APILE 2015 Users Manual

APILE 2015 – User’s Manual
A Program for the Study

of Driven Piles
under Axial Loads
by
Lymon C. Reese
Shin Tower Wang
Jose A. Arrellaga
Luis Vasquez
for
ENSOFT, INC.
3003 W. Howard Lane
Austin, Texas 78728
United States of America
(Release Date: June 2015)
COPYRIGHT © ENSOFT, INC 2015

NO REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION WITHOUT AUTORIZATION FROM ENSOFT, INC
ii
SOFTWARE LICENSE AGREEMENT & DISCLAIMER

IMPORTANT NOTICE: Please carefully read the terms of the license
agreement and disclaimer at the end of this book. Usage of this software
signifies acceptance with those terms.
User’s Manual (Rel. June/2015) APILE for Windows

iii
Table of Contents
Table of Contents ......................................................................................................................................... iii
List of Figures vii
List of Tables ix
CHAPTER 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1-1
1.1 General Description ................................................................................................................... 1-2
1.2 Features of the Program ............................................................................................................ 1-2
1.3 History of Development ............................................................................................................. 1-3
1.3.1 APILE1 (1987) ..................................................................................................................... 1-3
1.3.2 APILE Plus, Version 1 (1989) .............................................................................................. 1-3
1.3.7 APILE 2014, Version 6 (2014) ............................................................................................. 1-4
1.3.8 APILE 2015, Version 7 (2015) ............................................................................................. 1-5
1.4 Organization of APILE Manuals .................................................................................................. 1-5
1.5 Typographical Conventions........................................................................................................ 1-5
1.6 Contents of the APILE Package .................................................................................................. 1-6
1.7 Hardware Requirements ............................................................................................................ 1-6
1.8 Technical Support ...................................................................................................................... 1-6
1.8.1 Preferred Methods of Software Support ........................................................................... 1-6
1.8.2 Support by Telephone ........................................................................................................ 1-7
1.8.3 Upgrade Verification and Internet Site .............................................................................. 1-7
1.8.4 Changes of Support Policy ................................................................................................. 1-7
CHAPTER 2. Installation and Getting Started ..................................................................................... 2-1
2.1 Installation Procedures .............................................................................................................. 2-2
2.1.1 Installation of Single-User Version ..................................................................................... 2-2
2.1.2 Introduction of Network Version ....................................................................................... 2-6
2.1.2.1 Installation of Network Version ..................................................................................... 2-7
2.1.2.2 Silent Installations on Client Computers ........................................................................ 2-7
2.1.3 Backup of Original Software .............................................................................................. 2-7
2.1.4 Software Updates on the Internet ..................................................................................... 2-7
2.2 Getting Started........................................................................................................................... 2-7
2.2.1 Starting the Program .......................................................................................................... 2-8
2.2.2 File Management ............................................................................................................... 2-9
2.2.3 Data Menu ....................................................................................................................... 2-10
2.2.4 Options Menu .................................................................................................................. 2-11
2.2.5 Computation Menu .......................................................................................................... 2-12

iv
2.2.6 Graphics Menu ................................................................................................................. 2-14

2.2.7 Arrangement of Windows ................................................................................................ 2-16
2.2.8 Help Files .......................................................................................................................... 2-17
CHAPTER 3. References for Data Input .............................................................................................. 3-1
3.1 File Menu ................................................................................................................................... 3-2
3.1.1 File – New ........................................................................................................................... 3-2
3.1.2 File - Open .......................................................................................................................... 3-2
3.1.3 File – Save........................................................................................................................... 3-3
3.1.4 File – Save As ...................................................................................................................... 3-4
3.1.5 File – Exit ............................................................................................................................ 3-4
3.2 Data Menu ................................................................................................................................. 3-4
3.2.1 Numeric Data Entries ......................................................................................................... 3-5
3.2.2 Data – Title ......................................................................................................................... 3-6
3.2.3 Data – Computational Methods......................................................................................... 3-6
3.2.3.1 Method for Load-vs-Settlement .................................................................................... 3-6
3.2.3.2 Method for Pile Capacity ............................................................................................... 3-9
3.2.4 Data – Pile Material.......................................................................................................... 3-12
3.2.4.1 Select Pile Type ............................................................................................................ 3-13
3.2.4.2 Data for Axial Stiffness ................................................................................................. 3-14
3.2.5 Data – Circular-Section Pile .............................................................................................. 3-15
3.2.6 Data – Noncircular Section Pile ........................................................................................ 3-17
3.2.7 Data – Soil Layers ............................................................................................................. 3-19
3.2.7.1 Soil Data for Sand Layers.............................................................................................. 3-21
3.2.7.2 Soil Data for Clay Layers ............................................................................................... 3-24
3.2.7.3 Soil Data for Silt Layers................................................................................................. 3-27
3.2.8 Data – CPT Data File (Optional for Cone-Based Method)) ............................................... 3-28
3.3 Options Menu .......................................................................................................................... 3-30
3.3.1 Options - Units ................................................................................................................. 3-30
3.3.2 Options – Print t-z Curves at Additional Depths... ........................................................... 3-31
3.3.3 Options – Control Options ............................................................................................... 3-31
3.4 Help Menu................................................................................................................................ 3-33
CHAPTER 4. References for Program Execution and Output Reviews ............................................... 4-1
4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 4-2
4.2 Computation Menu .................................................................................................................... 4-2
4.2.1 Computation – Run Analysis .............................................................................................. 4-2
4.2.2 Computation – Edit Input Text ........................................................................................... 4-3
4.2.3 Computation - Edit Processor Run Notes .......................................................................... 4-4
4.2.4 Computation – Edit Output Text ........................................................................................ 4-5
4.2.5 Computation - View Soil Layer Coordinates ...................................................................... 4-6
4.2.6 Computation – Edit GRLWeap Data File ............................................................................ 4-7
4.3 Graphics Menu ........................................................................................................................... 4-8

v
4.3.1 Mouse Commands in the Graphics Mode ......................................................................... 4-9

4.3.2 Graphics - Unit Skin Friction vs Depth................................................................................ 4-9
4.3.3 Graphics – Accumulated Skin Friction vs Depth .............................................................. 4-11
4.3.4 Graphics – Tip Resistance vs Depth ................................................................................. 4-12
4.3.5 Graphics –Total Capacity vs Depth .................................................................................. 4-13
4.3.6 Graphics – Load Distribution ............................................................................................ 4-14
4.3.7 Graphics - Combined Plots vs Depth ................................................................................ 4-15
4.3.8 Graphics - Axial Load vs Settlement ................................................................................. 4-16
4.3.9 Graphics – Internally-Generated t-z Curves ..................................................................... 4-17
4.3.10 Graphics – Extra t-z Curves at User Specified Depths ...................................................... 4-18
4.3.11 Graphics – Internally-Generated Q-w Curve .................................................................... 4-19
4.3.12 Graphics – Export Plots to Excel....................................................................................... 4-20
4.4 Plot Menu................................................................................................................................. 4-21
CHAPTER 5. Example Problems.......................................................................................................... 5-1
5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 5-2
5.2 Example Problem 1 – Steel Pipe Pile.......................................................................................... 5-1
5.2.1 Input Data for Computer Analysis...................................................................................... 5-1
5.2.2 Graphical Results of Computer Analysis ............................................................................ 5-2
5.2.3 Output Data ....................................................................................................................... 5-5
5.3 Example Problem 2 – Offshore Steel-Pipe Pile in Sand ........................................................... 5-15
5.3.1 Hand Computations ......................................................................................................... 5-15
5.3.2 Comparison of Results ..................................................................................................... 5-21
5.3.3 Input Data for Computer Analysis.................................................................................... 5-21
5.3.4 Graphical Results of Computer Analysis .......................................................................... 5-22
5.3.5 Output Data ..................................................................................................................... 5-25
5.4 Example Problem 3 – Open-Ended Steel-Pipe Pile in Clay....................................................... 5-37
5.4.3 Output Data ..................................................................................................................... 5-39
5.5 Example Problem 4 – Prestressed Concrete Pile for Bridge Foundation ................................. 5-51
5.5.3 Output Data ..................................................................................................................... 5-54
5.6 Example Problem 5 – Uplift Pile Capacity ................................................................................ 5-63
5.6.3 Output Data ..................................................................................................................... 5-66
5.7 Example Problem 6 (Offshore Version) – CPT Based Methods for Close-Ended Pile .............. 5-78
5.7.1 Comparison of Results ..................................................................................................... 5-78

vi
5.7.4 Output Data ..................................................................................................................... 5-82

5.8 Example Problem 7 (Offshore Version) – CPT Based Method for Open-Ended Pile ............... 5-99
5.8.1 Comparison of Results ................................................................................................... 5-100
5.8.2 Input Data for Computer Analysis.................................................................................. 5-101
5.8.3 Graphical Results of Computer Analysis ........................................................................ 5-102
5.8.4 Output Data ................................................................................................................... 5-103
5.9 Example Problem 8 – LRFD Method ...................................................................................... 5-120
5.9.1 Soil Profile and Properties.............................................................................................. 5-120
5.9.2 Loading Computations ................................................................................................... 5-121
5.9.3 Estimate Axial Capacity of Single Pile from SPTs ........................................................... 5-123
5.9.4 Input Data for Computer Analysis.................................................................................. 5-124
5.9.5 Graphical Results of Computer Analysis ........................................................................ 5-124
5.9.6 Output Data ................................................................................................................... 5-126
List of Technical References .......................................................................................................................... 1
License Agreement & Disclaimer .................................................................................................................. 1
1. GRANT OF LICENSE ................................................................................................................................... 2
1.1 INSTALLATION AND USE ......................................................................................................................... 2
1.1.1 Single-User Licenses ............................................................................................................................ 2
1.1.2 Network Licenses ................................................................................................................................ 2
2. OTHER RIGHTS AND LIMITATIONS ........................................................................................................... 2
2.1 EDUCATIONAL VERSION ......................................................................................................................... 2
2.2 LIMITATIONS ON REVERSE ENGINEERING, DECOMPILATION, AND DISASSEMBLY ............................... 3
2.3 RENTAL ........................................................................................................................................... 3
2.4 TRADEMARKS ......................................................................................................................................... 3
2.5 SUPPORT SERVICES ................................................................................................................................ 3
2.6 SOFTWARE TRANSFER ............................................................................................................................ 3
2.7 TERMINATION ........................................................................................................................................ 3
3. COPYRIGHT ........................................................................................................................................... 3
4. SOFTWARE DISCLAIMER........................................................................................................................... 3
5. GOVERNING LAW ..................................................................................................................................... 4
6. CONTACT INFORMATION ......................................................................................................................... 4

vii
List of Figures
Figure 2.1 Main CD-ROM installation screen for ENSOFT software (may change with time) ................. 2-3
Figure 2.2 Installation screen with License Agreement (may change with time) .................................... 2-4
Figure 2.3 Selection of Single-User License (may change with time) ...................................................... 2-4
Figure 2.4 Default Installation Directory for Program Files (may change with time) .............................. 2-5
Figure 2.5 File Extension Association for APILE 2015 Data Files (may change with time) ....................... 2-5
Figure 2.6 Default Shortcut Folder in Windows Start Menu (may change with time) ............................ 2-6
Figure 2.7 Sample organization and operational flow chart .................................................................... 2-8
Figure 2.8 Options contained in the File menu ........................................................................................ 2-9
Figure 2.9 Options contained in the Data menu .................................................................................... 2-11
Figure 2.10 Options contained in the Program-Control Options menu................................................. 2-12
Figure 2.11 Options contained in the Computation menu .................................................................... 2-14
Figure 2.12 Options contained in the Graphics menu ........................................................................... 2-16
Figure 2.13 Sample options contained in the Window menu................................................................ 2-17
Figure 2.14 Options contained in the Help menu .................................................................................. 2-18
Figure 3.1 Window screen for the File – Open dialog .............................................................................. 3-3
Figure 3.2 Sample message for incomplete or invalid file ....................................................................... 3-3
Figure 3.3 Message window advising that changes were not saved to disk............................................ 3-4
Figure 3.4 Options contained in the Data menu ...................................................................................... 3-5
Figure 3.5 Window screen for sample Data - Title ................................................................................... 3-6
Figure 3.6 Window screens for Data Menu – Computational Methods – Method for Load vs Settlement
...................................................................................................................................... 3-10
Figure 3.7 Window screens for Data Menu – Computational Methods – Method for Pile Capacity .... 3-11
Figure 3.8 Window screens for Data Menu –Pile Material .................................................................... 3-13
Figure 3.9 Window screen for sample Data – Circular-Section Pile....................................................... 3-17
Figure 3.10 Window screen for sample Data – Noncircular Pile Section............................................... 3-19
Figure 3.11 Window screen for sample Data – Soil Layers .................................................................... 3-21
Figure 3.12 Soil data for sand layers ...................................................................................................... 3-22
Figure 3.13 Soil data for clay layers ....................................................................................................... 3-25
Figure 3.14 Soil data for silt layers ......................................................................................................... 3-27
Figure 3.14 Entries for reading and plotting of CPT Data File ................................................................ 3-30
Figure 3.15 Options for units selection .................................................................................................. 3-31
Figure 3.16 Options – Print t-z Curves at Additional Depths ................................................................. 3-32
Figure 3.17 Options – Control Options .................................................................................................. 3-33
Figure 4.1 Command options contained in the Computation menu. ...................................................... 4-2
Figure 4.2 Sample use of Microsoft Notepad© for editing input text of Example Problem 1 (may change
with time). ...................................................................................................................... 4-4
Figure 4.3 Sample use of Microsoft Notepad © for editing the output-text file of Example Problem 1
(may change with time). ................................................................................................ 4-6

viii
Figure 4.4 Sample View Soil Layer Coordinates command option. ......................................................... 4-7
Figure 4.5 Command option contained in the Graphics menu. ............................................................... 4-9
Figure 4.6 Unit Skin Friction vs Depth command option for Example Problem 5. ................................ 4-10
Figure 4.7 Accumulated Skin Friction vs Depth command option for Example Problem 5. .................. 4-11
Figure 4.8 Tip Resistance vs Depth command option for Example Problem 4. ..................................... 4-12
Figure 4.9 Total Capacity vs Depth command option for Example Problem 5. ..................................... 4-13
Figure 4.10 Load distribution curves for Example Problem 4. ............................................................... 4-14
Figure 4.11 Combined Plots vs Depth for Example Problem 4. ............................................................. 4-15
Figure 4.12 Axial Load vs Settlement for Example Problem 4. .............................................................. 4-16
Figure 4.13 Internally-generated t-z curves for Example Problem 3. .................................................... 4-17
Figure 4.14 Extra t-z curves at user specified depths for Example Problem 1....................................... 4-18
Figure 4.15 Internally-generated Q-w Curve for Example Problem 3.................................................... 4-19
Figure 4.16 Export to Excel Window. ..................................................................................................... 4-20
Figure 4.16 Command options contained in the Plot menu. ................................................................. 4-22
Figure 5.1 General soil description of Example Problem 1. ..................................................................... 5-1
Figure 5.2 Curves of Unit Skin Friction vs Depth for Example Problem 1. ............................................... 5-3
Figure 5.3 Curves of Accumulated Skin Friction vs Depth for Example Problem 1. ................................. 5-3
Figure 5.4 Curves of Tip Resistance vs Depth or Example Problem 1. ..................................................... 5-4
Figure 5.5 Curves of Total Capacity vs Depth or Example Problem 1. ..................................................... 5-4
Figure 5.6 Curve of Combined Plots vs Depth based on API method for Example Problem 1. ............... 5-5
Figure 5.7 Curves of Accumulated Skin Friction vs Depth for Example Problem 2. ............................... 5-23
Figure 5.7 Curves of Ultimate Tip Resistance vs Depth for Example Problem 2.................................... 5-23
Figure 5.9 Curves of Ultimate Total Capacity vs Depth for Example Problem 2. ................................... 5-24
Figure 5.10 Curve of Axial Load vs Settlement for Example Problem 2. ................................................ 5-24
Figure 5.11 Curve of Combined Plots vs Depth (ultimate) for Example Problem 3. .............................. 5-38
Figure 5.13 Pile layout and soil conditions of Example Problem 4. ....................................................... 5-51
Figure 5.14 Curve of Ultimate Skin Friction vs Depth for Example Problem 4. ..................................... 5-53
Figure 5.15 Curve of Ultimate Tip Resistance vs Depth for Example Problem 4. .................................. 5-53
Figure 5.16 Curve of Ultimate Total Capacity vs Depth for Example Problem 5. .................................. 5-65
Figure 5.17 Curve of Axial Load vs Movement for Example Problem 5. ................................................ 5-65
Figure 5.18 Curves of Ultimate Total Capacity vs Depth for Example Problem 6. ................................. 5-81
Figure 5.20 Curves of Ultimate Total Capacity vs Depth for Example Problem 7. ............................... 5-102
Figure 5.21 Curve of Axial Load vs Settlement for Example Problem 7. .............................................. 5-103
Figure 5.22 Bridge substructures configuration and loading for Example Problem 8. ........................ 5-120
Figure 5.23 General soil description of Example Problem 8 ................................................................ 5-122
Figure 5.24 Curve of LRFD Geotechnical Capacity (factored capacity) vs Depth for Example Problem 8. 5-
125
Figure 5.25 Curve of Axial Load vs Settlement for Example Problem 8. .............................................. 5-125

ix
List of Tables
Table 2.1 Files created in APILE runs...................................................................................................... 2-10
Table 3.1 Supported mathematical operations and constants ................................................................ 3-5
Table 3.2 Shape of Nonlinear Load-Transfer Curves from Reese/Mosher/Skempton ............................ 3-7
Table 3.3 Relationship between N and  (after Gibbs and Holtz, 1957) ................................................ 3-23
Table 3.4 Guidelines for tip resistance in siliceous soil .......................................................................... 3-24
Table 4.1 Mouse commands in the graphics mode .................................................................................. 4-9
Table 5.1 Soil Data for Example Problem 2 ............................................................................................ 5-15
Table 5.2 Hand Computations of Side Resistances for Example Problem 2 .......................................... 5-17
Table 5.3 Hand Computations of Plugged End Bearing for Example Problem 2 ................................... 5-19
Table 5.4 Hand Computations of Unplugged End Bearing for Example Problem 2 ............................... 5-20
Table 5.5 Comparison of Total Resistances for Example Problem 2 ...................................................... 5-21
Table 5.6 Soil Data for Example Problem 3 ............................................................................................ 5-37
Table 5.7 Soil data for Example Problem 5 ............................................................................................ 5-63
Table 5.8 Soil data for Example Problem 6 ............................................................................................ 5-78
Table 5.9 Comparison of results for NGI Method in Example Problem 6 .............................................. 5-79
Table 5.10 Comparison of results for MTD Method in Example Problem 6 .......................................... 5-79
Table 5.11 Soil data for Example Problem 7 ........................................................................................ 5-100
Table 5.12 Comparison of results for NGI Method in Example Problem 7 .......................................... 5-100
Table 5.13 Comparison of results for MTD Method in Example Problem 7 ........................................ 5-101
Table 5.14 Summary of factored loads on the 8-ft OD drilled APILE for Example Problem 8 ............. 5-121
Table 5.15 Calculations for ultimate axial compressive capacity for Example 8 ................................. 5-123
Table 5.16 Calculations for factored axial compressive capacity for Example 8 ................................. 5-123

CHAPTER 1. Introduction

CHAPTER 1 – Introduction – 1-2
1.1 General Description

The interaction among the piles and the surrounding soil are complex. Pile driving generally alters
the character of the soil and intense strains are set up locally near the piles. The load transfer mechanics
(side friction and tip resistance from soils) vary with many factors such as the types of soils, the
installation method, the pile material, the pile geometry and others. Because of the inherent complexities
of pile behavior, it is necessary to use practical semi-empirical methods of design, and to focus attention
on significant factors rather than minor or peripheral details. APILE utilizes two related codes to provide
the user with information on the behavior of driven piles under axial loading.
The first of these codes makes use of four different sets of established empirical methods for
computing the axial capacity of piles as a function of depth. Those methods include: API method
(established by American Petroleum Institute), USACE method (published by U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers), FHWA method (published by U.S. Federal Highway Administration), and Lambda method
(with the effective-stress contribution). Most of the semi-empirical design methods for prediction of axial
capacity of piles require internal friction angles () for calculating the side friction in sand layers, and the
undrained cohesive strength for calculating the side friction in clay layers. The design engineers should
gather all the necessary soil parameters based on the geotechnical investigation report prepared for the
application site. The subsurface can be divided into sub-layers based on the soil properties (cohesive or
non-cohesive) with the associated layer depth and soil parameters.
Recently, the cone penetration test (CPT) has been widely used in subsurface explorations
worldwide. Four empirical methods for prediction of the axial capacity of driven piles based on CPT data
have been recommended by the offshore industry and are included in APILE Offshore Version. Those
four coned-based empirical methods include: NGI-99 method (published by Norwegian Geotechnical
Institute), ICP/MTD method (published by Richard Jardine et al from Imperial College in London in
2005), Fugro method (published by Fugro in 2005), and UWA method (published by the University of
Western Australia in 2005).
The second of the two codes employs t-z curves to compute the load versus settlement of the pile at
the greatest length that is specified in the input. If these results fail to satisfy the requirements of a
particular application, the user may refer to the results of load versus depth and select a revised length.
Each of these codes is described in detail in the following sections and example computations are also
presented.
APILE is a special-purpose program based on rational procedures for analyzing a driven pile under
axial loading. The program computes settlement of the top and base of the driven pile as a function of
axial loading, along with the distribution of axial load along the length of the pile.
1.2 Features of the Program

Program APILE has the following features that are designed to enhance the ability of the engineer
to obtain usable results.
1. Unit load transfer in side resistance (skin friction) and end bearing are computed, along with the
capacity of a pile to sustain axial loading.

2. Results from four different analytical methods are provided in the basic version for comparison
and/or code compliance. Additional results from four cone-based analytical methods are available in
the special Offshore version of APILE.
3. The APILE program makes internal computations of the development of a plug in an open-ended
pile as it is driven into the ground.
4. At the user’s discretion, the values of unit load transfer computed by the program or those provided
by the user (externally from APILE) can be used to estimate load versus settlement.
5. Graphical output of load-distribution curves, load-settlement curves, and bearing capacity as a
function of depth are provided.
6. APILE has options for computation of pile capacity under tension (uplift loads) with considerations
for buoyancy effects where necessary.
7. Option for applying reduction factors for each soil layer, such as strength reduction during pile
driving, pile-group reduction factor, or LRFD strength reduction factor.
8. Recently the cone penetration test (CPT) has been widely used in subsurface explorations
worldwide. The latest APILE has an option to read the CPT data via an external file, and then
convert the CPT data to equivalent SPT-N values and equivalent cohesive strength internally for the
user.
1.3 History of Development

1.3.1 APILE1 (1987)
With the advent of wide-spread availability of personal computers, the founder of ENSOFT, Inc.,
had a vision to improve the engineering capability for analysis and design of deep foundations by
providing useful software tools. The development of APILE1 was completed under the direction of Dr.
Lymon C. Reese and was first commercially distributed in 1987. While based on an earlier mainframe
program, APILE1 was developed to use an interactive input method.
1.3.2 APILE Plus, Version 1 (1989)

APILE Plus was released in 1989. This version incorporated the program APILE2 (Portion of
TZPILE), which was developed as a subroutine for computing the load-vs-settlement at the pile head
based on the t-z curve method. Therefore, Program APILE Plus is a complete program for analyzing the
behavior of driven piles under axial loading. It not only calculates the ultimate skin friction and tip
resistance at each depth, but also computes the load-vs.-settlement relationship at the pile head. In
addition, a menu-based DOS interface was introduced.

The success of Windows 3.1 from Microsoft, Inc., as the dominant platform for personal computers
pushed software development to adopt a standard, graphical-user interface. This version of APILE Plus
utilized Windows-based pre- and post-processors, while retaining the original computing engine from
Version 1.


This version of APILE Plus was a complete recoding of both the pre-and post-processing programs
running under Windows 95/NT and the computing engine. The graphical-user interface was recoded to
provide a more intuitive process for data input and to enhance the graphical capabilities.
In addition, in the technical side, Version3 includes two new methods for computing the axial
capacity of driven piles. One is the FHWA method recommended by the Federal Highway and Works
Administration (FHWA). The other one is the USACE method recommended by the US Army Corps of
Engineers (USACE).
The program presents the computed results for all four different methods and the user can make a
selection based on the site condition and the application.

This version of APILE Plus is upgraded for the requirement under Windows 2000/XP and the later
system. The most recent files of the input data will be listed under File Menu for users to load or retrieve
quickly and conveniently.
APILE Plus Version 4 now has an option to generate compatible data file used by GRLWEAP for
pile driving analyses. The program also provides the user with an option to generate t-z curves at depths
specified by the user. Furthermore, the program prints and plots the unit side friction and accumulated
side friction as a function of depth for comparison.

APILE Plus Version 5 added an option for computation of pile capacity under tension (uplift
loads). Another new feature in Version 5 is to allow the user entering the variation of cross-sectional area
as a function of depth. This feature is particularly useful for tapered piles or long pipe piles with sections
using different inside diameters (ID). Recently the cone penetration test (CPT) has been widely used in
subsurface explorations worldwide. APILE Plus Version 5 now has an option to read the CPT data via
an external file, and then convert the CPT data to equivalent SPT-N values and equivalent cohesive
strength internally for the user.
Two empirical methods for prediction of the axial capacity of driven piles based on the CPT data
have been evaluated by API. The first one is NGI-99 method published by Norwegian Geotechnical
Institute and the other one is MTD method published by Richard Jardine et al (2005) from Imperial
College in London. Several uncommon soil parameters particularly are required for MTD method, which
may not be of interest to driven piles installed onshore. APILE Plus provides the user with the basic
version and an offshore version. The difference between these two versions is that the offshore version
includes the predicted pile capacity based on NGI-99 and MTD methods for offshore applications.
1.3.7 APILE 2014, Version 6 (2014)

Program APILE uses the year number as the version sequence starting in 2014, while keeping the
second number of the release equal to the input data format (input data format 6). The major
improvements in v2014.6 were a complete rewrite for a more intuitive interface and to provide options for
specifying the reduction factors on side friction and tip resistance for each soil/rock layer if the user
selects the LRFD method.

The new release also introduces the ability to compute elastic shortening for pile portions above
ground level (either in air or water), which is useful for many offshore applications.
Two more cone-based empirical methods, including Fugro method (published by Fugro in 2005),
and UWA method (published by the University of Western Australia in 2005), were added into the
APILE 2014 Offshore version.
The new program allows the user to change the line width and font sizes in the generated plots. In
addition, v2014 introduces compatibility to Windows 8 and 8.1. The program text book was updated and
released in separate User’s and Technical Manuals, both improved plus released electronically in
protected PDF format.
1.3.8 APILE 2015, Version 7 (2015)

Improvements in v2015 (data format.7) included an extended set of user-selectable parameters for
the FHWA criteria (users can now select a desired adhesion factor in each CLAY layer), introduced a
SILT criteria for USACE computations, improved computational options for SAND criteria, added a new
feature for export of any output plot into a new Microsoft Excel spreadsheet (created by APILE) to help
users in presentation graphics for reports and also added new sets of speed buttons.
1.4 Organization of APILE Manuals

The documentation provided with the computer program APILE consists of two volumes. The
User’s Manual contains full documentation about the operation of the program on personal computers.
The User’s Manual covers the areas of installation, preparation of input data, program execution, view of
computational results, and example applications. The distribution of the User’s Manual is made via
standard Adobe© PDF file format.
The Technical Manual provides information about the theory of pile behavior under axial loading,
all the semi-empirical equations for pile-capacity computation, the concept of load-transfer, and load-vs.-
settlement of piles in different types of soil strata. The Technical Manual includes other helpful
references related to concepts utilized in program APILE. ENSOFT holds a copyright of the Technical
Manual so it is distributed in protected form that can only be opened by licensed users of the APILE
program.
Both Manuals are installed with the APILE program and accessible via any one of the following
three methods: i) from the Windows Start Menu, ii) from the Ensoft tile in Windows 8, or iii) from the
Help menu within the APILE program.
1.5 Typographical Conventions

To orient the user to different software features, certain terms are set in typefaces that distinguish
them from the body text. The following formatting conventions are used throughout the Manual:
 Commands that are typed directly on the keyboard: “Enter” ; “F1” ; “Esc”
 Commands with keys simultaneously pressed in the keyboard: “Alt+F” ; “Ctr+O”
 Menu items and other text displayed on the screen are in sans serif:
From the File menu choose Open

 File names and names of directories and folder and icon names are in italics:
Open the example file example1.sfd
 Internet and electronic mail addresses are underlined:
Send email to support@ensoftinc.com
1.6 Contents of the APILE Package

The standard package sent with APILE consists of the following items:
 One USB device (sometimes known as hardware key or dongle),
 one backup CD-ROM (this may be missing in future releases, since the full program is
available for free downloading from the www.ensoftinc.com website.
The user-selected installation directory (default directory is Program Files\Ensoft\Apile2015)
contains the main Windows-program module (winapile2015.exe), the program engine for direct
computations (APILE2015_DLL.dll), the Help file (APILE_2015.chm), and other support files. The
User’s and Technical Manuals are also included in the installation directory. Several examples of input
files (all files with extension *.ap7d) are installed in a separate Ensoft/Apile2015-Examples subdirectory
in the root Windows drive (usually c:\).
1.7 Hardware Requirements

To use APILE, the user needs the following minimum hardware configuration:
 Any personal computer with an Intel® Pentium® or newer processor.
 A hard disk with at least 25 MB of free space.
 Microsoft Windows® 2000, XP, VISTA or Windows 7. A newer release of the Microsoft
Windows® operating system may need a more recent update of the APILE software.
 Minimum of 640 KB of free RAM memory.
 A mouse or similar pointing device.
 Optional: Any windows-compatible printer.
1.8 Technical Support

Although computer program APILE was designed to be distinguished by its ease of use and by its
helpful User’s Manual, some users may still have questions. The technical staff at ENSOFT strongly
supports all registered users with questions related to the installation or use of APILE, according to the
stipulations presented below. The software is provided with free maintenance service for the first year.
After the first year the user is encouraged to purchase the yearly maintenance services. The yearly
maintenance services include free download of the latest version and free technical support as described
below.
1.8.1 Preferred Methods of Software Support

Software support is given, in order of preference, by the following methods:
 Electronic mail to: support@ensoftinc.com

 Fax to: (512) 244-6067

 Telephone call to: (512) 244-6464, extension 2
Users are strongly encouraged to utilize electronic means of support via email. In any event, users
should include the following information when requesting for software support: software version (obtain
from the Help/About menu), description of the problem, input-data file attachment, contact person and
licensed company or user name (or name and office location of the licensed company).
Although immediate answers (less than two hours during regular working hours) are offered on
most technical support requests, up to two business days should be expected in case of difficulties or
conflict of schedules. The users will be informed of ENSOFT’s reception of their electronic mails
requesting software support if the problem is complicated and cannot be resolved within two business
days.
1.8.2 Support by Telephone

Technical help by means of direct calls to our local telephone number (512-244-6464) is available,
but limited. The current policy of ENSOFT is that all telephone calls for software support will be
answered free of charge for the first 15 minutes of each call if the user has a current maintenance policy.
A charge of $90.00 US dollars per hour ($1.50 US dollars per minute) may come into effect for every
additional minute after the initial 15 minutes. Applicable charges will be billed to the user.
Software support by any of the methods (fax, email or telephone) is free for all users that have a
current annual maintenance policy.
1.8.3 Upgrade Verification and Internet Site

Software APILE v2015 provides options for the user to check the most recent maintenance release
through an internet connection by selecting Help/Check for Updates. This command starts the default
internet browser and will display the user’s maintenance expiration date, the user’s software release
number and the most recent release number that is available for downloading.
If the user’s version is not the latest version and the maintenance has not been expired, the user can
download the latest version from our web server directly (www.ensoftinc.com). Users may also consult
our internet site for additional information on software updates, demos, and new applications; technical
news; and company information.
1.8.4 Changes of Support Policy

The software support policy and associated expenses are subject to change at ENSOFT’s discretion
and without specific mailed notices to the users. However, any change of rules will be verbally provided
during telephone calls for software support.

