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Taugan, Neshianne C.
In the Philippines, malnutrition is widespread across the country. There has been
a little progress in addressing malnutrition, and overnutrition has emerged as a serious
concern. This growing double burden hinders the country’s potential for social and
economic development. Despite overall economic process, the share of scrawny kids
has not reduced in fifteen years thanks to many factors together with economic
condition, natural and manmade disasters, low client demand for nutritious food,
agriculture policies focused predominantly on rice self-sufficiency, low prioritization from
government agencies to address nutrition, and limited commitment and capacity of local
government units to deliver nutrition interventions. Visible factors of lack of nutrients and
insufficiency in food among the families, especially to those who are in the brink of
poverty, are now being addressed by the Philippine Government, also, it recognizes that
addressing the malnutrition challenge requires broad cooperation and commitment from
several government agencies, other public sector entities and the private sector, notably
those across the food, health and social protection systems. The commitment to
improve nutrition must be taken seriously at national and local levels, and coordination
must be strengthened (Wardlow & Insel, 2006).
This study entitled, “A Relationship Study in Nutritional Level among Senior High
School Students of San Felipe Neri Parochial School on the Academic Performance in
Mathematics: Basis for an Academic and Nutritional Intervention Program” aims to
determine the importance and influence of nutrition to the students’ academics,
specifically in Mathematics and provide a better nutrition and academic intervention
program for the Senior High School students.
Theoretical Framework
Conceptual Framework
ECONOMIC
STATUS ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE
AGE IN MATHEMATHICS
ACADEMIC AND
SEX CRITICAL THINKING NUTRITIONAL
BMI (BODY MASS PROBLEM SOLVING INTERVENTION
INDEX) TIME MANAGEMENT
PROGRAM
FOOD ANALYTICAL
CONSUMPTION THINKING
ATTITUDE
The conceptual framework above shows the Input, Process, and Output. The
input contains the economic status, sex, age, BMI (Body Mass Index), and food
consumption attitude. There variables will help the researchers utilize the profile of the
respondents in response to the variables given above. As for the process, it contains
the Independent Variable. With the information of the respondents’ profile gathered, the
researchers will now be able to determine if the respondents have the skills required to
excel on their academic performance in Mathematics. According to Growden and
Wurtman (1980), and Erickson (2016), human brains must have the components and
enough nutrients for it to function properly, that’s why nutrition plays a big role on the
brain’s capacity to do such things and develop these skills: such as critical thinking,
problem solving, time management and analytical thinking. Once all the information’s
and profiles are gathered, the researchers may now conduct a survey that should lead
them in making an Academic and Nutritional Intervention Program.
The study entitled “A Relationship Study of Nutritional Level Among Senior High
School of San Felipe Neri Parochial School on the Academic Performance in
Mathematics: Basis for an Academic and Nutritional Intervention Program” seeks to
know and understand the influence of nutrition on the academic performance on
Mathematics of the students. This study will answer the following specific questions.
Hypothesis
This section specifies the initial predicted outcome of the study whether it has no
significant difference or there is no significant relationship on the degree of influence
among the respondents’ profile if tested with nutritional level and academic
performance. The researchers made a pre-concluded thought of what is going to
happen at the end of the study.
Assumption
This section specifies the realistic expectation of the research study and is
anchored on the assumption that there is a significant difference and significant
relationship on the degree of influence among the respondents’ profile if tested with
nutritional level and academic performance. This section also provides a basis to
develop theories and research instrument and therefore, influence the development of
research process.
(Under Construction)
Students. This study will be very beneficial to the students among Senior High
School because the study discusses about the appropriate and healthy diet that a
student must have in order to excel best in academics and make their brain function
properly.
Parents. Since they are the one who provides us the food that we eat in our
everyday lives, they should also be informed about the nutrients that their children’s
body needs. Parents play the most important role one in ensuring that their family
follows a balanced diet.
Canteen personnel. Since the scope of this study revolves around the academic
performance and nutrition of the students, canteen still plays an important educational
and modeling role for a healthy eating habit.
