REPORT

PRE-STRESSED
CONCRETE

REPORT BY-

ANKIT PRADEEP

160BARCHI166
 SSAA 2016-2021

INDEX

1. WHAT IS PRESTRESSING

2. ECCENTRIC AND
CONCENTRIC PRESTRESSING

3. EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL

PRESTRESSING

4. HOW PRESTRESSING IS DONE

ON FOUNDATION

a) PIER
b) RAFT
c) PILE
5. TRANSFER BEAMS AND DEEP
BEAMS
6. SLABS
7. SHEAR WALLS
8. CORE
9. VERTICAL PRESTRESSING
10. COLUMN AND BEAM
11. AXIAL SHORTENING
12. CREEP
13. PRE-CAST
14. PEB (PRE ENGINEERED
BUILDINGS)
15. LIGHT GAUGE FRAMING
16. METRO SITE
17. BIBLIOGRAPHY
 3. Post-tensioning

A method of prestressing concrete

by tensioning the tendons against
hardened concrete. In this method,
the prestress is imparted to
concrete by bearing.
4. Tendon
Prestress:
A stretched element used in a
Prestress is defined as a method of
concrete member of structure to
applying pre-compression to
impart prestress to the concrete.
control the stresses resulting due to
external loads below the neutral Materials for prestress concrete
axis of the beam tension members:
developed due to external load
1. Cement
which is more than the permissible
limits of the plain concrete. The The cement used should be any of
recompression applied (may be the following
axial or eccentric) will induce the
(a) Ordinary Portland cement
compressive stress below the
conforming to IS269
neutral axis or as a whole of the
beam c/s. Resulting either no (b) Portland slag cement
tension or compression. conforming to IS455. But the slag
content should not be more than
Prestressed concrete is basically
50%.
concrete in which internal stresses
of a suitable magnitude and (c) Rapid hardening Portland
distribution are introduced so that cement conforming to IS8041.
the stresses resulting from the
(d) High strength ordinary Portland
external loads are counteracted to
cement conforming to IS8112. 87
a desired degree.
2. Concrete
1. Anchorage
Prestress concrete requires
A device generally used to enable
concrete, which has a high
the tendon to impart and maintain
compressive strength reasonably
prestress in concrete.
early age with comparatively
2. Pre-tensioning higher tensile strength than
ordinary concrete. The concrete
A method of prestressing concrete
for the members shall be air-
in which the tendons are tensioned
entrained concrete composed of
before the concrete is placed. In
Portland cement, fine and coarse
this method, the concrete is
aggregates, admixtures and water.
introduced by bond between steel
The air-entraining feature may be
& concrete.
obtained by the use of either air
entraining Portland cement or an
approved air-entraining admixture.
The entrained air content shall be
not less than 4 percent or more
than 6 percent. Minimum cement
content of 300 to 360 kg/m3 is
prescribed for the durability
requirement. The water content
should be as low as possible.
3. Steel: - High tensile steel,
tendons, strands or cables.
The steel used in prestress shall be
any one of the following:-
(a) Plain hard-drawn steel wire
conforming to IS1785 (Part-I & Part-
III)
(b) Cold drawn indented wire
conforming to IS6003
(c) High tensile steel wire bar
conforming to IS2090
(d) Uncoated stress relived strand
conforming to IS6006 High strength
steel contains: 0.7 to 0.8% carbons,
0.6% manganese, 0.1% silica
Durability, Fire Resistance & Cover
Requirements for P.S.C Members
According to IS: 1343-1980 20 mm
cover for pretension members 30
mm or size of the cable whichever
is bigger for post tensioned
members. If the prestress members
are exposed to an aggressive
environment, these covers are
increased by another 10 mm.
Necessity of high grade of
concrete & steel: Higher the grade
of concrete higher the bond
strength which is vital in pretension
concrete, Also higher bearing
strength which is vital in post-
tensioned concrete. Further creep
& shrinkage losses are minimum
with high-grade concrete.
Generally minimum M30 grade
concrete is used for post-tensioned
& M40 grade concrete is used for
pretension members. 88 The losses
in prestress members due to various
reasons are generally in the range
of 250 N/mm2 to 400 N/mm2 . If
mild steel or deformed steel is used
the residual stresses after losses is
either zero or negligible. Hence
high tensile steel wires are used
which varies from 1600 to 2000
N/mm2 .
Advantage of Prestressed Concrete
• The use of high strength concrete
and steel in prestressed members
results in lighter and slender
members than is possible with RC
members.
• In fully prestressed members the
member is free from tensile stresses
under working loads, thus whole of
the section is effective.