CHAPTER 2. Installation and Getting
Started

CHAPTER 2 – Installation and Getting Started – 2-2
2.1 Installation Procedures

Program APILE is distributed with an associated USB key (hardware key or dongle). The
hardware key consists of a device that is attached to an empty USB port (or USB hub) of the computer in
use (or in the designated software server in the case of local network licenses). This method of software
protection has been found to provide compatibility with existing operating systems, better stability than
other alternatives, and allows users to obtain software updates or replacements via downloads from the
internet.
2.1.1 Installation of Single-User Version

This version of APILE has been tested to be compatible with the following versions of the
Microsoft Windows® operating systems: 2000, XP, Vista, Windows 7, 8 and 8.1.
The following guidelines are recommended during the installation process of APILE for single-
user licenses.
1. Plug the supplied hardware lock (USB device) into one of the available USB ports in your computer.
The USB device is plug-and-play compatible so the operating system will recognize the USB device
automatically and a small but solid green light should appear at the end of the USB key (a flickering
green light or no light indicate problems with the standard windows driver or with the USB key).
2. If the user installs from a distribution CD-ROM and the main installation program does not start
automatically upon insertion of the CD then click on the Windows Start Menu button and select
Run. On the command line, type d:\setup.exe or e:\setup.exe, where d: or e: represents the drive
that contains the distribution CD. Click OK to execute the command and start the main installation
program for ENSOFT’s software. A screen similar to the one in Figure 2.1 should appear.
3. If the user installs from a downloaded file then please run the downloaded file (double click) and go
to instruction #5.
4. Click anywhere on the APILE 2015 icon and then click on the Install Standard button to start the
installation of APILE.
5. The user should read the license agreement shown in Figure 2.2. Please click Yes if you agree and
would like to proceed.
6. Select Single-User License in Figure 2.3 then click Next. For network installations please contact
Ensoft support (support@ensoftinc.com).
7. The user will be provided with an option to select a drive and directory for the installation of APILE
(see Figure 2.4); the default is c:\Program Files (x86)\Ensoft\Apile2015. If the desired directory
does not exist, the installation program will automatically create a new directory in the chosen hard
drive.
Most distribution files will be copied to the installation directory (either the default or the one
selected by the user). However, certain files are copied to system directories in Windows and some
Windows services are started during installation (mainly for Network installations). The name of the
system files, their exact locations, and the type of services that are started may change in time and
for different versions of the Microsoft Windows® operating system.
Example files are copied to the following subdirectory under the root Windows drive:

(Root Drive)\Ensoft\Apile2015-Examples
8. During the installation the user will be asked to set the file extension association for opening APILE
2015 input data files (see Figure 2.5). If the user agrees (leaves the default check mark) then double
clicking (or running) any input data file with extensions of the type filename.ap7d will start the
installed APILE 2015 software.
9. The user will be prompted to confirm the shortcut directory name that will be created in the
Windows Start Menu (See Figure 2.6). The default is Start Menu/Programs/Ensoft/Apile2015.
Windows 8 will automatically create an Ensoft tile with the same shortcuts.
Figure 2.1 Main CD-ROM installation screen for ENSOFT software (may change with
time)
After the installation is finished, it is not necessary to reboot Windows for the program to run. The
user may run the program by selecting APILE v2015 from the standard links installed in the Microsoft
Windows® Start Menu: Start Menu > All Programs > Ensoft > Apile2015

Figure 2.2 Installation screen with License Agreement (may change with time)
Figure 2.3 Selection of Single-User License (may change with time)

Figure 2.4 Default Installation Directory for Program Files (may change with time)
Figure 2.5 File Extension Association for APILE 2015 Data Files (may change with time)

Figure 2.6 Default Shortcut Folder in Windows Start Menu (may change with time)
2.1.2 Introduction of Network Version

Special network licenses and USB hardware keys (network keys) are available for users who desire
to operate APILE on a Windows network. The network version is limited to users with two or more
licenses at the same physical site. Discounted rates apply for users purchasing multiple licenses for the
same site.
Network versions of APILE have special subroutines written for installations in “software servers”
and for installations of “individual clients”. The “software server” or “license server” is the computer that
will be carrying the network USB key provided by ENSOFT, INC. The software server is not necessarily
the same as the existing network server. Any computer in the existing Windows network may be
designated software server for APILE as long as the network key is attached to an available USB port (or
through an USB hub) and the “server” version of the software is installed on its local drive. Software
“clients” may be all computers of the licensed site that have the program installed as client. Software
clients do not need any hardware key attached to their computers. The program installed in software
clients will be allowed to run if their IP are within the allowable (licensed) IP ranges and if the computer
designated as software server is accessible on the network with the proper operating system and with its
network key secured in place.
Users of the network version of APILE are allowed to have the software installed in as many
computers as desired within the licensed IP ranges of their local Windows network. However, only a
number of users equal to the total number of purchased licenses will be able to operate the program at the
same time.

2.1.2.1 Installation of Network Version

Installers of network licenses should refer to a separate booklet with installation instructions for the
Network version of this product. The document can be downloaded from the Ensoft web site:
http://www.ensoftinc.com/updates/Ensoft Network Installation Notes.pdf
Alternatively, the document can be requested via email to support@ensoftinc.com
2.1.2.2 Silent Installations on Client Computers

For installation of network licenses on local client computers there is an option for command-based
installations that are completely silent (performed without other user input). Instructions for silent
installations on client computers can be downloaded from the Ensoft web site using the following link:
http://www.ensoftinc.com/updates/Silent Install on Client Computers.pdf
Alternatively, the document can be requested via email to support@ensoftinc.com
2.1.3 Backup of Original Software

The distributed software may be copied for backup purposes. The program may be installed in
several computers at the same time. However, unless network licenses are purchased, the program will
only operate in computers that carry the appropriate hardware key.
2.1.4 Software Updates on the Internet

Occasionally, ENSOFT will produce software improvements and/or fixes and place the latest
software programs on ENSOFT’s internet site. Users can check for available updates by selecting
Help/Check for Updates from the APILE menu. Software users may freely download the latest
program update from the following site: http://www.ensoftinc.com
2.2 Getting Started

A general diagram showing the menu choices and operational flow chart of program APILE is
presented in Figure 2.7. The following paragraphs provide a short description of the operational features
of APILE and should quickly enable the user to get started with the program.

Figure 2.7 Sample organization and operational flow chart
2.2.1 Starting the Program

The program is started by double clicking the left mouse button anywhere in the APILE icon. A
new window will appear on the screen, with the following top-menu choices: File, Data, Options,
Computation, Graphics, Window, and Help.

2.2.2 File Management

The File menu option contains five submenus, as shown in Figure 2.8; they are:
 New to create a new data file.
 Open… to open an existing data file.
 Save to save input data under the current file name.
 Save As… to save input data under a different file name.
 Exit to exit program APILE.
 Other entries include quick access to a history of recently-opened files.
Figure 2.8 Options contained in the File menu
Several additional files are created in every new APILE run. A general description of these files is
presented in Table 2.1. Every run of APILE thus generates four text files in the same drive and directory
where the input-data file was saved or opened. Any of these files may be opened with standard text
editors or word processing programs.

File Name Usage File Example

Extension Description Format Files
*.ap7d Input-data file Text file example1.ap7d
example2.ap7d
*.ap7o Output-data file Text file example1.ap7o
example2.ap7o
*.ap7p Plot-data file Text file example1.ap7p
example2.ap7p
*.gwi GRLWEAP-data file Text file example1.gwi
example2.gwi
Table 2.1 Files created in APILE runs
2.2.3 Data Menu

The Data menu contains several choices of submenus, as shown in Figure 2.9. The choices are
listed below, along with a general description of their use. Some options may be disabled since they
depend on other input selections specified under the Data menu.
Title .................. to enter a single line of text with a general description for the project.
Computational Method . the user may select any one of the four (regular version) to eight (offshore
version) methods of internal computation of load-vs-settlement and one or more methods
of pile capacity, or the user may choose to input specific values of unit load transfers.
The user can also specify in this menu the usage of reduction factors for LRFD analyses.
Pile Material.. . used to enter the material type of piles such as steel piles, prestressed concrete piles,
timber piles, etc. This menu also provides control for values that are used in
computations of elastic deformation of the pile.
Circular-Section Pile ..... to describe dimensions and material properties of piles with circular sections.
This menu also provides a selection of computations of pile plugging.
Noncircular-Section Pile ................ to describe dimensions, and material properties of piles that are not
circular.
Soil Layers ...... this submenu is used to define the type and depth of each soil layer and to enter the
associated soil parameters.
CPT Data File ............... this submenu is optional and is used to read an external data file, which
contains data from the cone penetration test (CPT).

Figure 2.9 Options contained in the Data menu
2.2.4 Options Menu

The Options menu is provided for the control of program variables and preferences. The listing of
menu options is shown in Figure 2.10 and the different submenu choices are briefly described below. The
user may select any of the options without concern for the sequential order.
Units ................ the user may select either English Units (using kips, feet and inches) or S.I. Units (using
kN, meters and millimeters). English units are enabled, as a default, for all new runs.
The user may change the system of units as many times as desired and values that were
previously input will be automatically converted by the program to the new selection of
units.
Print t-z Curves at Additional Depths…Although the program generates t-z curves at the top, the
middle, and the bottom of each soil layer, the user may ask the program for printing of
additional t-z curves at user-specified depths. The depth of t-z curves is zero at the
ground surface and it cannot exceed the tip of the pile.
Control Options .............. the user may select the length of each computation increment and also how
often to print results. The observation of text files associated with APILE (input, output
or processor notes) is done using the text editor that is here selected by the user. The user
should input in this box the complete path and command line for the preferred text editor
or word processor that will be used to examine and print the input, output and processor

plain text files created by the program. As a default, the command line
c:\windows\notepad.exe is used to operate the standard text editor Microsoft Notepad that
is normally included with all Windows installations.
Figure 2.10 Options contained in the Program-Control Options menu
2.2.5 Computation Menu

The Computation menu is provided to run the analytical computations after all data are entered
and saved. After the computation is executed successfully this menu also provides options for the
reviews of plain-text input data, notes produced during computation, and output data. It also provides an
option for the graphical observation of the modeled pile and soil layers. Submenu choices, shown in
Figure 2.11, are briefly described below.
Run Analysis .. ............... this option is chosen to run the analytical computations. This option should be
selected after all data have been entered and saved.
Edit Input Text ............... this option calls the chosen Text Editor (selected under Options/Text Editor)
to observe and/or edit the analytical input data in plain-text format. The option becomes
available after the input data has been saved to disk, or when opening an existing input-
data file.

Edit Processor-Run Notes ...............this option calls the chosen Text Editor (selected under
Options/Text Editor) to observe, format, and/or print the notes provided during
processing. The option becomes available (or modified) after a run attempt has been
made. The user is encouraged to read the processor-run notes if the program is not
running successfully. The processor-run notes may provide the user with some additional
information about possible causes of the problem.
Edit Output Text............. this option calls the chosen Text Editor (selected under Options/Text Editor)
to observe, format, and/or print the analytical-output data. The option becomes available
only after a successful run has been made. Certain output files may be too large for the
Microsoft Notepad editor, so other text editors would have to be used (Microsoft Word
Pad should be able to open most text files).
View Soil Layer Coordinates ...........provides a graphical representation of the elevation of the modeled
pile and the location of the specified soil layers.
Edit GRLWEAP Data File ................calls the previously chosen Text Editor (selected under
Options/Text Editor) to display the internally-generated data which are needed for pile-
drivability study with the separate GRLWEAP software. The program prints and saves
the distribution of the side friction based on the format requested by GRLWEAP
software. The user is encouraged to verify the pile dimension/property data and to select
the proper driving hammer after the data file is accepted by GRLWEAP.

Figure 2.11 Options contained in the Computation menu
2.2.6 Graphics Menu

The Graphics menu is used to observe plots of output data provided by a successful program run.
Options for the observation of output curves under this menu are only enabled after a successful run has
been made. Even after performing successful runs, some options may still be disabled since the amount
of output data depends on specifications provided in the input file of each program run. Submenu
choices, shown in Figure 2.12, are briefly described below.
Unit Skin Friction vs Depth ..............provides a plot of unit load transfers in side resistance (skin
friction) versus depth of the modeled pile according to computational methods for pile
capacity that were selected by the user.
Accumulated Skin Friction vs Depth…provides a plot of accumulated load transfers in side resistance
(skin friction) versus depth of the modeled pile according to computational methods for
pile capacity that were selected by the user.
Tip Resistance vs Depth…. provides a plot of ultimate end bearing (tip resistance) versus depth of the
modeled pile according to computational methods for pile capacity that were selected by
the user.

Total Capacity vs Depth…. provides a plot of the ultimate total capacity (skin friction plus tip
resistance) versus depth of the modeled pile according to computational methods for pile
capacity that were selected by the user.
Load Distribution…. provides a plot of distributions of axial loads versus depth for the modeled pile
according to the computational method for load-vs-settlement that was selected by the
user.
Combined Plot…. provides a plot of ultimate skin friction, ultimate tip resistance, and the ultimate total
capacity versus depth on a single graph, according to the computational method for load-
vs-settlement that was selected by the user.
Axial Load vs Settlement….this option provides a plot of the axial loads versus settlement at the pile
head based on t-z curves and Q-w curves, according to the computational method for
load-vs-settlement that was selected by the user.
Internally-Generated t-z Curves….this option provides a plot of the t-z curves generated by the
program at the top, the middle, and the bottom of each soil layer, according to the
computational method for load-vs-settlement that was selected by the user..
Extra t-z Curves at User-Specified Depths….this option provides a plot of the t-z curves generated by
the program at user-specified depths.
Internally Generated Q-w Curve….this option provides a plot of the Q-w (tip resistance vs. movement)
that was generated according to the computational method for load-vs-settlement that was
selected by the user..
Exports Plots to Excel….this option allows the user to export some (or all) of the above plots to an
excel file. Each plot will be exported to two sheets, one contains the data and the second
the chart..

Figure 2.12 Options contained in the Graphics menu
2.2.7 Arrangement of Windows

The Window menu provides two standard functions for organizing opened windows and/or
minimized window icons. Submenu options, shown in Figure 2.13, are briefly described below.
Cascade .......... this option organizes all open-windowed menus so that all become visible with their tops
cascading from the top left portion of the screen.
Arrange Icons. ............... this option organizes the icons of all minimized windowed menus so that all
become visible and aligned at the bottom portion of the screen.
Other entries under the Window menu are names of any open windows or plot file, that the user
may select to navigate between open windows.

Figure 2.13 Sample options contained in the Window menu
2.2.8 Help Files

The Help menu provides an online help reference on topics such as: using the program, entering
data, information about variables used in the program and methods of analyses. Submenu options, shown
in Figure 2.14, are briefly described below. The menu may be accessed at any time while in APILE.
Contents ......... the main reference files for help are accessed through this submenu option. The Help
files usually do not provide as much information as the electronic manuals that are also
accessible from the Help menu.
User’s Manual ............... this selection calls the installed version of Adobe Acrobat or Acrobat Reader to
open the User’s Manual. This document is formatted as an Adobe PDF file.
Technical Manual .......... this selection calls the viewer of the Technical Manual. This is a protected file
(copyright document) that can only be opened with this viewer and by user’s that are
running the program in full mode.

About ............... this provides a screen describing the program version, date, maintenance expiration date,
USB serial number and methods for accessing technical support.
Check for Updates ........ starts the default Internet browser and sends the user to a page that describes
information about the user’s license (release and maintenance expiration date) as well as
the latest release that is available for downloading at the Ensoft site. Users may only run
in full mode maintenance updates that were released before the expiration date of the
user’s license.
Figure 2.14 Options contained in the Help menu

CHAPTER 3. References for Data Input

CHAPTER 3 –References for Data Input – 3-2
3.1 File Menu

This menu contains options related to the management of input-data files and to exit the program.
Input-data files created for APILE are provided with a standard file-name extension in the form of
*filename*.ap6d (where *filename* represents any allowable file name). All input data files are standard
text files and may be edited with any text editor or word-processing program.
3.1.1 File – New

Once the program is started, default values are used for certain operating parameters and a blank
input-data file is created. Selecting New under the File menu resets all APILE variables to either default
or blank values, as appropriate. This option should be selected when a new data file is desired to be
created from a blank form. This menu option may also be accessed with the Ctrl+N keyboard
combination.
3.1.2 File - Open

This is used to open a file that has been previously prepared and saved to disk. The File – Open
window dialog, shown in Figure 3.1, is used to search and open an existing input-data file. By default,
the file is initially searched in the directory where APILE was installed. Standard windows-navigation
procedures may be used to locate the name and directory of the desired project file. This menu option
may be accessed with the Ctrl+O keyboard combination.
Every analytical run of APILE produces several additional files (previously described in Table 2.1
of this manual). The name of the input-data file indicates the names of all related files produced by a
successful program run (output, graphics, and processor text files). All the additional program files will
be created in the same directory as the input data file. Input-data files that are partially completed may be
saved and later opened for completion, run, and observation of results.
Opening some partially-completed APILE input files or invalid data files (or files with incorrect
data formats) may produce an information window reporting that an “invalid or incomplete” file is being
opened (Figure 3.2). The user should click the OK button and all partial-input data that was previously
prepared should become available.
The program allows users to read input-data files created for the previous APILE versions (*.apd,
*.ap6d file extensions) by selecting the drop-down arrow under the Files of type: option at the bottom of
the File – Open window screen. The program will automatically convert the opened previous APILE
input file to the current version of APILE when the user saves the opened file.

Figure 3.1 Window screen for the File – Open dialog
Figure 3.2 Sample message for incomplete or invalid file
3.1.3 File – Save

This option is used to save input data under the current file name. With this method of storing data
to disk, any input data that was previously saved with the same file name is replaced with the current
parameters. Input-data files should be saved every time before proceeding with runs for analytical
computation. This menu option may also be accessed with the Ctrl+S keyboard combination.

3.1.4 File – Save As

This option allows the user to save any opened or new input data file under a different file name or
different directory. Any input data file saved under an existing file name will replace the contents of the
existing file.
3.1.5 File – Exit

This is selected to exit APILE. Any input-data file that was modified and not yet saved to disk will
produce a confirmation window before exiting the program (see Figure 3.3).
Figure 3.3 Message window advising that changes were not saved to disk
3.2 Data Menu

The input of specific parameters for an application is controlled under options contained within this
menu (shown in Figure 3.4). It is recommended that the user choose each submenu and enter parameters
in a consecutive manner starting from the top.
Selecting or clicking any of the submenu choices contained in the Data menu produces various
types of windows. As a reminder of standard commands of Microsoft Windows®, open windows may be
closed by all or some of the following methods:
 clicking the OK button (if available),or
 clicking the X-box on the upper-right corner of the window, or
 pressing the “Ctrl+F4” keyboard combination, or
 double-clicking the APILE icon on the upper-left corner of the window, or
 clicking once on the APILE icon on the upper-left corner of the window and then choosing
Close.
Open windows may optionally be left open on the screen. The selection of other menu options will
then produce new windows on top of those that were previously left open.
Many sub-windows of the Data menu will show an Add Row, Insert Row and/or Delete Row
buttons. The Add Row button always adds new rows at the end after all existing rows. The Insert Row
button always inserts a new row right after an existing row highlighted by the mouse. Clicking on the
Delete Row button deletes the row where the cursor is located.

Figure 3.4 Options contained in the Data menu
3.2.1 Numeric Data Entries

Cells that require numeric data may accept entries of mathematical expressions in addition to
simple numeric entries. Entering a mathematical expression works similarly to normal numeric data. The
user types the expression that represents the data and presses the Return key to calculate the entered
expression and to display the numeric result in the same cell.
Table 3.1 below shows the list of supported operations and constants. The order of operations
follows the order in the list of Table 3.1. Note that implicit multiplication (i.e. 2(4+6)) is not supported
(instead, use 2*(4+6) for the previous example).
OPERATORS
Symbol Description
() Parenthesis (may be nested)
^ Exponentiation
* Multiplication
/ Division
+ Addition
- Subtraction
- Negation (same as subtraction)
CONSTANTS
Symbol Value
PI (or pi) 3.1415927
e (or E) 2.7182818
Table 3.1 Supported mathematical operations and constants
The two constants that are currently supported are PI and e. Implicit multiplications using
constants is not supported (use 2*e instead of 2e). Negation of the constants PI or e is not allowed. For
instance, instead of entering -PI the user must enter - (PI).

Scientific notation (i.e. 1.65e8 or 1.65e-8) may be used to input very large or very small numbers.
After an expression is calculated, very large or very small numbers will be displayed using scientific
notation.
3.2.2 Data – Title

This option activates the window shown in Figure 3.5, where the user can enter a line of text
containing a general description for the application problem. Any combination of characters may be
entered in the text box in order to describe a particular application. The user input will be restrained
automatically once the maximum length of text is reached. This is done to prevent the user from going
beyond the maximum permissible length of characters allowed for the title line.
Figure 3.5 Window screen for sample Data - Title
3.2.3 Data – Computational Methods

The tabs shown in Figure 3.6 and Figure 3.7 are presented in this submenu. The user can select the
preferred method for computation of load-vs-settlement curves (instructions for generation of t-z and Q-w
curves) and for computations of pile capacity.
3.2.3.1 Method for Load-vs-Settlement

The computations of load-vs-settlement involves two procedures: i) computation of the unit-load
transfers, and ii) computation of the shape of the nonlinear, load-transfer curves (t-z and Q-w).
The APILE program automatically selects the nonlinear shape of the load-transfer curves (t-z and
Q-w) according to methods (*) or (**) that are shown in parenthesis in Figure 3.6. Method (*) uses the
theories of Reese/Mosher/Skempton referenced in Table 3.2 which are also described in Chapter 4 of the
APILE Technical Manual (Section 4.4 through Section 4.7).
Method (**) uses the recommendations from the American Petroleum Institute (API RP-2A, 2007)
which are also described in Section 4.8 of the APILE Technical Manual.

Type of Load Method for Shape of Load-

Type of Soil
Transfer Transfer Curve
Cohesive Coyle & Reese (1966)
Side Resistance
Cohesionless Mosher (1984)
Cohesive Skempton (1951)
End Bearing
Cohesionless Vijayvergiya & Mosher (1984)
Table 3.2 Shape of Nonlinear Load-Transfer Curves from Reese/Mosher/Skempton
For computations of unit load transfers, the APILE program offers four (regular version) and eight
(offshore version) methods for computing pile response under axial loads. Alternatively to those
embedded methods, the user may also select to input any arbitrary unit load transfers in skin friction and
end bearing at top and bottom of each soil layer in the model.
The automated computation methods for unit load transfers in APILE are the following:
FHWA.............. uses recommendations from the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) of the United
States. The theoretical background of this method is included in Section 3.5 of the
APILE Technical Manual. When the user selects this method of computation for unit-
load transfers, the APILE program automatically uses the Method (*)
(Reese/Mosher/Skempton in Table 3.2) for computations of the shape of the load-transfer
curves.
USACE .......... uses recommendations from the United States Army Corps of Engineers. The theoretical
background of this method is included in Section 3.4 of the APILE Technical Manual.
When the user selects this method of computation for unit-load transfers, the APILE
program automatically uses the Method (*) (Reese/Mosher/Skempton in Table 3.2) for
computations of the shape of the load-transfer curves.
Revised Lambda............ uses recommendations from Vijayvergiya and Focht (1972), also known as the
“Lambda method.” The theoretical background of this method is included in Section 3.3
of the APILE Technical Manual. When the user selects this method of computation for
unit-load transfers, the APILE program automatically uses the Method (*)
(Reese/Mosher/Skempton in Table 3.2) for computations of the shape of the load-transfer
curves.
API RP 2A ..... uses Recommended Practice 2A of the American Petroleum Institute, also known as the
“revised API method” (2007). The theoretical background of this method is included in
Section 3.2 of the APILE Technical Manual. When the user selects this method of
computation for unit-load transfers, the APILE program automatically uses the Method
(**) (API RP 2A in Section 4.8 of the APILE Technical Manual) for computations of the
shape of the load-transfer curves.
Load-transfer units specified by user…in addition to the internal methods of computations provided
by the program, the user also has the option to specify any values of load-transfer units
by selecting this method of computation. When the user selects this method of
computation for unit-load transfers, the APILE program automatically uses the Method

(*) (Reese/Mosher/Skempton in Table 3.2) for computations of the shape of the load-
transfer curves.
NGI .................. (available only for the “APILE Offshore” version) uses CPT-based semi-empirical
formulations recommended by the Norwegian Geotechnical Institute in 1999. The
theoretical background of this method is included in Section 3.6 of the APILE Technical
Manual. When the user selects this method of computation for unit-load transfers, the
APILE program automatically uses the Method (**) (API RP 2A in Section 4.8 of the
APILE Technical Manual) for computations of the shape of the load-transfer curves.
ICP/MTD ....... (available only for the “APILE Offshore” version) uses CPT-based semi-empirical
formulations recommended by the Imperial College in 2005. The theoretical background
of this method is included in Section 3.7 of the APILE Technical Manual. When the user
selects this method of computation for unit-load transfers, the APILE program
automatically uses the Method (**) (API RP 2A in Section 4.8 of the APILE Technical
Manual) for computations of the shape of the load-transfer curves.
FUGRO ........... (available only for the “APILE Offshore” version) uses CPT-based semi-empirical
formulations recommended by Fugro in 2004. The theoretical background of this method
is included Section 3.8 of the APILE Technical Manual. When the user selects this
method of computation for unit-load transfers, the APILE program automatically uses the
Method (**) (API RP 2A in Section 4.8 of the APILE Technical Manual) for
computations of the shape of the load-transfer curves.
UWA ............. (available only for the “APILE Offshore” version) uses CPT-based semi-empirical
formulations recommended by the University of Western Australia (UWA), Perth in
2005. The theoretical background of this method is included in Section 3.9 of the APILE
Technical Manual. When the user selects this method of computation for unit-load
transfers, the APILE program automatically uses the Method (**) (API RP 2A in Section
4.8 of the APILE Technical Manual) for computations of the shape of the load-transfer
curves.
Factors for t-z and Q-w Curves
Unfactored ...... the selection of this radio button will use the LRFD factors (on Side Friction and End
Bearing) that are inputted by the user for each soil layer under Data – Soil Layers
(entries in the last two columns) and apply them only to pile capacity and not to t-z nor
Q-w curves. This is the default and expected selection for most applications, even for
users of the LRFD method from AASHTO. This is because LRFD resistance factors are
only applicable to pile capacity and not to load-vs-settlement.
Reduced ......... the selection of this radio button will use the LRFD factors (as t-multipliers for t-z curves
and Q-multipliers for Q-w curves) that are inputted by the user for each soil layer under
Data – Soil Layers (entries in the last two columns). This selection may be preferred by
users for special analytical cases, such as hypothetical computations of load-vs-settlement
for evaluations of losses of strength during pile driving or to match measured load-test
data.

3.2.3.2 Method for Pile Capacity

For computations of axial pile capacity, the APILE program offers four (regular version) and eight
(offshore version) methods. Alternatively to those embedded methods, the user may also select to input
any arbitrary unit load transfers in skin friction and end bearing at top and bottom of each soil layer in the
model. The user may select a single method, several or all methods to compare results from various
recommendations. As a minimum, the APILE program automatically selects the method that was
selected by the user for computations of load-vs-settlement (the method preceded by the words LS in the
Pile Capacity tab).
The automated computation methods for pile capacity in APILE are the following:
FHWA.............. uses recommendations from the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) of the United
States. The theoretical background of this method is included in Section 3.5 of the
APILE Technical Manual.
USACE .......... uses recommendations from the United States Army Corps of Engineers. The theoretical
background of this method is included in Section 3.4 of the APILE Technical Manual.
For this particular method, the user is offered an additional control regarding the critical
depth that should be used in sand layers (see Section 3.4 of the APILE Technical
Manual):
Critical Depth Method for Sand .......... For design purposes, USACE established that
the skin friction of piles in sand increases linearly to an assumed critical depth (Dc) and
then remains constant below that depth. APILE provides the users with some control
regarding this limitation to increases in load transfers of side resistance in sand.
Original Recommendations ... With this selection, APILE will use the original USACE
code with a critical depth (Dc) that depends on sand density, which is equal to 10 pile
diameters in loose sand, 15 pile diameters in medium sand and 20 pile diameters in dense
sand. For multiple layers, the criteria that is used depends on the soil layer at the pile tip
and the computations of depth always starts from ground surface.
At Effective Stress Reaching 3,500 psi (185 kPa)…With this selection, APILE will
use a critical depth equal to the one where the effective stress (’z) reach 3,500 lb/in2
(185 kPa). This criteria has been opted for practical reasons by some engineers when
modeling multiple soil layers.
At User-Specified Critical Depth…With this selection, APILE will use a critical depth
that is here entered by the user, in ft or meter. This option is provided by APILE since
some engineers that employ the USACE method may not want to limit the increases of
transfers in side resistances in sand (thus entering a depth that is equal to the pile length)
or want to see the effects of entering a different depth than those from the original
USACE method.

