Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
STRUCTURES
raunaq chanda
2019
INDEX
1) PRE-CAST STRUCTURE
2) HISTORY
3) REINFORCEMENT
4) TYPES OF PRECAST STRUCTURES
5) PRECAST CONCRETE STRUCTURAL
ELEMENTS
6) ASSEMBLY CONCEPTS
7) MANUFACTURING OF PRE-CAST
ELEMENTS
8) PRE-CASTING METHODS
9) JOINING PRE-CAST MATERIALS
10) PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE
11) PRE-TENSIONED CONCRETE
12) POST TENSIONED CONCRETE
13) TYPES OF CONCRETE AND CEMENT
USED
14) ANCHORAGE
15) TENDON DURAILITY AND
CORROSION PROTECTION
16) TENSIONING DEVICES
17) PRE-STRESSING SYSTEMS
18) EXTERNAL PRESTRESSING
19) INTERNAL PRESTRESSING
20) PRE FABRICATION
21) ADVANTAGES OF PRE-FABRICATION
22) DISADVANTAGES OF PRE-
FABRICATION
23) MATERIALS USED IN
PREFABRICATION
24) LIMITATIONS IN PREFABRICATION
25) PORTAL FRAMES
26) TYPES OF PORTAL FRAMES
27) WAFFLE CRETE
28) LIGHT GAUGE
29) ADVANTAGES OF LIGHT GAUGE
30) DISADVANTAGESD OF LIGHT GAUGE
PRE-CAST STRUCTURE added with pigments or paints. The color and
Precast concrete is a construction product size of aggregate can also affect the appearance
produced by casting concrete in a reusable and texture of concrete surfaces. The shape
mold or "form" which is then cured in a and surface of the precast concrete molds have
controlled environment, transported to the an effect on the look: The mold can be made
construction site and lifted into place ("tilt of timber, steel, plastic, rubber or fiberglass,
up"). In contrast, standard concrete is poured each material giving a unique finish.
into site-specific forms and cured on site.
Precast stone is distinguished from precast
concrete using a fine aggregate in the mixture,
so the final product approaches the appearance
of naturally occurring rock or stone. More
recently expanded polystyrene is being used as
the cores to precast wall panels. This is
lightweight and has better thermal insulation.
Precast is used within exterior and interior
walls. By producing precast concrete in a
controlled environment (typically referred to as
a precast plant), the precast concrete is HISTORY
afforded the opportunity to properly cure and Ancient Roman builders made use of concrete
be closely monitored by plant employees. and soon poured the material into moulds to
Using a precast concrete system offers many build their complex network of aqueducts,
potential advantages over onsite casting. culverts, and tunnels. Modern uses for pre-cast
Precast concrete production can be performed technology include a variety of architectural
on ground level, which helps with safety and structural applications — including
throughout a project. There is greater control individual parts, or even entire building
over material quality and workmanship in a systems. In the modern world, precast paneled
precast plant compared to a construction site. buildings were pioneered in Liverpool,
The forms used in a precast plant can be reused England, in 1905. The process was invented by
hundreds to thousands of times before they city engineer John Alexander Brodie, a creative
have to be replaced, often making it cheaper genius who also invented the idea of the
than onsite casting when looking at the cost per football goal net. The tram stables at Walton in
unit of formwork. There are many different Liverpool followed in 1906. The idea was not
types of precast concrete forming systems for taken up extensively in Britain. However, it was
architectural applications, differing in size, adopted all over the world, particularly in
function, and cost. Precast architectural panels Eastern Europe and Scandinavia.
are also used to clad all or part of a building
facades or free-standing walls used for
landscaping, soundproofing, and security walls,
and some can be prestressed concrete
structural elements. Stormwater drainage,
water and sewage pipes, and tunnels make use
of precast concrete units.
