The public key is available for others to use when

MATH 002 REVIEWER (Midterms)
Cryptography is a method of protecting information
and communications through the use of codes so that
only those for whom the information is intended can
read and process
In cryptography, a cipher (or cypher) is an algorithm for
performing encryption or decryption—a series of well-
defined steps that can be followed as a procedure.
When using a cipher the original information is known
as plaintext, and the encrypted form as ciphertext.
Encryption (to encrypt or encipher) is the process of
using an algorithm to transform information into a
format that cannot be read.
Decryption (to decrypt, decode or decipher) is the
process of using another algorithm to transform
encrypted information back into a readable format.
The goal of Cryptography:
CONFIDENTIALITY
The sender (let us call her Alice) and receiver (let us call
him Bob) can be assured that no third party can read
the message.
INTEGRITY
Alice and Bob can be sure that no third party can make
changes in the message.
AUTHENTICITY
Bob can be sure that it is Alice who sent the message.
encrypting information that will be sent to an individual.
People can use that individual's public key to decrypt
information sent by him.
The private key, on the other hand, is accessible only to
the individual. The individual can use his private key to
decrypt any message encrypted with his public key.
Or he can use his private key to encrypt messages, so
that the messages can only be decrypted with his
corresponding public key.
ASCII - American Standard Code for Information
Interchange; is a character set which uses just 8 bits (1
byte) for each character. These characters are letters,
punctuations, graphics symbols,
mathematical symbols, etc.
Modular arithmetic - is the mathematical statement
a ≡ b (mod n) which means that the difference a – b is
divisible by the integer n. (think b as a remainder)
Example: 23 ≡ b (mod 12)
Answer: b = 11 since, 23 = (12)(1) + 11
54 ≡ b (mod 19)
Answer: b = 16 since, 54 = (19)(2) + 16
Modular arithmetic properties:
a ≡ a (mod n) Example:
23 ≡ 23 (mod 12)
If a ≡ b (mod n), Example:
then b ≡ a (mod n) If 23 ≡ 11 (mod 12)
then 11 ≡ 23 (mod 12)

NON-REPUDIATION (non-deniable) If a ≡ b (mod n) Example:

Bob can prove to any third party that Alice sent the and b ≡ c (mod n), 35 ≡ 11 (mod 12)
message. then a ≡ c (mod n) 11 ≡ 23 (mod 12)
35 ≡ 23(mod 12)
Substitution Ciphers - are monoalphabetic cipher
systems wherein there is a one to one correspondence. Note: There can be more Example:
Example of this is the Caesar’s Cipher. than one solution for 23 ≡ b (mod 12)
a ≡ b (mod n). b = { …, 11, 23, 35, 47,…}
Symmetric encryption- only one key (public key) is used Since, a - b = nt for some
to encrypt and decrypt a message. integer t
Example is the Vigenere Cipher. 23 - 11 = 12(1)
23 -23 = 12(0)
Asymmetric encryption - two keys are used, public key 23 - 35 = 12(-1)
for encryption, and private key for decryption. Example 23 - 47 = 12(-2)
of this is the RSA cipher system.
Population - is the set of all possible values of the A box and whisker plot is a five-point summary of a set
variable; it refers to the entire group being studied. of data measured on an interval scale. It is often used in
explanatory data analysis.
Sample – is a subset of the population.

Sampling– the process in which information obtained is

only a part of the population.

Parameter – is a value calculated using the data from

the population. Example: population mean µ.
Statistic – is a value calculated using the data from the
sample. Example: sample mean x̄
Sampling bias – a sampling method is bias if not all
members of the population has equal likelihood of
being in the sample
Z-score - also called standard score, is the signed
fractional number of standard deviations by which the
value of an observation or data point is above
the mean value of what is being observed or measured.
If the population mean and population standard
deviation are known, the standard score of a raw
score x is calculated as

Variable – is a characteristic observed or measured on

every unit of the universe.

Quantitative variable – provide information in which a

count or quantity is most important (e.g. weight, height,
systolic blood pressure)
Qualitative variable – yield observations by which
individuals can be categorized according to some
characteristic or quality. (e.g., gender, marital status
and blood type)
where: μ is the mean of the population.
σ is the standard deviation of the population.
The absolute value of z represents the distance
between the raw score and the population mean in
units of the standard deviation. z is negative when the
raw score is below the mean, positive when above.

Arithmetic mean or simply the mean –is a sum of a set

of measurements divided by number of measurements
in the set.