Revised Lambda............ uses recommendations from Vijayvergiya and Focht (1972), also known as the
“Lambda method.” The theoretical background of this method is included in Section 3.3
of the APILE Technical Manual.
Figure 3.6 Window screens for Data Menu – Computational Methods – Method for
Load vs Settlement

Figure 3.7 Window screens for Data Menu – Computational Methods – Method for Pile
Capacity

API RP 2A ..... uses Recommended Practice 2A of the American Petroleum Institute, also known as the
“revised API method” (2007). The theoretical background of this method is included in
Section 3.2 of the APILE Technical Manual.
Based on Load-transfer Units Specified by User…in addition to the internal methods of
computations provided by the program, the user also has the option to specify any values
of load-transfer units by selecting this method of computation.
NGI .................. (available only for the “APILE Offshore” version) uses CPT-based semi-empirical
formulations recommended by the Norwegian Geotechnical Institute in 1999. The
theoretical background of this method is included in Section 3.6 of the APILE Technical
Manual.
ICP/MTD ....... (available only for the “APILE Offshore” version) uses CPT-based semi-empirical
formulations recommended by the Imperial College in 2005. The theoretical background
of this method is included in Section 3.7 of the APILE Technical Manual.
For this particular method, the user must also select whether the loading produces drained
or undrained conditions for end bearing in clay layers (see Section 3.7.3.2 of the APILE
Technical Manual):
Used Drained Condition for Clay ....... some users tend to evaluate long-term behavior
by the assumption of drained conditions in the cohesive soil.
Used Undrained Condition for Clay ... this is the default and most common condition,
though some users relate this condition to short term responses.
FUGRO ........... (available only for the “APILE Offshore” version) uses CPT-based semi-empirical
formulations recommended by Fugro in 2004. The theoretical background of this method
is included Section 3.8 of the APILE Technical Manual.
UWA ............. (available only for the “APILE Offshore” version) uses CPT-based semi-empirical
formulations recommended by the University of Western Australia (UWA), Perth in
2005. The theoretical background of this method is included in Section 3.9 of the APILE
Technical Manual.
Type of Loading - Compression or Tension
The user may specify either compressive loading or tensile loading with these radio buttons. If the
tensile loading is selected, the user may enter a reduction factor on side friction which is applicable only
with the API method. For other methods (outside API) this tensile reduction factor is not taken into
account since the APILE program will follow the recommendations from each theory (see Chapter 3 of
the APILE Technical Manual).
3.2.4 Data – Pile Material

This submenu option allows the user to select the pile type and material that is used in the driven
pile. An illustration of the Pile Material window for an example application is shown in Figure 3.10. A
general description for the data needed in the Data - Pile Material submenu option is listed below.

3.2.4.1 Select Pile Type

The user may select one of the following pile types:
Steel pipe piles and non-tapered portion of monotube piles… includes any steel pile with circular
section or for circular tubing. Piles with a taper (changing diameter) can be considered
here but the extra load transfer from the tapered portion will be ignored when using this
selection.
H-Piles/Steel Shapes…this selection includes any steel pile that is not circular in section, such as H-
piles or wide flanges that are used as driven piles.
Figure 3.8 Window screens for Data Menu –Pile Material

Precast concrete piles…this is for any type of concrete pile, where the user also selects if the pile
section is circular or not.
Tapered portion of monotube piles…this selection is for steel piles with varying circular section. The
theory for extra load transfer from the angle of pile taper is only applicable to the FHWA
method (see Section 3.5 of the APILE Technical Manual). For this pile type, the angle of
pile taper should be entered by the user in degrees and is measured from the vertical (less
than 90 degrees), where an entry of 0 indicates a straight pile.
Raymond step-taper piles…this selection is for specialized steel piles that are composed of several
short sections of varying diameters that are joined together to form the pile, that is
normally referred as “step taper.” The theory for extra load transfer from Raymond step-
taper piles is only applicable to the FHWA method (see Section 3.5 of the APILE
Technical Manual).
Raymond uniform-taper piles…this selection is for Raymond steel piles with uniformly varying
circular section. The theory for extra load transfer from the angle of pile taper is only
applicable to the FHWA method (see Section 3.5 of the APILE Technical Manual). For
this pile type, the angle of pile taper should be entered by the user in degrees and is
measured from the vertical (less than 90 degrees), where an entry of 0 indicates a straight
pile.
Timber piles…this selection is for timber piles with uniformly varying circular section (more common)
or even applicable to straight timber (not used often). The theory for extra load transfer
from the angle of pile taper is only applicable to the FHWA method (see Section 3.5 of
the APILE Technical Manual). For this pile type, the angle of pile taper should be
entered by the user in degrees and is measured from the vertical (less than 90 degrees),
where an entry of 0 indicates a straight pile.. In addition to elastic deformation, a
distinction for response of timber piles (based on pile material) is also provided by the
USACE method (see Section 3.4 of the APILE Technical Manual).
3.2.4.2 Data for Axial Stiffness

The entries in this section are only used to calculate the elastic deformation of the pile (which has a
direct effect on load-vs-settlement) and thus do not have any effect in computations of pile capacity.
Modulus of Elasticity, E…this number (always positive) represents the elastic modulus of the pile. The
elastic modulus of the pile is used for load-vs-settlement analysis to calculate the elastic
deformation of the pile. The English unit for this variable is “psi” or “lb/in2“ while “kPa”
or “kN/m2“ is used for SI units.
Cross Section Area
Calculate from Pile Section…the selection of this radio button instructs APILE to calculate a cross-
sectional area of the pile automatically based on input from the user under Data –
Circular-Section Pile or under Data – Noncircular-Section Pile. Notice that for H
piles and pipe piles the user may select a closed ended section for capacity analysis but
should use only the metal (steel) area for elastic deformation. For those cases the user
may need to enter a different area using the next option below. The automatically

calculated entry in this radio button is provided in units of “in2“ when using English units
or in “m2“ when using SI units.
Constant Cross Section Area…the selection of this radio button instructs APILE to use any cross-
sectional area that is here entered by the user. This is particularly important for pipe piles
and H piles (or wide flanges) since the value that is here entered is normally only the
metal (steel) area, even if the pile is closed ended for capacity calculations. For solid
piles (concrete/timber) the value that is here entered is the whole cross-sectional area.
The entry in this radio button shall be provided in units of “in2“ when using English units
or in “m2“ when using SI units.
Non-Constant Cross Section Area…the selection of this radio button instructs APILE to use the
variations of cross-sectional areas that are here entered by the user. For proper
computations of elastic deformation with any type of taper pile the user must select this
option and enter the cross sectional areas. A minimum of two entries (top and bottom of
section or pile) must be specified and APILE interpolates linearly between entries.
The entries of Depth in this table shall be provided in units of “ft“ when using English
units or in “m“ when using SI units. The entries of Cross Section Area in this table
shall be provided in units of “in2“ when using English units or in “m2“ when using SI
units.
3.2.5 Data – Circular-Section Pile

This submenu is automatically enabled if the user selected to analyze a pile type with a circular
cross section (under Data – Pile Material). This submenu option allows the user to input dimensions
and section properties for piles with circular cross sections. A general description for the data needed
under each entry of the Data - Circular-Section Pile submenu option is listed below and shown in
Figure 3.9.
Outer Diameter, OD
This is the outside diameter that will be used in the computations. The English unit for this
variable is “inch”, while “millimeter” is for the SI unit.
Inner Diameter, ID
This is the inside diameter that will be used in the computations. The English unit for this variable
is “inch”, while “millimeter” is for the SI unit.
This entry is disabled for pile types where it is not applicable, such as concrete, Raymond, timber
or tapered monotube piles. For close-ended pipe piles, the inner diameter can be entered as zero or the
user may enter an inner diameter and select “plugged” condition at the bottom of this window screen.
The APILE program computes skin friction on both outside and inside area for pipe piles. In clay
layers, the user-specified remolded shear strength is used to compute the inside skin friction.
Total Length, TL

This is equal to the summation of the stickup length (if any) plus maximum pile penetration that is
expected for the pile. The program will compute side resistance and end bearing at every depth interval
until reaching the specified total length.
The load-vs-settlement curve will also be computed based on the total length. For the final design,
the user may need to enter the exact total length in order to generate proper load-vs-settlement data. The
English unit for this variable is “ft”, while “meter” is for the SI unit.
Pile Stickup Length, PSL
This input represents the length of pile that is sticking up above ground level. This length is only
used in computations of elastic shortening since no axial load transfer occurs above ground. The English
unit for this variable is “ft” while “meter” is for the SI unit.
Zero-Friction Length from Ground, ZFL
This number (always positive) represents the length of pile immediately below ground level that is
declared noncontributing to side resistance. The English unit for this variable is “ft” while “meter” is for
the SI unit.
Inner Diameter of Lower-End Section, EID
In open-ended pipe piles, occasionally, a thick-walled section is used in the lower end of the piles
to prevent damage during driving. This enlarged-end section is usually referred to as “driving shoe.”
The user may specify in this entry a value for the inner diameter of a thick-walled end section. The
inner diameter of the end section must be entered in inches when using English units or millimeters when
using SI units.
This value should be left as zero for close-ended piles or when the pile section is uniform along the
complete length.
Lower End Section Length, ESL
In direct relationship to the previous entry, the user here specifies the length of the thick-walled end
section of the pile. Again, this length is specified to be zero if a driving shoe is not used during pile
driving (for uniform piles). The English unit for this variable is “ft”, while “meter” is for the SI unit.
Internal load transfers in side resistance (on open-ended piles) are ignored after (above) this Lower
End Section Length (ESL). This is because the soil is highly disturbed after the change in pile diameter
(from a smaller to a larger inner diameter, or after an internal stiffener). If the user wants to keep
considering internal side resistances even after the change in diameter (from the driving shoe) then the
user could enter a fictitiously long value for Lower End Section Length (ESL).
Plugged/Unplugged Conditions
This entry is only shown for pipe piles, where the user is provided with controls for the load
transfers from the internal pile plug. This entry is not shown in pile types where it is not applicable, such
as concrete, Raymond, timber or tapered monotube piles.
For close-ended pipe piles, the user may enter an inner diameter of zero or the user may enter a
valid inner diameter and select the radio button for “plugged” condition. Both methods provide the same
results for close-ended pipe piles.

In the CPT-based methods (NGI 99, ICP/MTD, FUGRO and UWA) for APILE Offshore the user
is required to specify either plugged or unplugged condition for computations of static capacity on open-
ended pipe piles. APILE will determine the plugged or unplugged conditions for the CPT-based methods
based on the internal computations of pile plug (when users select Internal Pile Plug Calculated by
Program).
Figure 3.9 Window screen for sample Data – Circular-Section Pile
3.2.6 Data – Noncircular Section Pile

This submenu is automatically enabled if the user selected to analyze a pile type with a noncircular
cross section (under Data – Pile Material). This submenu option allows the user to input dimensions
and section properties for piles with noncircular cross sections. A general description for the data needed
under each entry of the Data - Noncircular-Section Pile submenu option is listed below and shown in
Figure 3.10
Total Length, TL
This is equal to the summation of the stickup length (if any) plus maximum pile penetration that is
expected for the pile. The program will compute side resistance and end bearing at every depth interval
until reaching the specified total length.

The load-vs-settlement curve will also be computed based on the total length. For the final design,
the user may need to enter the exact total length in order to generate proper load-vs-settlement data. The
English unit for this variable is “ft”, while “meter” is for the SI unit.
Pile Stickup Length, PSL
This input represents the length of pile that is sticking up above ground level. This length is only
used in computations of elastic shortening since no axial load transfer occurs above ground. The English
unit for this variable is “ft” while “meter” is for the SI unit.
Zero-Friction Length from Ground, ZFL
This number (always positive) represents the length of pile immediately below ground level that is
declared noncontributing to side resistance. The English unit for this variable is “ft” while “meter” is for
the SI unit.
Perimeter for Noncircular Section
The perimeter is used by the program for computations of skin friction. For H-piles, most users
would conservatively input the perimeter of the rectangular box formed between the flanges. The English
unit for this variable is “inch”, while “millimeter” is for the SI unit.
Tip Area for Noncircular Section
The tip area for the noncircular section is needed by the program for computations of tip resistance
(resistance in end bearing). For H-piles, most users would input the area of the rectangular box formed
between the flanges. However, in very soft clay the soil between the flanges will probably not plug the
H-pile and it is recommended to be more conservative using only the cross-sectional area of the metal.
The English unit for this variable is “inch”, while “millimeter” is for the SI unit.

Figure 3.10 Window screen for sample Data – Noncircular Pile Section
3.2.7 Data – Soil Layers

This submenu allows the user to enter a layering system and to specify the different types of soil
and material properties to be used for the computations. An illustration of the Soil Layers window for an
example application is shown in Figure 3.12.
In general, each sub-window that comes up under the Layer button consists of entry fields for the
top and bottom of the soil layer. The user may enter different parameters for the top and the bottom of
each layer. The program will linearly interpolate the data for any point between those two depths. The
following sections will provide general description on data needed for each soil type.
Layer
This is a sequential number and button that is provided to each soil layer. This number is
computed automatically by the program as new layers are added using the Add Layer or Insert Layer
buttons at the lower part of Figure 3.12. The maximum number of soil layers that may be used in each
data file is limited to 40.

Inputs of mechanical properties for the different types of soil layers are explained in Sections
3.2.7.1 and 3.2.7.2 of this Manual.
The Add Layer button inserts a new soil layer at the bottom of the profile that is already defined.
The Insert Layer button inserts a new soil layer immediately below the layer where the cursor is located.
The Delete Layer deletes the soil layer where the cursor is located.
Soil Type
There are two internal types of soils that may be specified for program APILE. The user specifies
the desired soil type using a dropdown list with the following choices:
Code Number Internal Soil Type
1 Sand
2 Clay
3 Silt*
Inputs of mechanical properties for the different types of soil layers are explained in Sections
3.2.7.1 and 3.2.7.2 of this Manual.
Silt is available only if USACE method is selected.
Depth at Bottom of Each Layer
Values for the bottom of each soil layer are entered with respect to an origin of coordinates set at
the ground surface. As a minimum, the bottom of the last soil layer must be two pile diameters deeper
than the depth of the modeled pile. This is because the APILE program, for computations of end bearing,
uses an average of soil properties within 1.5 pile diameters above and below the pile tip.
Max. Side Friction
In this entry the user may specify the maximum value of skin-friction transfer that is permissible
for a given stratum. The APILE program will compare its internally-computed value (according to the
selected design method) with the maximum provided by the user in this entry and use the smaller of these
two values for the final computation. If the user does not want to add any restriction on the computed
value from APILE, simply enter 0 to suppress this option and always use the internally-computed values.
Max. End Bearing
In this entry the user may specify the maximum value of transfer in end bearing that is permissible
for a given stratum. The APILE program will compare its internally-computed value (according to the
selected design method) with the maximum provided by the user in this entry and use the smaller of these
two values for the final computation. If the user does not want to add any restriction on the computed
value from APILE, simply enter 0 to suppress this option and always use the internally-computed values.
Reduction/Resistance Factor (Side Friction)
The column is provided for entering a factor or multiplier that applies to one of the following
conditions:
 An LRFD resistance factor on side friction (if the user selected the radio button
Data>Computational Method>Method for Load Settlement>Factors for t-z and Q-w
Curves>Use Unfactored Unit Side Friction and Unit Tip Resistance), or

 A t-multiplier/factor in the t-z curves (if the user selected the radio button Data>Computational
Method>Method for Load Settlement>Factors for t-z and Q-w Curves>Use Reduced Unit
Side Friction and Unit Tip Resistance).
Enter 1.0 for no reductions on the computed values of side friction.
Reduction/Resistance Factor (End Bearing)
The column is provided for entering a factor or multiplier that applies to one of the following
conditions:
 An LRFD resistance factor on tip resistance (if the user selected the radio button
Curves>Use Unfactored Unit Side Friction and Unit Tip Resistance), or
 A Q-multiplier/factor in the Q-w curves (if the user selected the radio button
Curves>Use Reduced Unit Side Friction and Unit Tip Resistance).
Enter 1.0 for no reductions on the computed values of tip resistance.
Figure 3.11 Window screen for sample Data – Soil Layers
3.2.7.1 Soil Data for Sand Layers

A sample window for this soil option is shown in Figure 3.12. The required properties for sand
layers are explained below. Values are entered for top and bottom of each layer, the APILE program
automatically interpolates linearly for intermediate values between those entries. Notice that for
computations of end bearing, APILE uses an average of soil properties within 1.5 pile diameters above
and below the pile tip.

Figure 3.12 Soil data for sand layers
Effective Unit Weight

This column entry corresponds to values of the effective (submerged) unit weight (not total unit
weight). Values for the top and bottom of the sand layer are entered in standard units of force per unit
volume (either lb/ft3 or kN/m3).
Friction Angle
This column entry corresponds to values of the internal angle of friction (also known as friction
angle or  angle) for the top and bottom of the sand layer. The values of Friction Angle are preferably
entered in standard units of degrees.

If the Friction Angle values are not available the user may alternatively enter Blow Counts from
SPT (Standard Penetration Test). For friction transfers (transfers in side resistance) the computer
program APILE converts internally between the provided values of Blow Counts from SPT entries to
equivalent Friction Angle using the general relationship in Table 3.3 (for further reference see the
Technical Manual for comments of side resistance in sand layers).
When the user provides values of Blow Counts from SPT the computer program APILE uses
those values for computations of end bearing following equations and limits specified in the Technical
Manual (comments of end bearing in sand layers).
Table 3.3 Relationship between N and  (after Gibbs and Holtz, 1957)
Coefficient of Lateral Earth Pressure, Ko (API only)

This column reflect values of the lateral earth pressure coefficient for the top and bottom of the
sand layer. Values for Ko depend on the relative density of the sand and the process by which the sand
deposits were formed. If the sand deposits did not receive any artificial compaction, values of Ko range
from about 0.40 for loose to 0.50 for dense sand. Artificial compaction or tamping may increase Ko
values to 0.80.
The earth pressure coefficient, Ko, is used to calculate the skin friction in granular soils. A Ko of
0.8 is recommended for open-ended pipe piles that are driven unplugged for loadings in both tension and
compression. A Ko of 1.0 is recommended for full-displacement piles. Ko is only used by the API

method and is disabled if API was not selected by the user. Ko is assigned internally based on the
recommendation when other methods are employed.
Bearing Capacity Factor, Nq (API only)
This factor is used to calculate the end-bearing capacity of piles in granular soils. Recommended
values of Nq and maximum ending bearing are provided in Table 3.4. Nq is only used by the API
method and is disabled if API was not selected by the user. Nq is assigned internally based on the
recommendation when other methods are employed.
Data for User-Specified Load Transfers
These entries are enabled if the user selects to enter specific load transfers (under the
Data/Computational Method/Method for Pile Capacity). The user-specified values in these entries
are not used for any other method. Values are entered in standard units of force per unit area (either lb/ft2
or kN/m2).
Cone Penetration Data, Qc
The user can enter Qc values for the top and bottom of each sand layer. Qc is used by the CPT-
based methods such as NGI 99 and MTD methods available in the APILE Offshore version. Qc is not
enabled if CPT-based methods were not selected by the user.
Limiting q ,
Soil Nq kips/ft2 (MPa)
Very loose to medium,
sand to silt 8 40 (1.9)
Loose to dense,
sand to silt 12 60 (2.9)
Medium to dense,
sand to sand-silt 20 100 (4.8)
Dense to very dense,
sand to sand-silt 40 200 (9.6)
Dense to very dense,
gravel to sand 50 250 (12.0)
Table 3.4 Guidelines for tip resistance in siliceous soil
3.2.7.2 Soil Data for Clay Layers

A sample window for this soil option is shown in Figure 3.13. The required properties for clay
layers are explained below. Values are entered for top and bottom of each layer, the APILE program
automatically interpolates linearly for intermediate values between those entries. Notice that for

computations of end bearing, APILE uses an average of soil properties within 1.5 pile diameters above
and below the pile tip.
Figure 3.13 Soil data for clay layers


Undrained Shear Strength

This column represents the input values for the undrained shear strength at the top and bottom of
the clay layer. Ordinarily, these values are taken as one half of the compression strength of samples
obtained from unconsolidated-unconfined triaxial tests.
Remolded Shear Strength
When a pipe pile is driven into clay soils, the clay inside the pipe forms a plug. The plugged clay
may be remolded during the driving process. This entry variable represents the values for the shear
strength that will be used for computing the side friction from the remolded soil plug inside a steel pipe.
This variable is disabled if the user selected a Data/Pile Material that is not a pipe pile.
Data for User-Specified Load Transfers
These entries are enabled if the user selects to enter specific load transfers (under the
Data/Computational Method/Method for Pile Capacity). The user-specified values in these entries
are not used for any other method. Values are entered in standard units of force per unit area (either lb/ft2
or kN/m2).
Qc from Cone Penetration Data
The user can enter Qc values for the top and bottom of each clay layer. Qc is used by the CPT-
based methods such as NGI 99 and MTD methods available in the APILE Offshore version. Qc is
disabled if CPT-based methods were not selected by the user.
Plasticity Index (PI)
PI is used by the ICP/MTD method only, which is available in the APILE Offshore version. PI is
not enabled if the ICP/MTD method was not selected by the user.
Yield Stress Ratio (YSR)
Yield Stress Ratio (YSR) is used by the ICP/MTD method only, which is available in the APILE
Offshore version. YSR is defined as the effective vertical yield stress (’vy) to the vertical in situ effective
stress (’vo). OCR (over-consolidation ratio) is defined as the vertical maximum pre-consolidation
effective stress (’vc) to the vertical in situ effective stress (’vo). YSR is also named as apparent OCR in
some literature, but generally YSR is greater than OCR. YSR is not enabled if the ICP/MTD method was
not selected by the user.
Estimation of Adhesion Factor (Only for FHWA Method)
The select can select the graph to estimate the adhesion factor. The options available are:
- Default. Program will choose the method based on soil layer layout.
- Using Tomlinson Graph A.
- Using Tomlinson Graph B.
- Using Tomlinson Graph C.
Please see Item 3.5.3 of the Technical Manual for a further description.

3.2.7.3 Soil Data for Silt Layers

This material is only available if USACE method has been selected. A sample window for this soil
option is shown in Figure 3.15. The required properties for sand layers are explained below. Values are
entered for top and bottom of each layer, the APILE program automatically interpolates linearly for
intermediate values between those entries. Notice that for computations of end bearing, APILE uses an
average of soil properties within 1.5 pile diameters above and below the pile tip.
Figure 3.14 Soil data for silt layers


Friction Angle
This column entry corresponds to values of the internal angle of friction (also known as friction
angle or  angle) for the top and bottom of the silt layer. The values of Friction Angle are preferably
entered in standard units of degrees.
If the Friction Angle values are not available the user may alternatively enter Blow Counts from
SPT (Standard Penetration Test). For friction transfers (transfers in side resistance) the computer
program APILE converts internally between the provided values of Blow Counts from SPT entries to
equivalent Friction Angle using the general relationship in Table 3.3
Coefficient of Lateral Earth Pressure, Ko

This column reflect values of the lateral earth pressure coefficient for the top and bottom of the silt
layer.
The earth pressure coefficient, Ko, is used to calculate the skin friction. USACE recommends a Ko
value of 1.25.8 for compression and a value from 0.5 to 0.7 for tension..
Undrained Shear Strength
This column represents the input values for the undrained shear strength at the top and bottom of
the silt layer. Ordinarily, these values are taken as one half of the compression strength of samples
obtained from unconsolidated-unconfined triaxial tests.
3.2.8 Data – CPT Data File (Optional for Cone-Based Method))

This submenu allows the user to specify an external file that contains cone penetration data (Figure
3.15). The user can plot functions such as Qc vs. depth, Converted SPT vs. depth, and Converted Su vs.
depth shown in the windows screen as a convenient tool to read the equivalent design parameters that are
needed for each soil layer if the cone data are the only geotechnical data available from the project site.
The APILE program is not currently able to read CPT data files to automatically determine soil
layering and associated properties. This is complex though it may be incorporated in future versions.
The user is responsible to determine the layering and associated properties based on the curves and data
presented by APILE after reading and plotting the CPT file.
The relationship between converted SPT (NSPTcorr) and Qc is
NSPTcorr = Qc / (2.8*atm)
Where atm is the atmospheric reference pressure (100 kPa).
The relationship between the undrained shear strength (Su) and Qc is
Su = Qc / Nk

Where Nk is a dimensionless coefficient, ranging from 15 to 20, reflecting local experience. The
program uses Nk = 15 for the conversion.
Name of File for the Input Cone Data
This is the complete path and file name for the selected cone data file, it can be filled out by using
the browse tool. The user can click the Edit File button to review the contents of the selected file.
Number of data lines to be read from the file
The data file may contain hundreds of data lines and the user should specify how many lines to be
used for plots or interpretation. This number should not include the header lines, it represents the total
number of data lines to be read after header lines.
Number of header lines in file containing cone data
The user should enter in this variable the number of lines used as header or information text before
reading the numerical number for cone resistance.
Number of data columns per line to be read from the data file
The CPT data file may use different formats to store the data. Some cone data file may contain 4
columns or more and some may contain only 2 columns of data. The user needs to specify the correct
number of columns for the program to read through each line orderly. However, the first two columns in
the CPT data file must be reserved for Depth (first column) and Qc (second column).
Unit conversion factor for stress, Ua
The CPT data file may use different units for Qc. The APILE program assumes that unit for Qc are
ksf for English units and kPa for S.I. units. If the CPT data file that is being read has units of Qc in tsf
(case of English units), then the conversion factor is equal to 2. If the CPT data file that is being read has
units of Qc in MPa (case of S.I. units), then the conversion factor is equal to 1000.

Figure 3.15 Entries for reading and plotting of CPT Data File
3.3 Options Menu

3.3.1 Options - Units
This selection provides the user with a choice of input data in English Units, and S.I. Units
(international units) as shown in Figure 3.16. In general, the following specific units of measurements are
used frequently in the program:
Units Length Force Stress/Modulus
English foot (ft) pounds (lbs) psf or psi
International meters (m) kiloNewtons (kN) kPa
The user should always check the unit descriptions which are associated to each variable in the
program interface. For instance, psi instead of psf is used for the elastic modulus of pile material
(Data/Pile Material/Modulus of Elasticity).
The user may change from one system of units to the other as many times as desired. The program
will automatically convert all the appropriate input that was already specified by the user before the time
of selection of a different system of units. Small conversion errors may appear if multiple changes of
units are performed. The user must always check that input data have been converted appropriately.

Figure 3.16 Options for units selection
3.3.2 Options – Print t-z Curves at Additional Depths...

The user can ask the program to generate t-z curves at user-specified depths. The windows dialog
screen that comes up under this menu option is shown in Figure 3.17. The APILE program automatically
generates t-z curves at the top, middle, and bottom of each soil layer. The user can enter up to 50 other
depths for printing of additional t-z curves.
3.3.3 Options – Control Options

This submenu allows the user to enter certain control parameters for program performance and
output. An illustration of the Control Options window for an example application is shown in Figure
3.18.
Length of each computation increment
This entry represents the length, in ft or m, of each element into which the pile is divided. A
default of 1 ft (0.3048 m) is provided by the program. This entry may produce a difference in the results
of the computations. Users should not use a length of computation increment that is larger than half the
width of the smallest soil layer.

Figure 3.17 Options – Print t-z Curves at Additional Depths
Print increment
The user may select how often results are plotted (outputted) according to the number that is
provided in this entry. The length of each “computation increment” is defined in the previous entry.
The number used for print increment will not produce any effect in the internal computations used by the
program.
Text Editor
The user should input in this box the complete path and command line for the preferred-text editor
or word processor that will be used to examine and print the input, output, and the processor run notes
files created by the APILE program.
As a default, the command line c:\windows\notepad.exe is used to operate a standard text editor.
Microsoft Notepad is included with Microsoft Windows XP, VISTA and Windows 7. However, the path
to the directory where notepad.exe is installed varies in different versions of the Microsoft Windows
operating system.
There may be some instances when the output files are too large for Notepad and a different text
editor or word processor should be used. In those cases it is suggested to use Microsoft WordPad
(c:\windows\wordpad.exe).

Figure 3.18 Options – Control Options
3.4 Help Menu

The Help/Contents submenu starts the standard help interface for guidelines on data input of the
APILE program. The Help/Contents submenu is limited in this program release since better formatted
data is available in the electronic User’s Manual.
The Help/User’s Manual will start up the default installed version of Adobe Acrobat or Adobe
Reader and open the installed PDF version of the standard User’s Manual. The Adobe Reader program is
freely distributed by Adobe Systems Inc. at www.adobe.com
The Help/Technical Manual will start up a viewer of a protected file for the electronic version of
this manual. The Technical Manual is copyrighted and only works when the proper USB dongle is
connected to the computer in use.
If the Technical Manual is not opening with Acrobat or Reader (while having the proper USB key
connected to the computer in use) then perhaps the Adobe software is not configured correctly. Start
Adobe Reader (or full Adobe Acrobat) then click on "Edit/Preferences" and "Internet" under
"Categories". Please make sure that a check mark is placed under "Display PDF in Browser" then click
OK and exit Reader. You can then try to run the Technical Manual once again.
The Help/About... submenu provides general references about the program (program version, date,
maintenance expiration date, USB serial number) and how to reach Ensoft, Inc. for technical support or
sales.
The Help/Check for Updates submenu will start up the default Internet browser and report the
user of the current program version and maintenance expiration date as well as any new update that is
available for downloading from Ensoft’s website (www.ensoftinc.com). Users will be able to download,
install and run in full mode any APILE program release that is older than their maintenance expiration
date.

CHAPTER 4. References for Program
Execution and Output
Reviews

CHAPTER 4 –References for Program Execution and Output Reviews – 4-2
4.1 Introduction
CHAPTER 4 presents options related to execution of the program and includes methods of
addressing run-time errors. This Chapter also includes suggestions for reviewing input, output, and
processor text files. The final section of this Chapter includes descriptions about all the output curves that
may be observed in graphical form. The commands covered in this chapter are contained in the top menu,
under the Computation and the Graphics titles.
4.2 Computation Menu

This menu option is selected to execute the program using the parameters that were saved in the
input-data file. Within the options contained under this menu, shown in Figure 4.1, there are commands
that facilitate the reviews of the text files produced for storing input data, output results, and processor
notes. In addition, the user may select an option to observe a graphical representation of the modeled pile
and soil layers. Detailed description of the submenu options contained under the Computation menu are
explained in the following topics.
4.2.1 Computation – Run Analysis

The input-data file will be first saved to disk after selecting the Computation – Run Analysis
submenu option, which executes the analytical portion of program APILE.
The user should remember to save the input data under an user-specified name before executing the
analytical module. When saving data to disk, APILE will automatically add an extension of the type
*.ap6d to the name of the input file.
Figure 4.1 Command options contained in the Computation menu.

When the execution process is finished the active command is returned to the main APILE program
with a screen indicating that computations are completed. The user should always check the output
text file for any error messages that were produced during computations.
At the beginning of the run, the analytical module will read the saved input data progressively. If
an input-data format is incorrect during reading, the analytical module may stop and display an error
message along with a status report in a file with the same name as the input and with the extension
*.ap6r. This file may be accessed by selecting Edit Processor-Run Notes in the Computation menu.
Within the processor-run notes, if all input data was read correctly, the analytical module will show the
message THE EXECUTION IS IN PROGRESS.
The analytical module automatically creates an output file with the same name as the input and
with the extension *.ap6o. This file may be accessed by selecting Edit Output Text in the Computation
menu. Once a successful run is produced, the user may proceed to the next items for observation of
results.
4.2.2 Computation – Edit Input Text

This submenu option is used to edit the input-data file in plain text mode. This command becomes
active after new data files have been saved to disk or when opening existing data files. The command is
helpful for experienced users who may want to change one or two parameters quickly using the text
editor, or for those users wishing to observe the prepared input data in text mode.
This submenu automatically invokes the word processor or text editor specified under
Options/Control Options/Text Editor. The default setting is to use the utility program named
notepad.exe provided by Microsoft Windows©.
Input-data files are automatically saved to disk with the user-specified file name and the extension
of *.ap6d by program APILE. Use of the notepad program for editing the input data is shown in Figure
4.2.