Definition of Terms
Body mass index (BMI). The term was defined by Santiago (2019) as the
weight-to-height ratio, calculated by dividing one's weight in kilograms by the square of
one's height in meters and used as an indicator of obesity and underweight. In this
study, the body mass index is one of the independent variables to be used in
determining the relation of nutrition and the academic performance of a student.
Diet. The term was defined by Taugan (2019) as the particular selection of food,
especially as designed or prescribed to improve a person's physical and mental
condition or to prevent or treat a disease. In this study, the researchers will suggest a
diet plan for better academic performance.
Economic status. The term was defined by Pineda (2019) as the total measure
of a person's work experience and of an individual's or family's economic position. In
this study, the body mass index is one of the independent variables to be used in
determining the relation of nutrition and the academic performance of a student.
Food consumption attitude. The term was defined by Santiago (2019) as the
approach of a person in terms of their eating habits and consumption of food. In this
study, the researchers will determine the respondent’s food consumption attitude to
know their eating habits and how much food they eat in a day.
Intervention program. The term was defined by Pineda (2019) as the system or
organization in which people or groups are ranked one above the other according to
status or authority. In this study, the researchers will use an intervention program as
their action to help and give an advice and proper diet plan for the betterment of their
academic performance.
Malnutrition. The term was defined by Marcelino (2019) as the condition that
results from nutrient deficiency or overconsumption. In this study, the researchers will
determine if a student is malnourished or not, and will relate it to their performance in
school.
Nutrition. The term was defined by Santiago (2019) as the process of providing
or obtaining the food necessary for health and growth. In this study, the nutrition of a
student will be determined by knowing how much food the students consume every day.
Chapter II
Food is the basic necessity for all living things. It provides energy and any other
substances such as protein, vitamins and carbohydrates, which responsible for proper
functioning of internal and external organs. Humans require good and proper nutrients
in order to function well and meet its full potentiality. It may be possible for a person not
to eat for 8-21 days as long as there is an intake of water (Kriminologie, 2009).
However, if a person acquired less nutrients than what his body needs, it will work
differently and may lead to various diseases like cognitive impairment. Thus, if the
person takes good nutrients then it possesses a good health.
Most of the Filipino families, living in the low level of society or usually called in
the “poverty line”, are prioritizing the right nutrition because they cannot afford sufficient
and healthy foods to eat because of mostly of these foods are taking up more cost than
what they usually buying. Not eating a balanced diet may result on malnutrition or
lacking of nutrients in the body. This gradually destroys not just their personal
productivities but also the economic productivity (International Food Policy Research
Institute). Having decent and stable diet every day is associated with a good health. It
will help a person to have a good behavior attitude when it comes to motivation, thinking
and focus (Hillmand & Burkhalter, 2011).
There is a saying “You are what you eat”, originated from Anthelme Brillat-
Savarin, meaning that the food you intake describes you and it can change the way of
your thinking. On academic performance, intellectual abilities are highly important.
Critical thinking skill helps the students on different academic areas as well as on their
personal and future professional lives. According to Halpern (1998), it is goal-directed
process of conceptualizing and synthesizing information. Simpson and Weiner (1989)
defined academic performance as the measurable behaviour of the students. This is
attainable from the quarterly examinations, recitations and performance task given by a
teacher.
Moreover, synapses that from the links between axons and dendrites fires up to
200 times per second when cognition process is on-going (Kagan, 2009).
Kretsch (2001) stated that nutrition is affecting the mental ability of human being.
Different dietary components are related to academic achievement of students like iron,
zinc, Omega-3, etc (Burrows, et.al 2017). A mental function test was made and it
resulted that zinc played an important role on the performance of brain especially on
memorization. They discovered that after three weeks of taking food rich with zinc, your
ability to remember will slower (Kretsch, 2001). Moreover, according to Gomez-Pinilla,
food that has rich on omega-3 fatty acids such as kiwi fruit, walnuts and salmon has
benefits in improving your memory and learning. Students who have consumed a higher
level of this, carry out a better reading skills and spelling. Brain must acquire the regular
amount of this in order to function optimally.