• In prestressed members, dead
loads may be counter-balanced
by eccentric prestressing.
• Prestressed concrete member
possess better resistance to shear
forces due to effect of compressive
stresses presence or eccentric
cable profile.
•Use of high strength concrete and
freedom from cracks, contribute to
improve durability under aggressive
environmental conditions.
• Long span structures are possible
so that saving in weight is
significant & thus it will be
economic.
• Factory products are possible.
• Prestressed members are tested
Before use.
• Prestressed concrete structure
deflects appreciably before
ultimate failure, thus giving ample
warning before collapse.
10. Fatigue strength is better due to
small variations in prestressing steel,
recommended to dynamically
loaded structures.
Disadvantages of Prestressed
Concrete
1. The availability of experienced
builders is scanty.
2. Initial equipment cost is very
high.
3. Availability of experienced
engineers is scanty.
4. Prestressed sections are brittle.
5. Prestressed concrete sections are
less fire resistant.
Classifications and Types
Prestressed concrete structures can
be classified in a number of ways
depending upon the feature of
designs and constructions.
1. Pre-tensioning: In which the
tendons are tensioned before the
concrete is placed, tendons are
temporarily anchored and
tensioned and the prestress is
transferred to the concrete after it
is hardened.
2. Post-tensioning: In which the
tendon is tensioned after concrete
has hardened. Tendons are placed
in sheathing at suitable places in
the member before casting and
later after hardening of concrete.
The various methods by which
precompression are imparted to
concrete are classified as follows:
1. Generation of compressive force
between the structural elements
and its abutments using flat jack.
2. Development of hoop
compression in cylindrically shaped
structures by circumferential wire
binding.
3. Use of longitudinally tensioned
steel embedded in concrete or
housed in ducts.
4. Use of principle of distortion of a
statically indeterminate structure
either by displacement or by
rotation of one part relative to the
remainder.
5. Use of deflected structural steel
sections embedded in concrete
until the hardening of the latter.
6. Development of limited tension
in steel and compression in
concrete by using expanding
cements.
The most widely used method for
prestressing of structural concrete
elements is longitudinal tensioning
of steel by different tensioning
devices.
Prestressing by the application of
direct forces between abutments is
generally used for arches and
pavements, while flat jacks are
invariably used to impart the
desired forces.
Tensioning Devices The various
types devices used for tensioning
steel are grouped under four
principal categories, viz.
1. Mechanical devices: The
mechanical devices generally
used include weights with or
without lever transmission, geared
transmission in conjunction with
pulley blocks, screw jacks with or
without gear devices and wire-
winding machines. These devices
are employed mainly for
prestressing structural concrete
components produced on a mass
scale in factory.
Prestressing System:
1. Pre-tensioning system
In the pre-tensioning systems, the
tendons are first tensioned
between rigid anchor blocks cast
on the ground or in a column or
unit –mould types pre-tensioning
bed, prior to the casting of
concrete in the mould. The tendons
comprising individual wires or
strands are stretched with constant
eccentricity or a variable
eccentricity with tendon
anchorage at one end and jacks
at the other. With the forms in
place, the concrete is cast around
the stressed tendon. The system is
shown in Fig. below.

2. Hydraulic devices: These are

simplest means for producing large
prestressing force, extensively used
as tensioning devices.

3. Electrical devices: The wires are

electrically heated and anchored
before placing concrete in the
ECCENTRIC PRESTRESSING
mould. This method is often referred
to as thermo pre-stressing and used
for tensioning of steel wires and
deformed bars.

4. Chemical devices: Expanding

cements are used and the degree
of expansion is controlled by
varying the curing condition. Since
the expansive action of cement 90
while setting is restrained, it induces
tensile forces in tendons and
compressive stresses in concrete.
 distribution at any section will equal
the sum of the compression and
bending stresses if it is assumed that
the concrete behaves classically.
Thus it is possible to determine the
applied force so that the
combined stresses are always
compressive.