Figure 4.2 Sample use of Microsoft Notepad© for editing input text of Example
Problem 1 (may change with time).
4.2.3 Computation - Edit Processor Run Notes

This submenu option is used to edit an intermediate text file that may be produced during each
analytical run. This feature is not used in early editions of APILE but in the future it will include notes
produced during the processing of the input data.
This submenu will automatically invoke the word processor or text editor specified under
Files containing processor-run notes will be automatically saved to disk with the same file name as
the input-data file but with the extension *.ap6r.

4.2.4 Computation – Edit Output Text

This submenu option is used to edit the output-text file that is automatically produced during each
analytical run. This command becomes active after new data files have been saved to disk and
successfully executed, or when opening previously-executed data files.
Output files are automatically saved to disk with the same file name as the input-data file but with
the extension *.ap6o. Use of Microsoft Notepad© for editing the output file for Example Problem 1 is
shown in Figure 4.3.

Figure 4.3 Sample use of Microsoft Notepad © for editing the output-text file of
Example Problem 1 (may change with time).
4.2.5 Computation - View Soil Layer Coordinates

The Computation/View Soil Layer Coordinates submenu option will provide a graphical screen
that displays an elevation view of the pile and soil layers along with their various depths. This command
option becomes active after data of Pile Properties and Soil Layer Data have been entered under the
Data menu, or when opening previously-executed data files. A sample graphics of this command option
is shown in Figure 4.4.
The vertical position of the cursor in the screen will indicate an approximate indication of the depth
from ground surface to the cursor position. Stickups above ground line are indicated with negative
numbers for depth.

Figure 4.4 Sample View Soil Layer Coordinates command option.
4.2.6 Computation – Edit GRLWeap Data File

APILE has an option to generate compatible input-data file used by GRLWEAP for pile driving
analyses. This submenu option is used to edit the GRLWeap data file that is automatically produced
during each analytical run. This command becomes active after new data files have been saved to disk
and successfully executed, or when opening previously-executed data files.
Output files are automatically saved to disk with the same file name as the input-data file but with
the extension *.gwi. The user is encouraged to verify the pile dimension/property data and to select the
proper driving hammer after the gwi data file is read by GRLWEAP software.
GRLWEAP 2010 changed the tip resistance from total load (kips) at tip to unit tip resistance
(kip/sq ft). However, GRLWEAP does not provide options for outside programs to specify the tip area
and instead defaults to 144 in2. Therefore, in order to be consistent GRLWEAP forces the tip area equal
to 1 sq ft when GRLWEAP reads any .gwi data created by external programs like APILE. In general, the
wave model is looking for the top tip resistance. Therefore, it does not matter as long as the total tip load
is correct.

If users prefer to use the true tip area (which may differ from 1 sq ft) then they should change the
tip area in the GRLWEAP input. BUT, if the user changes the tip area from the default of 1 sq ft then the
user also needs to change the read-in tip data from APILE (.gwi file) by a proportional ratio. Either case,
the results will be the same.
The toe quake in GRLWEAP can be greater than shaft quake (0.1 inch). APILE uses by default 0.6
inch for toe quake. If users prefer other values then they have to change the .gwi data file manually. In
the future, APILE may have other options for users who would like to enter the preferable data for the
GRLWEAP application.
4.3 Graphics Menu

This menu option is selected to observe the different graphical representations of the program
results contained in the output file. Submenu options contained under this menu are shown in Figure 4.5.
Not all of the graphics may be enabled for observation, active curves depend on specifications contained
in the input.
Notes Regarding Computation Methods

1. Some graphics and output data will be generated for all four methods of computations,
regardless of the internal method that the user selects. Data and plots that will always be
generated for all methods of computations (under Data/Computational Method/Method
for Pile Capacity) are the following:
Unit Skin Friction vs. Depth
Accumulated Skin Friction vs. Depth
Tip Resistance vs. Depth
Total Capacity vs. Depth
2. The following graphics will only be generated using the selected method of computation
(under Data/Computational Method/Method for Load Settlement):
Load Distribution
Combined Plot
Axial load vs. Settlement
Internally-Generated t-z Curves
All of the graphical representation of output data that may be produced by the program are
contained in the following commands of the Graphics menu:
Unit Skin Friction vs Depth
Accumulated Skin Friction vs Depth
Tip Resistance vs Depth
Total Capacity vs Depth
Load Distribution Curves
Combined Plots vs Depth
Axial Load vs Settlement
Internally Generated t-z Curves

Extra t-z Curves at User Specified Depths

Internally Generated Q-w Curves
The observation of any of the above-listed curves will activate the graphics mode of APILE.
Several changes occur during use of the graphics mode: new mouse commands are enabled and a new
top-menu option becomes available.
Figure 4.5 Command option contained in the Graphics menu.
4.3.1 Mouse Commands in the Graphics Mode

Table 4.1 describes mouse commands that become enabled automatically during all graphical
observations of output curves.
Event Description
Mouse Left Click Zooms in on the graphics at the clicked position (up to five zoom levels)
Mouse Right Click Zooms out from the graphics
Mouse Double Click on Legend Turns the selected curve on/off at every click
Table 4.1 Mouse commands in the graphics mode
4.3.2 Graphics - Unit Skin Friction vs Depth

The user may select this command option to observe a graphical representation of the unit load
transfers in side resistance (skin friction) versus depth for the modeled pile according to various
computational methods. Unit load transfers in side resistance are presented in units of axial force per area

(lateral area) of the modeled pile. The data value at each depth represents the unit side resistance that was
used during internal capacity computations.
A sample graphics screen of the Unit Skin Friction vs Depth command option is shown in Figure
4.6. These curves are automatically generated after successful analytical runs of a driven pile.
Notice that the values of unit skin friction represented in these graphics are shown after
modifications from the reduction/resistance factors, if any, that were specified by the user (under the
Data/Soil Layers menu).
Figure 4.6 Unit Skin Friction vs Depth command option for Example Problem 5.

4.3.3 Graphics – Accumulated Skin Friction vs Depth

The user may select this command option to observe a graphical representation of the accumulated
load transfers in side resistance (skin friction) versus depth for the modeled pile according to various
computational methods. Accumulated load transfers in side resistance are presented in units of axial
force. The data values represent the total axial load that is transferred to the soil in side resistance at each
depth.
A sample graphics screen of the Accumulated Skin Friction vs Depth command option is shown
in Figure 4.7. These curves are automatically generated after successful analytical runs of a driven pile.
Notice that the values of accumulated skin friction represented in these graphics are shown after
modifications from the reduction/resistance factors, if any, that were specified by the user (under the
Data/Soil Layers menu).
Figure 4.7 Accumulated Skin Friction vs Depth command option for Example Problem 5.

4.3.4 Graphics – Tip Resistance vs Depth

The user may select this command option to observe a graphical representation of the tip resistance
(end bearing) versus depth for the modeled pile according to various computational methods. Tip
resistance is presented in units of axial force. The data values represent the total axial load that is
transferred to the soil in end bearing for each depth (starting from ground surface).
A sample graphics screen of the Tip Resistance vs Depth command option is shown in Figure
4.8. These curves are automatically generated after successful analytical runs of a driven pile that is
subjected to compression loads (under the Data/Computation Method menu). This command option is
grayed out for tension loads.
Notice that the values of tip resistance represented in these graphics are shown after modifications
from the reduction/resistance factors, if any, that were specified by the user (under the Data/Soil Layers
menu).
Figure 4.8 Tip Resistance vs Depth command option for Example Problem 4.

4.3.5 Graphics –Total Capacity vs Depth

The user may select this command option to observe a graphical representation of the ultimate total
capacity versus depth for the modeled pile according to various computational methods. Total capacity is
presented in units of axial force. The data values represent the total axial load that is transferred to the
soil in end bearing plus side resistance for each depth (starting from ground surface). Values of total
capacity are equal to skin friction plus tip resistance for compressive loads. Total capacity is equal to skin
friction plus self-weight of piles for uplift loads (self-weight is estimated internally according to user
selections on Data/Pile Material and Data/Circular-Section Pile or Data/Noncircular-Section Pile).
A sample graphics screen of the Total Capacity vs Depth command option is shown in Figure
Notice that the values of tip resistance represented in these graphics are shown after modifications
from the reduction/resistance factors, if any, that were specified by the user (under the Data/Soil Layers
menu).
Figure 4.9 Total Capacity vs Depth command option for Example Problem 5.

4.3.6 Graphics – Load Distribution

The user may select this command option to observe a graphical representation of distributions of
axial loads versus depth for the modeled pile. From this presentation the user can identify the side
friction contributed by each soil layer based on the strength parameters. The plotted curves of load
distributions correspond to the particular criteria selected by the user (under the Data/Computational
Method/Method for Load Settlement menu).
A sample graphics screen of the Axial Load vs Load Distribution command option is shown in
Figure 4.10. These curves are automatically generated after successful analytical runs of a driven pile.
Figure 4.10 Load distribution curves for Example Problem 4.

4.3.7 Graphics - Combined Plots vs Depth

The user may select this command option to observe a graphical representation of the curves of
skin friction, tip resistance, and total capacity versus depth for the modeled pile on a single graph. The
plotted curves of load transfers correspond to the particular criteria selected by the user (under the
Data/Computational Method/Method for Load Settlement menu).
A sample graphics screen of the Combined Plots vs Depth command option is shown in Figure
Figure 4.11 Combined Plots vs Depth for Example Problem 4.

4.3.8 Graphics - Axial Load vs Settlement

The user may select this command option to observe a graphical representation of the curves of
axial load versus settlement for the modeled pile based on the t-z/Q-w curves generated based on the
specified computation method (under the Data/Computational Method/Method for Load Settlement
menu). For tension loads the settlement curve goes up in the graph to represent pile pullouts.
A sample graphics screen of the Axial Load vs Settlement command option is shown in Figure
Figure 4.12 Axial Load vs Settlement for Example Problem 4.

4.3.9 Graphics – Internally-Generated t-z Curves

The user may select this command option to observe a graphical representation of the t-z curves
that were generated based on the specified computation method (under the Data/Computational
Method/Method for Load Settlement menu). The program automatically generates three t-z curves for
each soil layer (top, middle, and bottom).
A sample graphics screen of the Internally Generated t-z Curves command option is shown in
Figure 4.13. These curves are automatically generated after successful analytical runs of a driven pile.
Figure 4.13 Internally-generated t-z curves for Example Problem 3.

4.3.10 Graphics – Extra t-z Curves at User Specified Depths

The user may select this command option to observe a graphical representation of extra t-z curves
specified by the user to print out at specified depths (under the Options/Print t-z Curves at Additional
Depths menu) that were generated based on the specified computation method (under the
Data/Computational Method/Method for Load Settlement menu). These curves will be in addition to
the t-z curves that are automatically generated at the top, middle, and bottom of each layer.
This command option is grayed out if the user did not select to the option to print extra t-z curves
(no check mark under the Options/Print t-z Curves at Additional Depths menu).
A sample graphics screen of the Extra t-z Curves at User Specified Depths command option is
shown in Figure 4.14.
Figure 4.14 Extra t-z curves at user specified depths for Example Problem 1.

4.3.11 Graphics – Internally-Generated Q-w Curve

The user may select this command option to observe a graphical representation of the Q-w curve
(tip resistance vs. movement) that was generated based on the specified computation method (under the
Data/Computational Method/Method for Load Settlement menu). The tip resistance is represented
as Q in units of axial force representing total tip resistance from the pile tip, not the unit tip resistance.
This curve is automatically generated after successful analytical runs of a driven pile that is
subjected to compression loads (under the Data/Computation Method/ Method for Pile Capacity
menu). This command option is grayed out for tension loads.
A sample graphics screen of the Internally Generated Q-w Curve command option is shown in
Figure 4.15.
Figure 4.15 Internally-generated Q-w Curve for Example Problem 3.

4.3.12 Graphics – Export Plots to Excel

The user may select this command to export some (or all) of the above plots to an excel file. Each
plot will be exported to two sheets, one contains the data and the second the chart. After selecting this
option the Export to Excel Window will appear.
Figure 4.16 Export to Excel Window.
Options contained in this Window, shown in Figure 4.16, are explained below.
Select All
Select all the plots to be exported to an Excel file.
Unselect All
Unselect all the plots, so none will be exported.
Generate Excel File
After clicking the option an excel instance, if available, will open. User must wait until all the data
has been exported to the file. User must save the file, otherwise the file will be lost
Close Window
Click this button to close the Export to Excel Window.

4.4 Plot Menu

This menu command only appears in the top-menu bar while in the graphics mode. Command
options contained in this menu, shown in Figure 4.17, are explained below.
Show Legend
This activates or deactivates the floating legend included in the graphics mode. The legend box
can be moved with click-and-drag operations of the mouse to any position in the graphics screen. Despite
its location in the screen, the legend is always located at the right-bottom corner of the printouts.
Show Soil Layers
Click this menu-item to activate or deactivate a soil profile plotted at the right side of the graphics.
Show Markers
This menu provides the option to activate or deactivate the markers for each point of all the curves
displayed in the active screen of the graphics mode. By default, the program automatically plots at every
foot of penetration, or every 30.5 cm when using metric units. The user may optionally select to show
markers every 1, 2, 3, 5, or 10 increments of unit. The type of markers used in each curve is
automatically selected by the program. Once activated, the markers are enabled for all visible curves of
the active graphics screen.
Font Size
This menu provides the option to enlarge the default size of fronts used in plots. The user may
optionally select to enlarge the front by 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, or 4 times of the default size.
Line Width
This menu provides the option to enlarge the default width of lines used in plots. The user may
optionally select to enlarge the width by 2, 4, 6, or 10 times of the default width.
Graph Title
The user may optionally add a title to the active graphics using this command. However, the
parameters selected here are not saved with the output file and must be changed each time the file is
opened.
Edit Legend
The user may change the text of the legend in the active graphics using this command. However,
the modified names are not saved with the output file and must be changed each time the file is opened.
Print...
This command is used to produce a hard copy of the active graphics screen. The Print sub-
windows includes a drop-down menu that allows the user to select any of the installed Windows printers,
allows for change of printer properties, and allows the selection of the total number of copies to be

printed. The printed graphics is sized according to the margins that the user specifies in the Plot – Page
Setup menu.
Page Setup
The user can here specify the printed size of the active-graphics screen. The size of the plot is
based on the specified margins and selection of paper orientation. The parameters selected here are not
saved with the output file and must be changed each time that the graphics is plotted.
Active Graphs...
This command is used to active or de-active curves on the screen.
Save to Disk...
This command is used to save the active-graphics screen to disk. The format of the saved file is as
bmp graphics (bitmap file), which is the internal-file format used in Microsoft Windows©.
Figure 4.17 Command options contained in the Plot menu.

CHAPTER 5. Example Problems

CHAPTER 5 – Example Problems – 5-2
5.1 Introduction
This chapter presents several examples that were solved using APILE. In order to assure accuracy
from the computer results, some examples have been compared with the results from hand calculations.
The step-by-step hand calculations were carried out based on the procedures described in the
accompanying APILE Technical Manual. The users can have confidence in their results if limited
amounts of hand calculations can be done for comparisons. The studies in this chapter also provide
guidance for the analysis of axially loaded piles with APILE.
There are three types of output data provided by the computer. The first type is the output file
which contains formatted text that consists of an echo-print of the input data; the distribution of skin
friction, end bearing, and total capacity; and the final load-settlement curve. The second type of output
presents the data for a graphics file that allows the code to produce plots. All of the data are saved with
ASCII format and the user may access the files with any text editor.
Several problems are provided herein as examples of different applications that may be solved
using our computer program APILE. Each example focuses on a particular computational feature of the
program. Input files for each example are automatically copied to the APILE data directory during
installation (<Root Drive>\Ensoft\APILE2015-Examples).
Example problems provide the user information on input and output of various cases, and present a
quick tutorial for real-world applications. The user is encouraged to study these examples and, with
modifications, may even use them to solve similar problems. However, by no means can these limited
examples explore the full functions and features provided by APILE.
The main features of each example included with APILE are summarized as follows.
Example Problem 1 – Steel Pipe Pile
 non-uniform soil deposit, two layers of sand and two layers of clay,
 open-ended steel pipe pile, and
 example with English units.
Example Problem 2 – Offshore Steel Pipe Pile in Sand
 sand layers with varied soil parameters,
 open-ended steel pipe pile,
 example with S.I. units, and
 Hand-calculation for verification.
Example Problem 3 – Open-Ended Steel-Pipe Pile in Clay
 clay layers with varied soil parameters,
 open-ended steel pipe pile,
 example with S.I. units
Example Problem 4 – Prestressed Concrete Pile for Bridge Foundation
 non-uniform soil deposit, one layers of stiff clay and one layer of sand,
 prestressed concrete pile, and

CHAPTER 5 – Example Problems – 5-3
 example with S.I. units.

Example Problem 5 – Uplift Pile Capacity
 non-uniform soil layers, and
 study uplift (tension) capacity of pile.
Example Problem 6 – CPT Based Method for Close-Ended Pile
 non-uniform soil layers,
 steel-pipe pile with closed end ,
 hand-calculation for verification, and
Example Problem 7 – CPT Based Method for Open-Ended Pile
 non-uniform soil layers,
 steel pipe pile with open end,
 hand-calculation for verification, and
Example Problem 8 – LRFD Based Method
 non-uniform sandy layers,
 steel pipe pile with closed end,
 LRFD load factors and reduction factors, and

CHAPTER 5 – Example Problem 1 – 5-1
5.2 Example Problem 1 – Steel Pipe Pile

This example is included to illustrate a common case in which a 10 in. diameter steel pile is
subjected to a vertical load. The soil deposit is not uniform as shown in Fig. 5.1. A tabulation of the
input information for the example is presented in the first page following the figure.
The pages following the input data are the output for the example problem. The output is shown in
detail so the user can examine the increase in pile capacity with depth. The user may elect to eliminate
the printing of capacity for each increment length to shorten the length of output.
0
10 in. OD
Sand
 = 0.5,  = 35°
9 in. OD  = 60 pcf
Nq = 40
10
Clay
30 ft  = 50 pcf
Su = 1 ksf
20
Sand
 = 0.5,  = 35°
 = 60 pcf
Nq = 40
30
Clay
zero skin friction  = 50 pcf
over upper 5 ft Su = 1 ksf
Figure 5.1 General soil description of Example Problem 1.
5.2.1 Input Data for Computer Analysis

The contents of the input-data file prepared for Example Problem1 is reproduced below in
courier typeface, for distinction.
EXAMPLE PROBLEM ONE
Ensoft
03-11-04
1 1 8 0
0 0 10 9 29000000 30 0
0 0
5 1 1 0 4 0 0
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
40 0
0.0 1 0.5 60 35 30
0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 1 1 0
10 1 0.5 60 35 30
0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 1 1 0
10 2 0.0 50 0.0 0.0
0 0 1000 500 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0

20 2 0.0 50 0.0 0.0

0 0 1000 500 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
20 1 0.5 60 35 40
0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 1 1 0
30 1 0.5 60 35 40
0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 1 1 0
30 2 0.0 50 0.0 0.0
0 0 1000 500 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
40 2 0.0 50 0.0 0.0
0 0 1000 500 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
1
3
5
15
45
0 1
0 0
2 0
0 0
0 0
0 1
5.2.2 Graphical Results of Computer Analysis

Each of the resulting plots of unit skin friction, accumulated skin friction, tip resistance, and total
capacity versus depth provided by the computer program based on different methods, as may be seen in
Figure 5.2, Figure 5.3, Figure 5.4 and Figure 5.5 respectively.
Results of combined plots versus depth, shown in Figure 5.6, only contains the curves of skin
friction, tip resistance, and total capacity versus depth for the API RP 2A method specified under
Data/Computational Method/Method for Load Settlement.

Figure 5.2 Curves of Unit Skin Friction vs Depth for Example Problem 1.
Figure 5.3 Curves of Accumulated Skin Friction vs Depth for Example Problem 1.

Figure 5.4 Curves of Tip Resistance vs Depth or Example Problem 1.
Figure 5.5 Curves of Total Capacity vs Depth or Example Problem 1.

Figure 5.6 Curve of Combined Plots vs Depth based on API method for Example
Problem 1.
5.2.3 Output Data

Contents of the output-data file for Example Problem 1 is reproduced below in courier typeface, for
distinction.
=========================================================================
APILE for Windows, Version 2015.7.1
Serial Number : 226673101
A Program for Analyzing the Axial Capacity

and Short-term Settlement of Driven Piles
under Axial Loading.
(c) Copyright ENSOFT, Inc., 1987-2015
All Rights Reserved
=========================================================================
This program is licensed to :
ENSOFT, INC
AUSTIN, TX
Path to file locations : C:\APILE2015\Examples\

Name of input data file : Example1.ap7d

Name of output file : Example1.ap7o

Name of plot output file : Example1.ap7p
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Time and Date of Analysis
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date: January 02, 2015 Time: 16:01:17
1
*********************
* INPUT INFORMATION *
*********************
EXAMPLE PROBLEM ONE
DESIGNER : Ensoft
JOB NUMBER : 03-11-04
METHOD FOR UNIT LOAD TRANSFERS :
- API RP 2A (American Petroleum Institute)

Unfactored Unit Side Friction and Unit Side Resistance are used.
COMPUTATION METHOD(S) FOR PILE CAPACITY :
- FHWA (Federal Highway Administration)

- USACE (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers)
# Critical Depth Method for Sand:
10 to 20 Pile Diameter based on the Density
- Revised Lambda
TYPE OF LOADING :
- COMPRESSION
PILE TYPE :
Steel pipe pile or non-tapered portion of monotube pile
DATA FOR AXIAL STIFFNESS :
- MODULUS OF ELASTICITY = 0.290E+08 PSI

- CROSS SECTION AREA = 14.92 IN2
CIRCULAR PILE PROPERTIES :
- OUTSIDE DIAMETER, OD = 10.00 IN.

- INTERNAL DIAMETER, ID = 9.00 IN.
- TOTAL PILE LENGTH, TL = 30.00 FT.
- PILE STICKUP LENGTH, PSL = 0.00 FT.

- ZERO FRICTION LENGTH, ZFL = 5.00 FT.

- INCREMENT OF PILE LENGTH
USED IN COMPUTATION = 1.00 FT.
- LENGTH OF ENHANCED
END SECTION = 30.00 FT.
- INTERNAL DIAMETER OF
ENHANCED END SECTION = 9.00 IN.
PLUGGED/UNPLUGGED CONDITIONS :
Internal Pile Plug Calculated by Program
SOIL INFORMATIONS :
LATERAL EFFECTIVE FRICTION BEARING

SOIL EARTH UNIT ANGLE CAPACITY
DEPTH TYPE PRESSURE WEIGHT DEGREES FACTOR
FT. LB/CF
0.00 SAND 0.50 60.00 35.00 30.00
10.00 SAND 0.50 60.00 35.00 30.00
10.00 CLAY 0.00 50.00 0.00 0.00
20.00 CLAY 0.00 50.00 0.00 0.00
20.00 SAND 0.50 60.00 35.00 40.00
30.00 SAND 0.50 60.00 35.00 40.00
30.00 CLAY 0.00 50.00 0.00 0.00
40.00 CLAY 0.00 50.00 0.00 0.00
MAXIMUM MAXIMUM UNDISTURB REMOLDED

UNIT UNIT SHEAR SHEAR BLOW UNIT SKIN UNIT END
FRICTION BEARING STRENGTH STRENGTH COUNT FRICTION BEARING
KSF KSF KSF KSF KSF KSF
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 1.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 1.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 1.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 1.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00
* MAXIMUM UNIT FRICTION AND/OR MAXIMUM UNIT BEARING

WERE SET TO BE 0.10E+08 BECAUSE THE USER DOES NOT
PLAN TO LIMIT THE COMPUTED DATA.
LRFD FACTOR LRFD FACTOR

ON UNIT ON UNIT
DEPTH FRICTION BEARING
FT.
0.00 1.000 1.000
10.00 1.000 1.000
10.00 1.000 1.000
20.00 1.000 1.000
20.00 1.000 1.000
30.00 1.000 1.000
30.00 1.000 1.000

40.00 1.000 1.000
1
**********************
* COMPUTATION RESULT *
**********************
**********************
* FED. HWY. METHOD *
**********************
PILE TOTAL SKIN END ULTIMATE

PENETRATION FRICTION BEARING CAPACITY
FT. KIP KIP KIP
0.00 0.0 0.0* 0.0
1.00 0.0 0.3* 0.3
2.00 0.0 0.6* 0.6
3.00 0.0 0.9* 0.9
4.00 0.0 1.2* 1.2
5.00 0.1 1.6* 1.6
6.00 0.2 2.0* 2.1
7.00 0.3 2.4* 2.7
8.00 0.5 2.8* 3.3
9.00 0.7 3.2* 3.9
10.00 0.9 3.7* 4.5
11.00 2.3 3.1* 5.4
12.00 4.9 4.3* 9.2
13.00 7.5 4.9 12.4
14.00 10.1 4.9 15.0
15.00 12.8 4.9 17.7
16.00 15.4 4.9 20.3
17.00 18.0 4.9 22.9
18.00 20.6 4.9 25.5
19.00 23.2 7.0 30.3
20.00 25.8 13.7* 39.5
21.00 27.3 18.3* 45.6
22.00 27.7 19.0* 46.7
23.00 28.2 19.7* 47.8
24.00 28.7 20.3* 49.0
25.00 29.1 21.1* 50.2
26.00 29.7 21.8* 51.5
27.00 30.2 22.5* 52.7
28.00 30.8 23.3* 54.1
29.00 31.3 24.1* 55.4
30.00 31.9 22.2 54.1
**********************
* ARMY CORPS METHOD *
**********************

FT. KIP KIP KIP
0.00 0.0 0.0* 0.0
1.00 0.0 0.4* 0.4
2.00 0.0 0.7* 0.7
3.00 0.0 1.2* 1.2

4.00 0.0 1.7* 1.7

5.00 0.2 2.2* 2.4
6.00 0.8 2.8* 3.5
7.00 1.4 3.4* 4.8
8.00 2.1 4.0* 6.2
9.00 3.0 4.7* 7.7
10.00 3.9 5.5* 9.3
11.00 5.3 4.2* 9.6
12.00 7.3 4.9 12.2
13.00 9.3 4.9 14.2
14.00 11.2 4.9 16.1
15.00 13.2 4.9 18.1
16.00 15.2 4.9 20.1
17.00 17.1 4.9 22.0
18.00 19.1 4.9 24.0
19.00 21.0 6.4 27.4
20.00 23.0 12.2* 35.2
21.00 24.6 15.5* 40.1
22.00 25.7 16.0* 41.8
23.00 26.9 16.5* 43.4
24.00 28.1 17.1* 45.1
25.00 29.3 17.6* 46.8
26.00 30.4 18.1* 48.5
27.00 31.6 18.6* 50.2
28.00 32.8 19.2* 51.9
29.00 33.9 18.1 52.0
30.00 35.1 12.2 47.3
**********************
* LAMBDA 2 METHOD *
**********************

FT. KIP KIP KIP
0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0
1.00 0.0 0.2 0.2
2.00 0.0 0.5 0.5
3.00 0.0 0.7 0.7
4.00 0.0 1.1 1.1
5.00 0.0 1.4 1.4
6.00 1.0 1.9 2.9
7.00 1.5 2.3 3.8
8.00 2.0 2.8 4.8
9.00 2.5 3.3 5.9
10.00 3.1 3.9 7.0
11.00 6.9 3.5 10.4
12.00 9.1 4.0 13.1
13.00 11.2 4.6 15.8
14.00 13.2 4.9 18.1
15.00 15.3 4.9 20.2
16.00 17.3 4.9 22.2
17.00 19.3 4.9 24.2
18.00 21.3 4.9 26.2
19.00 23.3 6.8 30.1
20.00 25.2 8.7 33.9
21.00 26.4 13.3 39.8
22.00 27.7 14.4 42.1
23.00 29.0 15.5 44.5
24.00 30.4 16.6 47.0
25.00 31.8 17.8 49.6

26.00 33.3 19.0 52.3

27.00 34.8 20.3 55.1
28.00 36.4 21.6 58.0
29.00 38.0 22.9 60.9
30.00 39.7 20.6 60.3
**********************
* API RP-2A (1994) *
**********************

FT. KIP KIP KIP
0.00 0.0 0.0* 0.0
1.00 0.0 0.2* 0.2
2.00 0.0 0.5* 0.5
3.00 0.0 0.7* 0.7
4.00 0.0 1.1* 1.1
5.00 0.1 1.4* 1.6
6.00 0.4 1.9* 2.2
7.00 0.7 2.3* 3.0
8.00 1.0 2.8* 3.8
9.00 1.4 3.3* 4.7
10.00 1.8 3.9* 5.7
11.00 2.6 3.5* 6.1
12.00 3.8 4.0* 7.9
13.00 5.0 4.6* 9.6
14.00 6.3 4.9 11.2
15.00 7.5 4.9 12.4
16.00 8.8 4.9 13.7
17.00 10.0 4.9 15.0
18.00 11.3 4.9 16.3
19.00 12.7 6.8 19.5
20.00 14.0 8.7* 22.7
21.00 15.2 13.3* 28.5
22.00 16.1 14.4* 30.4
23.00 17.0 15.5* 32.5
24.00 18.0 16.6* 34.6
25.00 19.0 17.8* 36.8
26.00 20.1 19.0* 39.1
27.00 21.2 20.3* 41.5
28.00 22.4 21.6* 44.0
29.00 23.6 22.9* 46.5
30.00 24.9 20.6 45.5
NOTES:
- AN ASTERISK IS PLACED IN THE END-BEARING COLUMN
IF THE TIP RESISTANCE IS CONTROLLED BY THE FRICTION
OF SOIL PLUG INSIDE AN OPEN-ENDED PIPE PILE.
*************************************************
* COMPUTE LOAD-DISTRIBUTION AND LOAD-SETTLEMENT *
* CURVES FOR AXIAL LOADING *
*************************************************
T-Z CURVE NO. OF DEPTH TO CURVE LOAD TRANSFER PILE MOVEMENT

NO. POINTS FT. PSI IN.