According to Wolf and Burkman (2000), it does not need to buy expensive
supplementary needs for us to be reach and have the right amount of nutrients we
need. By just knowing the importance of the basic food pyramid which includes of
nutritional requirements and foundation of students' diet. This contains foods that have
protein, fats carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals, help you to have different choices of
healthy foods. Having decent and stable diet every day is associated with a good
health. It will help a person to have a good behavior attitude when it comes to
motivation, thinking and focus (Hillmand & Burkhalter, 2011).
On the other hand, students who have eaten excess food containing high amount
of fats and sugar have poor brain function (Hillman & Burkhalter, 2011). Additionally, on
the research study of Campos, they conducted an examination participated by 65 obese
teenagers, living on the same community. They found out that these participants have
worse intellectual other than to those who has healthy and maintain weight. From the
Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, having greater or equal to 11,000 students in US
who partake the examination, considering their weight and test scores in Mathematics.
They determine that overweight students had lower results compared to those who
have normal weight (Datar et. Al, 2004). Similarly and mounting to Datar et. al study,
Judge and Jahns (2007) stated that overweight students take up a poor academic
performance. Furthermore, Li et al. (2008) observed that overweight students consider
themselves a worse student causing them to have a negative performance. Failure on
the regulation of their movements and manual dexterity, coordination of their hands and
fingers to do something was found.
Fulkerson, Kubik and Lytle (2004) pointed out that students have unbalanced
food eating practices prone to serious health risks such obesity and diabetes. Youth
Risk Behavior Surveillance System's study showed that number of children and
adolescent are not eating the proper food intake they need to on an everyday basis.
Fruits and vegetables are 76.1% and not consuming milk which is source of calcium are
82%.A study on Bulletin World Health Organization (2016) pointed out that Chilean
students who belongs the group of having unhealthy diet at the teenage years,
specifically on the age of 16, were have negative performance academically. This study
was considered their Body Mass Index, social economic status and age.
BMI: INDICATOR OF AN INDIVIDUAL’S NUTRITIONAL STATUS
There is a corresponding formula to get the body mass index (BMI). Lambert
Adolphe Jacques Quetelet derived a simple mathematical equation to determine the
body mass index. The formula is weight in kilograms is divided by the square of height
expressed in meters; weight (kg) / height (m)2. BMI is a tool that can determine whether
an individual is experiencing a weight deficiency, healthy weight or an excess weight.
After computing for the BMI, the person needs to look for the corresponding
classification. There are 4 classifications in body mass index: underweight, normal,
overweight and obese. If the computed BMI is less than 18.5, it will fall to underweight
class. If the computed BMI is 18.5 to 25.0, it will be under normal. If the computed BMI
ranges from 25.0 to 29.9, it is classified as overweight. If the computed BMI ranges from
30.0 above, it is classified as obese.
Nutrition can greatly affect the growth and health of brain function and formation.
Providing the appropriate components for the brain to generate and sustain connections
is critical for enhanced cognition. Body mass index is somehow correlated with
academic performance of a student. If a certain student has a weight deficiency or an
excess weight it may affect on how they perform in his school academically that leads to
getting a failed grade.
Datar et al. (2004) analyzed the relationship between test score in mathematics
and the weight. The result is that the overweight ones got lower scores than those of
normal weights. Different authors concluded that having an overweight is not just merely
related to having a low-test score, but it can be an attribute to lower academic
performance. Individuals who are overweight is more prone in different illnesses that’s
why the students who are overweight are lacked of focus on their study and cannot
follow accordingly in different activities.
According to Judge and Jahns (2007), they found out the relationship of
overweight to deficiency in academic performance in mathematics was improved by
demographic factors. Demographic factors are the attributes of a certain population
such as sex, age, education religion, marital status and occupation. These demographic
factors can affect the relationship of BMI and the academic performance.
Cournot et al. (2006) also engaged a potential design over a 5-year period to
evaluate the relationship of BMI to cognitive function and decrease in healthy 32- to 62-
y-old men and women in workers. Beside BMI, cognitive tests of attention, learning, and
memory were supervised and the outcome specified that higher BMI was connected
with lower cognitive performance after adjusting for demographic factors. Childhood
obesity might in fact have an important impact on engagement and succeeding
academic success. In school settings, students with obesity experience lower
confidence for school success. They tend to be conscious on how they look physically.