By applying the compressive force

In the design of a reinforced
concrete beam subjected to
bending it is accepted that the
concrete in the tensile zone is
cracked, and that all the tensile
resistance is provided by the
reinforcement. The stress that may
be
eccentrically on the concrete
cross-section, a further stress
distribution, due to the bending
effects of the couple thus created,
and offers further advantages
when attempting to produce
working stresses within required
limits.

permitted in the reinforcement is

limited by the need to keep the
cracks in the concrete to
acceptable widths under working
conditions, thus there is no
advantage to be gained from the
use of the very high strength steels
which are available. The design is
therefore uneconomic in two
respects

(I) Dead weight includes

'useless' concrete in the
tensile zone,
(II) Economic use of steel
resources is not possible.

The way in which the stresses due

to bending and an applied
compressive force may be
combined for the case of an axially
applied force acting over the
length of a beam. The stress

CONCENTRIC PRE-STRESSING
In this case, the load is applied
concentrically and a compressive
stress of magnitude (P/A) will act
throughout the section. Thus the
stress will generate in the section as
shown in the figure below
EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL
PRESTRESSING
External prestressing offers
designers the potential to create
structures that have a better
durability, and that can easily be
retrofitted in the case of
deterioration, or to increase their
capacity. This is a very important
characteristic for urban bridges, for
which traffic interruptions pose a
real problem. Durability problems
with existing bridges with internal,
non-replaceable prestressing, have
led to an increased interest for
external prestressing, to the point
that it is now the preferred
technology in Germany for box
girder bridges. External prestressing
also holds interesting promises in
that it gives more freedom to the
designer in the choice of the shape
of the cross section. This freedom is
essential for an optimal use of very
high strength materials. It is
generally thought that a change
from internal to external
prestressing results in a significant
increase in the amount of
reinforcement required. Regardless
of the respective technological
advantages of the two solutions,
this paper attempts to provide
insight on the quantitative
differences that results from the
choice of a solution with internal l
or external prestressing. A
comparative study was performed
on two realistic models of a live
spans continuous single-cell box
girder: One with internal and the
other with external prestressing. The
parameters investigated are the
bridge span and the depth or the
girder. Only a prelim binary design
was performed, to determine the
amount of prestressing, of flexure l
reinforcement, and of shear
reinforcement. The design was
carried in accordance with the
current Swiss design codes, but
most of the results have a general
validity.
• At several locations in the span
(i.e. third or quarter points) the
tendons are deviated to the
correct tendon profile by concrete
deviators in external prestressing.
The advantages of external
prestressing are listed below:
• Owing the absence of bond
between the tendon and structure,
external prestressing allows the
removal and replacement of one
or two tendon at one time so that
the bridge could be retrofitted in
the event of deterioration and their
capacity could be increased
easily. This is essential for bridges in
urban areas where traffic disruption
is undesirable.
• It usually allows easy access to
anchorages and provides the ease
of inspection.
• It allows the adjustment and
control of tendon forces.
• It permits the designer more
freedom in selecting the shape of
cross section of bridges.
• Webs could be made thinner so
that there is a reduction of dead
load.
• It enhances a reduction of friction
loss because the unintentional
angular change like wobble is
eliminated. Moreover, the use of
polyethylene sheathing with
external prestressing has lower
friction coefficient than corrugated
metal ducts in internal prestressing.
• Improvement of concrete
placing in bridge webs owing to
the absence of ducts.
INTERNAL PRE-STRESSING
Then the prestressing is achieved
by elements located inside the
concrete member (commonly, by
embedded ten- dons), it is called
internal prestressing. EXTERNAL
PRESTRESSING
External prestressing refers to a
post, tensioning method in which
tendons are placed on the outside
of a structural member. The first use
with external steel tendons was in
the 1954s, but after that it lay
dormant for some time. Now
external prestressing techniques
with steel tendons have been
widely used with success to
improve existing structures in the
United States, Japan and
Switzerland. However there can be
a problem with corrosion in the
steel that forces the use of steel
protection on the
external tendons, for example by
plastic sheeting.
This problem can be resolved by
the use of FRP materials. Therefore
research in the area has been
conducted since the early 1970s. In
the beginning, glass FRP was used
but at the moment aramid and
carbon are mainly used due to
