IPA17-166-SG

PROCEEDINGS, INDONESIAN PETROLEUM ASSOCIATION

Forty-First Annual Convention & Exhibition, May 2017

ANALYSIS OF DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT AND SEDIMENTATION DYNAMICS OF

UPPER NGRAYONG FORMATION BASED ON SURFACE STRATIGRAPHIC OBSERVATION
IN POLAMAN, JIKEN, AND SEDAN AREA, NORTH EAST JAVA BASIN.

Ahmad Faizal Amin*

Irsyam Widiyoko*
Didit Hadi Barianto*

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION

As one of productive reservoirs in North East Java
Basin, Ngrayong Sandstone has significant meaning
in stratigraphic study. A lot of stratigraphic study has
been conducted both of surface and subsurface in this
area with excellent stratigraphic outcrops found along
Rembang Anticlinorium. This research was
conducted on several outcrops in sandstone quarries in
Polaman, Sedan, and Jiken Areas. By comparing
stratigraphic outcrops in these areas, we can observe
the characteristic of upper part of Ngrayong formation
that represents last stage deposition of this formation.
Several lithofacies found are shale, quartz sandstone,
carbonaceous sandy shale, lignite coal, shaly
sandstone, calcareous shaly sandstone, and
foraminiferal limestone. Sedimentary structures found
in the sandstone body are cross-bedding, ripple marks,
cross-lamination, and vertical burrows that indicate
high energy environment in open marine conditions.
Several lignite coal and carbonaceous shales found in
several sections indicate transitional environment.
From the data, we find that these facies were deposited
in terrestrial (marsh) to open marine (sand flat/shore
face) condition as part of a deltaic succession.
Vertically upward, facies changed from deltaic
product represented by shale, calcareous muddy
sandstone, and quartz sandstone into deeper marine
that is represented by foraminiferal limestone.
Foraminiferal limestone dominated by larger
foraminifera such as Cycloclypeus sp. (Cyclocypeus
indopacificus, Katacycloclypeus annulatus, and
Katacycloclypeus martini) and Lepidocyclina sp. (L.
oneataensis, L. decilata, etc). These fossils indicate
deeper marine condition at middle Miocene. From
these conditions, we conclude that Ngrayong
formation was deposited in lagoon and deltaic until
open marine environment, and ended by transgression
process at middle Miocene.
Keywords: depositional environment, Ngrayong
formation, lithofacies, transgression.
The Ngrayong formation is one of the main reservoir
in North East Java Basin (NEJB). It produced 150
MMBO hydrocarbon or 75% of total basin
production. This formation is dominated by quartz-
rich sandstone. The high quality of reservoir formed
due to high porosity and permeability is implication
of high content of quartz grain and low content of
matrix (Ardhana, 1993).
Good to excellent stratigraphic outcrop of the
Ngrayong formation can be found in several quarries
in Rembang Anticlinorium. This research took place
in Jiken, Polaman, and Sedan Area where located in
Jamprong, Pakel, and Lodan anticlines, respectively
(Figure 1). This research aimed to observe the
characteristics of the upper part of Ngrayong
formation to determine the change of depositional
environment in the late phase of deposition of the
Ngrayong formation.
 
GEOLOGIC SETTINGS
The North East Java Basin located in the back arc
setting of Java active continental margin (Hall and
Morley, in Husein et al., 2016). This basin has long
tectonic history since Mesozoic due to the collision
of East Java microcontinent originating from
Gondwanaland with Southeast Margin of Sundaland
(Hall, 2014; Husein and Nukman, 2015).
The North East Java Basin is divided into several
physiographic units: Kendeng zone, Randublatung
zone, and Rembang zone (Van Bemmelen, 1949).
Rembang zone is controlled by basement faulting
with NE-SW trend and N-S tectonic compression.
This basement fault controlling folding mechanism
of Rembang zone and forming en echelon fold
pattern along Rembang anticlinorium (Husein et al,
2015). Satyana (2004) interpreted that this structures
lies from Rembang in the west trough Madura,

* University of Gadjah Mada

© IPA, 2017 – 41st Annual Convention Proceedings, 2017

Kangean, and Sakala Islands in the east and named it
as Rembang-Madura-Kangean-Sakala (RMKS) fault
zone.
The Ngrayong formation as the main reservoir in the
Rembang zone is characterized by domination of
quartz-rich sandstone with carbonate and shale
intercalation. This formation was deposited in a wide
range depositional environment. Extensive study
about Ngrayong formation has been published by
Ardhana (1993) who divided Ngrayong formation
into three depositional units: Lower Unit I, Lower
Unit II, and Upper Unit III.
The lower unit I is characterized by clean sandstone
with hemipelagic mud intercalation deposited in
shelf to upper-slope. It could be observed by
sedimentary structures which dominated with cross-
bedding structures. Lower unit II is characterized by
deep marine sediment with turbidite facies
developed in southern part of Rembang zone. Both
units developed in regressive stage of Ngrayong
formation during Early Middle Miocene.
The upper unit III shows trasgressive succession
overlying both of Lower Unit I and Lower Unit II.
This transgressive deposit is characterized by
hemipelagic mudstone, sandy turbidite, counturite,
and carbonate deposits. Reefal carbonate is
developed in the top of Ngrayong formation and is
known as the Bulu formation (Ardana, 1993).
METHOD
Surface outcrops observation is the main data to
determine the depositional environment and
sedimentation of Upper Ngrayong Formation. Detail
outcrop description includes facies and sedimentary
structure may help us in determining the depositional
environment. The upper-part of Ngrayong formation
is characterized by transgressive deposits that show
deepening of depositional environment from
transitional and open marine into deeper marine
conditions. Field stratigraphic measurements were
conducted to determine depositional environment by
looking for lithological characteristics and attributes
which were subsequently confirmed by facies model
and paleontological data using larger foraminifera.
 
