DC Electrical Measurements, Ohms Law and Internal Resistance

NAME : Rezky Aryani Putri

DATE : April, 23 2019

LAB NUMBER :2

LAB PARTNERS : Ardita Daimah C.

Rajib Nur Mohammad

Utari Trinita

Dina Amalia Hizwati

A. Introduction

This experiment is about electrical measurement in direct current and also about Ohms

law and internal resistance in an electrical circuit. Electrical measurement is a measurement of

current, voltage and resistance carried out on an electrical circuit. Ohms law is a theory that

explain the relationship between current, voltage and resistance. It is also defining that an

electrical current is directly proportional to the voltage. Then, the internal resistance is an

electrical resistance that appear inside the batteries as the power supplies. The internal resistance

is used to limit the potential difference that can be supplied to an external load.
B. Objective

This experiment aimed to verify the formula for the internal resistance in a battery and to know

its application. Also, we aimed to understand how to:

 Measuring Direct Current (DC) voltage using a voltmeter

 Measuring DC current with an ammeter

 Verifying Ohms Law

  Introducing the resistance of a battery

C. Method

 Using Lab Simulation

 Procedure:

Part 1

1. Use the Simple Circuit Simulator

2. Create a series circuit consist of a battery and a lamp.

- One lamp

- Three lamps

- Seven lamps

3. Use ammeter to measure the current in the circuit

4. Measure the voltage across the resistor.

5. Record the data in the table

Part 2

1. Using the Circuit Construction Kit Simulator

2. Select Schematic in the Visual box on the right side and click Show Values.
 3. Drag a battery into the circuit area. Right-click on the battery and select Change

Internal Resistance. Set the Internal Resistance as close to 2 ohms as possible.

4. Record the displayed values for the battery voltage and resistance.

5. Connect a voltmeter across the battery and record the voltmeter reading of the battery

voltage.

6. Drag an external resistor and ammeter into the circuit area. Record the displayed

resistance of the external resistor R.

7. Connect the resistor and ammeter in series with the battery. Recall that series means

one path. Therefore, the battery is connected to the resistor and the resistor is

connected to the ammeter and the ammeter is connected back to the battery, in one

path. The voltmeter is still connected (in parallel) across the battery.

8. Create a series circuit with 1 battery, resistor and lamp.

D. Result

Part 1

 Series

 1 Lamp

Resistance Picture
No. Voltage (V) Current(A) Power
(R)

1. 10 1 10 10
2. 15 1.5 10 22.5

3. 20 2 10 40

Cost Effectiveness

𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 ∗ 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 ∗ 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡/𝑘𝑊ℎ

𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡
= 𝑅𝑝 1,300 𝑘𝑊ℎ (𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑎, 1𝑠𝑡 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑐ℎ 2019)
𝑘𝑊ℎ

𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 24 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠

# Voltage (V) Current (A) Calculated R (Ω) Power (W) Cost of

Effectiveness (Rp)

1. 10 1 10 10 312

2. 15 1.5 10 22.5 702

3. 20 2 10 40 1,248
 2.5

1.5
AMPERE

0.5

0
0 5 10 15 20 25
VOLTAGE

 3 Lamps

Voltage Resistance Calculated

No. Vtotal Current(A) Itotal Power Picture
(V) (R) Resistance

1. 7 21 0.7 0.7 10 30 14.7

2. 3 9 0.3 0.3 10 30 2.7

3. 5 15 0.5 0.5 10 30 7.5

Cost Effectiveness

𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 ∗ 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 ∗ 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡/𝑘𝑊ℎ

𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡
= 𝑅𝑝 1,300 𝑘𝑊ℎ (𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑎, 1𝑠𝑡 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑐ℎ 2019)
𝑘𝑊ℎ

𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 24 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠

# Voltage (V) Current (A) Calculated R (Ω) Power (W) Cost of

Effectiveness (Rp)