higher modulus of elasticity.
FRP tendons lack the ductility under
extreme loading exhibited by steel,
which means that a FRP
prestressed beam May
simultaneously provide greater
ultimate load capacity and lower
energy absorption than a similar
steel prestressed beam.
HOW PRESTRESSING IS DONE IN
FOUNDATION
1.RAFT
The present invention discloses a
method for prestressing raft
foundation construction,
characterized in that the arcuate
bottom made raft foundation is
applied, a radius arcuate 2R-3R, R
is the width of the raft foundation
raft prestressed reinforcement is
provided, prestressed diameter of
16-18mm, prestressed
reinforcement spacing of 5060cm
provided, disposed outside the
prestressed reinforcement high
strength plastic guide tube, the
guide tube inner plastic coating of
high strength manganese
molybdenum, high strength plastic
guide pipe is provided every 40-
50cm rubber rings, prestressed
distance from the bottom of the
foundation raft of 35-40mm,
disposed below the raft foundation
brick membranes, the bent portion
is provided steering means raft
foundation edge disposed steel
backing strands tensioning after
completion with steel liner plate
anchor is fixed. In prestressed
reinforced foundation board
according raft foundation is bent
span case, a span of 15m or less
using four bent, 15m-25m using the
sixth bent, 25m using eight or more
bent. The present invention is easy
to operate and good mechanical
properties.
The present invention is made in
the bottom of the raft foundation
arc, the arc radius of 2R-3R, R is the
width of the raft foundation raft
provided prestressed reinforced,
prestressed reinforcement diameter
16_18mm, prestressed
reinforcement disposed spacing is
50-60cm, disposed outside the
prestressed reinforcement high
strength plastic guide tube, the
guide tube inner plastic coating of
high strength molybdenum
manganese, in order to reduce the
frictional resistance and high
strength prestressed reinforced
plastic guide tube inner wall.40-
50cm high strength plastic guide
tube rubber gasket is provided to
accommodate the shrinkage
tension tendons intervals.
Prestressed from the bottom of the
foundation raft from 35-40mm,
prestressed reinforcement to
prevent corrosion in contact with
the water to penetrate below the
raft foundation raft foundation raft
foundation brick is provided below
membranes. In prestressed
reinforced foundation board
according raft foundation is bent
span case, a span of 15m or less
using four bent sixth 15m-25m using
bent over 25m using eight bent, the
bent portion is provided steering
means , raft foundation edge
disposed steel backing strands
tensioning the anchoring element
fixed to the finished steel backing.
2.PILES
Prestressed concrete piles
constitute quantitatively the single
largest and the most important
field of application of prestressing
in foundation engineering. These
piles are widely used today for
marine and building foundations
throughout the world.
According to available reports, the
growth in their use and constant
extension of their fields of
application have been
phenomenal. Prestressing finds
application not only in bearing
piles, but also in sheet piles,
combined bearing and sheet piles,
pier trestle and jetty bent piles, high
tower and stack foundation piles,
pile caissons, anchor piles, fender
piles, soldier piles, dolphins, etc.
As per a report available from 1970,
there was an annual world
consumption of over 60 million
metre length of prestressed
concrete piles, covering a host of
countries both in the West and the
East. While prestressing is directly
effective when the in-service
stresses are tensile (bending or
direct) its influence in situations
where the in-service loads are
compressive lies in its ability to resist
tensile stresses developing during
such phases as handling, hoisting
and pitching, and also during the
recoiling phase of driving.
The advantages of prestressed
concrete in pile foundation:
• high strength,
• economy of design, production
and installation,
• uniformly high quality and
strength, leading to great scope for
mass production,
• crack-free handling, 2 hauling,
pitching and driving,
• ability to penetrate hard strata,
• production in large lengths and
diameters and ease in splicing to
form total lengths of the order of 75
m,

• durability under adverse

environment,

• ability to resist dynamic effects,

and

• Ability to carry heavy loads to

weak soils, as deep foundations.

Prestressed concrete piles are

precast and may be pre-tensioned
or posttensioned, depending upon
the size of cross section. Smaller
sections are invariably pre-
tensioned, while larger ones are
post-tensioned.

3.PIERS
The bearings and expansion joint at
The elements in bridge construction
the abutment are completely
are precast elements. They cast it
dysfunctional and may not be
separately and erect it in site and
repairable. Even though there were
stress it in position with the help of
no transverse stops to prevent such
strands.
lateral movement of the
Prestressed Pier is a precast pier superstructure
which is casted separately in a
spans, the large size of the pier cap
yard. It is erected at site and is
prevented the spans from
stressed with the help of tendons at
dislodging.
required position.