RESULT AND ANALYSIS
Field 1
Field 1 is located in Jiken area, particularly in the
southern flank of the Jamprong anticline. Lithofacies
developed in this area is dominated with quartz
© IPA, 2017 – 41st Annual Convention Proceedings, 2017
sandstone with cross-bedding, wavy structures, and
several shale intercalations. Facies could be divided
into cross-bedded quartz sandstone, shale
intercalated quartz sandstone, wavy-cross bedded
quartz sandstone, and calcareous sandstone (Figure
2).
Cross bedding and erosional structure in cross-
bedded quartz sandstone facies shows fluvial process
domination in a distributary channel. The thickening
and coarsening upward of shale intercalated quartz
sandstone shows delta propagation in the delta
mouthbar environment. Wavy structures in wavy-
cross bedded quartz sandstone shows tidal flat in
delta-front environment. Carbonate materials found
in calcareous sandstone indicate open marine
condition where carbonate rocks start to be
developed.
The thickening and coarsening upward in the shale
intercalated quartz shows the increase of both
sediment supply and accommodation space. Within
stable conditions of the sedimentary basin during
deposition of the Ngrayong formation, it could be
inferred that accommodation space increase is
controlled by increasing mean sea level
(transgression). This transgression process lead to a
deepening process of the basin and thus depositional
environment changed from distributary channel into
delta mouthbar, delta-front, and open marine
conditions.
Limestone lenses in the calcareous sandstone facies
containing larger foraminifera such as
Katacyclocypeus annulatus, Lepidocyclina
nephrolepidina, and Eulepidina sp.
Field 2
Field 2 is located in Polaman area, particularly in the
northern flank of the Pakel anticline. The facies
developed in this location are: Carbonaceous shale,
laminated shale-sandstone interbed, shale
intercalated sandstone, carbonaceous sandstone, and
foraminiferal limestone (Figure 3).
The carbonaceous shale which is rich in organic
matter and gypsum minerals shows reductive
terrestrial conditions (marsh/mud flat). The
laminated shale-sandstone interbed indicate the
environmental change into tidal flat. Increasing sand
content in shale intercalated sandstone facies shows
deeper condition in open marine condition
(sandflat/shoreface) environment. The succession of
calcareous sandstone and foraminiferal limestone in
the upper part shows deeper marine condition in the
upper part of Ngrayong formation.
The foraminiferal limestone facies in the upper part
of this section containing larger foraminifera such as
Katacycloclypeus martini and Lepidocyclina sp. (L.
stillafera, L. decilata, L. oneataensis, and L.
nephrolepidina).
Field 3
Field 3 is located in Sedan area, in the northern flank
of the Lodan anticline. In this location we could find
several facies (vertically upward): Quartz sandstone
with coal intercalation, carbonaceous sandy shale,
quartz sandstone, calcareous shaly sandstone, and
foraminiferal limestone (Figure 4).
Cross-bedded sandstone with intense vertical
burrows developed in the lower part of section
indicates the high energy condition in open marine
environment (shoreface). The presence of lignite
coal and carbonaceous sandy shale shows the
environmental change into lagoon/marsh due to delta
shift. Quartz sandstone with channel structures
shows high energy influenced both fluvial processes
and marine processes in upper slope of delta front in
delta mouthbar. Calcareous shaly sandstone shows
transition between mouthbar into open marine that
indicated by foraminiferal limestone.
The foraminiferal limestone facies in the upper part of
this section containing Lepidocyclina sp. and
Cycloclypeus sp. (C. indopacificus, Katacycloclypeus
annulatus, and Katacycloclypeus martini.)
All of sections in the observation fields show similar
depositional environment change. All of section
shows deepening process (transgression) in the end
of deposition stage of Ngrayong formation. Based on
paleontological data from larger foraminifera in the
foraminiferal limestone which was dominated by
Cycloclypeus sp. (Cycloclypeus indopacificus,
Katacycloclypeus annulatus, and Katacycloclypeus
martini) and Lepidocyclina sp. (L. oneataensis, L.
decilata, L. stillafera, and L. nephrolepidina), this
transgression occurred in the Middle Miocene.
CONCLUSION
From stratigraphic sections in the field, we can
observe similarities of depositional pattern. There
are:
© IPA, 2017 – 41st Annual Convention Proceedings, 2017
1. Several lithofacies show similar characteristics
that can be interpreted as deltaic sequence
deposits.
2. All of the sections show deepening process
(transgression) from transitional environment
into open marine and deeper marine condition.
3. Transgression process in the upper part of
Ngrayong formation occurred in Middle
Miocene.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would thanks to Mr. Didit Hadi Barianto as
mentor in this research. We also want to thank to Mr.
Agung Setianto and Department of Geological
Engineering Universitas Gadjah Mada who has held
and guide us in geological mapping and excursion
that was encourage us to do this research.
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© IPA, 2017 – 41st Annual Convention Proceedings, 2017
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Tucker, M.E., 2003, Sedimentary Rock in The Field
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Figure 1 - Regional Geologic Maps of Research Area (modified after Kadar and Sudijono, 1993; and Situmorang et al, 1992).

 
© IPA, 2017 – 41st Annual Convention Proceedings, 2017
  
 

Figure 2 - Stratigraphic Column of Jiken Area.

 
 
 

 
© IPA, 2017 – 41st Annual Convention Proceedings, 2017
  

Figure 3 - Stratigraphic Column of Polaman Area.

 
   

 
© IPA, 2017 – 41st Annual Convention Proceedings, 2017
  

Figure 4 - Stratigraphic Column of Sedan Area.

 
 

 
© IPA, 2017 – 41st Annual Convention Proceedings, 2017