To complete the look of the four precast wall
panel types — sandwich, plastered sandwich,
inner layer and cladding panels — many
surface finishes are available. Standard cement
is white or grey, though different colors can be
REINFORCEMENT control on finishes. This type of construction
Reinforcing concrete with steel improves requires a restructuring of entire conventional
strength and durability. On its own, concrete construction process to enable interaction
has good compressive strength, but lacks between design phase and production planning
tension and shear strength and can be subject in order to improve and speed up construction.
to cracking when bearing loads for long TYPES OF PRECAST SYSTEMS
periods of time. Steel offers high tension and
shear strength to make up for what concrete L A R G E P A N E L S Y S T E M S-
lacks. Steel behaves similarly to concrete in The designation “large-panel system” refers to
changing environments, which means it will multistory structures composed of large wall
shrink and expand with concrete, helping avoid and floor concrete panels connected in the
cracking. vertical and horizontal directions so that the
Rebar is the most common form of concrete wall panels enclose appropriate spaces for the
reinforcement. It is typically made from steel, rooms within a building. These panels form a
manufactured with ribbing to bond with box-like structure. Both vertical and horizontal
concrete as it cures. Rebar is versatile enough panels resist gravity load. Wall panels are
to be bent or assembled to support the shape usually one story high. Horizontal floor and
of any concrete structure. Carbon steel is the roof panels span either as one-way or two-way
most common rebar material. However, slabs. When properly joined together, these
stainless steel, galvanized steel, and epoxy horizontal elements act as diaphragms that
coatings can prevent corrosion. transfer the lateral loads to the walls.
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE
Prestressed concrete is a form of concrete used
in construction. It is substantially "prestressed"
(compressed) during its fabrication, in a
manner that strengthens it against tensile
forces which will exist when in service.
This compression is produced by the
tensioning of high-strength "tendons" located
within or adjacent to the concrete and is done
PERCASTING METHOD to improve the performance of the concrete in
INDIVIDUAL MOULD METHOD – service. Tendons may consist of single wires,
Using mould which may be easily assembled multi-wire strands or threaded bars that are
out of bottom and sides, transportable, if most commonly made from high-tensile steels,
necessary, this may be either in timber or in carbon fiber or aramid fiber. The essence of
steel using needle or mould vibrations and prestressed concrete is that once the initial
capable of taking prestressing forces Used in – compression has been applied, the resulting
Rib Slab, beams, Girders window panels, box material has the characteristics of high-strength
type units and special elements. concrete when subject to any subsequent
compression forces and of ductile high-
strength steel when subject to tension forces.
This can result in improved structural capacity
and/or serviceability compared with
conventionally reinforced concrete in many
situations. In a prestressed concrete member,
the internal stresses are introduced in a planned
manner so that the stresses resulting from the
superimposed loads are counteracted to the
desired degree. Prestressed concrete is used in
a wide range of building and civil structures
where its improved performance can allow for
longer spans, reduced structural thicknesses,
and material savings compared with simple
BATTERY FORM METHOD – reinforced concrete. Typical applications
Battery form method shuttering panels may be include high-rise buildings, residential slabs,
adjusted in the form of a battery at the required foundation systems, bridge and dam structures,
distances equal to the thickness if the concrete silos and tanks, industrial pavements and
members. nuclear containment structures. First used in
the late-nineteenth century, prestressed
concrete has developed beyond pre-tensioning
to include post-tensioning, which occurs after
the concrete is cast. Tensioning systems may be fabricated. This allows multiple elements to be
classed as either monostrand, where each constructed end-to-end in the one pre-
tendon's strand or wire is stressed individually, tensioning operation, allowing significant
or multi-strand, where all strands or wires in a productivity benefits and economies of scale to
tendon are stressed simultaneously. Tendons be realized.
may be located either within the concrete The amount of bond (or adhesion) achievable
volume (internal prestressing) or wholly between the freshly set concrete and the
outside of it (external prestressing). While pre- surface of the tendons is critical to the pre-
tensioned concrete uses tendons directly tensioning process, as it determines when the
bonded to the concrete, post-tensioned tendon anchorages can be safely released.
concrete can use either bonded or unbonded Higher bond strength in early-age concrete will
tendons. speed production and allow more economical
fabrication. To promote this, pre-tensioned
tendons are usually composed of isolated single
wires or strands, which provides a greater
surface area for bonding than bundled-strand
tendons.