1. 3 0.3 10 2.7 84.24

2. 5 0.5 10 7.5 234

3. 7 0.7 10 14.7 458.64

 0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5
AMPERE

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
VOLTAGE

 7 Lamps

Voltage Resistance Calculated

No. Vtotal Current(A) Itotal Power Picture
(V) (R) Resistance

1. 5 35 0.5 0.5 10 70 17.5

2. 6 42 0.6 0.6 10 70 25.2

3. 7 49 0.7 0.7 10 70 34.3

Cost Effectiveness

𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 ∗ 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 ∗ 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡/𝑘𝑊ℎ

𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡
= 𝑅𝑝 1,300 𝑘𝑊ℎ (𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑎, 1𝑠𝑡 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑐ℎ 2019)
𝑘𝑊ℎ

𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 24 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠

# Voltage (V) Current (A) Calculated R (Ω) Power (W) Cost of

Effectiveness (Rp)

1. 5 0.5 10 17.5 546

2. 6 0.6 10 25.2 786.24

3. 7 0.7 10 34.3 1,070.16

 0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5
AMPERE

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
VOLTAGE

 Parallel

Battery Voltage Resistance Current

9V 2 0.75 A

 3 Lamp

Voltage Total Resistance Total

No. Current(A) Power Picture
(V) Current (R) Resistance

1. 9 0.9 2.7 10 3.33 24.3

2. 10 1 3 10 3.33 30

3. 20 2 6 10 3.33 120

Cost Effectiveness

𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 ∗ 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 ∗ 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡/𝑘𝑊ℎ

𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡
= 𝑅𝑝 1,300 𝑘𝑊ℎ (𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑎, 1𝑠𝑡 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑐ℎ 2019)
𝑘𝑊ℎ

𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 24 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠

# Voltage (V) Current (A) Calculated R (Ω) Power (W) Cost of

Effectiveness (Rp)

1. 9 0.9 10 24.3 786.16

2. 10 1 10 30 936

3. 20 2 10 120 3.744
 3.5

2.5
AXIS TITLE

1.5

0.5

0
0 5 10 15 20 25
AXIS TITLE

 7 lamp

Voltage Total Resistance

No. Current(A) Power Picture
(V) Current (R)

1. 9 0.9 6.3 10 56.7

2. 12.5 1.25 8.75 10 109.375

3. 15 1.5 10.05 10 150.75

Cost Effectiveness

𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 ∗ 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 ∗ 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡/𝑘𝑊ℎ

𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡
= 𝑅𝑝 1,300 𝑘𝑊ℎ (𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑎, 1𝑠𝑡 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑐ℎ 2019)
𝑘𝑊ℎ

𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 24 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠

# Voltage (V) Current (A) Calculated R (Ω) Power (W) Cost of

Effectiveness (Rp)

1. 9 0.9 10 56.7 1,769.04

2. 12.5 1.25 10 109.375 3,412.5

3. 15 1.5 10 157.5 4,914

 12

10

8
AMPERE

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
VOLTAGE

 Questions

 Compare the measured resistance and resistance under power to the results from part I.

Describe any differences or similarities in the relationship and explain what you think

is happening.

The measured resistance is the total of voltage (VT) divide by the total of current IT.

The total measured resistance are come from the sum of the under power resistance.

So, the measured resistance are dividing into under power resistance.

 What is the relationship between the total resistance and the individual resistances?

Total current and the individual currents? Total voltage and the individual voltages?

We will get the total current, resistance and voltage by adding each individuals. But,

for the series circuit, the current will be same and for the parallel circuit the voltage

will be same.
 Write a paragraph explaining what you think is happening in series circuits to cause

the above relationships to occur.

 In the series circuit, the way for the energy will be same for all. So, it makes

the current same in each part. For the total resistance, it will depend on the

amount of the individual resistor in the circuit. To find the total resistor, we

just need to add all of the individual resistance from each resistor

 How is the total resistance related to the individual resistances? Explain what you think

is happening.

 For the parallel circuit, there are many ways that can be passed, so the total

resistance will be divide into some part that make the individual resistance

difference.

 Show the mathematical relationship for finding total resistance in a parallel circuit.