Median is the middle value of a set of observations

arranged in increasing or decreasing order of
magnitude. It is the middle value when the number of
observations is odd, or the arithmetic mean of the two
middle values when the number of observations is
even. It is the value that has half of the observations
above it and half the observations below it. It is also
the value unaffected by outliers or extreme values.

Mode is the value that appears the most number of

times or that value with the greatest frequency. The
mode may not exist, and even if it does exist it may not
be unique.
Answer the following:
(Answers to these problems are provided in the last
page)
1. Solve for x:
a) 19 ≡ x (mod 7)
b) x ≡ 41 (mod 13)
c) 15 ≡ x (mod 23)
d) 50 ≡ x (mod 9)
2. Convert the hexadecimal number F6 to binary.
3. What is the hexadecimal representation of 11010?
4. Convert the decimal number 29 to hexadecimal.
5. Convert the hexadecimal number 5B to decimal.
6. Identify the population and the sample:
a) A survey of 1353 American households found that
18% of the households own a computer.
b) A recent survey of 2625 elementary school
children found that 28% of the children could be
classified obese.
7. Determine whether the numerical value is a
parameter or a statistic:
a) A recent survey by the alumni of a major
university indicated that the average salary of 10,000 of
its 300,000 graduates was 125,000.
b) The average salary of all assembly-line employees
at a certain car manufacturer is $33,000.
8. Identify whether the statement describes inferential
statistics or descriptive statistics:
a) The average age of the students in a statistics
class is 21 years.
b) The chances of winning the California Lottery are
one chance in twenty-two million.
9. Determine whether the data are qualitative or
quantitative:
a) the colors of automobiles on a used car lot
b) the ages of a sample of 350 employees of a large
hospital
10. Given the following set of grades:
78 81 83 83 83 85 85 92
a) Compute for the mean.
b) What is the median?
c) What is the mode?
11. A fifth grader takes a standardized achievement
test (mean = 125, standard deviation = 15) and scores a
148.
a) Calculate the corresponding z-value his score.
b) What is the child’s percentile rank (corresponding
percentage on the z-table, plus 50%)?
12. The average IQ of students in a particular class is
110, with a standard deviation of 5. The distribution is
roughly bell-shaped.
a) Find the IQ that correspond to z = 2.5.
b) What percentage of students with an IQ above
the z = 2.5?
13. An environmentalist collects a liter of water from 45
different locations along the banks of a stream. He
measures the amount of dissolved oxygen in each
specimen. The mean oxygen level is 4.62 mg, with the
overall standard deviation of 0.92. A water purifying
company claims that the mean level of oxygen in the
water is 5 mg. You conducted a hypothesis test with
alpha=0.01 to determine whether the mean oxygen
level is less than 5 mg. The result is as follows: t-test
statistic = -2.7708; the one-tailed t-test critical value is
-2.4141. The correct conclusion _________.
A. is to reject Ho; there is evidence that the true
mean amount is less than 5 mg.
B. is not to reject Ho, there is no significant
difference between the hypothesized mean 5
mg and the sample mean 4.62 mg.
C. cannot be determined.
14. If skills in Math is correlated to aptitude in Science,
what is the predicted correlation between these two
variables?
A. 1 B. -1
C. 0 D. Impossible to say for sure
15. Use the prime numbers p=9 and q=7 (so that
n=pq=63) in creating an RSA cryptosystem with public
key (n,e) with e=5.
a. If A = 00, B = 01, … Z = 25, encrypt the message
“KEY” using the encryption key (n, e) = (63, 5).
Encryption equation: C = Pe mod n
b. Using the private key (n, d) = (63, 29) decrypt the
cipher packet you came up with in (a).
Decryption equation: P = Cd mod n
Answers:

1. a) x = 5
b) x = 2
c) x = 15
d) x = 5

2. F6 = 1111 0110
3. 11010 = 1A
4. 29 = 1D
5. 5B = 91

6. a) population: all American households

sample: 1353 American households
c) population: all elementary school children
sample: 2625 elementary school children

7. a) statistic
b) parameter

8. a) descriptive
b) descriptive

9. a) qualitative
b) quantitative

10. a) 83.75
b) 84
c) 85

11. a) z = 1.533
b) 93.7%

12. a) 122.5
b) 0.62%

13. A. reject Ho; there is evidence that the true mean

amount is less than 5 mg. (because t-test is within
critical region.)

14. A. 1 (perfect positive correlation)

15. a. C = {18 16 54}