1 10 0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00 0.1000E-01
0.0000E+00 0.2000E-01
0.0000E+00 0.4000E-01
0.0000E+00 0.6000E-01
0.0000E+00 0.8000E-01
0.0000E+00 0.9000E-01
0.0000E+00 0.1000E+00
0.0000E+00 0.5000E+00
0.0000E+00 0.2000E+01
2 10 0.5025E+01
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.7217E-01 0.1000E-01
0.1443E+00 0.2000E-01
0.2887E+00 0.4000E-01
0.4330E+00 0.6000E-01
0.5773E+00 0.8000E-01
0.6495E+00 0.9000E-01
0.7217E+00 0.1000E+00
0.7217E+00 0.5000E+00
0.7217E+00 0.2000E+01
3 10 0.9958E+01
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1651E+00 0.1000E-01
0.3303E+00 0.2000E-01
0.6606E+00 0.4000E-01
0.9909E+00 0.6000E-01
0.1321E+01 0.8000E-01
0.1486E+01 0.9000E-01
0.1651E+01 0.1000E+00
0.1651E+01 0.5000E+00
0.1651E+01 0.2000E+01
4 10 0.1000E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.7961E+00 0.1600E-01
0.1327E+01 0.3100E-01
0.1990E+01 0.5700E-01
0.2388E+01 0.8000E-01
0.2654E+01 0.1000E+00
0.2388E+01 0.2000E+00
0.2388E+01 0.3000E+00
0.2388E+01 0.5000E+00
0.2388E+01 0.2000E+01
5 10 0.1503E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1014E+01 0.1600E-01
0.1691E+01 0.3100E-01
0.2536E+01 0.5700E-01
0.3043E+01 0.8000E-01
0.3381E+01 0.1000E+00
0.3043E+01 0.2000E+00
0.3043E+01 0.3000E+00
0.3043E+01 0.5000E+00
0.3043E+01 0.2000E+01
6 10 0.1996E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.9875E+00 0.1600E-01
0.1646E+01 0.3100E-01
0.2469E+01 0.5700E-01
0.2963E+01 0.8000E-01
0.3292E+01 0.1000E+00

0.2963E+01 0.2000E+00
0.2963E+01 0.3000E+00
0.2963E+01 0.5000E+00
0.2963E+01 0.2000E+01
7 10 0.2000E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.2685E+00 0.1000E-01
0.5369E+00 0.2000E-01
0.1074E+01 0.4000E-01
0.1611E+01 0.6000E-01
0.2148E+01 0.8000E-01
0.2416E+01 0.9000E-01
0.2685E+01 0.1000E+00
0.2685E+01 0.5000E+00
0.2685E+01 0.2000E+01
8 10 0.2503E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.2927E+00 0.1000E-01
0.5854E+00 0.2000E-01
0.1171E+01 0.4000E-01
0.1756E+01 0.6000E-01
0.2341E+01 0.8000E-01
0.2634E+01 0.9000E-01
0.2927E+01 0.1000E+00
0.2927E+01 0.5000E+00
0.2927E+01 0.2000E+01
9 10 0.2996E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.3348E+00 0.1000E-01
0.6696E+00 0.2000E-01
0.1339E+01 0.4000E-01
0.2009E+01 0.6000E-01
0.2678E+01 0.8000E-01
0.3013E+01 0.9000E-01
0.3348E+01 0.1000E+00
0.3348E+01 0.5000E+00
0.3348E+01 0.2000E+01
10 10 0.3000E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1004E+01 0.1600E-01
0.1674E+01 0.3100E-01
0.2511E+01 0.5700E-01
0.3013E+01 0.8000E-01
0.3348E+01 0.1000E+00
0.3013E+01 0.2000E+00
0.3013E+01 0.3000E+00
0.3013E+01 0.5000E+00
0.3013E+01 0.2000E+01
11 10 0.3503E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1004E+01 0.1600E-01
0.1674E+01 0.3100E-01
0.2511E+01 0.5700E-01
0.3013E+01 0.8000E-01
0.3348E+01 0.1000E+00
0.3013E+01 0.2000E+00
0.3013E+01 0.3000E+00
0.3013E+01 0.5000E+00
0.3013E+01 0.2000E+01
12 10 0.3996E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1004E+01 0.1600E-01
0.1674E+01 0.3100E-01

0.2511E+01 0.5700E-01
0.3013E+01 0.8000E-01
0.3348E+01 0.1000E+00
0.3013E+01 0.2000E+00
0.3013E+01 0.3000E+00
0.3013E+01 0.5000E+00
0.3013E+01 0.2000E+01
TIP LOAD TIP MOVEMENT

KIP IN.
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1287E+01 0.5000E-02
0.2574E+01 0.1000E-01
0.5147E+01 0.2000E-01
0.1029E+02 0.1300E+00
0.1544E+02 0.4200E+00
0.1853E+02 0.7300E+00
0.2059E+02 0.1000E+01
0.2059E+02 0.1500E+01
0.2059E+02 0.2000E+01
LOAD VERSUS SETTLEMENT CURVE

****************************
TOP LOAD TOP MOVEMENT TIP LOAD TIP MOVEMENT

KIP IN. KIP IN.
0.6769E-01 0.1413E-03 0.2574E-01 0.1000E-03
0.6769E+00 0.1413E-02 0.2574E+00 0.1000E-02
0.3384E+01 0.7065E-02 0.1287E+01 0.5000E-02
0.6769E+01 0.1413E-01 0.2574E+01 0.1000E-01
0.2296E+02 0.6351E-01 0.6551E+01 0.5000E-01
0.3509E+02 0.1208E+00 0.8891E+01 0.1000E+00
0.4126E+02 0.5265E+00 0.1624E+02 0.5000E+00
0.4561E+02 0.1030E+01 0.2059E+02 0.1000E+01
0.4561E+02 0.2030E+01 0.2059E+02 0.2000E+01
*************************************************
* COMPUTE INTERNALLY-GENERATED LOAD-TRANSFER *
* (t-z) CURVES FOR VERIFICATION *
*************************************************

NO. POINTS FT. PSI IN.
1 10 0.5000E+01
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.7217E-01 0.1000E-01
0.1443E+00 0.2000E-01
0.2887E+00 0.4000E-01
0.4330E+00 0.6000E-01
0.5773E+00 0.8000E-01
0.6495E+00 0.9000E-01
0.7217E+00 0.1000E+00
0.7217E+00 0.5000E+00

0.7217E+00 0.2000E+01
2 10 0.1500E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1014E+01 0.1600E-01
0.1691E+01 0.3100E-01
0.2536E+01 0.5700E-01
0.3043E+01 0.8000E-01
0.3381E+01 0.1000E+00
0.3043E+01 0.2000E+00
0.3043E+01 0.3000E+00
0.3043E+01 0.5000E+00
0.3043E+01 0.2000E+01
3 10 0.4500E+02
CURVE NOT PRINTED SINCE DEPTH OUTSIDE SOIL RANGE

5.3 Example Problem 2 – Offshore Steel-Pipe Pile in Sand

This example is included to illustrate a case for an offshore structure. The steel pile has OD =
1000 mm and ID = 860 mm. The subsurface condition mainly consists of cohesionless soils and the pile
was driven to a depth of 33.3 meters. The computer program APILE calculated 8,004 KN for the total
bearing capacity (API RP-2A), which is similar to the value of 8,175 KN that is obtained from simplified
hand calculations. Pile and soil data are given in Table 5.1.
Depth Soil Type '  Ko Nq

Layer
(m) (kN/m3) (Deg.)
0 sand 18.1 33 0.46 32
1
2 sand 19 37.5 0.39 40
2 sand 9.2 37.5 0.39 40
2
3 sand 10.2 39 0.37 40
3 sand 10.2 39 0.37 40
3
5 sand 5.7 30 0.5 20
5 sand 5.7 30 0.5 20
4
25 sand 5.7 30 0.5 20
25 sand 5.7 30 0.5 20
5
30.5 sand 11.2 40.5 0.35 40
30.5 sand 11.2 40.5 0.35 40
6
36 sand 11.2 40.5 0.35 40
Table 5.1 Soil Data for Example Problem 2
5.3.1 Hand Computations

The program output will be compared to the results from the following hand calculations.
Skin Friction
The general equation for skin friction is:
L
Q f   f x dAs
o
(5.1)
where
Qf = axial load capacity in skin friction, lb (kN);
L = penetration of pile below ground surface, ft (m);
fx = unit resistance at depth x, measured from ground surface, lb/ft2 (kPa); and
As = side surface area of pile, ft2 (m2).
At each increment,

f x As  (k (tan  ) po ) As
f x As  k (tan(  5))( ( h))( Dh)
(5.2)
Or,
f x As  (Max Skin Friction)( Dh)
(5.3)
where
k = coefficient of lateral earth (ratio of horizontal to vertical normal effective stress), a value
of k = 0.8 was recommended for open-ended pipe piles, that are driven unplugged, for
loadings in both tension and compression. A value of k = 1.0 was recommended for full
displacement piles.
p  effective overburden pressure at the point in question;
o
 = the friction angle between the soil and the pile wall. In the absence of data on , APILE
computes     5o (in degrees) based on user’s inputted value of friction angle ().
The limiting f is interpolated linearly within APILE for intermediate values of .
D = outside pile diameter.
Combining Eq. (5.1) and Eq. (5.2):
𝑸𝒇 = 𝒌(𝒕𝒂𝒏(∅ − 𝟓)) ∑ 𝜸𝒉 ∑ 𝝅𝑫𝒉
(5.4)
where k, ∅ and γ are averaged values.

Using the values from Table 5.1 we can make computations of ∑ 𝛾ℎ at various sample depths:
18.1+19
at 2m: ∑ 𝛾ℎ = ( 2
)∗ 2 = 37.1 kN/m2
19+10.2
At 3m: ∑ 𝛾ℎ = [( 2
)∗ 1] + 37.1 = 51.7 kN/m2
10.2+5.7
At 5m: ∑ 𝛾ℎ = [( 2
) ∗ 2] + 51.7 = 67.6 kN/m2
Values of unit side resistance (fx) at various sample depths can be computed as follows:
0.46+0.39 33+37.5
At 2m, 𝑓2𝑚 = [( 2
) (𝑡𝑎𝑛 [ 2 − 5]) (37.1)] = 9.20 kN/m2
0.39+0.37 37.5+39
At 3m: 𝑓3𝑚 = [( 2
) (𝑡𝑎𝑛 [ 2 − 5]) (51.7)] = 12.88 kN/m2
0.37+0.50 39+30
At 5m: 𝑓5𝑚 = [( 2
) (𝑡𝑎𝑛 [ 2 − 5]) (67.6)] = 16.64 kN/m2

We can now solve Eq. (5.4) at the various sample depths:

At depth of 2m:
𝑓2𝑚 +𝑓0𝑚
𝑄𝑓,2𝑚 = [( 2
)∗ 𝜋𝐷ℎ] + 𝑄𝑓,0𝑚
9.20+0
𝑄𝑓,2𝑚 = [( 2
) (𝜋 ∗ 1 ∗ 2)] + 0 = 28.89 kN
At depth of 3m:
𝑄𝑓,3𝑚 = [( 2
12.88+9.20
𝑄𝑓,3𝑚 = [( 2
) (𝜋 ∗ 1 ∗ 1)] + 28.89 = 63.56 kN
At depth of 5m:
𝑄𝑓,5𝑚 = [( 2
16.64+12.88
𝑄𝑓,5𝑚 = [( 2
) (𝜋 ∗ 1 ∗ 2)] + 63.56 = 156.30 kN
Following similar computations methods used in the sample depths above we can now compute
values for the remaining depths, with the results included in Table 5.2.
Depth  5 (h) S (h) f Qf

tan( 5) 2 2
 (d)(h)  (d)(h)(f )
(m) (Deg.) (kN/m ) (kN/m ) (kPa) (kN)
2 28 0.53 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 30.25 0.58 37.1 37.1 9.2 6.28 28.89 28.89
5 33.25 0.66 14.6 51.7 12.88 3.14 34.68 63.56
25 29.5 0.57 15.9 67.6 16.64 6.28 92.73 156.3
30.5 25 0.47 114 181.6 42.34 62.83 1852.84 2009.14
33 30.25 0.58 46.48 228.08 56.53 17.28 854.17 2863.31
Table 5.2 Hand Computations of Side Resistances for Example Problem 2
 In table above the calculated f values were compared with the limiting values in the Technical
Manual. For each depth, the lower of the two values was used.
 For this example the program has produced output at a 0.5 meter increments. Changing the depth
increment of the hand calculations to the 0.5 meter increment of depth will produce a more
accurate final result (thus with exact match to the results from the computer program).
Base Resistance
The general equation for end bearing in Sands is:
Qp  qAp
(5.5)
and

q  po N q
(5.6)
Where
Qp = axial load capacity in end bearing;
q = unit end bearing resistance;
Ap = cross-sectional area of tip of pile.
p  effective overburden pressure at the pile tip; and

o
Nq = bearing capacity factor.
To check soil plugging, calculate the average end bearing value from depth H to (H+2D) as
follows:
H 1.5 D

H 1.5 D
Qp ( x)dx
3D
(5.7)
Qp  (Max.Unit End Bearing ) Ap
(5.8)
For an open-ended pipe pile for end bearing we must consider both a plugged and unplugged case.
The plugged and unplugged values are computed in the following sub sections.
Plugged Case
For a plugged case the area is computed as follows:
𝝅 ∗ 𝑫𝟐
𝑨𝒑 = 𝒇𝒖𝒍𝒍 𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒕𝒐𝒎 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒊𝒑 = = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟖𝟓𝟑𝟗𝟖 𝒎𝟐
𝟒
Combining Eq. (5.5) and (5.6):
𝑸𝒑 = 𝒒 𝑨𝒑 = (∑ 𝜸𝒉) 𝑵𝒒 𝑨𝒑
(5.9)
where γ is an averaged value and the calculated q values are compared with the limiting values
in the Technical Manual. For each depth, the lower of the two values is used.
Using the values from Table 5.1 and Eq. (5.9) we calculate the following:
At depth 0m:

𝑄𝑝,0𝑚,𝑝𝑙𝑢𝑔 = 0 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑞 = 0)
At depth 2m:
18.1+19
𝑄𝑝,2𝑚,𝑝𝑙𝑢𝑔 = [( 2
)∗ 2] ∗ 40 ∗ 0.785398 = 1165.5 𝑘𝑁
At depth 3m:
19+10.2
𝑄𝑝,3𝑚,𝑝𝑙𝑢𝑔 = [37.1 + ( 2
) ∗ 1] ∗ 40 ∗ 0.785398 = 1624.2 𝑘𝑁
At depth 5m:
10.2+5.7
𝑄𝑝,5𝑚,𝑝𝑙𝑢𝑔 = [37.1 + 14.6 + ( 2
)∗ 2] ∗ 20 ∗ 0.785398 = 1061.8 𝑘𝑁
Depth (h) S (h) Qp (plugged

(m) 2 2
(kN/m ) (kN/m ) (kN)
0 0 0 0
2 37.1 37.1 1165.53
3 14.6 51.7 1624.2
5 15.9 67.6 1061.86
25 114 181.6 2852.57
30.5 46.475 228.075 7165.19
33 28 256.075 7539.82
Table 5.3 Hand Computations of Plugged End Bearing for Example Problem 2
 In table above the calculated q values were compared with the limiting values in the Technical
Manual. For each depth, the lower of the two values was used (this is the case at the 33-m depth).
 The APILE program uses averaged values of Q over a length of 1.5 pile diameter above and
below the pile depth. This is done following Eq. (5.7).
Unplugged Case
For the unplugged case the area is computed as follows:
𝜋 ∗ (𝐷𝑜𝑢𝑡 2 − 𝐷𝑖𝑛2 )
𝐴𝑝 = 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = = 0.204518𝑚2
4
Adding effect of side friction from the inner wall of the pile, the previous Eq. (5.10) is now
calculated as follows:
𝑸𝒑 = 𝒒 𝑨𝒑 = (∑ 𝜸𝒉) 𝑵𝒒 𝑨𝒑 + 𝑸𝒇,𝒊𝒏𝒏𝒆𝒓 𝒘𝒂𝒍𝒍
(5.10)

where γ is an averaged value and the calculated q values are compared with the limiting values
in the Technical Manual. For each depth, the lower of the two values is used.
Using the values from Table 5.1 and Eq. (5.10) we calculate the following:
At depth 0m:
𝑄𝑝,0𝑚,𝑢𝑛𝑝𝑙𝑢𝑔 = 0 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑞 = 0)
At depth 2m:
0+9.20
𝑄𝑓,𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝜋𝐷ℎ𝑓 = 3.14 ∗ 0.86 ∗ 2 ∗ 2
= 24.8 𝑘𝑁
𝑄𝑝,2𝑚,𝑢𝑝𝑙𝑢𝑔 = (37.1 ∗ 40 ∗ 0.204518) + 24.84 = 328.3 𝑘𝑁
At depth 3m:
9.20+12.88
𝑄𝑓,𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙,3𝑚 = (𝜋𝐷ℎ𝑓) + 𝑄𝑓,𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙,2𝑚 = (3.14 ∗ 0.86 ∗ 1 ∗ ) + 24.84 =
2
54.6 𝑘𝑁
𝑄𝑝,2𝑚,𝑢𝑝𝑙𝑢𝑔 = (51.7 ∗ 40 ∗ 0.204518) + 54.66 = 477.6 𝑘𝑁
At depth 5m:
12.88 + 16.64
𝑄𝑓,𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙,5𝑚 = (𝜋𝐷ℎ𝑓) + 𝑄𝑓,𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙,3𝑚 = (3.14 ∗ 0.86 ∗ 1 ∗ ) + 54.6
2
= 134.4 𝑘𝑁
𝑄𝑝,2𝑚,𝑢𝑝𝑙𝑢𝑔 = (67.6 ∗ 20 ∗ 0.204518) + 134.4 = 410.9 𝑘𝑁
Depth (h) S (h) Qp (unplugged)

(m) 2 2
(kN/m ) (kN/m ) (kN)
0 0 0 0
2 37.1 37.1 328.35
3 14.6 51.7 477.61
5 15.9 67.6 410.92
25 114 181.6 2470.67
30.5 46.475 228.075 4328.26
33 28 256.075 4964.14
Table 5.4 Hand Computations of Unplugged End Bearing for Example Problem 2
 In table above the calculated q values were compared with the limiting values in the Technical
Manual. For each depth, the lower of the two values was used.
 The APILE program uses averaged values of Q over a length of 1.5 pile diameter above and
below the pile depth. This is done following Eq. (5.7).

Total Resistance
The total bearing capacity of the pile is given in Eq. (5.11). To determine the total bearing capacity of the
pile, the smallest value from the skin friction equations in Eq. (5.2) and Eq. (5.3) and the end bearing
equations in Eq. (5.7) and Eq. (5.8) must be used in Eq. (5.11).
QTotal  Q f  Qp
(5.11)
5.3.2 Comparison of Results

Table 5.5 contains a comparison of the results obtained from hand computations against those from
the computer run in APILE.
Since Qp,unplugged < Qp,plugged at all depths then the values in Table 5.4 control the end bearing
capacity. Using the computed values from Table 5.2 and Table 5.4 we can find the total resistance
displayed in Table 5.5 along with comparisons against the computer run in APILE.
Depth Qf Qp QT (Hand) QT (APILE)

(m) (kN) (kN) (kN) (kN)
0 0 0 0 0
2 28.89 328.35 357.24 349.3
3 63.56 477.61 541.17 497.1
5 156.3 410.92 567.22 561.7
25 2009.14 2470.67 4479.81 4257.7
30.5 2863.31 4328.26 7191.57 6877.9
33 3336.35 4964.14 8300.49 8003.9
Table 5.5 Comparison of Total Resistances for Example Problem 2
 Some discrepancies are noticed between the rough hand calculations and the computed results
from APILE. If the user refines the computational depths to match the more accurate 0.5-meter
increments used by APILE, the hand computed values should then be much closer to the APILE
software calculations.

The contents of the input-data file prepared for Example Problem2 is reproduced below in
EXAMPLE 2
Ensoft
00-00-00
2 1 12 0
0 0 1000 860 200000000 33.3 0
33.3 860
0 0.5 1 0 4 0 0
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

36 0
0.0 1 0.46 18.1 33 32
107 9999.9 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 1 1 0
2 1 0.39 19 37.5 40
107 9999.9 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 1 1 0
2 1 0.39 9.2 37.5 40
107 9999.9 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 1 1 0
3 1 0.37 10.2 39 40
107 9999.9 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 1 1 0
3 1 0.37 10.2 39 40
91 5365 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 1 1 0
5 1 0.5 5.7 30 20
91 5365 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 1 1 0
5 1 0.5 5.7 30 20
91 5365 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 1 1 0
25 1 0.5 5.7 30 20
91 5365 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 1 1 0
25 1 0.5 5.7 30 20
107 9999.99 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 1 1 0
30.5 1 0.35 11.2 40.5 40
107 9999.99 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 1 1 0
30.5 1 0.35 11.2 40.5 40
107 9999.99 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 1 1 0
36 1 0.35 11.2 40.5 40
107 9999.99 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 1 1 0
0
0 1
0 0
2 0
0 0
0 0
0 1

Resulting plots of accumulated skin friction, ultimate tip resistance, and ultimate total capacity
versus depth provided by the computer program may be observed in Figure 5.7, Figure 5.8 and Figure 5.9
respectively. Results of axial load versus short-term settlement are included in Figure 5.10.

Figure 5.7 Curves of Accumulated Skin Friction vs Depth for Example Problem 2.
Figure 5.8 Curves of Ultimate Tip Resistance vs Depth for Example Problem 2.

Figure 5.9 Curves of Ultimate Total Capacity vs Depth for Example Problem 2.
Figure 5.10 Curve of Axial Load vs Settlement for Example Problem 2.

5.3.5 Output Data

The contents of the output-data file prepared for Example Problem2 is reproduced below in
=========================================================================

All Rights Reserved
=========================================================================
ENSOFT, INC
AUSTIN, TX

-------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
1
*********************
*********************
EXAMPLE 2
DESIGNER : Ensoft



- Revised Lambda
TYPE OF LOADING :
- COMPRESSION
PILE TYPE :
- MODULUS OF ELASTICITY = 0.200E+09 KPA

- CROSS SECTION AREA = 0.20 M2
- OUTSIDE DIAMETER, OD = 1000.00 MM.

- INTERNAL DIAMETER, ID = 860.00 MM.
- TOTAL PILE LENGTH, TL = 33.30 M.
- PILE STICKUP LENGTH, PSL = 0.00 M.
- ZERO FRICTION LENGTH, ZFL = 0.00 M.
USED IN COMPUTATION = 0.50 M.
SOIL INFORMATIONS :

M. KN/CM
0.00 SAND 0.46 18.10 33.00 32.00
2.00 SAND 0.39 19.00 37.50 40.00
2.00 SAND 0.39 9.20 37.50 40.00
3.00 SAND 0.37 10.20 39.00 40.00
3.00 SAND 0.37 10.20 39.00 40.00
5.00 SAND 0.50 5.70 30.00 20.00
5.00 SAND 0.50 5.70 30.00 20.00
25.00 SAND 0.50 5.70 30.00 20.00
25.00 SAND 0.50 5.70 30.00 20.00
30.50 SAND 0.35 11.20 40.50 40.00
30.50 SAND 0.35 11.20 40.50 40.00
36.00 SAND 0.35 11.20 40.50 40.00



KPA KPA KPA KPA KPA KPA
0.11E+03 0.10E+05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.11E+03 0.10E+05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.11E+03 0.10E+05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.11E+03 0.10E+05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.91E+02 0.54E+04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.91E+02 0.54E+04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.91E+02 0.54E+04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.91E+02 0.54E+04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.11E+03 0.10E+05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.11E+03 0.10E+05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.11E+03 0.10E+05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.11E+03 0.10E+05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

ON UNIT ON UNIT
M.
0.00 1.000 1.000
2.00 1.000 1.000
2.00 1.000 1.000
3.00 1.000 1.000
3.00 1.000 1.000
5.00 1.000 1.000
5.00 1.000 1.000
25.00 1.000 1.000
25.00 1.000 1.000
30.50 1.000 1.000
30.50 1.000 1.000
36.00 1.000 1.000
1
**********************
**********************
**********************
**********************

M. KN. KN. KN.
0.00 0.0 0.0* 0.0
0.50 4.9 67.6* 72.5
1.00 23.2 176.7* 199.8
1.50 56.0 342.4* 398.4
2.00 105.8 579.2* 685.0
2.50 174.9 818.7* 993.6
3.00 260.8 1115.1* 1375.8
3.50 355.7 1128.6* 1484.3
4.00 441.4 945.9* 1387.3
4.50 510.8 827.9* 1338.6
5.00 567.9 682.4* 1250.3
5.50 617.0 640.8* 1257.8
6.00 664.7 552.7 1217.4

6.50 714.4 500.9 1215.3

7.00 766.1 500.9 1267.0
7.50 819.9 500.9 1320.8
8.00 875.7 500.9 1376.6
8.50 933.6 500.9 1434.5
9.00 993.5 500.9 1494.4
9.50 1055.4 500.9 1556.3
10.00 1119.3 500.9 1620.2
10.50 1185.2 500.9 1686.1
11.00 1253.2 500.9 1754.1
11.50 1323.3 500.9 1824.1
12.00 1395.3 500.9 1896.2
12.50 1469.4 500.9 1970.3
13.00 1545.5 500.9 2046.4
13.50 1623.6 500.9 2124.5
14.00 1703.8 500.9 2204.7
14.50 1786.0 500.9 2286.9
15.00 1870.2 500.9 2371.1
15.50 1956.5 500.9 2457.4
16.00 2044.7 500.9 2545.6
16.50 2135.1 500.9 2636.0
17.00 2227.4 500.9 2728.3
17.50 2321.8 500.9 2822.7
18.00 2418.2 500.9 2919.1
18.50 2516.6 500.9 3017.5
19.00 2617.1 500.9 3118.0
19.50 2719.6 500.9 3220.5
20.00 2824.1 500.9 3325.0
20.50 2930.6 500.9 3431.5
21.00 3039.2 500.9 3540.1
21.50 3149.8 500.9 3650.7
22.00 3262.5 500.9 3763.4
22.50 3377.1 500.9 3878.0
23.00 3493.8 500.9 3994.7
23.50 3612.5 500.9 4113.4
24.00 3733.3 522.9 4256.2
24.50 3856.1 596.4 4452.4
25.00 3980.9 753.6 4734.5
25.50 4111.9 1026.2 5138.1
26.00 4257.9 1466.6 5724.5
26.50 4424.2 2126.5 6550.7
27.00 4592.3 3027.6 7619.9
27.50 4760.4 4179.6 8940.0
28.00 4928.5 5247.9 10176.3
28.50 5096.5 6200.8 11297.3
29.00 5264.6 6978.5* 12243.1
29.50 5432.7 7322.2* 12754.9
30.00 5600.8 7713.5* 13314.3
30.50 5768.8 7854.0 13622.8
31.00 5936.9 7854.0 13790.9
31.50 6105.0 7854.0 13959.0
32.00 6273.1 7854.0 14127.0
32.50 6441.1 7854.0 14295.1
33.00 6609.2 7854.0 14463.2
**********************
**********************


M. KN. KN. KN.

0.00 0.0 0.0* 0.0
0.50 8.8 78.4* 87.2
1.00 26.3 189.1* 215.4
1.50 48.9 332.8* 381.7
2.00 81.7 507.0* 588.8
2.50 123.1 633.8* 756.9
3.00 170.7 797.1* 967.8
3.50 223.6 813.9* 1037.5
4.00 278.6 739.8* 1018.4
4.50 333.5 625.6* 959.1
5.00 387.4 519.5* 906.9
5.50 440.6 505.3* 945.9
6.00 495.1 542.7* 1037.7
6.50 551.9 581.0* 1132.8
7.00 611.0 620.3* 1231.3
7.50 672.4 660.6* 1333.0
8.00 736.1 701.9* 1438.1
8.50 802.2 744.2* 1546.4
9.00 870.6 787.5* 1658.1
9.50 941.3 831.8* 1773.1
10.00 1014.3 877.1* 1891.4
10.50 1088.5 922.5* 2010.9
11.00 1162.6 967.8* 2130.4
11.50 1236.8 1013.1* 2249.9
12.00 1311.0 1004.7* 2315.7
12.50 1385.2 1036.6* 2421.8
13.00 1459.3 1068.5* 2527.8
13.50 1533.5 1100.4* 2633.9
14.00 1607.7 1132.3* 2740.0
14.50 1681.9 1164.2* 2846.1
15.00 1756.0 1196.1* 2952.1
15.50 1830.2 1228.0* 3058.2
16.00 1904.4 1259.9* 3164.3
16.50 1978.5 1291.8* 3270.3
17.00 2052.7 1323.7* 3376.4
17.50 2126.9 1355.6* 3482.5
18.00 2201.1 1387.5* 3588.5
18.50 2275.2 1419.4* 3694.6
19.00 2349.4 1451.3* 3800.7
19.50 2423.6 1483.1* 3906.7
20.00 2497.8 1515.0* 4012.8
20.50 2571.9 1546.9* 4118.9
21.00 2646.1 1578.8* 4224.9
21.50 2720.3 1610.7* 4331.0
22.00 2794.5 1642.6* 4437.1
22.50 2868.6 1647.4 4516.1
23.00 2942.8 1647.4 4590.2
23.50 3017.0 1647.4 4664.4
24.00 3091.1 1667.4 4758.5
24.50 3165.3 1727.2 4892.5
25.00 3239.5 1834.0* 5073.5
25.50 3314.3 1897.6* 5211.9
26.00 3391.1 1993.5* 5384.7
26.50 3470.6 2112.2* 5582.8
27.00 3565.8 2500.7* 6066.6
27.50 3677.3 2701.3* 6378.6
28.00 3792.3 2903.5* 6695.7
28.50 3925.4 3450.6* 7375.9
29.00 4076.9 3690.3* 7767.3
29.50 4233.1 3895.6* 8128.7
30.00 4394.1 3965.8* 8359.8
30.50 4559.8 4038.1* 8597.8

31.00 4727.8 4111.4* 8839.3

31.50 4895.9 4184.8* 9080.7
32.00 5064.0 4258.1* 9322.1
32.50 5232.1 4331.4* 9563.5
33.00 5400.1 4404.8* 9804.9
**********************
* LAMBDA 2 METHOD *
**********************

M. KN. KN. KN.
0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.50 4.1 63.0 67.1
1.00 15.1 137.3 152.3
1.50 32.0 223.1 255.1
2.00 54.6 320.6 375.2
2.50 80.9 380.1 461.0
3.00 109.3 435.7 545.0
3.50 139.9 465.3 605.3
4.00 172.5 458.9 631.4
4.50 206.6 441.5 648.1
5.00 241.7 414.6 656.3
5.50 277.7 414.4 692.1
6.00 314.7 447.1 761.8
6.50 352.6 480.8 833.4
7.00 391.5 515.3 906.8
7.50 431.3 550.8 982.1
8.00 472.1 587.1 1059.3
8.50 513.9 624.4 1138.3
9.00 556.7 662.5 1219.2
9.50 600.4 701.5 1301.9
10.00 645.0 741.5 1386.5
10.50 690.6 782.3 1472.9
11.00 737.1 824.0 1561.2
11.50 784.6 866.7 1651.3
12.00 833.0 910.2 1743.2
12.50 882.4 954.6 1837.0
13.00 932.6 999.9 1932.5
13.50 983.8 1046.1 2029.9
14.00 1035.9 1093.2 2129.1
14.50 1088.8 1141.3 2230.1
15.00 1142.7 1190.2 2332.9
15.50 1197.4 1240.0 2437.4
16.00 1253.1 1290.7 2543.8
16.50 1309.6 1342.3 2651.9
17.00 1366.9 1394.8 2761.7
17.50 1425.2 1448.2 2873.4
18.00 1484.3 1502.5 2986.7
18.50 1544.2 1557.7 3101.9
19.00 1605.0 1613.8 3218.7
19.50 1666.6 1670.8 3337.3
20.00 1729.0 1728.6 3457.7
20.50 1792.3 1787.4 3579.7
21.00 1856.4 1847.1 3703.5
21.50 1921.3 1907.7 3829.0
22.00 1987.0 1969.2 3956.2
22.50 2053.5 2031.5 4085.0
23.00 2120.8 2094.8 4215.6
23.50 2188.9 2159.0 4347.9

