CELL (PARTS & FUNCTION)
processes
CELL/PLASMA MEMBRANE
- Acts as protector of the cell from
foreign microorganism.
- Control the entry and exit of
materials inside & outside, provides
support & protection of cell.
▪ Integral Membrane Protein – found at
inner part of cell membrane
▪ Peripheral Membrane Protein – found at
edge of cell membrane
▪ Hydrophilic heads – water-loving
▪ Hydrophobic tails – water- fearing
▫ saturated fatty acids- solid at room temp.
and came from animal sources
▫ unsaturated fatty acids- liquid, came from
plant sources
▪ Membrane Proteins – used by cell
membrane because there are molecules &
substances that can’t pass through
phospholipid bilayer.
CELL WALL
- To maintain shape of the cell,
support & protection of plant cell
- Outer most covering of plant cell
▪ Plasmodesmata – cell membranes of
neighboring cells are able to connect
through these holes to allow the transfer of
nutrients, waste & ions.
▪ Cellulose – specialized sugar which is
composed of carbohydrates.
MITOCHONDRIA
- Small organelles floating free
throughout the cell wherein it was
the powerhouse of the cell.
- Create energy by biological
processes known as cellular
respiration.
▪ Inner Membrane – includes cellular
▪ Outer Membrane – includes parts of
mitochondria
▪ Cristae – fold in inner membrane
▪ Matrix – where citric acid cycle/ kreb cycle
takes place
CYTOPLASM
- To support & suspend organelles
and cellular molecules.
▪ Cytoplasm – fluid in cell
▪ Nucleoplasm – fluid in nucleus
▪ Cytosol – fluid substance inside the cell
▪ Cell Organelles – another section of
cytoplasm
VACUOLE
- Storage bubbles found in cells.
Found in both animal & plant cell.
- To store food or any variety of
nutrients a cell might need to
survive.
NUCLEUS
- To carry genetic material of cell
- To act as control center of cell
- To carry genetic material for protein
synthesis
- To assist the production of
ribosomes& RNA
▪ Chromatin – unwound protein-
chromosome complexes
▫ Euchromatin- active DNA
▫ Heterochromatin- inactive DNA
▪ Nuclear Pores – leave space for RNA &
proteins to pass through
▪ Nucleoplasm – fluid that helps maintain
the shape & structure of nucleus
▪ Nucleolus – synthesizes ribosomes,
expelled synthesized ribosome
▪ Nuclear Envelope – acts as covering for
contents of nucleus
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
- Manufacturing, synthesizing &
packaging systems.
▪ Rough ER – very important in synthesis &
packaging of proteins, looks like sheets
▪ Smooth ER – synthesizes lipid & steroids,
looks like tubes
GOLGI BODY
- Acts as warehouse & packaging
factory for macromolecules.
- Acts as packaging center where in
they have to add substances for the
secretory protein to be fully
developed
▪ Glycosylation – add sugar to secretory
protein to be fully developed
▪ Sulfation – add sulfate to secretory protein
to be fully developed
▪ Phosphorylation – add phosphate to
secretory protein to be fully developed
RIBOSOME
- Protein builders/synthesizers of the
cell.
- Large subunit, small subunit.
CHLOROPLAST
- Food producers of the cell.
- Convert light energy of sun into
sugars that can be used by cells.
The entire process is called
Photosynthesis.
- Plastids
▫ Chloroplast- green pigments
▫ Chromoplast- yellow/orange
▫ Leucoplast- no pigments at all
CENTROSOME
- Main place where cell microtubules
are organized.
- Regulates cell division cycle, stages
which lead up to one cell dividing in
two
▪ Centrioles – put to work in both the
process of mitosis & meiosis. Near
the nucleus but can’t be seen when
cell is not dividing.
▪ Microtubules – they connect to
chromosomes
LYSOSOME
- Membrane bound sac
- Engulf organelle & use enzyme to
repair it if it’s not functioning
properly.
CILIA
- Used for movement/getting food
- Minute hair-like organelles
- Providing locomotion to ciliate
protozoans & moving liquids along
internal epithelial tissue in animals.
FLAGELLUM
- Used for movement/getting food
- Slender threadlike structure
- Enables many protozoa, bacteria to
swim
PSEUDOPOD
- Used for movement/getting food
- Temporary cytoplasmic projections
of cell membrane in certain
unicellular protest such as amoeba.