PRE-TENSIONED CONCRETE
Pre-tensioned concrete is a variant of
prestressed concrete where the tendons are Unlike those of post-tensioned concrete, the
tensioned prior to the concrete being cast. The tendons of pre-tensioned concrete elements
concrete bonds to the tendons as it cures, generally form straight lines between end-
following which the end-anchoring of the anchorages. Where "profiled" or "harped"
tendons is released, and the tendon tension tendons are required, one or more intermediate
forces are transferred to the concrete as deviators are located between the ends of the
compression by static friction. tendon to hold the tendon to the desired non-
Pre-tensioning is a common prefabrication linear alignment during tensioning. Such
technique, where the resulting concrete deviators usually act against substantial forces,
element is manufactured remotely from the and hence require a robust casting-bed
final structure location and transported to site foundation system. Straight tendons are
once cured. It requires strong, stable end- typically used in "linear" precast elements, such
anchorage points between which the tendons as shallow beams, hollow-core planks and
are stretched. These anchorages form the ends slabs; whereas profiled tendons are more
of a "casting bed" which may be many times commonly found in deeper precast bridge
the length of the concrete element being beams and girders.
Pre-tensioned concrete is most commonly bar tendons). Tendon encapsulation systems
used for the fabrication of structural beams, are constructed from plastic or galvanized steel
floor slabs, hollow-core planks, balconies, materials, and are classified into two main
lintels, driven piles, water tanks and concrete types: those where the tendon element is
pipes. subsequently bonded to the surrounding
concrete by internal grouting of the duct after
stressing (bonded post-tensioning); and those
where the tendon element is permanently
debonded from the surrounding concrete,
usually by means of a greased sheath over the
tendon strands (unbonded post-tensioning).
Casting the tendon ducts/sleeves into the
concrete before any tensioning occurs allows
them to be readily "profiled" to any desired
shape including incorporating vertical and/or
horizontal curvature. When the tendons are
tensioned, this profiling results in reaction
forces being imparted onto the hardened
concrete, and these can be beneficially used to
counter any loadings subsequently applied to
the structure.
Anchorage protection
In all post-tensioned installations, protection
of the end-anchorages against corrosion is
essential, and critically so for unbonded
systems. 2.Eccentric prestressing
TENSIONING DEVICES In the design of a reinforced concrete beam
1. Mechanical devices: The mechanical devices subjected to bending it is accepted that the
generally used include weights with or without concrete in the tensile zone is cracked, and that
all the tensile resistance is provided by the working stresses within required limits.
reinforcement. The stress that may be
permitted in the reinforcement is limited by the
need to keep the cracks in the concrete to
acceptable widths under working conditions,
thus there is no advantage to be gained from
the use of the very high strength steels which
are available. The design is therefore
uneconomic in two respects
1) Dead weight includes 'useless' concrete
in the tensile zone,
2) Economic use of steel resources is not
possible.
The way in which the stresses due to bending
and an applied compressive force may be
combined for the case of an axially applied
force acting over the length of a beam. The
stress distribution at any section will equal the
sum of the compression and bending stresses
if it is assumed that the concrete behaves
classically. Thus it is possible to determine the
applied force so that the combined stresses are
always compressive.