24.00 2257.8 2224.0 4481.9

24.50 2327.5 2290.0 4617.5
25.00 2397.9 2356.9 4754.8
25.50 2469.3 2459.0 4928.3
26.00 2541.8 2599.2 5141.0
26.50 2615.4 2744.9 5360.3
27.00 2690.3 2896.3 5586.5
27.50 2766.5 3053.7 5820.2
28.00 2844.0 3217.5 6061.5
28.50 2923.0 3387.9 6310.8
29.00 3003.4 3565.1 6568.5
29.50 3085.3 3749.4 6834.7
30.00 3168.9 3941.0 7109.9
30.50 3254.0 4140.2 7394.2
31.00 3340.8 4303.7 7644.5
31.50 3429.4 4427.6 7857.0
32.00 3519.7 4553.4 8073.1
32.50 3611.8 4681.1 8292.9
33.00 3705.6 4801.1 8506.6
**********************
* API RP-2A (1994) *
**********************

M. KN. KN. KN.
0.00 0.0 0.0* 0.0
0.50 1.8 63.0* 64.7
1.00 7.1 137.3* 144.3
1.50 16.0 223.1* 239.1
2.00 28.7 320.6* 349.3
2.50 44.1 380.1* 424.2
3.00 61.4 435.7* 497.1
3.50 80.7 465.3* 546.1
4.00 101.7 458.9* 560.6
4.50 124.0 441.5* 565.5
5.00 147.1 414.6* 561.7
5.50 170.8 414.4* 585.1
6.00 195.3 447.1* 642.4
6.50 220.9 480.8* 701.6
7.00 247.5 515.3* 762.8
7.50 275.1 550.8* 825.9
8.00 303.8 587.1* 891.0
8.50 333.6 624.4* 957.9
9.00 364.4 662.5* 1026.9
9.50 396.2 701.5* 1097.7
10.00 429.1 741.5* 1170.6
10.50 463.0 782.3* 1245.3
11.00 498.0 824.0* 1322.0
11.50 534.0 866.7* 1400.6
12.00 571.0 910.2* 1481.2
12.50 609.1 954.6* 1563.7
13.00 648.3 999.9* 1648.2
13.50 688.5 1046.1* 1734.6
14.00 729.7 1093.2* 1822.9
14.50 772.0 1141.3* 1913.2
15.00 815.3 1190.2* 2005.5
15.50 859.6 1240.0* 2099.6
16.00 905.1 1290.7* 2195.7
16.50 951.5 1342.3* 2293.8

17.00 999.0 1394.8* 2393.8

17.50 1047.5 1448.2* 2495.7
18.00 1097.1 1502.5* 2599.6
18.50 1147.7 1557.7* 2705.4
19.00 1199.4 1613.8* 2813.2
19.50 1252.1 1670.8* 2922.9
20.00 1305.9 1728.6* 3034.5
20.50 1360.7 1787.4* 3148.1
21.00 1416.5 1847.1* 3263.6
21.50 1473.4 1907.7* 3381.1
22.00 1531.3 1969.2* 3500.5
22.50 1590.3 2031.5* 3621.8
23.00 1650.3 2094.8* 3745.1
23.50 1711.4 2159.0* 3870.3
24.00 1773.5 2224.0* 3997.5
24.50 1836.6 2290.0* 4126.6
25.00 1900.8 2356.9* 4257.7
25.50 1966.3 2459.0* 4425.3
26.00 2033.7 2599.2* 4632.9
26.50 2103.3 2744.9* 4848.2
27.00 2175.1 2896.3* 5071.3
27.50 2249.0 3053.7* 5302.7
28.00 2325.1 3217.5* 5542.6
28.50 2403.4 3387.9* 5791.3
29.00 2483.8 3565.1* 6048.9
29.50 2566.4 3749.4* 6315.8
30.00 2651.0 3941.0* 6592.0
30.50 2737.7 4140.2* 6877.9
31.00 2826.4 4303.7* 7130.1
31.50 2917.2 4427.6* 7344.8
32.00 3010.2 4553.4* 7563.6
32.50 3105.4 4681.1* 7786.5
33.00 3202.8 4801.1* 8003.9
NOTES:
*************************************************
*************************************************

NO. POINTS M. KPA M.
1 10 0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.3384E+00 0.2513E-03
0.6768E+00 0.5026E-03
0.1354E+01 0.1005E-02
0.2030E+01 0.1508E-02
0.2707E+01 0.2011E-02
0.3046E+01 0.2262E-02
0.3384E+01 0.2513E-02
0.3384E+01 0.1257E-01
0.3384E+01 0.5026E-01
2 10 0.1000E+01

0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.6871E+00 0.2513E-03
0.1374E+01 0.5026E-03
0.2748E+01 0.1005E-02
0.4123E+01 0.1508E-02
0.5497E+01 0.2011E-02
0.6184E+01 0.2262E-02
0.6871E+01 0.2513E-02
0.6871E+01 0.1257E-01
0.6871E+01 0.5026E-01
3 10 0.1900E+01
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.8929E+00 0.2513E-03
0.1786E+01 0.5026E-03
0.3572E+01 0.1005E-02
0.5357E+01 0.1508E-02
0.7143E+01 0.2011E-02
0.8036E+01 0.2262E-02
0.8929E+01 0.2513E-02
0.8929E+01 0.1257E-01
0.8929E+01 0.5026E-01
4 10 0.2000E+01
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1043E+01 0.2513E-03
0.2085E+01 0.5026E-03
0.4171E+01 0.1005E-02
0.6256E+01 0.1508E-02
0.8341E+01 0.2011E-02
0.9384E+01 0.2262E-02
0.1043E+02 0.2513E-02
0.1043E+02 0.1257E-01
0.1043E+02 0.5026E-01
5 10 0.2500E+01
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1166E+01 0.2513E-03
0.2332E+01 0.5026E-03
0.4664E+01 0.1005E-02
0.6995E+01 0.1508E-02
0.9327E+01 0.2011E-02
0.1049E+02 0.2262E-02
0.1166E+02 0.2513E-02
0.1166E+02 0.1257E-01
0.1166E+02 0.5026E-01
6 10 0.2900E+01
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1166E+01 0.2513E-03
0.2332E+01 0.5026E-03
0.4664E+01 0.1005E-02
0.6995E+01 0.1508E-02
0.9327E+01 0.2011E-02
0.1049E+02 0.2262E-02
0.1166E+02 0.2513E-02
0.1166E+02 0.1257E-01
0.1166E+02 0.5026E-01
7 10 0.3000E+01
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1282E+01 0.2513E-03
0.2565E+01 0.5026E-03
0.5129E+01 0.1005E-02
0.7694E+01 0.1508E-02
0.1026E+02 0.2011E-02
0.1154E+02 0.2262E-02
0.1282E+02 0.2513E-02

0.1282E+02 0.1257E-01
0.1282E+02 0.5026E-01
8 10 0.4000E+01
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1444E+01 0.2513E-03
0.2888E+01 0.5026E-03
0.5776E+01 0.1005E-02
0.8665E+01 0.1508E-02
0.1155E+02 0.2011E-02
0.1300E+02 0.2262E-02
0.1444E+02 0.2513E-02
0.1444E+02 0.1257E-01
0.1444E+02 0.5026E-01
9 10 0.4900E+01
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1489E+01 0.2513E-03
0.2978E+01 0.5026E-03
0.5955E+01 0.1005E-02
0.8933E+01 0.1508E-02
0.1191E+02 0.2011E-02
0.1340E+02 0.2262E-02
0.1489E+02 0.2513E-02
0.1489E+02 0.1257E-01
0.1489E+02 0.5026E-01
10 10 0.5000E+01
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1535E+01 0.2513E-03
0.3069E+01 0.5026E-03
0.6139E+01 0.1005E-02
0.9208E+01 0.1508E-02
0.1228E+02 0.2011E-02
0.1381E+02 0.2262E-02
0.1535E+02 0.2513E-02
0.1535E+02 0.1257E-01
0.1535E+02 0.5026E-01
11 10 0.1500E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.2857E+01 0.2513E-03
0.5715E+01 0.5026E-03
0.1143E+02 0.1005E-02
0.1714E+02 0.1508E-02
0.2286E+02 0.2011E-02
0.2572E+02 0.2262E-02
0.2857E+02 0.2513E-02
0.2857E+02 0.1257E-01
0.2857E+02 0.5026E-01
12 10 0.2490E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.4129E+01 0.2513E-03
0.8258E+01 0.5026E-03
0.1652E+02 0.1005E-02
0.2477E+02 0.1508E-02
0.3303E+02 0.2011E-02
0.3716E+02 0.2262E-02
0.4129E+02 0.2513E-02
0.4129E+02 0.1257E-01
0.4129E+02 0.5026E-01
13 10 0.2500E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.4231E+01 0.2513E-03
0.8462E+01 0.5026E-03
0.1692E+02 0.1005E-02
0.2539E+02 0.1508E-02

0.3385E+02 0.2011E-02
0.3808E+02 0.2262E-02
0.4231E+02 0.2513E-02
0.4231E+02 0.1257E-01
0.4231E+02 0.5026E-01
14 10 0.2775E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.4915E+01 0.2513E-03
0.9829E+01 0.5026E-03
0.1966E+02 0.1005E-02
0.2949E+02 0.1508E-02
0.3932E+02 0.2011E-02
0.4423E+02 0.2262E-02
0.4915E+02 0.2513E-02
0.4915E+02 0.1257E-01
0.4915E+02 0.5026E-01
15 10 0.3040E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.5582E+01 0.2513E-03
0.1116E+02 0.5026E-03
0.2233E+02 0.1005E-02
0.3349E+02 0.1508E-02
0.4465E+02 0.2011E-02
0.5023E+02 0.2262E-02
0.5582E+02 0.2513E-02
0.5582E+02 0.1257E-01
0.5582E+02 0.5026E-01
16 10 0.3050E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.5714E+01 0.2513E-03
0.1143E+02 0.5026E-03
0.2285E+02 0.1005E-02
0.3428E+02 0.1508E-02
0.4571E+02 0.2011E-02
0.5142E+02 0.2262E-02
0.5714E+02 0.2513E-02
0.5714E+02 0.1257E-01
0.5714E+02 0.5026E-01
17 10 0.3325E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.6201E+01 0.2513E-03
0.1240E+02 0.5026E-03
0.2480E+02 0.1005E-02
0.3720E+02 0.1508E-02
0.4961E+02 0.2011E-02
0.5581E+02 0.2262E-02
0.6201E+02 0.2513E-02
0.6201E+02 0.1257E-01
0.6201E+02 0.5026E-01
18 10 0.3590E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.6201E+01 0.2513E-03
0.1240E+02 0.5026E-03
0.2480E+02 0.1005E-02
0.3720E+02 0.1508E-02
0.4961E+02 0.2011E-02
0.5581E+02 0.2262E-02
0.6201E+02 0.2513E-02
0.6201E+02 0.1257E-01
0.6201E+02 0.5026E-01


KN. M.
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.3001E+03 0.5000E-03
0.6001E+03 0.1000E-02
0.1200E+04 0.2000E-02
0.2401E+04 0.1300E-01
0.3601E+04 0.4200E-01
0.4321E+04 0.7300E-01
0.4801E+04 0.1000E+00
0.4801E+04 0.1500E+00
0.4801E+04 0.2000E+00

****************************

KN. M. KN. M.
0.6005E+01 0.5843E-05 0.1508E+01 0.2513E-05
0.6005E+02 0.5843E-04 0.1508E+02 0.2513E-04
0.3003E+03 0.2922E-03 0.7541E+02 0.1257E-03
0.6005E+03 0.5843E-03 0.1508E+03 0.2513E-03
0.2991E+04 0.2921E-02 0.7541E+03 0.1257E-02
0.4587E+04 0.5260E-02 0.1256E+04 0.2513E-02
0.5684E+04 0.1621E-01 0.2353E+04 0.1257E-01
0.6233E+04 0.2922E-01 0.2903E+04 0.2513E-01
0.7123E+04 0.5508E-01 0.3793E+04 0.5026E-01

5.4 Example Problem 3 – Open-Ended Steel-Pipe Pile in Clay

This example is included to show the response of a steel pile embedded in cohesive soils. The
modeled pile is 39 meters long and open-ended steel pipe, with an outer diameter of 500 mm and an inner
diameter of 480 mm. The soil data is given in Table 5.6. The bearing capacity was calculated by APILE,
using the API RP2A method. Because this pile is an open-ended, a plug of soil may be forced up the
inside of the pile. In this APILE model, the soil resistance from the plug is compared to the resistance
from the end-bearing over the full area of the base and the smaller of the two values is used
(Data/Circular Pile Section/Internal Pile Plug Calculated by Program).
Depth Soil Type ' C

Layer
(m) (kN/m ) (kN/m2)
3
0 clay 18.6 9.8

1
4 clay 18.6 9.8
4 clay 8.8 9.8
2
10 clay 8.8 9.8
10 clay 8.8 19.6
3
20 clay 8.8 19.6
20 clay 8.8 58.8
4
36 clay 8.8 58.8
36 clay 9 78.4
5
40 clay 9 78.4
Table 5.6 Soil Data for Example Problem 3

The contents of the input-data file prepared for Example Problem 3 is reproduced below in
EXAMPLE 3
Ensoft
00-00-00
2 1 12 0
0 0 500 480 200000000 39 0
39 480
0 1 1 0 4 0 0
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
45 0
0.0 2 0.0 18.6 0.0 0.0
999 9999 9.8 9.8 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
4 2 0.0 18.6 0.0 0.0
999 9999 9.8 9.8 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
4 2 0.0 8.8 0.0 0.0
999 9999 9.8 9.8 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
10 2 0.0 8.8 0.0 0.0
999 9999 9.8 9.8 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
10 2 0.0 8.8 0.0 0.0
999 9999 19.6 19.6 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
20 2 0.0 8.8 0.0 0.0
999 9999 19.6 19.6 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
20 2 0.0 8.8 0.0 0.0
999 9999 58.8 58.8 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0

35.5 2 0.0 8.8 0.0 0.0

999 9999 58.8 58.8 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
35.5 2 0.0 9 0.0 0.0
999 9999 78.4 78.4 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
37 2 0.0 8.8 0.0 0.0
999 9999 78.4 78.4 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
37 2 0.0 8.8 0.0 0.0
999 9999 78.4 78.4 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
45 2 0.0 8.8 0.0 0.0
999 9999 78.4 78.4 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
1
3
2
5
15
0 1
0 0
2 0
0 0
0 0
0 1

The resulting plot of combined ultimate axial capacities versus depth provided by APILE may be
observed in Figure 5.11. Results of axial load versus short-term settlement are included in Figure 5.12.
Figure 5.11 Curve of Combined Plots vs Depth (ultimate) for Example Problem 3.

5.4.3 Output Data

The contents of the output-data file prepared for Example Problem 3 is reproduced below in
=========================================================================

All Rights Reserved
=========================================================================
ENSOFT, INC
AUSTIN, TX


-------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
1
*********************
*********************
EXAMPLE 3
DESIGNER : Ensoft


- Revised Lambda
TYPE OF LOADING :
- COMPRESSION
PILE TYPE :



SOIL INFORMATIONS :

M. KN/CM
0.00 CLAY 0.00 18.60 0.00 0.00
4.00 CLAY 0.00 18.60 0.00 0.00
4.00 CLAY 0.00 8.80 0.00 0.00
10.00 CLAY 0.00 8.80 0.00 0.00
10.00 CLAY 0.00 8.80 0.00 0.00
20.00 CLAY 0.00 8.80 0.00 0.00
20.00 CLAY 0.00 8.80 0.00 0.00
35.50 CLAY 0.00 8.80 0.00 0.00
35.50 CLAY 0.00 9.00 0.00 0.00
37.00 CLAY 0.00 8.80 0.00 0.00
37.00 CLAY 0.00 8.80 0.00 0.00
45.00 CLAY 0.00 8.80 0.00 0.00

0.10E+04 0.10E+05 9.80 9.80 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.10E+04 0.10E+05 9.80 9.80 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.10E+04 0.10E+05 9.80 9.80 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.10E+04 0.10E+05 9.80 9.80 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.10E+04 0.10E+05 19.60 19.60 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.10E+04 0.10E+05 19.60 19.60 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.10E+04 0.10E+05 58.80 58.80 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.10E+04 0.10E+05 58.80 58.80 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.10E+04 0.10E+05 78.40 78.40 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.10E+04 0.10E+05 78.40 78.40 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.10E+04 0.10E+05 78.40 78.40 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.10E+04 0.10E+05 78.40 78.40 0.00 0.00 0.00

ON UNIT ON UNIT
M.
0.00 1.000 1.000
4.00 1.000 1.000
4.00 1.000 1.000
10.00 1.000 1.000
10.00 1.000 1.000
20.00 1.000 1.000
20.00 1.000 1.000
35.50 1.000 1.000
35.50 1.000 1.000

37.00 1.000 1.000

37.00 1.000 1.000
45.00 1.000 1.000
1
**********************
**********************
**********************
**********************

M. KN. KN. KN.
0.00 0.0 1.4* 1.4
1.00 0.0 1.4* 1.4
2.00 4.8 10.6* 15.4
3.00 14.5 17.3 31.8
4.00 25.4 17.3 42.7
5.00 38.6 17.3 56.0
6.00 52.8 17.3 70.1
7.00 66.9 17.3 84.2
8.00 81.0 17.3 98.3
9.00 95.1 17.3 112.4
10.00 109.2 26.0 135.2
11.00 129.6 34.6 164.2
12.00 156.1 34.6 190.8
13.00 182.7 34.6 217.4
14.00 209.3 34.6 244.0
15.00 235.9 34.6 270.5
16.00 262.5 34.6 297.1
17.00 289.1 34.6 323.7
18.00 315.7 34.6 350.3
19.00 342.3 34.6 376.9
20.00 368.8 69.3 438.1
21.00 415.5 103.9 519.4
22.00 482.2 103.9 586.1
23.00 548.9 103.9 652.8
24.00 615.6 103.9 719.5
25.00 682.3 103.9 786.3
26.00 749.1 103.9 853.0
27.00 815.8 103.9 919.7
28.00 882.5 103.9 986.4
29.00 949.2 103.9 1053.1
30.00 1015.9 103.9 1119.8
31.00 1082.6 103.9 1186.5
32.00 1149.3 103.9 1253.2
33.00 1216.0 103.9 1319.9
34.00 1282.7 103.9 1386.7
35.00 1349.5 103.9 1453.4
36.00 1416.2 121.2 1537.4
37.00 1491.9 138.5 1630.5
38.00 1576.8 138.5 1715.3
39.00 1661.6 138.5 1800.1

**********************
**********************

M. KN. KN. KN.
0.00 0.0 1.4* 1.4
1.00 15.4 8.7 24.1
2.00 30.8 17.3 48.1
3.00 46.2 17.3 63.5
4.00 61.6 17.3 78.9
5.00 77.0 17.3 94.3
6.00 92.4 17.3 109.7
7.00 107.8 17.3 125.1
8.00 123.2 17.3 140.5
9.00 138.5 17.3 155.9
10.00 153.9 26.0 179.9
11.00 177.0 34.6 211.7
12.00 207.8 34.6 242.5
13.00 238.6 34.6 273.2
14.00 269.4 34.6 304.0
15.00 300.2 34.6 334.8
16.00 331.0 34.6 365.6
17.00 361.8 34.6 396.4
18.00 392.5 34.6 427.2
19.00 423.3 34.6 458.0
20.00 454.1 69.3 523.4
21.00 499.0 103.9 602.9
22.00 557.8 103.9 661.7
23.00 616.7 103.9 720.6
24.00 675.6 103.9 779.5
25.00 734.5 103.9 838.4
26.00 793.4 103.9 897.3
27.00 852.2 103.9 956.1
28.00 911.1 103.9 1015.0
29.00 970.0 103.9 1073.9
30.00 1028.9 103.9 1132.8
31.00 1087.8 103.9 1191.7
32.00 1146.6 103.9 1250.6
33.00 1205.5 103.9 1309.4
34.00 1264.4 103.9 1368.3
35.00 1323.3 103.9 1427.2
36.00 1382.2 121.2 1503.4
37.00 1442.4 138.5 1580.9
38.00 1504.0 138.5 1642.5
39.00 1565.5 138.5 1704.1
**********************
* LAMBDA 2 METHOD *
**********************

M. KN. KN. KN.
0.00 0.0 1.4 1.4
1.00 19.6 8.7 28.2
2.00 46.4 17.3 63.8
3.00 54.3 17.3 71.6
4.00 83.3 17.3 100.6
5.00 115.7 17.3 133.0

6.00 149.8 17.3 167.1

7.00 185.7 17.3 203.0
8.00 223.4 17.3 240.7
9.00 262.9 17.3 280.3
10.00 304.3 26.0 330.3
11.00 351.2 34.6 385.9
12.00 399.6 34.6 434.3
13.00 449.6 34.6 484.2
14.00 501.0 34.6 535.6
15.00 553.9 34.6 588.6
16.00 608.4 34.6 643.0
17.00 664.3 34.6 698.9
18.00 721.7 34.6 756.4
19.00 780.6 34.6 815.3
20.00 841.0 69.3 910.3
21.00 914.2 103.9 1018.1
22.00 988.6 103.9 1092.5
23.00 1064.2 103.9 1168.1
24.00 1140.8 103.9 1244.7
25.00 1218.4 103.9 1322.3
26.00 1297.0 103.9 1400.9
27.00 1376.6 103.9 1480.5
28.00 1457.1 103.9 1561.0
29.00 1538.5 103.9 1642.5
30.00 1620.9 103.9 1724.8
31.00 1704.2 103.9 1808.1
32.00 1788.5 103.9 1892.4
33.00 1873.6 103.9 1977.5
34.00 1959.7 103.9 2063.6
35.00 2046.7 103.9 2150.6
36.00 2134.6 121.2 2255.8
37.00 2228.3 138.5 2366.9
38.00 2322.8 138.5 2461.4
39.00 2437.3 138.5 2575.8
**********************
* API RP-2A (1994) *
**********************

M. KN. KN. KN.
0.00 0.0 1.4* 1.4
1.00 10.6 8.7 19.3
2.00 23.4 17.3 40.7
3.00 38.6 17.3 55.9
4.00 54.0 17.3 71.3
5.00 69.4 17.3 86.7
6.00 84.8 17.3 102.1
7.00 100.2 17.3 117.5
8.00 115.6 17.3 132.9
9.00 131.0 17.3 148.3
10.00 146.4 26.0 172.3
11.00 169.4 34.6 204.1
12.00 200.2 34.6 234.9
13.00 231.0 34.6 265.7
14.00 261.8 34.6 296.4
15.00 292.6 34.6 327.2
16.00 323.4 34.6 358.0
17.00 354.2 34.6 388.8
18.00 385.0 34.6 419.6

19.00 415.7 34.6 450.4

20.00 446.5 69.3 515.8
21.00 507.0 103.9 610.9
22.00 598.0 103.9 701.9
23.00 690.1 103.9 794.0
24.00 782.5 103.9 886.4
25.00 874.9 103.9 978.8
26.00 967.2 103.9 1071.1
27.00 1059.6 103.9 1163.5
28.00 1151.9 103.9 1255.9
29.00 1244.3 103.9 1348.2
30.00 1336.7 103.9 1440.6
31.00 1429.0 103.9 1532.9
32.00 1521.4 103.9 1625.3
33.00 1613.8 103.9 1717.7
34.00 1706.1 103.9 1810.0
35.00 1798.5 103.9 1902.4
36.00 1890.9 121.2 2012.1
37.00 1998.6 138.5 2137.2
38.00 2121.8 138.5 2260.3
39.00 2244.9 138.5 2383.5
NOTES:
*************************************************
*************************************************

1 10 0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.2445E+01 0.8000E-03
0.4074E+01 0.1550E-02
0.6111E+01 0.2850E-02
0.7334E+01 0.4000E-02
0.8149E+01 0.5000E-02
0.7334E+01 0.1000E-01
0.7334E+01 0.1500E-01
0.7334E+01 0.2500E-01
0.7334E+01 0.1000E+00
2 10 0.2000E+01
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.2921E+01 0.8000E-03
0.4868E+01 0.1550E-02
0.7302E+01 0.2850E-02
0.8763E+01 0.4000E-02
0.9737E+01 0.5000E-02
0.8763E+01 0.1000E-01
0.8763E+01 0.1500E-01
0.8763E+01 0.2500E-01
0.8763E+01 0.1000E+00
3 10 0.3900E+01
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00

0.2940E+01 0.8000E-03
0.4900E+01 0.1550E-02
0.7350E+01 0.2850E-02
0.8820E+01 0.4000E-02
0.9800E+01 0.5000E-02
0.8820E+01 0.1000E-01
0.8820E+01 0.1500E-01
0.8820E+01 0.2500E-01
0.8820E+01 0.1000E+00
4 10 0.4000E+01
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.2940E+01 0.8000E-03
0.4900E+01 0.1550E-02
0.7350E+01 0.2850E-02
0.8820E+01 0.4000E-02
0.9800E+01 0.5000E-02
0.8820E+01 0.1000E-01
0.8820E+01 0.1500E-01
0.8820E+01 0.2500E-01
0.8820E+01 0.1000E+00
5 10 0.7000E+01
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.2940E+01 0.8000E-03
0.4900E+01 0.1550E-02
0.7350E+01 0.2850E-02
0.8820E+01 0.4000E-02
0.9800E+01 0.5000E-02
0.8820E+01 0.1000E-01
0.8820E+01 0.1500E-01
0.8820E+01 0.2500E-01
0.8820E+01 0.1000E+00
6 10 0.9900E+01
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.3675E+01 0.8000E-03
0.6125E+01 0.1550E-02
0.9187E+01 0.2850E-02
0.1102E+02 0.4000E-02
0.1225E+02 0.5000E-02
0.1102E+02 0.1000E-01
0.1102E+02 0.1500E-01
0.1102E+02 0.2500E-01
0.1102E+02 0.1000E+00
7 10 0.1000E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.5145E+01 0.8000E-03
0.8575E+01 0.1550E-02
0.1286E+02 0.2850E-02
0.1543E+02 0.4000E-02
0.1715E+02 0.5000E-02
0.1543E+02 0.1000E-01
0.1543E+02 0.1500E-01
0.1543E+02 0.2500E-01
0.1543E+02 0.1000E+00
8 10 0.1500E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.5880E+01 0.8000E-03
0.9800E+01 0.1550E-02
0.1470E+02 0.2850E-02
0.1764E+02 0.4000E-02
0.1960E+02 0.5000E-02
0.1764E+02 0.1000E-01
0.1764E+02 0.1500E-01
0.1764E+02 0.2500E-01

0.1764E+02 0.1000E+00
9 10 0.1990E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.8714E+01 0.8000E-03
0.1452E+02 0.1550E-02
0.2178E+02 0.2850E-02
0.2614E+02 0.4000E-02
0.2905E+02 0.5000E-02
0.2614E+02 0.1000E-01
0.2614E+02 0.1500E-01
0.2614E+02 0.2500E-01
0.2614E+02 0.1000E+00
10 10 0.2000E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1446E+02 0.8000E-03
0.2411E+02 0.1550E-02
0.3616E+02 0.2850E-02
0.4339E+02 0.4000E-02
0.4822E+02 0.5000E-02
0.4339E+02 0.1000E-01
0.4339E+02 0.1500E-01
0.4339E+02 0.2500E-01
0.4339E+02 0.1000E+00
11 10 0.2775E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1764E+02 0.8000E-03
0.2940E+02 0.1550E-02
0.4410E+02 0.2850E-02
0.5292E+02 0.4000E-02
0.5880E+02 0.5000E-02
0.5292E+02 0.1000E-01
0.5292E+02 0.1500E-01
0.5292E+02 0.2500E-01
0.5292E+02 0.1000E+00
12 10 0.3540E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1911E+02 0.8000E-03
0.3185E+02 0.1550E-02
0.4777E+02 0.2850E-02
0.5733E+02 0.4000E-02
0.6370E+02 0.5000E-02
0.5733E+02 0.1000E-01
0.5733E+02 0.1500E-01
0.5733E+02 0.2500E-01
0.5733E+02 0.1000E+00
13 10 0.3550E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1911E+02 0.8000E-03
0.3185E+02 0.1550E-02
0.4777E+02 0.2850E-02
0.5733E+02 0.4000E-02
0.6370E+02 0.5000E-02
0.5733E+02 0.1000E-01
0.5733E+02 0.1500E-01
0.5733E+02 0.2500E-01
0.5733E+02 0.1000E+00
14 10 0.3625E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.2205E+02 0.8000E-03
0.3675E+02 0.1550E-02
0.5512E+02 0.2850E-02
0.6615E+02 0.4000E-02
0.7350E+02 0.5000E-02

0.6615E+02 0.1000E-01
0.6615E+02 0.1500E-01
0.6615E+02 0.2500E-01
0.6615E+02 0.1000E+00
15 10 0.3690E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.2205E+02 0.8000E-03
0.3675E+02 0.1550E-02
0.5512E+02 0.2850E-02
0.6615E+02 0.4000E-02
0.7350E+02 0.5000E-02
0.6615E+02 0.1000E-01
0.6615E+02 0.1500E-01
0.6615E+02 0.2500E-01
0.6615E+02 0.1000E+00
16 10 0.3700E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.2352E+02 0.8000E-03
0.3920E+02 0.1550E-02
0.5880E+02 0.2850E-02
0.7056E+02 0.4000E-02
0.7840E+02 0.5000E-02
0.7056E+02 0.1000E-01
0.7056E+02 0.1500E-01
0.7056E+02 0.2500E-01
0.7056E+02 0.1000E+00
17 10 0.4100E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.2352E+02 0.8000E-03
0.3920E+02 0.1550E-02
0.5880E+02 0.2850E-02
0.7056E+02 0.4000E-02
0.7840E+02 0.5000E-02
0.7056E+02 0.1000E-01
0.7056E+02 0.1500E-01
0.7056E+02 0.2500E-01
0.7056E+02 0.1000E+00
18 10 0.4490E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.2352E+02 0.8000E-03
0.3920E+02 0.1550E-02
0.5880E+02 0.2850E-02
0.7056E+02 0.4000E-02
0.7840E+02 0.5000E-02
0.7056E+02 0.1000E-01
0.7056E+02 0.1500E-01
0.7056E+02 0.2500E-01
0.7056E+02 0.1000E+00

KN. M.
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.8659E+01 0.2500E-03
0.1732E+02 0.5000E-03
0.3464E+02 0.1000E-02
0.6927E+02 0.6500E-02
0.1039E+03 0.2100E-01
0.1247E+03 0.3650E-01
0.1385E+03 0.5000E-01
0.1385E+03 0.7500E-01

0.1385E+03 0.1000E+00

****************************

KN. M. KN. M.
0.7408E+01 0.4588E-04 0.8705E-01 0.2513E-05
0.7408E+02 0.4588E-03 0.8705E+00 0.2513E-04
0.3493E+03 0.2258E-02 0.4352E+01 0.1257E-03
0.6275E+03 0.4299E-02 0.8705E+01 0.2513E-03
0.1623E+04 0.1400E-01 0.3625E+02 0.1257E-02
0.2031E+04 0.1954E-01 0.4417E+02 0.2513E-02
0.2168E+04 0.3143E-01 0.8376E+02 0.1257E-01
0.2194E+04 0.4432E-01 0.1094E+03 0.2513E-01
0.2223E+04 0.6982E-01 0.1385E+03 0.5026E-01
*************************************************
* COMPUTE INTERNALLY-GENERATED LOAD-TRANSFER *
* (t-z) CURVES FOR VERIFICATION *
*************************************************

1 10 0.2000E+01
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.2921E+01 0.8000E-03
0.4868E+01 0.1550E-02
0.7302E+01 0.2850E-02
0.8763E+01 0.4000E-02
0.9737E+01 0.5000E-02
0.8763E+01 0.1000E-01
0.8763E+01 0.1500E-01
0.8763E+01 0.2500E-01
0.8763E+01 0.1000E+00
2 10 0.5000E+01
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.2940E+01 0.8000E-03
0.4900E+01 0.1550E-02
0.7350E+01 0.2850E-02
0.8820E+01 0.4000E-02
0.9800E+01 0.5000E-02
0.8820E+01 0.1000E-01
0.8820E+01 0.1500E-01
0.8820E+01 0.2500E-01
0.8820E+01 0.1000E+00
3 10 0.1500E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.5880E+01 0.8000E-03
0.9800E+01 0.1550E-02
0.1470E+02 0.2850E-02
0.1764E+02 0.4000E-02
0.1960E+02 0.5000E-02
0.1764E+02 0.1000E-01
0.1764E+02 0.1500E-01
0.1764E+02 0.2500E-01

0.1764E+02 0.1000E+00

5.5 Example Problem 4 – Prestressed Concrete Pile for Bridge

Foundation
This example is included to illustrate a modeling case that may be applicable for a simple bridge
foundation. The soil deposit consists of two sublayers as shown in Figure 5.13. The top layer is 3-meter
stiff clay underlain by a medium dense to dense sand layer. One meter of the top clay layer is not
considered for axial friction (side resistance) transfers. The proposed pile for foundations is prestressed
concrete pile with 450 mm (18-in.) in outside diameter. The elastic modulus of the prestressed pile is
25,000,000 kN/m2 (3,626,000 psi). Each pile is required to provide about 2000 kN for a service load.
Figure 5.13 Pile layout and soil conditions of Example Problem 4.