Show that your data fits the equation.

1 1 1 1
= + + +⋯
𝑅 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3

1 1 1 1
= + +
𝑅 10 10 10

1 3
=
𝑅 10

𝑅 = 3.33
 Part 2

Experiment 1

Steps Data Picture

1. Drag a battery into the circuit

area. Right-click on the battery and

Voltage: 9 V
select Change Internal Resistance.

Set the Internal Resistance as close

Internal Resistance:
to 2 ohms as possible. Record the
2 Ohms
displayed values for the battery

voltage and resistance.

2. Connect a voltmeter across the Voltage: 9 V

battery and record the voltmeter

reading of the battery voltage. As

explained above, this voltage

represents only the terminal voltage

of the battery but also the battery's

EMF, i.e., E.
 Experiment 2

Steps Data Pictures

1. Drag an external Voltmeter: 9 V

resistor and ammeter Internal Resistance: 2

into the circuit area. Ohms

Record the displayed External Resistance: 10

resistance of the external Ohms

resistor R.

2. Connect the resistor Voltmeter: 7.5 V

and ammeter in series Current: 0.75 A

with the battery. Recall

that series means one

path. Therefore, the

battery is connected to

the resistor and the

resistor is connected to

the ammeter and the

ammeter is connected

back to the battery, i.e.,

one path. The voltmeter

is still connected (in

parallel) across the

battery.
  Why the voltmeter is going down?

Reducing in the voltmeter is caused by the external resistance that reduced the

voltage in the battery.

Experiment 3:

Create a series circuit with 1 battery, resistor and lamp. Repeat the steps before.

Data

Voltmeter: 8.18 V

Current: 0.41 A

Resistance: 10 Ohms

Lamp Bulb: 10 Ohms

Internal Resistance Battery: 2 Ohms

Internal Resistance Battery

𝑉𝑜𝑐 = 𝑉𝑖 + 𝑉𝐿 + 𝑉𝐿
9 𝑉 = 𝑉𝑖 + 4.09 + 4.09
9 = 𝑉𝑖 + 8.18
𝑉𝑖 = 0.82

𝑉𝑖
𝑅𝑖 =
𝐼
0.82
𝑅𝑖 =
0.41
𝑅𝑖 = 2 𝑂ℎ𝑚𝑠
Percentage Error
The Internal Resistance of Battery is 2 Ohms.
𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 − 𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑛
𝑥100%
𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑛

2−2
𝑥100% = 0%
2
 Experiment 4

Data

Current: 1.69 A

Voc = 9 V

Voltmeter = 5.63 V

Internal Resistance Battery

𝑽𝒐𝒄 = 𝑽𝒊 + 𝑽𝑳 + 𝑽𝑳 + 𝑽𝑳
𝟗 𝑽 = 𝑽𝒊 + 𝟓. 𝟔𝟐 + 𝟓. 𝟔𝟐 + 𝟓. 𝟔𝟐
𝟗 = 𝑽𝒊 + 𝟏𝟔. 𝟖𝟔
𝑽𝒊 =

𝑽𝒊
𝑹𝒊 =
𝑰
𝟎. 𝟓𝟑
𝑹𝒊 =
𝟏. 𝟔𝟗
𝑹𝒊 = 𝟐 𝑶𝒉𝒎𝒔

The Internal Resistance of Battery is 2 Ohms.

Percentage Error
𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 − 𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑛
𝑥100%
𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑛

2−2
𝑥100% = 0%
2
E. Analysis and Conclusion

In the parallel and series circuit, the differences are in the position of the resistor/the lamp. In

the parallel circuit, the current can flow through some ways, so the number of current and

resistance will be different but the number of voltage will be same in all part. Foe the series

circuit, there is only one way for the current to flow, so the number of current will same in all

part and the number of resistance is depending on the amount of the resistor.

F. Work Cited

University of Colorado Boulder, April 23, 2019, retrieved from:

https://phet.colorado.edu/in/simulation/legacy/circuit-construction-kit-ac-virtual-lab