Get shy easily and cannot perform and respond accordingly to their classmates and
teachers.
In order for the brain to function properly we need to consume rich in nutrients
food and right food amount. According to Burkhalter and Hillman (2011), excessive
intake of energy can destroy the brains proper function that causes low cognitive
performance and it shows that there is a significant relationship between nutritional level
and academic performance as per the objective of our study. Remember that any
excessive things are no good for everybody. There must always be a control onto
something so that there will be no bad effects to our body. We must at least base or
follow the food pyramid that contains the optimal number of servings that to be eaten
every day so that you can achieve the right classification in BMI because the key in
successful academic performance is that you have a normal classification and a healthy
lifestyle. According
Datar et al. (2004) conducted an analyzation in students’ test scores and their
weight and the result is, the most possible one to get a low score in a test in
mathematics is the one who possesses an overweight. Again, in this study it shows that
there is a significant relationship between our input and our process. In the study, they
stated that it is not just low score in the test that an overweight student can get. They
can also get a lower academic performance.
Cournot et al. (2006) created a design to evaluate the BMI and the cognitive
function of men and women workers and the result is there is a relationship between
BMI and cognitive function with a significant difference in demographic factors.
Childhood obesity is associated with a higher chance of premature death and disability
in adulthood, according to the World Health Organization. Studies that evaluated the
impact of diet on education identified that students with insufficient nutrition perform
poorly in the classroom. Contributing factors to poor nutrition are various and
consumption of fast food is one of them. Students who consumed above the average
amount of fast food show a significant association with lower test scores in math and
reading. Although children who are overweight achieved poor result on math and
reading tests when compared with their normal-weight peers.
Our study’s strengths include the evaluation of the factors that may affect
academic performance and changes in BMI, which includes socioeconomic status, diet
habits, sleeping habits, and physical activity. Larger studies with a multicity approach
and including rural areas are needed. Additional information should include school-
based reference for students about the type of food sold at school, data regarding
absent days of students with intervention approach. These data are needed to establish
the causality and the associations, and to evaluate the weight for each of the possible
risk factors that may have had a correlation if we had a larger sample size.
As per with the other definitions, Elaine Horn (2013) defined Mathematics as the
science that deal with quantity, shape and arrangements of things around us.
Mathematics plays a very important role in managing an individual’s private, social, and
civil life (Anthony & Walshaw, 2009).
Mathematics is important in our daily life because it can be used to solve from
simple to complex problems of ourselves and the society. To have a better
comprehension and understanding of Mathematics and how it works, schools around
the world include it in their curriculum. However, not every student likes mathematics. In
fact, many students hate it because they say it is so hard. Many students find
mathematics hard which results in being disaffected, not engaging and participating in
their mathematics class, and having low scores on their examinations. There is a history
of the struggles of students in mathematics which made them think if they could ever
apply all that mathematical information in reality. Most math major students often
respond that it is necessary in enhancing our critical thinking skill, which is not wrong at
all.
Maslog (2015) highlighted that a country’s culture can affect its education
system. This assumption may be right but needs further investigation to be proven.
Maslog (2015) also stated that Asian students in the schools of United States top their
math and science classes. This event has set off a debate in the United States
investigating what is wrong with their basic education. Barshay (2013) mentioned in one
of her blogs that,
Bigornia (2000) points out the factors that affect the mathematical level of ability
of the Grade VI pupils. Teachers’ proficiency, pupils' background and also
communication skills were discovered to have a high level of relationship with the pupils'
mathematics achievement. In Lanao del Norte, Philippines, there is a study that is
conducted by Caliao (2000) that aims to uncover the factors that are related with the
students' capability to solve a problem in mathematics by connecting the students'
mathematics achievement with the following factors: the kind of environment they have
at home, the standard of mathematics directions the students experienced, students'
attitude in regards to mathematics, mental ability, and also the reading comprehension
ability. The factors that were discovered to be remarkably connected to the students'
performance in mathematics were the following: educational attainment of the father,
neighborhood, the relatives or friends that took care of the child, buying things that are
related with education, teachers' profile like the total of mathematics seminars attended,
total of years in teaching math, total of awards that were received, preparation of lesson
plan, activities of the teachers' such as conducting review classes, coaching students
during math competitions, encouraging and supporting pupils to participate in math
competitions and the number of skills that were taught to the students, the number of
hours the mother spent at home and at work, mental ability, and reading capability.
