monsanto'Chemical CorapareT-„ Organic Chemicals Division8 St. Louis,
Missouri, June, 1958.

Corporation, Midland, Michigan, November, 195-8•

4. Oronite High Temperature Hydraulic Fluids. Technical

Bulletin. Oronite Chemical Company, San Francisco, California,
January, 1958.

5. Product Information Letter. Tezaco Synthetic Aircraft

Turhine Oil 15, Texas Company, Research and Technical Department, •
Beacon, New York.

6. Silicone Higji-Temperature Lubricating and Hydraulic Fluids,.

General Electric Silicone Products Department, Waterford, New York.
7. Silicone Notes, ref. 3-316. Dow Corning Corporation, Midland,
Michigan, Octoher, 1958.

8. Silicone Spotlight. General Electric Silicone Products

Department, Waterford-, New York, 30 September, 1958» ''

9. Streeter, Y. L., Eluid Mechanics, 2nd Ed., McGraw-Hill Book

Co., 1958.