18-in (0.45 m) OD Driven piles for Bridge Foundation

Ensoft
00-00-00
2 1 4 0
0 0 450 0 25000000 25 0
0 0
1 0.5 3 0 4 0 0
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
50 0
0.0 2 0.0 18.9 0.0 0.0
0 0 95 95 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
3 2 0.0 18.9 0.0 0.0
0 0 95 95 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
3 1 1 19.1 36 40
95.5 9600 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 1 1 0
50 1 1 19.1 36 40
95.5 9600 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 1 1 0
0
0 1
0 0
2 0
0 0
0 0
0 1

The resulting plots of ultimate accumulated skin friction and ultimate tip resistance versus depth
provided by the APILE computer program may be observed in Figure 5.14 and Figure 5.15, respectively.
Note that the load-transfer curve of skin friction versus depth in Figure 5.14 starts from about the
1-m depth (actually from the previous finite increment in some methods). This is because the program
was instructed to ignore skin friction at the top 1 meter.

Figure 5.14 Curve of Ultimate Skin Friction vs Depth for Example Problem 4.
Figure 5.15 Curve of Ultimate Tip Resistance vs Depth for Example Problem 4.

5.5.3 Output Data

=========================================================================

All Rights Reserved
=========================================================================
ENSOFT, INC
AUSTIN, TX

-------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
1
*********************
*********************
18-in (0.45 m) OD Driven piles for Bridge Foundation
DESIGNER : Ensoft



- Revised Lambda
TYPE OF LOADING :
- COMPRESSION
PILE TYPE :
Precast concrete pile (Circular/Tubular)


SOIL INFORMATIONS :

M. KN/CM
0.00 CLAY 0.00 18.90 0.00 0.00
3.00 CLAY 0.00 18.90 0.00 0.00
3.00 SAND 1.00 19.10 36.00 40.00
50.00 SAND 1.00 19.10 36.00 40.00

0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 95.00 95.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 95.00 95.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.96E+02 0.96E+04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.96E+02 0.96E+04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00



ON UNIT ON UNIT
M.
0.00 1.000 1.000
3.00 1.000 1.000
3.00 1.000 1.000
50.00 1.000 1.000
1
**********************
**********************
**********************
**********************

M. KN. KN. KN.
0.00 0.0 68.0 68.0
0.50 0.0 68.0 68.0
1.00 23.3 136.0 159.2
1.50 69.8 136.0 205.7
2.00 116.3 136.0 252.2
2.50 163.5 183.1 346.6
3.00 213.2 338.2 551.3
3.50 263.1 523.5 786.6
4.00 315.3 648.6 963.9
4.50 374.5 730.3 1104.8
5.00 440.7 812.1 1252.8
5.50 508.2 893.8 1402.0
6.00 575.7 975.5 1551.2
6.50 643.2 1055.7 1698.9
7.00 710.7 1116.2 1826.9
7.50 778.2 1147.7 1925.9
8.00 845.7 1154.1 1999.8
8.50 913.2 1154.4 2067.7
9.00 980.7 1154.4 2135.2
9.50 1048.2 1154.4 2202.7
10.00 1115.7 1154.4 2270.2
10.50 1183.3 1154.4 2337.7
11.00 1250.8 1154.4 2405.2
11.50 1318.3 1154.4 2472.7
12.00 1385.8 1154.4 2540.2
12.50 1453.3 1154.4 2607.7
13.00 1520.8 1154.4 2675.2
13.50 1588.3 1154.4 2742.7
14.00 1655.8 1154.4 2810.2
14.50 1723.3 1154.4 2877.7
15.00 1790.8 1154.4 2945.2
15.50 1858.3 1154.4 3012.7
16.00 1925.8 1154.4 3080.2
16.50 1993.3 1154.4 3147.7
17.00 2060.8 1154.4 3215.2
17.50 2128.3 1154.4 3282.8
18.00 2195.8 1154.4 3350.3
18.50 2263.3 1154.4 3417.8

19.00 2330.8 1154.4 3485.3

19.50 2398.3 1154.4 3552.8
20.00 2465.8 1154.4 3620.3
20.50 2533.4 1154.4 3687.8
21.00 2600.9 1154.4 3755.3
21.50 2668.4 1154.4 3822.8
22.00 2735.9 1154.4 3890.3
22.50 2803.4 1154.4 3957.8
23.00 2870.9 1154.4 4025.3
23.50 2938.4 1154.4 4092.8
24.00 3005.9 1154.4 4160.3
24.50 3073.4 1154.4 4227.8
25.00 3140.9 1154.4 4295.3
**********************
**********************

M. KN. KN. KN.
0.00 0.0 68.0 68.0
0.50 0.0 68.0 68.0
1.00 16.8 136.0 152.8
1.50 50.4 136.0 186.3
2.00 83.9 136.0 219.9
2.50 117.5 185.7 303.3
3.00 151.1 349.2 500.3
3.50 187.8 544.1 731.9
4.00 230.4 675.1 905.5
4.50 278.8 760.2 1039.0
5.00 332.9 845.2 1178.1
5.50 392.8 930.3 1323.0
6.00 458.4 1015.3 1473.7
6.50 525.9 1100.4 1626.3
7.00 593.4 1185.4 1778.8
7.50 660.9 1268.6 1929.4
8.00 728.4 1326.8 2055.2
8.50 795.9 1353.6 2149.5
9.00 863.4 1355.6 2218.9
9.50 930.9 1355.6 2286.4
10.00 998.4 1355.6 2354.0
10.50 1065.9 1355.6 2421.5
11.00 1133.4 1355.6 2489.0
11.50 1200.9 1355.6 2556.5
12.00 1268.4 1355.6 2624.0
12.50 1335.9 1355.6 2691.5
13.00 1403.4 1355.6 2759.0
13.50 1470.9 1355.6 2826.5
14.00 1538.4 1355.6 2894.0
14.50 1605.9 1355.6 2961.5
15.00 1673.4 1355.6 3029.0
15.50 1741.0 1355.6 3096.5
16.00 1808.5 1355.6 3164.0
16.50 1876.0 1355.6 3231.5
17.00 1943.5 1355.6 3299.0
17.50 2011.0 1355.6 3366.5
18.00 2078.5 1355.6 3434.0
18.50 2146.0 1355.6 3501.5
19.00 2213.5 1355.6 3569.0
19.50 2281.0 1355.6 3636.5

20.00 2348.5 1355.6 3704.1

20.50 2416.0 1355.6 3771.6
21.00 2483.5 1355.6 3839.1
21.50 2551.0 1355.6 3906.6
22.00 2618.5 1355.6 3974.1
22.50 2686.0 1355.6 4041.6
23.00 2753.5 1355.6 4109.1
23.50 2821.0 1355.6 4176.6
24.00 2888.5 1355.6 4244.1
24.50 2956.0 1355.6 4311.6
25.00 3023.5 1355.6 4379.1
**********************
* LAMBDA 2 METHOD *
**********************

M. KN. KN. KN.
0.00 0.0 68.0 68.0
0.50 0.0 68.0 68.0
1.00 0.0 136.0 136.0
1.50 62.4 136.0 198.3
2.00 112.1 136.0 248.1
2.50 159.5 166.5 326.0
3.00 205.7 268.9 474.6
3.50 232.6 393.7 626.3
4.00 263.0 482.2 745.3
4.50 296.8 543.0 839.7
5.00 333.6 603.7 937.3
5.50 373.2 664.5 1037.7
6.00 415.5 725.2 1140.8
6.50 460.3 786.0 1246.3
7.00 507.5 846.7 1354.2
7.50 556.8 907.5 1464.3
8.00 608.3 968.3 1576.5
8.50 661.6 1029.0 1690.6
9.00 716.9 1089.8 1806.6
9.50 773.8 1150.5 1924.4
10.00 832.5 1211.3 2043.7
10.50 892.6 1272.0 2164.7
11.00 954.3 1332.8 2287.1
11.50 1017.4 1393.5 2410.9
12.00 1081.7 1453.2 2534.9
12.50 1147.3 1498.2 2645.6
13.00 1214.1 1521.7 2735.9
13.50 1281.6 1526.5 2808.2
14.00 1349.2 1526.8 2876.0
14.50 1416.7 1526.8 2943.5
15.00 1484.2 1526.8 3011.0
15.50 1551.7 1526.8 3078.5
16.00 1619.2 1526.8 3146.0
16.50 1686.7 1526.8 3213.5
17.00 1754.2 1526.8 3281.0
17.50 1821.7 1526.8 3348.5
18.00 1889.2 1526.8 3416.0
18.50 1956.7 1526.8 3483.5
19.00 2024.2 1526.8 3551.0
19.50 2091.7 1526.8 3618.5
20.00 2159.2 1526.8 3686.0
20.50 2226.7 1526.8 3753.5

21.00 2294.2 1526.8 3821.0

21.50 2361.7 1526.8 3888.5
22.00 2429.2 1526.8 3956.0
22.50 2496.7 1526.8 4023.5
23.00 2564.2 1526.8 4091.1
23.50 2631.7 1526.8 4158.6
24.00 2699.2 1526.8 4226.1
24.50 2766.8 1526.8 4293.6
25.00 2834.3 1526.8 4361.1
**********************
* API RP-2A (1994) *
**********************

M. KN. KN. KN.
0.00 0.0 68.0 68.0
0.50 0.0 68.0 68.0
1.00 11.2 136.0 147.2
1.50 34.8 136.0 170.8
2.00 60.6 136.0 196.6
2.50 88.0 166.5 254.5
3.00 116.9 268.9 385.7
3.50 145.7 393.7 539.4
4.00 175.8 482.2 658.1
4.50 210.1 543.0 753.0
5.00 248.3 603.7 852.1
5.50 290.7 664.5 955.2
6.00 337.1 725.2 1062.3
6.50 387.5 786.0 1173.5
7.00 442.0 846.7 1288.8
7.50 500.6 907.5 1408.1
8.00 563.2 968.3 1531.5
8.50 629.9 1029.0 1658.9
9.00 697.4 1089.8 1787.1
9.50 764.9 1150.5 1915.4
10.00 832.4 1211.3 2043.7
10.50 899.9 1272.0 2171.9
11.00 967.4 1332.8 2300.2
11.50 1034.9 1393.5 2428.4
12.00 1102.4 1453.2 2555.6
12.50 1169.9 1498.2 2668.2
13.00 1237.4 1521.7 2759.1
13.50 1304.9 1526.5 2831.5
14.00 1372.4 1526.8 2899.2
14.50 1439.9 1526.8 2966.7
15.00 1507.4 1526.8 3034.2
15.50 1574.9 1526.8 3101.7
16.00 1642.4 1526.8 3169.3
16.50 1709.9 1526.8 3236.8
17.00 1777.5 1526.8 3304.3
17.50 1845.0 1526.8 3371.8
18.00 1912.5 1526.8 3439.3
18.50 1980.0 1526.8 3506.8
19.00 2047.5 1526.8 3574.3
19.50 2115.0 1526.8 3641.8
20.00 2182.5 1526.8 3709.3
20.50 2250.0 1526.8 3776.8
21.00 2317.5 1526.8 3844.3
21.50 2385.0 1526.8 3911.8

22.00 2452.5 1526.8 3979.3

22.50 2520.0 1526.8 4046.8
23.00 2587.5 1526.8 4114.3
23.50 2655.0 1526.8 4181.8
24.00 2722.5 1526.8 4249.3
24.50 2790.0 1526.8 4316.8
25.00 2857.5 1526.8 4384.3
NOTES:
*************************************************
*************************************************

1 10 0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.4758E+01 0.7200E-03
0.7931E+01 0.1395E-02
0.1190E+02 0.2565E-02
0.1428E+02 0.3600E-02
0.1586E+02 0.4500E-02
0.1428E+02 0.9000E-02
0.1428E+02 0.1350E-01
0.1428E+02 0.2250E-01
0.1428E+02 0.9000E-01
2 10 0.1500E+01
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1128E+02 0.7200E-03
0.1881E+02 0.1395E-02
0.2821E+02 0.2565E-02
0.3385E+02 0.3600E-02
0.3761E+02 0.4500E-02
0.3385E+02 0.9000E-02
0.3385E+02 0.1350E-01
0.3385E+02 0.2250E-01
0.3385E+02 0.9000E-01
3 10 0.2900E+01
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1224E+02 0.7200E-03
0.2040E+02 0.1395E-02
0.3060E+02 0.2565E-02
0.3672E+02 0.3600E-02
0.4080E+02 0.4500E-02
0.3672E+02 0.9000E-02
0.3672E+02 0.1350E-01
0.3672E+02 0.2250E-01
0.3672E+02 0.9000E-01
4 10 0.3000E+01
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.4173E+01 0.2513E-03
0.8345E+01 0.5026E-03
0.1669E+02 0.1005E-02

0.2504E+02 0.1508E-02
0.3338E+02 0.2011E-02
0.3755E+02 0.2262E-02
0.4173E+02 0.2513E-02
0.4173E+02 0.1257E-01
0.4173E+02 0.5026E-01
5 10 0.2650E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.9550E+01 0.2513E-03
0.1910E+02 0.5026E-03
0.3820E+02 0.1005E-02
0.5730E+02 0.1508E-02
0.7640E+02 0.2011E-02
0.8595E+02 0.2262E-02
0.9550E+02 0.2513E-02
0.9550E+02 0.1257E-01
0.9550E+02 0.5026E-01
6 10 0.4990E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.9550E+01 0.2513E-03
0.1910E+02 0.5026E-03
0.3820E+02 0.1005E-02
0.5730E+02 0.1508E-02
0.7640E+02 0.2011E-02
0.8595E+02 0.2262E-02
0.9550E+02 0.2513E-02
0.9550E+02 0.1257E-01
0.9550E+02 0.5026E-01

KN. M.
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.9543E+02 0.2250E-03
0.1909E+03 0.4500E-03
0.3817E+03 0.9000E-03
0.7634E+03 0.5850E-02
0.1145E+04 0.1890E-01
0.1374E+04 0.3285E-01
0.1527E+04 0.4500E-01
0.1527E+04 0.6750E-01
0.1527E+04 0.9000E-01

****************************

KN. M. KN. M.
0.9340E+01 0.2951E-04 0.1066E+01 0.2513E-05
0.9340E+02 0.2951E-03 0.1066E+02 0.2513E-04
0.4580E+03 0.1472E-02 0.5329E+02 0.1257E-03
0.8909E+03 0.2934E-02 0.1066E+03 0.2513E-03
0.2347E+04 0.1042E-01 0.4092E+03 0.1257E-02
0.2713E+04 0.1380E-01 0.5061E+03 0.2513E-02
0.3167E+04 0.2670E-01 0.9598E+03 0.1257E-01
0.3455E+04 0.4108E-01 0.1247E+04 0.2513E-01
0.3734E+04 0.6797E-01 0.1527E+04 0.5026E-01


5.6 Example Problem 5 – Uplift Pile Capacity

Piles may be subjected to loads in tension instead of compression. The tension capacity of piles
differs from the compression capacity of piles in both the side friction and end bearing. For piles under
tension the soil resistance is from the side friction only.
Some research recommend applying a reduction factor to the side friction when the pile moves
upward based on field experimental studies. This may be caused by less confining pressure from the soil
around the pile under tension. This example model includes an arbitrary reduction factor of 0.8 for
tension capacity (under Data/Computational Method/Method for Pile Capacity/Type of
Loading/Tension).
A different reduction in side friction may be specified primarily to cover a distance near the
shallow depth. This example includes an arbitrary 4-meter exclusion of friction in the top soil layer
(under Data/Circular Pile Section).
The tension capacity of piles should also include the self-weight of piles. This is automatically
accounted within APILE according to the pile type/material selected by the user. The computed values
are included in a column in the output text file.
This example is included to illustrate a common case for study of the tension capacity of a pipe
pile. The soil deposit consists of six sub-layers as shown in Table 5.7. The pile is a 60-m long open-
ended steel pipe, with an outer diameter of 1000 mm and an inner diameter of 936 mm.
Depth Soil Type ' Cu 

Layer Ko Nq
(m) (kN/m3) (kN/m2) (Deg.)
0 0.1
1 Clay 4 --- --- ---
10 20
10
2 Sand 9 --- 34 0.6 20
20
20 200
3 Clay 6 --- --- ---
30 200
30
4 Sand 9 --- 36 0.6 30
40
40 350
5 Clay 9 --- --- ---
50 350
50
6 Sand 9 --- 38 0.6 30
100
Table 5.7 Soil data for Example Problem 5


Uplift capacity (under tension)

stw
09-05-2007
2 1 12 0
0 0 1000 936 200000000 60 0
60 936
4 1 1 0 4 0 0
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
100 0
0.0 2 0.0 4 0.0 0.0
0 0 0.1 0.02 2 50 1 0 0 1 1 0
10 2 0.0 4 0.0 0.0
0 0 20 4 2 50 200 0 0 1 1 0
10 1 0.6 9 0 20
0 0 0.0 20 0.0 0.0 10500 0 0 1 1 0
20 1 0.6 9 0 20
0 0 0.0 20 0.0 0.0 20000 0 0 1 1 0
20 2 0.0 6 0.0 0.0
0 0 200 67 3 20 2000 0 0 1 1 0
30 2 0.0 6 0.0 0.0
0 0 200 67 3 20 2000 0 0 1 1 0
30 1 0.6 9 0 30
0 0 0.0 20 0.0 0.0 30500 0 0 1 1 0
40 1 0.6 9 0 30
0 0 0.0 20 0.0 0.0 39500 0 0 1 1 0
40 2 0.0 9 0.0 0.0
0 0 350 175 3 15 5000 0 0 1 1 0
50 2 0.0 9 0.0 0.0
0 0 350 175 3 15 5000 0 0 1 1 0
50 1 0.6 9 0 30
0 0 0.0 20 0.0 0.0 50000 0 0 1 1 0
100 1 0.6 9 0 30
0 0 0.0 20 0.0 0.0 50000 0 0 1 1 0
0
1 0.8
0 0
2 0
0 0
0 0
1 0.8

The resulting plots of ultimate total capacity versus depth provided by the computer program may
be observed in Figure 5.16. The self-weight of the pile is included in the total capacity for the uplift
(tensile) capacity. Figure 5.17 includes a plot of uplift load versus uplift movement.

Figure 5.16 Curve of Ultimate Total Capacity vs Depth for Example Problem 5.
Figure 5.17 Curve of Axial Load vs Movement for Example Problem 5.

5.6.3 Output Data

=========================================================================

All Rights Reserved
=========================================================================
ENSOFT, INC
AUSTIN, TX
Path to file locations : C:\ APILE2015\Examples\

-------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
1
*********************
*********************
Uplift capacity (under tension)
DESIGNER : stw
JOB NUMBER : 09-05-2007



- Revised Lambda
TYPE OF LOADING :
- TENSION
REDUCTION FACTOR FOR TENSION LOADING = 0.80
PILE TYPE :


SOIL INFORMATIONS :

M. KN/CM
0.00 CLAY 0.00 4.00 0.00 0.00
10.00 CLAY 0.00 4.00 0.00 0.00
10.00 SAND 0.60 9.00 0.00 20.00
20.00 SAND 0.60 9.00 0.00 20.00
20.00 CLAY 0.00 6.00 0.00 0.00
30.00 CLAY 0.00 6.00 0.00 0.00
30.00 SAND 0.60 9.00 0.00 30.00
40.00 SAND 0.60 9.00 0.00 30.00
40.00 CLAY 0.00 9.00 0.00 0.00
50.00 CLAY 0.00 9.00 0.00 0.00
50.00 SAND 0.60 9.00 0.00 30.00
100.00 SAND 0.60 9.00 0.00 30.00


0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.10 0.02 2.00 50.00 1.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 20.00 4.00 2.00 50.00 200.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.00 0.00 20.00 0.00 10500.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.00 0.00 20.00 0.00 20000.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 200.00 67.00 3.00 20.00 2000.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 200.00 67.00 3.00 20.00 2000.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.00 0.00 20.00 0.00 30500.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.00 0.00 20.00 0.00 39500.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 350.00 175.00 3.00 15.00 5000.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 350.00 175.00 3.00 15.00 5000.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.00 0.00 20.00 0.00 50000.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.00 0.00 20.00 0.00 50000.00


ON UNIT ON UNIT
M.
0.00 1.000 1.000
10.00 1.000 1.000
10.00 1.000 1.000
20.00 1.000 1.000
20.00 1.000 1.000
30.00 1.000 1.000
30.00 1.000 1.000
40.00 1.000 1.000
40.00 1.000 1.000
50.00 1.000 1.000
50.00 1.000 1.000
100.00 1.000 1.000
1
**********************
**********************
**********************
**********************
PILE TOTAL SKIN SELF ULTIMATE

PENETRATION FRICTION WEIGHT CAPACITY
M. KN. KN. KN.
0.00 0.0 0.1 0.1
1.00 0.0 6.6 6.6
2.00 0.0 13.2 13.2
3.00 0.0 19.7 19.7
4.00 5.7 26.2 32.0
5.00 18.7 32.8 51.4
6.00 34.4 39.3 73.7
7.00 52.8 45.9 98.7

8.00 73.7 52.4 126.1

9.00 97.0 58.9 156.0
10.00 129.9 65.5 195.4
11.00 270.7 72.0 342.7
12.00 531.7 78.5 610.2
13.00 834.3 85.1 919.3
14.00 1177.8 91.6 1269.4
15.00 1551.5 98.1 1649.6
16.00 1942.0 104.7 2046.7
17.00 2343.9 111.2 2455.1
18.00 2752.1 117.8 2869.9
19.00 3161.8 124.3 3286.1
20.00 3568.2 130.8 3699.0
21.00 3958.5 137.4 4095.9
22.00 4335.5 143.9 4479.4
23.00 4712.5 150.4 4863.0
24.00 5089.5 157.0 5246.5
25.00 5466.5 163.5 5630.0
26.00 5843.5 170.1 6013.5
27.00 6220.5 176.6 6397.1
28.00 6597.5 183.1 6780.6
29.00 6974.5 189.7 7164.1
30.00 7307.5 196.2 7503.7
31.00 7697.4 202.7 7900.1
32.00 8193.7 209.3 8403.0
33.00 8703.0 215.8 8918.8
34.00 9227.2 222.3 9449.6
35.00 9765.8 228.9 9994.6
36.00 10318.1 235.4 10553.6
37.00 10883.9 242.0 11125.8
38.00 11462.4 248.5 11710.9
39.00 12053.3 255.0 12308.3
40.00 12657.9 261.6 12919.4
41.00 13216.9 268.1 13485.0
42.00 13722.7 274.6 13997.4
43.00 14228.5 281.2 14509.7
44.00 14734.3 287.7 15022.0
45.00 15240.1 294.3 15534.4
46.00 15745.9 300.8 16046.7
47.00 16251.7 307.3 16559.0
48.00 16757.5 313.9 17071.3
49.00 17263.3 320.4 17583.7
50.00 17692.1 326.9 18019.0
51.00 18282.4 333.5 18615.9
52.00 19121.1 340.0 19461.1
53.00 19979.4 346.5 20326.0
54.00 20857.4 353.1 21210.5
55.00 21755.1 359.6 22114.7
56.00 22672.5 366.2 23038.6
57.00 23609.5 372.7 23982.2
58.00 24566.3 379.2 24945.5
59.00 25542.7 385.8 25928.5
60.00 26538.8 392.3 26931.1
**********************
**********************

M. KN. KN. KN.

0.00 0.0 0.1 0.1

1.00 0.0 6.6 6.6
2.00 0.0 13.2 13.2
3.00 0.0 19.7 19.7
4.00 8.9 26.2 35.1
5.00 29.1 32.8 61.9
6.00 54.4 39.3 93.7
7.00 84.7 45.9 130.5
8.00 119.9 52.4 172.3
9.00 160.2 58.9 219.1
10.00 205.4 65.5 270.9
11.00 251.8 72.0 323.8
12.00 300.5 78.5 379.1
13.00 356.4 85.1 441.5
14.00 419.3 91.6 510.9
15.00 488.8 98.1 586.9
16.00 564.7 104.7 669.4
17.00 646.8 111.2 758.0
18.00 734.7 117.8 852.5
19.00 828.3 124.3 952.6
20.00 927.2 130.8 1058.0
21.00 1103.6 137.4 1241.0
22.00 1355.0 143.9 1498.9
23.00 1606.3 150.4 1756.7
24.00 1857.6 157.0 2014.6
25.00 2109.0 163.5 2272.5
26.00 2360.3 170.1 2530.3
27.00 2611.6 176.6 2788.2
28.00 2862.9 183.1 3046.1
29.00 3114.3 189.7 3303.9
30.00 3365.6 196.2 3561.8
31.00 3523.0 202.7 3725.7
32.00 3586.3 209.3 3795.6
33.00 3649.3 215.8 3865.1
34.00 3712.1 222.3 3934.4
35.00 3774.6 228.9 4003.5
36.00 3836.8 235.4 4072.2
37.00 3898.8 242.0 4140.7
38.00 3960.5 248.5 4209.0
39.00 4021.9 255.0 4276.9
40.00 4083.1 261.6 4344.6
41.00 4333.6 268.1 4601.7
42.00 4773.4 274.6 5048.0
43.00 5213.2 281.2 5494.4
44.00 5653.0 287.7 5940.7
45.00 6092.8 294.3 6387.1
46.00 6532.7 300.8 6833.5
47.00 6972.5 307.3 7279.8
48.00 7412.3 313.9 7726.2
49.00 7852.1 320.4 8172.5
50.00 8292.0 326.9 8618.9
51.00 8542.4 333.5 8875.9
52.00 8603.6 340.0 8943.6
53.00 8664.7 346.5 9011.3
54.00 8725.9 353.1 9078.9
55.00 8787.0 359.6 9146.6
56.00 8848.1 366.2 9214.3
57.00 8909.3 372.7 9282.0
58.00 8970.4 379.2 9349.6
59.00 9031.5 385.8 9417.3
60.00 9092.7 392.3 9485.0

**********************
* LAMBDA 2 METHOD *
**********************

M. KN. KN. KN.
0.00 0.0 0.1 0.1
1.00 0.0 6.6 6.6
2.00 0.0 13.2 13.2
3.00 0.0 19.7 19.7
4.00 0.0 26.2 26.2
5.00 46.5 32.8 79.3
6.00 72.2 39.3 111.5
7.00 101.3 45.9 147.2
8.00 133.8 52.4 186.2
9.00 247.8 58.9 306.7
10.00 301.5 65.5 367.0
11.00 364.3 72.0 436.3
12.00 436.4 78.5 515.0
13.00 517.1 85.1 602.2
14.00 605.5 91.6 697.1
15.00 700.9 98.1 799.0
16.00 802.6 104.7 907.3
17.00 910.2 111.2 1021.4
18.00 1023.1 117.8 1140.9
19.00 1140.9 124.3 1265.2
20.00 1263.2 130.8 1394.1
21.00 1513.6 137.4 1651.0
22.00 1756.3 143.9 1900.2
23.00 1991.9 150.4 2142.4
24.00 2221.3 157.0 2378.2
25.00 2444.9 163.5 2608.5
26.00 2663.5 170.1 2833.5
27.00 2877.4 176.6 3054.0
28.00 3087.0 183.1 3270.2
29.00 3292.7 189.7 3482.4
30.00 3494.8 196.2 3691.0
31.00 3617.0 202.7 3819.8
32.00 3743.1 209.3 3952.4
33.00 3872.8 215.8 4088.6
34.00 4005.9 222.3 4228.3
35.00 4142.3 228.9 4371.1
36.00 4281.7 235.4 4517.1
37.00 4424.0 242.0 4665.9
38.00 4569.0 248.5 4817.5
39.00 4716.6 255.0 4971.6
40.00 4866.7 261.6 5128.3
41.00 5142.9 268.1 5411.0
42.00 5413.6 274.6 5688.3
43.00 5679.1 281.2 5960.2
44.00 5939.5 287.7 6227.2
45.00 6195.0 294.3 6489.3
46.00 6445.9 300.8 6746.7
47.00 6692.4 307.3 6999.7
48.00 7055.0 313.9 7368.9
49.00 7426.7 320.4 7747.1
50.00 7801.6 326.9 8128.6
51.00 8040.1 333.5 8373.5
52.00 8284.2 340.0 8624.2
53.00 8534.1 346.5 8880.7
54.00 8789.7 353.1 9142.8