During the school year 1990 to 2000, Montecalvo (2000) determined the
problem-solving skills and attitude towards Mathematics of Grade Six pupils in Linamon
District, Division of Lanao del Norte, Philippines. The outcome shows that most of the
students possess an average performance in problem solving skills especially with
fractions, decimals, and percentage. They had also a fair attitude level towards
mathematics and recognized that mathematics is useful for the different problems in
daily life. Moreover, significant relationship is present between the students' ability in
problem solving test and the sort of school as well as the students' average grade in
Mathematics.
ENHANCEMENT OF THE STUDENT’S MATHEMATICAL SKILLS THROUGH
SCHOOL MATH PROGRAMS
Mathematics is the cradle of all creations, without which the world cannot move
an inch. Be it a cook or farmer, a carpenter or a mechanic, a shopkeeper or a doctor, an
engineer or a scientist, a musician or a magician, everyone needs mathematics in their
day-to-day life. Even insects use mathematics in their life for existence. Snails make
their shells, spiders design their webs, and bees create their hexagonal combs. There
are countless mathematical patterns in nature’s fabric. Anyone can be a mathematician
if one is given proper guidance and knowledge.
There are also math programs and curriculums that are being spread across the
different schools. Math programs organize math concepts so that students see how the
concepts connect to and build on each other. Each year builds on skills learned the year
before, usually according to state standards. Most schools use print-based programs
that use textbooks and workbooks. But many of these programs also have a hands-on
component that teachers can use. It includes things like patterns, blocks or cubes to
help kids connect concepts to the real world (Morin, 2015).
Math programs like MTAP, Kumon, MTG, and the like, are being made to
enhance the minds of every child to be able to excel in academics, specifically in
mathematics. These programs aim to discover the potential of each individual and
developing their ability to the maximum in learning Mathematics.
Research Design
The study entitled “A relationship study of nutritional level among Senior High
School students of SFNPS on the Academic Performance in Mathematics: Basis for an
Academic & Nutritional intervention program” seeks to know and understand the
influence of nutrition on the academic performance on Mathematics of the students.
This will involve collection of research data through survey method, from a researcher-
made questionnaire.
Research Respondents
The researchers will elicit the participation of the Senior High School Students of
San Felipe Neri Parochial School comprising of 259 Grade 11 Students and 227 for
Grade 12. The respondents will be coming from both the male and female students. The
respondents’ age are ranging from 15 to 18 years old. Moreover, the researchers will
consider the economic status and body mass index (BMI) of the respondents.
The Senior High School students will be involved as the respondents of the
study. These students study general education subjects that 1 st and 2nd year college
student deal with. Students from Grade 11 and 12 tackles more advanced and higher
level topics especially in mathematics compare to other lower grade. According to
Brueningu (2013), possessing a healthy eating habit during adolescence is essential
because in this stage, as body changes during this time, it affects the dietary needs,
and also the growth and development of an individual.
The sampling technique that will be utilized throughout the study is Stratified
Random Sampling, wherein the researchers will divide the population into sub-groups.
In stratified random sampling or stratification, the strata are formed based on
respondents’ shared attributes or characteristics such as sex and BMI (Body Mass
Index).
Research Environment
The research will be conducted in San Felipe Neri Parochial School along 85 A.T
Reyes Street, Mandaluyong City. The school was first opened by Miss Rosa A. Salazar
in the year 1963, as a nursery center. The school offers and implements K-12, it is also
guided by the Manila Archdiocesan General Pastoral Assembly, and it promotes the
Basic Ecclesial Communities in all sectors and levels of life. As years passed by, San
Felipe Neri Parochial School’s Basic Education Program was granted initial
accreditation by the PAASCU Board of Directors for a period of three (3) years and was
also granted by the PAASCU Board of Directors of Level II accreditation for a period of
five (5) years.