By applying the compressive force eccentrically
on the concrete cross-section, a further stress
distribution, due to the bending effects of the
couple thus created, and offers further
advantages when attempting to produce
EXTERNAL PRESTRESSING
The external prestressing technique is widely
used in the construction of various engineering
structures and also as one of the most efficient
approaches for strengthening of existing
structures. In an external prestressing system,
the prestressing tendons are placed outside the Internal Prestressing When the prestressing is
concrete section and the prestressing force is achieved by elements located inside the
transferred to concrete through end concrete member (commonly, by embedded
anchorages and deviators. An external ten- dons), it is called internal prestressing.
prestressing system is simple to construct and Most of the applications of prestressing are
easy to inspect and maintain as compared to internal prestressing.
the internal tendon system. Many bridges that PRE-FABRICATION
were designed for earlier loading standards or Prefabrication is the practice of assembling
that have suffered damage or deterioration are components of a structure in a factory or other
not functioning properly for the present traffic manufacturing site, and transporting complete
conditions. Poor reinforcement detailing, assemblies or sub-assemblies to the
design errors, and general wear and tear can construction site where the structure is to be
impair structural performance. Corrosion of located structure is to be located. Prefabricated
reinforcement, attack by chemicals or units may include doors, stairs, window, walls,
pollution, overloading, impact damage from wall panels, floor panels, roof trusses, room-
vehicles, etc. can lead to loss of strength and sized components, and panels, floor panels,
loss of prestress. roof trusses, room sized components, and even
entire buildings. Prefabricated building is the
completely assembled and erected building of
which is the structural parts consist of erected
building, of which is the structural parts consist
of prefabricated individual units or assemblies
using ordinary or controlled materials.
Prefabrication is used to effect economy in
cost. Components manufactured under
controlled conditions. The speed of
construction is increased since no curing
period is necessary. Prefabrication helps in the
use of locally available materials with required
Bridge strengthening by external prestressing is characteristics like light-weight; easy
to be carried out to regain the prestress lost. An workability, thermal insulation, non-
external prestressing technique is being widely combustibility etc.
used for enhancing strength of the existing/
distressed prestressed concrete girders to carry
the required loading or enhanced loading. If
end blocks are not strong enough to withstand
the additional prestressing forces due to the
proposed external prestressing, it is susceptible
to distress. A physical concept of state of stress
in the anchorage zone in the transverse
direction, that is, normal to planes parallel with
the top and bottom surfaces of the beam is
tensile in nature over a length of end block due
to internal prestressing at a single point. ADVANTAGES OF PREFABRICATION
Understanding this state of stress due to The product is of high-quality product. Labour
external prestress is a complex phenomenon. cost is considerably low. As the materials are
INTERNAL PRESTRESSING pre-fabricated time taken for overall
construction is low. Overall efficiency is greatly
increased. Overall efficiency is greatly appliances, and weapons.
increased. Mass production is easier and quick
Protected and controlled production
environment. Potential for lower production
costs and other cost savings. Independence of
climatic conditions. The disruption of traffic is
avoided as there is less transportation and
equipment required. Ensures high degree of
Safety by less equipment requirement.
DISADVANTAGES OF
PREFABRICATION
Careful handling of prefabricated components
such as concrete panels or steel and glass
panels is required. Attention has to be paid to
the strength and corrosion-resistance of the
joining of prefabricated sections to avoid
failure of the joint. Similarly, leaks can form at
joints in prefabricated components. Treated wood is wood that has been
Transportation costs may be higher for appropriately treated with preservative
voluminous prefabricated sections than for the chemicals with the intent of prolonging its
materials of which they are made, which can intended usefulness lifecycle compared to
often be packed more compactly be packed untreated wood.
more compactly. Large prefabricated sections
require heavy-duty cranes and precision
measurement and handling to place in position.
MATERIALS USED IN
PREFABRICATION SYSTEM
Concrete is a construction material composed
of cement, fine aggregates (sand) and coarse
aggregates mixed with water which hardens
with time. Portland cement is the commonly
used type of cement for production of
concrete. Concrete technology deals with study
of properties of concrete and its practical Aluminum was first used in quantity for
applications. building and construction in the 1920s. The
applications were primarily oriented toward
decorative detailing and art deco structures. ...
Today, aluminum is recognized as one of the
most energy efficient and sustainable
construction materials.