PROKARYOTES VS. EUKARYOTES
Key ingredients that cell needs to be a cell:
▪ Cell/Plasma Membrane –seperates the
cell’s interior from its surrounding
environment
▪ Cytoplasm – consists of jelly-like cytosol
inside the cell, plus the cellular structures
suspended on it
▪ DNA – genetic material of cell
▪ Ribosome – molecular machines that
synthesize proteins
PROKARYOTE
- Simple single-celled organism that
lacks nucleus
▪ Pro – before
▪ Karyote – nucleus
PROKARYOTIC ORGANISM
▪ Bacteria
▫ Escherichia Coli – found in environment,
foods & intestines of people and animals
▪ Archaea
▫ Thermophiles – thrives in hot water
environment
▫ Halophiles – thrive in high salt
concentration
PROKARYOTIC CELL
▪ Pilus – transports plasmid from one
bacteria cell to another
▪ Capsule – protection for bacteria cell,
serves as outer membrane
▪ Fimbriae – provide attachment for the
other cell
▪ Cytoplasm – protects cell organelles, allow
biological process to occur
▪ Nucleoid – no membrane bound unit
▪ Inclusion – for continuity of biological
processes that happen inside
▪ Plasmid – small DNA molecule, ring shape
▫ Fertility ▫ Resistance
EUKARYOTE
- Organisms whose cells have
nucleus enclosed within membranes
▪ Eu – true
▪ Karyote – nucleus
EUKAROTIC ORGANISM
▪ Eukarya
▫ Plants – have xylem & phloem
(vascular), without vascular system (non-
vascular)
▫ Animals – fishes, amphibians, reptiles,
birds & mammals
▫ Protists – mostly unicellular, but some,
like algae, are multicellular
▫ Fungi – includes mushroom, yeasts,
molds, rusts
Hans Christian Gram – devised a method
to differentiate two types of bacteria:
▪ Gram Positive – has thick peptidoglycan
(multi-layered)
▪ Gram Negative
- has thin peptidoglycan (single-
layered)
- has outer membrane, which are
dangerous because it can
camouflage with other cells of
human body
HOW BACTERIA REPRODUCE?
▪ Binary Fission
- when DNA of bacterium divides into
two (replicates)
- the bacterial cell then splits into two
daughter cells each with identical
DNA to the parent cell.
▪ Conjugation
- process which one bacterium
transfers genetic material to another
through direct contact
- the donor bacterium carries DNA
sequence called fertility plasmid or
F-plasmid
4 PHASES OF BACTERIAL GROWTH
▪ LAG Phase – preparatory phase for
bacteria
▪ LOG Phase – cells are dividing by binary
fission
▪ Stationary Phase – available nutrients
become depleted & waste product start to
accumulate
▪ Death Phase – nutrients become less
available, waste products increase &
number of dying cells continues to rise
HOW DO BACTERIA INFECT OTHER
LIVING ORGANISM?
- Infection occurs when bacteria
enters your body and reproduce
- Cells will not be able to transport
their by-products in specific part of
the body since they occupied the
outside space
HOW DO VIRUSES REPRODUCE?
▪ Lytic Cycle – attachment, entry,
replication, assembly & release
▪ Lysogenic Cycle – through binary fission
HOW ARE BACTERIA BEING USED FOR
FOOD PRODUCTS?
- Bacteria produces lactic acid
- The advantage is they reproduce
rapidly where you can produce more
product
CELL THEORY
▪ Spontaneous Generation
- Life comes from non-living things
(Aristotle)
Cytologist – studied cell
Francisco Redi – disapprove about
Aristotle’s statement
Cell Theory states that:
- All known living things are made up
of cell
- Cell are the smallest & basic unit of
structure & function in living
organisms
- Cells arise only from previously
existing cell by division
- Cells contain DNA which is passed
on to new cells
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
- used sperm in view to microscope
- animal cules (miniature animals)
Robert Hooke – used cork in view to
microscope
Matthias Jakob Schleiden & Theodor
Schwann
- german scientist, proposed what
would become known as cell theory
Zacharias Janssen – invented 1st
microscope
Rudolf Virchow – “ominis cellula e cellula”