The Senior High School students will be involved as the respondents of the
study. These students study general education subjects that 1 st and 2nd year college
student deal with. Students from Grade 11 and 12 tackles more advanced and higher
level topics especially in mathematics compare to other lower grade. According to
Brueningu (2013), possessing a healthy eating habit during adolescence is essential
because in this stage, as body changes during this time, it affects the dietary needs,
and also the growth and development of an individual.
Statistical Table
STATISTICAL TABLE
Statement of the Problem Statistical Method Description
1. What is the profile Counting
of the respondents
in terms of:
1.1 Economic status Frequency (n/∑n)*100 =%
1.2 Sex
1.3 Age
1.4 BMI (body mass Percentage
index)
1.5 Food
consumption
attitude
2. What is the 4(𝑥) + 3(𝑥) + 2(𝑥) + (𝑥)
academic ∑𝑥
performance level
among the Statistical Interpretation
respondents in
terms of: Weighted Average 3.26 – 4.00 – Excellent
quarterly
2.3 School/class
ranking
3. Is there a significant Test of Difference
difference on the Decision: If the Computed
respondents’ ANOVA Alpha is Greater than 0.05,
nutritional level and the research will Accept
their academic the Null Hypothesis.
performance if (CDiffAlpha > 0.05, Accept
tested among the Ho)
variables/profiles of
the respondents?
4. Is there a significant Test of Relationship
relationship on the Decision: If the Computed
respondents’ Alpha is Greater the 0.05,
nutritional level and the research will Accept
their academic the Null Hypothesis;
performance if relationship is made by
tested among the chance. (CRelAlpha >
variables/profiles of 0.05, Accept Ho)
the respondents? Chi Square
0.10 – 0.29 – Weak
Correlation
0.30 – 0.59 – Moderate
Correlation
0.60 – 0.99 – Strong
Correlation
1.00 – Perfect Correlation
PROGRAM OBJECTIVE
The “Let’s be MAMA” is an intervention program that will utilize the senior high
school students of San Felipe Neri Catholic School as the participants. It is a 3-day
program that aims to enhance the mathematical skills of the senior high school students
while improving their poor eating habit as well. This program will involve lectures about
nutrition and different math activities.
DAY 1
1. What is the
difference of As a participant, I am GROUP SHARING
good nutrition able to apprehend 8:00 am to 9:00 am
to bad good nutrition and
nutrition? know if I’m taking
good nutrition from
How will I that food that I eat.
know if I am
getting good 1 hour
nutrition?
DAY 2
DAY 3
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We are the researcher – students of San Felipe Neri Catholic School. The group is
composed of four members (Marcelino, Pineda, Santiago, Taugan).
This research instrument would like to assess your nutritional status and academic
performance through survey questionnaire. This study entitled, “A Relationship Study
in Nutritional Level among Senior High School Students of San Felipe Neri
Parochial School on the Academic Performance in Mathematics: Basis for an
Academic and Nutritional Intervention Program”, seeks to know and understand the
influence of nutrition on the academic performance on Mathematics of the students.
This activity is our group’s most important effort towards the fulfillment of our course in
Practical Research 2.
Rest assured that all of your shared data will serve as a guide for the researchers and
will be treated with utmost confidentiality.
Instruction: Put a check on the box that corresponds for your answer.
Name: Track/Strand:
10,000 – below
10,001 – 20,000
20,001 – 40,000
40,001 – above
BMI (Body Mass Index):
Underweight
Normal
Overweight
Obese
ONCE A DAY
TWICE A DAY
THRICE A DAY
LEGENDS:
4 – Excellent / Always
3 – Good / Often
2 – Fair / Sometimes
1 – Poor / Never
1. Nutrition 4 3 2 1
1.1. I consume 8 glasses of water a day.
2. Academic Performance 4 3 2 1
2.1. I can easily grasp on new topic/lesson that is
being taught.