55.00 9051.1 359.6 9410.7

56.00 9318.2 366.2 9684.3
57.00 9591.0 372.7 9963.7
58.00 9869.5 379.2 10248.7
59.00 10153.8 385.8 10539.5
60.00 10443.8 392.3 10836.1
**********************
* API RP-2A (1994) *
**********************

M. KN. KN. KN.
0.00 0.0 0.1 0.1
1.00 0.0 6.6 6.6
2.00 0.0 13.2 13.2
3.00 0.0 19.7 19.7
4.00 6.7 26.2 32.9
5.00 21.8 32.8 54.6
6.00 40.5 39.3 79.8
7.00 62.7 45.9 108.6
8.00 88.5 52.4 140.9
9.00 117.8 58.9 176.8
10.00 150.7 65.5 216.2
11.00 195.7 72.0 267.7
12.00 255.3 78.5 333.9
13.00 323.6 85.1 408.6
14.00 400.0 91.6 491.6
15.00 484.1 98.1 582.3
16.00 575.6 104.7 680.3
17.00 674.2 111.2 785.4
18.00 779.3 117.8 897.1
19.00 890.8 124.3 1015.1
20.00 1008.1 130.8 1138.9
21.00 1182.3 137.4 1319.7
22.00 1411.8 143.9 1555.7
23.00 1643.7 150.4 1794.1
24.00 1877.9 157.0 2034.9
25.00 2114.5 163.5 2278.0
26.00 2353.3 170.1 2523.4
27.00 2594.3 176.6 2770.8
28.00 2837.3 183.1 3020.5
29.00 3082.5 189.7 3272.1
30.00 3329.6 196.2 3525.8
31.00 3540.7 202.7 3743.4
32.00 3718.2 209.3 3927.5
33.00 3902.6 215.8 4118.4
34.00 4093.8 222.3 4316.1
35.00 4291.7 228.9 4520.5
36.00 4496.2 235.4 4731.6
37.00 4707.3 242.0 4949.3
38.00 4924.9 248.5 5173.4
39.00 5148.9 255.0 5403.9
40.00 5379.5 261.6 5641.1
41.00 5706.1 268.1 5974.2
42.00 6127.0 274.6 6401.7
43.00 6551.1 281.2 6832.3
44.00 6978.3 287.7 7266.0
45.00 7408.5 294.3 7702.8
46.00 7841.7 300.8 8142.5

47.00 8277.9 307.3 8585.2

48.00 8717.2 313.9 9031.1
49.00 9161.1 320.4 9481.5
50.00 9610.6 326.9 9937.5
51.00 9995.1 333.5 10328.5
52.00 10315.6 340.0 10655.6
53.00 10643.7 346.5 10990.2
54.00 10979.3 353.1 11332.4
55.00 11322.4 359.6 11682.1
56.00 11673.1 366.2 12039.2
57.00 12031.3 372.7 12404.0
58.00 12397.0 379.2 12776.2
59.00 12770.2 385.8 13155.9
60.00 13150.9 392.3 13543.2
NOTES:
- A NEGATIVE SELF-WEIGHT VALUE IS DUE TO THE

BOUYANCY EFFECT.
*************************************************
*************************************************

1 10 0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00 0.1600E-02
0.0000E+00 0.3100E-02
0.0000E+00 0.5700E-02
0.0000E+00 0.8000E-02
0.0000E+00 0.1000E-01
0.0000E+00 0.2000E-01
0.0000E+00 0.3000E-01
0.0000E+00 0.5000E-01
0.0000E+00 0.2000E+00
2 10 0.5000E+01
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1954E+01 0.1600E-02
0.3256E+01 0.3100E-02
0.4884E+01 0.5700E-02
0.5861E+01 0.8000E-02
0.6512E+01 0.1000E-01
0.5861E+01 0.2000E-01
0.5861E+01 0.3000E-01
0.5861E+01 0.5000E-01
0.5861E+01 0.2000E+00
3 10 0.9900E+01
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.3717E+01 0.1600E-02
0.6194E+01 0.3100E-02
0.9291E+01 0.5700E-02

0.1115E+02 0.8000E-02
0.1239E+02 0.1000E-01
0.1115E+02 0.2000E-01
0.1115E+02 0.3000E-01
0.1115E+02 0.5000E-01
0.1115E+02 0.2000E+00
4 10 0.1000E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1665E+01 0.2513E-03
0.3330E+01 0.5026E-03
0.6661E+01 0.1005E-02
0.9991E+01 0.1508E-02
0.1332E+02 0.2011E-02
0.1499E+02 0.2262E-02
0.1665E+02 0.2513E-02
0.1665E+02 0.1257E-01
0.1665E+02 0.5026E-01
5 10 0.1500E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.3025E+01 0.2513E-03
0.6050E+01 0.5026E-03
0.1210E+02 0.1005E-02
0.1815E+02 0.1508E-02
0.2420E+02 0.2011E-02
0.2722E+02 0.2262E-02
0.3025E+02 0.2513E-02
0.3025E+02 0.1257E-01
0.3025E+02 0.5026E-01
6 10 0.1990E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.4640E+01 0.2513E-03
0.9280E+01 0.5026E-03
0.1856E+02 0.1005E-02
0.2784E+02 0.1508E-02
0.3712E+02 0.2011E-02
0.4176E+02 0.2262E-02
0.4640E+02 0.2513E-02
0.4640E+02 0.1257E-01
0.4640E+02 0.5026E-01
7 10 0.2000E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1927E+02 0.1600E-02
0.3212E+02 0.3100E-02
0.4819E+02 0.5700E-02
0.5782E+02 0.8000E-02
0.6425E+02 0.1000E-01
0.5782E+02 0.2000E-01
0.5782E+02 0.3000E-01
0.5782E+02 0.5000E-01
0.5782E+02 0.2000E+00
8 10 0.2500E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.2291E+02 0.1600E-02
0.3818E+02 0.3100E-02
0.5727E+02 0.5700E-02
0.6872E+02 0.8000E-02
0.7635E+02 0.1000E-01
0.6872E+02 0.2000E-01
0.6872E+02 0.3000E-01
0.6872E+02 0.5000E-01
0.6872E+02 0.2000E+00
9 10 0.2990E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00

0.2188E+02 0.1600E-02
0.3646E+02 0.3100E-02
0.5470E+02 0.5700E-02
0.6564E+02 0.8000E-02
0.7293E+02 0.1000E-01
0.6564E+02 0.2000E-01
0.6564E+02 0.3000E-01
0.6564E+02 0.5000E-01
0.6564E+02 0.2000E+00
10 10 0.3000E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.6185E+01 0.2513E-03
0.1237E+02 0.5026E-03
0.2474E+02 0.1005E-02
0.3711E+02 0.1508E-02
0.4948E+02 0.2011E-02
0.5566E+02 0.2262E-02
0.6185E+02 0.2513E-02
0.6185E+02 0.1257E-01
0.6185E+02 0.5026E-01
11 10 0.3500E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.6615E+01 0.2513E-03
0.1323E+02 0.5026E-03
0.2646E+02 0.1005E-02
0.3969E+02 0.1508E-02
0.5292E+02 0.2011E-02
0.5954E+02 0.2262E-02
0.6615E+02 0.2513E-02
0.6615E+02 0.1257E-01
0.6615E+02 0.5026E-01
12 10 0.3990E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.8869E+01 0.2513E-03
0.1774E+02 0.5026E-03
0.3548E+02 0.1005E-02
0.5321E+02 0.1508E-02
0.7095E+02 0.2011E-02
0.7982E+02 0.2262E-02
0.8869E+02 0.2513E-02
0.8869E+02 0.1257E-01
0.8869E+02 0.5026E-01
13 10 0.4000E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.3569E+02 0.1600E-02
0.5949E+02 0.3100E-02
0.8923E+02 0.5700E-02
0.1071E+03 0.8000E-02
0.1190E+03 0.1000E-01
0.1071E+03 0.2000E-01
0.1071E+03 0.3000E-01
0.1071E+03 0.5000E-01
0.1071E+03 0.2000E+00
14 10 0.4500E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.4151E+02 0.1600E-02
0.6918E+02 0.3100E-02
0.1038E+03 0.5700E-02
0.1245E+03 0.8000E-02
0.1384E+03 0.1000E-01
0.1245E+03 0.2000E-01
0.1245E+03 0.3000E-01
0.1245E+03 0.5000E-01

0.1245E+03 0.2000E+00
15 10 0.4990E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.3982E+02 0.1600E-02
0.6636E+02 0.3100E-02
0.9955E+02 0.5700E-02
0.1195E+03 0.8000E-02
0.1327E+03 0.1000E-01
0.1195E+03 0.2000E-01
0.1195E+03 0.3000E-01
0.1195E+03 0.5000E-01
0.1195E+03 0.2000E+00
16 10 0.5000E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1122E+02 0.2513E-03
0.2244E+02 0.5026E-03
0.4489E+02 0.1005E-02
0.6733E+02 0.1508E-02
0.8977E+02 0.2011E-02
0.1010E+03 0.2262E-02
0.1122E+03 0.2513E-02
0.1122E+03 0.1257E-01
0.1122E+03 0.5026E-01
17 10 0.7500E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1212E+02 0.2513E-03
0.2424E+02 0.5026E-03
0.4848E+02 0.1005E-02
0.7272E+02 0.1508E-02
0.9695E+02 0.2011E-02
0.1091E+03 0.2262E-02
0.1212E+03 0.2513E-02
0.1212E+03 0.1257E-01
0.1212E+03 0.5026E-01
18 10 0.9990E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1212E+02 0.2513E-03
0.2424E+02 0.5026E-03
0.4848E+02 0.1005E-02
0.7272E+02 0.1508E-02
0.9695E+02 0.2011E-02
0.1091E+03 0.2262E-02
0.1212E+03 0.2513E-02
0.1212E+03 0.1257E-01
0.1212E+03 0.5026E-01

KN. M.
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.2452E+02 0.5000E-03
0.4904E+02 0.1000E-02
0.9808E+02 0.2000E-02
0.1962E+03 0.1300E-01
0.2942E+03 0.4200E-01
0.3531E+03 0.7300E-01
0.3923E+03 0.1000E+00
0.3923E+03 0.1500E+00
0.3923E+03 0.2000E+00


****************************

KN. M. KN. M.
0.3480E+02 0.5434E-04 0.1232E+00 0.2513E-05
0.3480E+03 0.5434E-03 0.1232E+01 0.2513E-04
0.1735E+04 0.2715E-02 0.6162E+01 0.1257E-03
0.3314E+04 0.5330E-02 0.1232E+02 0.2513E-03
0.9109E+04 0.1834E-01 0.6162E+02 0.1257E-02
0.1194E+05 0.2680E-01 0.1027E+03 0.2513E-02
0.1314E+05 0.3994E-01 0.1923E+03 0.1257E-01
0.1297E+05 0.5215E-01 0.2372E+03 0.2513E-01
0.1305E+05 0.7750E-01 0.3099E+03 0.5026E-01

5.7 Example Problem 6 (Offshore Version) – CPT Based Methods for

Close-Ended Pile
Many of the existing semi-empirical methods for predicting the axial capacity of driven piles were
developed approximately two decades ago on the basis of an extended database of static-loading tests.
The soil properties and subsurface conditions were obtained primarily by conventional sampling methods
and testing equipment, including the Standard Penetration Test (SPT), field-vane test, and triaxial-
undrained (UU) tests using undisturbed soil samples, taken by the use of Shelby tubes.
Recently, the cone penetration test (CPT) has been widely used in subsurface exploration
worldwide, especially in the offshore industry. The American Petroleum Institute (API) conducted a
review of CPT-based methods for assessment of the axial capacity of driven piles. Two CPT-based
methods have been studied and adopted by API as alternate design methods. Those two CPT-based
methods that were selected by API are: the NGI-99 method developed by the Norwegian Geotechnical
Institute and the MTD method developed by Imperial College in London (Richard Jardine et al, 2005) .
The example included here are for the customers who purchased the offshore-version of APILE.
This example is for an offshore application and will focus on the axial capacity of closed-ended piles
predicted by different semi-empirical methods. Computed results from four CPT-based methods are
included for comparison. The pile is a 60-m long pipe with a closed end and with an outer diameter of
2134 mm and an inner diameter of 2044 mm. The soil deposit consists of six sub-layers and the soil
properties, including from CPT tests, are shown in Table 5.8.
Depth ' Cu 
Layer Soil Type 3 2
Ko Nq Qc PI YSR
(m) (kN/m ) (kN/m ) (Deg.)
0 0.1 1
1 Clay 4 --- --- --- 50 2
10 20 200
10 10,500
2 Sand 9 --- 34 0.6 20 --- ---
20 20,000
20 200 2,000
3 Clay 6 --- --- --- 20 3
30 200 2,000
30 30,500
4 Sand 9 --- 36 0.6 30 --- ---
40 30,500
40 350 5,000
5 Clay 9 --- --- --- 15 3
50 350 5,000
50 50,000
6 Sand 9 --- 38 0.6 30 --- ---
100 50,000

Table 5.9 and Table 5.10 contains some comparisons of the results obtained from hand
computations against those from the computer run in APILE for two different offshore methods.

NGI METHOD
Depth Soil Type Total Skin Friction (kN)
Layer
(m) Hand Calc Computer
0
1 Clay 516 537
10
10
2 Sand 3,504 3,571
20
20
3 Clay 6,280 6,251
30
30
4 Sand 14,859 14,780
40
40
5 Clay 12,014 11,844
50
50
6 Sand 30,033 28,619
60
Table 5.9 Comparison of results for NGI Method in Example Problem 6
MTD METHOD
Layer
0
1 Clay 295 268
10
10
2 Sand 4,048 3,783
20
20
3 Clay 5,767 5,313
30
30
4 Sand 12,360 13,503
40
40
5 Clay 17,572 15,206
50
50
6 Sand 30,114 33,711
60
Table 5.10 Comparison of results for MTD Method in Example Problem 6

Offshore pile with close end

stw
11-13-06
2 1 12 0
0 0 2134 0 200000000 60 0
0 0

0 1 1 0 7 1 0
1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
100 0
0.0 2 0.0 4 0.0 0.0
0 0 0.1 0.02 2 50 1 0 0 1 1 0
10 2 0.0 4 0.0 0.0
0 0 20 4 2 50 200 0 0 1 1 0
10 1 0.6 9 34 20
0 0 0.0 20 0.0 0.0 10500 0 0 1 1 0
20 1 0.6 9 34 20
0 0 0.0 20 0.0 0.0 20000 0 0 1 1 0
20 2 0.0 6 0.0 0.0
0 0 200 67 3 20 2000 0 0 1 1 0
30 2 0.0 6 0.0 0.0
0 0 200 67 3 20 2000 0 0 1 1 0
30 1 0.6 9 34 30
0 0 0.0 20 0.0 0.0 30500 0 0 1 1 0
40 1 0.6 9 34 30
0 0 0.0 20 0.0 0.0 39500 0 0 1 1 0
40 2 0.0 9 0.0 0.0
0 0 350 175 3 15 5000 0 0 1 1 0
50 2 0.0 9 0.0 0.0
0 0 350 175 3 15 5000 0 0 1 1 0
50 1 0.6 9 34 30
0 0 0.0 20 0.0 0.0 50000 0 0 1 1 0
100 1 0.6 9 34 30
0 0 0.0 20 0.0 0.0 50000 0 0 1 1 0
0
0 1
0 0
2 0
0 0
0 0
0 0

The resulting plots of total capacity from different empirical methods and axial load versus
settlement computed based on MTD method may be observed in Figure 5.18 and Figure 5.19.


5.7.4 Output Data

=========================================================================

All Rights Reserved
=========================================================================
ENSOFT, INC
AUSTIN, TX

-------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
1
*********************
*********************
Offshore pile with close end
DESIGNER : stw
- ICP/MTD (Imperial College of London)



- Revised Lambda
- NGI (Norwegian Geotechnical Institute)
# Use Undrained Condition for Clay
- FUGRO (Offshore Driven Piles in Sand)
- UWA (University of Western Australia)
TYPE OF LOADING :
- COMPRESSION
PILE TYPE :


END SECTION = 60.00 M.
ENHANCED END SECTION = 0.00 MM.
SOIL INFORMATIONS :

M. KN/CM
0.00 CLAY 0.00 4.00 0.00 0.00
10.00 CLAY 0.00 4.00 0.00 0.00
10.00 SAND 0.60 9.00 34.00 20.00
20.00 SAND 0.60 9.00 34.00 20.00
20.00 CLAY 0.00 6.00 0.00 0.00
30.00 CLAY 0.00 6.00 0.00 0.00
30.00 SAND 0.60 9.00 34.00 30.00
40.00 SAND 0.60 9.00 34.00 30.00

40.00 CLAY 0.00 9.00 0.00 0.00

50.00 CLAY 0.00 9.00 0.00 0.00
50.00 SAND 0.60 9.00 34.00 30.00
100.00 SAND 0.60 9.00 34.00 30.00

0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.10 0.02 2.00 50.00 1.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 20.00 4.00 2.00 50.00 200.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.00 0.00 20.00 0.00 10500.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.00 0.00 20.00 0.00 20000.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 200.00 67.00 3.00 20.00 2000.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 200.00 67.00 3.00 20.00 2000.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.00 0.00 20.00 0.00 30500.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.00 0.00 20.00 0.00 39500.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 350.00 175.00 3.00 15.00 5000.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 350.00 175.00 3.00 15.00 5000.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.00 0.00 20.00 0.00 50000.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.00 0.00 20.00 0.00 50000.00


ON UNIT ON UNIT
M.
0.00 1.000 1.000
10.00 1.000 1.000
10.00 1.000 1.000
20.00 1.000 1.000
20.00 1.000 1.000
30.00 1.000 1.000
30.00 1.000 1.000
40.00 1.000 1.000
40.00 1.000 1.000
50.00 1.000 1.000
50.00 1.000 1.000
100.00 1.000 1.000
PLASTIC YIELD Qc
INDEX STRESS FROM
DEPTH PI RATIO CPT
M. % KPA
0.00 50.00 2.00 0.100E+01
10.00 50.00 2.00 0.200E+03
10.00 0.00 20.00 0.105E+05
20.00 0.00 20.00 0.200E+05
20.00 20.00 3.00 0.200E+04
30.00 20.00 3.00 0.200E+04
30.00 0.00 20.00 0.305E+05
40.00 0.00 20.00 0.395E+05
40.00 15.00 3.00 0.500E+04

50.00 15.00 3.00 0.500E+04

50.00 0.00 20.00 0.500E+05
100.00 0.00 20.00 0.500E+05
1
**********************
**********************
**********************
**********************

M. KN. KN. KN.
0.00 0.0 53.7 53.7
1.00 0.0 85.7 85.7
2.00 7.0 133.2 140.2
3.00 25.3 190.8 216.0
4.00 51.8 259.5 311.3
5.00 86.3 323.5 409.8
6.00 128.3 387.6 515.9
7.00 177.4 599.7 777.1
8.00 233.2 1509.6 1742.8
9.00 295.3 2594.8 2890.1
10.00 363.4 3855.3 4218.6
11.00 548.1 5291.0 5839.1
12.00 874.1 6902.1 7776.2
13.00 1255.0 8685.3 9940.3
14.00 1690.7 9905.6 11596.3
15.00 2181.2 10808.0 12989.2
16.00 2726.6 11525.1 14251.7
17.00 3326.9 11863.7 15190.6
18.00 3982.0 11249.3 15231.2
19.00 4691.9 10449.5 15141.4
20.00 5456.7 9513.5 14970.2
21.00 6523.2 8553.2 15076.3
22.00 7864.0 7592.2 15456.2
23.00 9204.8 6631.2 15836.0
24.00 10545.7 6438.0 16983.7
25.00 11886.5 6438.0 18324.5
26.00 13227.3 6438.0 19665.3
27.00 14568.1 6631.2 21199.3
28.00 15909.0 7592.2 23501.1
29.00 17249.8 8553.2 25803.0
30.00 18522.6 9514.2 28036.8
31.00 19731.4 10475.2 30206.5
32.00 20971.4 11436.2 32407.6
33.00 22266.4 12397.2 34663.6
34.00 23616.1 12590.4 36206.5
35.00 25020.8 12590.4 37611.1
36.00 26480.2 12590.4 39070.6
37.00 27994.5 12548.8 40543.3
38.00 29563.7 12342.0 41905.7
39.00 31187.7 12135.2 43322.9
40.00 32866.5 11928.4 44794.9
41.00 34773.9 11721.6 46495.5
42.00 36882.3 11514.8 48397.1

43.00 38990.7 11308.1 50298.7

44.00 41099.0 11266.5 52365.5
45.00 43207.4 11266.5 54473.9
46.00 45315.8 11266.5 56582.3
47.00 47424.2 11308.1 58732.3
48.00 49532.6 11514.8 61047.5
49.00 51641.0 11721.6 63362.7
50.00 53612.0 11928.4 65540.4
51.00 55683.5 12135.2 67818.7
52.00 58020.5 12342.0 70362.5
53.00 60412.3 12548.8 72961.1
54.00 62859.0 12590.4 75449.3
55.00 65360.5 12590.4 77950.8
56.00 67916.8 12590.4 80507.2
57.00 70528.0 12590.4 83118.4
58.00 73194.0 12590.4 85784.4
59.00 75914.9 12590.4 88505.3
60.00 78690.6 12590.4 91281.0
**********************
**********************

M. KN. KN. KN.
0.00 0.0 53.7 53.7
1.00 14.0 85.7 99.7
2.00 34.7 133.2 167.9
3.00 62.0 190.8 252.8
4.00 102.7 259.5 362.2
5.00 156.8 323.5 480.3
6.00 224.2 387.6 611.7
7.00 304.9 627.9 932.8
8.00 398.9 1696.9 2095.8
9.00 506.3 2972.1 3478.4
10.00 627.1 4453.4 5080.5
11.00 788.7 6141.0 6929.7
12.00 1002.6 8034.8 9037.4
13.00 1252.4 10134.8 11387.2
14.00 1538.2 11688.5 13226.7
15.00 1859.9 13072.7 14932.7
16.00 2217.7 14456.9 16674.6
17.00 2611.4 15411.1 18022.5
18.00 3041.1 14526.3 17567.4
19.00 3506.8 13425.3 16932.1
20.00 4008.4 12108.1 16116.5
21.00 4603.4 10574.7 15178.1
22.00 5273.8 8825.1 14098.9
23.00 5944.3 6859.2 12803.5
24.00 6614.7 6438.0 13052.7
25.00 7285.1 6438.0 13723.1
26.00 7955.5 6438.0 14393.5
27.00 8625.9 7157.7 15783.6
28.00 9296.3 10868.0 20164.4
29.00 9966.8 14794.6 24761.3
30.00 10637.2 18937.4 29574.5
31.00 11370.1 23161.6 34531.7
32.00 12183.5 26936.6 39120.1
33.00 13015.1 30711.6 43726.7
34.00 13846.9 31574.1 45421.0

35.00 14678.6 31509.5 46188.1

36.00 15510.4 31228.6 46739.0
37.00 16342.2 30124.4 46466.5
38.00 17173.9 26977.6 44151.5
39.00 18005.7 23956.8 41962.5
40.00 18837.5 20936.0 39773.5
41.00 19840.0 17915.2 37755.2
42.00 21013.2 14894.5 35907.6
43.00 22186.4 11873.7 34060.1
44.00 23359.6 11266.5 34626.1
45.00 24532.9 11266.5 35799.4
46.00 25706.1 11266.5 36972.6
47.00 26879.3 11873.7 38753.0
48.00 28052.5 14894.5 42947.0
49.00 29225.8 17915.2 47141.0
50.00 30399.0 20936.0 51335.0
51.00 31401.5 23956.8 55358.3
52.00 32233.3 26977.6 59210.8
53.00 33065.0 29998.4 63063.4
54.00 33896.8 30605.5 64502.3
55.00 34728.6 30605.5 65334.1
56.00 35560.3 30605.5 66165.9
57.00 36392.1 30605.5 66997.6
58.00 37223.9 30605.5 67829.4
59.00 38055.6 30605.5 68661.1
60.00 38887.4 30605.5 69492.9
**********************
* LAMBDA 2 METHOD *
**********************

M. KN. KN. KN.
0.00 0.0 53.7 53.7
1.00 17.7 85.7 103.4
2.00 61.9 133.2 195.1
3.00 128.7 190.8 319.5
4.00 216.1 259.5 475.5
5.00 322.4 323.5 645.9
6.00 446.6 387.6 834.2
7.00 587.7 522.3 1110.0
8.00 745.0 996.2 1741.2
9.00 917.7 1560.7 2478.3
10.00 1105.2 2215.7 3320.9
11.00 1300.3 2961.3 4261.6
12.00 1530.1 3797.4 5327.5
13.00 1792.8 4724.1 6516.9
14.00 2086.8 5436.5 7523.3
15.00 2410.7 6080.3 8491.0
16.00 2763.2 6724.1 9487.3
17.00 3143.1 7276.1 10419.1
18.00 3549.4 7402.4 10951.8
19.00 3981.1 7428.2 11409.3
20.00 4437.4 7353.5 11790.8
21.00 5434.2 7178.1 12612.3
22.00 6414.5 6902.3 13316.7
23.00 7379.4 6525.8 13905.2
24.00 8331.0 6438.0 14769.0
25.00 9270.9 6438.0 15708.9
26.00 10200.7 6438.0 16638.6

27.00 11121.4 6879.0 18000.4

28.00 12034.3 9163.6 21197.9
29.00 12940.3 11599.0 24539.3
30.00 13840.0 14185.3 28025.3
31.00 14376.9 16922.4 31299.3
32.00 14934.6 19810.4 34745.0
33.00 15512.6 22849.2 38361.8
34.00 16110.4 24249.8 40360.2
35.00 16727.5 25215.5 41943.0
36.00 17363.5 26181.2 43544.7
37.00 18017.8 26554.3 44572.1
38.00 18690.1 24481.2 43171.3
39.00 19380.0 22257.2 41637.2
40.00 20087.0 19882.4 39969.4
41.00 21427.6 17356.8 38784.4
42.00 22758.9 14680.3 37439.2
43.00 24081.5 11853.0 35934.5
44.00 25396.0 11266.5 36662.5
45.00 26703.1 11266.5 37969.6
46.00 28003.3 11266.5 39269.8
47.00 29297.0 11883.0 41180.0
48.00 30584.7 14950.1 45534.8
49.00 31866.8 18017.3 49884.1
50.00 33143.7 21084.4 54228.2
51.00 33960.2 24151.6 58111.8
52.00 34790.5 27218.7 62009.2
53.00 35634.3 30285.9 65920.2
54.00 36491.5 30902.4 67393.9
55.00 37361.6 30902.4 68263.9
56.00 38244.4 30902.4 69146.8
57.00 39139.6 30902.4 70042.0
58.00 40047.1 30902.4 70949.5
59.00 40966.4 30902.4 71868.8
60.00 41897.5 30902.4 72799.9
**********************
* API RP-2A (1994) *
**********************

M. KN. KN. KN.
0.00 0.0 53.7 53.7
1.00 7.0 85.7 92.7
2.00 18.8 133.2 152.1
3.00 40.3 190.8 231.0
4.00 71.2 259.5 330.6
5.00 111.5 323.5 435.0
6.00 161.4 387.6 548.9
7.00 220.7 522.3 743.0
8.00 289.5 996.2 1285.6
9.00 367.7 1560.7 1928.4
10.00 455.4 2215.7 2671.1
11.00 556.2 2961.3 3517.5
12.00 675.5 3797.4 4472.9
13.00 814.9 4724.1 5539.0
14.00 974.3 5436.5 6410.8
15.00 1153.8 6080.3 7234.1
16.00 1353.3 6724.1 8077.5
17.00 1573.0 7276.1 8849.0
18.00 1812.7 7402.4 9215.1

19.00 2072.4 7428.2 9500.6

20.00 2352.2 7353.5 9705.7
21.00 2801.6 7178.1 9979.7
22.00 3413.7 6902.3 10315.9
23.00 4032.3 6525.8 10558.1
24.00 4657.2 6438.0 11095.2
25.00 5288.2 6438.0 11726.2
26.00 5925.2 6438.0 12363.2
27.00 6567.9 6879.0 13446.9
28.00 7216.3 9163.6 16379.9
29.00 7870.2 11599.0 19469.2
30.00 8529.4 14185.3 22714.7
31.00 9082.2 16922.4 26004.6
32.00 9536.0 19810.4 29346.3
33.00 10009.8 22849.2 32859.0
34.00 10503.6 24249.8 34753.4
35.00 11017.6 25215.5 36233.1
36.00 11551.6 26181.2 37732.8
37.00 12105.7 26554.3 38660.0
38.00 12679.8 24481.2 37161.0
39.00 13274.0 22257.2 35531.3
40.00 13888.3 19882.4 33770.8
41.00 14759.7 17356.8 32116.5
42.00 15882.4 14680.3 30562.7
43.00 17013.6 11853.0 28866.6
44.00 18153.1 11266.5 29419.6
45.00 19300.7 11266.5 30567.2
46.00 20456.4 11266.5 31722.9
47.00 21619.8 11883.0 33502.8
48.00 22791.8 14950.1 37741.9
49.00 23975.8 18017.3 41993.1
50.00 25174.7 21084.4 46259.2
51.00 26200.4 24151.6 50352.0
52.00 27055.5 27218.7 54274.2
53.00 27930.6 30285.9 58216.5
54.00 28825.9 30902.4 59728.3
55.00 29741.2 30902.4 60643.5
56.00 30676.5 30902.4 61578.9
57.00 31631.9 30902.4 62534.3
58.00 32607.4 30902.4 63509.8
59.00 33603.0 30902.4 64505.4
60.00 34618.6 30902.4 65521.0
****************************************************
* NORWEIGIAN GEOTECHNICAL INSTITUTE (NGI) METHOD *
****************************************************

M. KN. KN. KN.
0.00 0.0 53.7 53.7
1.00 7.1 85.7 92.8
2.00 20.0 133.2 153.3
3.00 44.7 190.8 235.5
4.00 80.8 259.5 340.3
5.00 128.4 323.5 451.9
6.00 187.3 387.6 574.9
7.00 257.7 1018.8 1276.5
8.00 339.5 4004.8 4344.3
9.00 432.6 7248.6 7681.2
10.00 537.1 10741.2 11278.3

11.00 699.7 14475.7 15175.4

12.00 930.3 18446.4 19376.7
13.00 1193.3 22648.4 23841.7
14.00 1490.8 24794.7 26285.5
15.00 1824.9 26369.6 28194.6
16.00 2197.5 27912.4 30109.9
17.00 2610.3 28549.5 31159.8
18.00 3065.3 25599.1 28664.5
19.00 3564.1 22405.7 25969.8
20.00 4108.5 18973.5 23082.0
21.00 4690.9 15306.6 19997.5
22.00 5291.9 11408.5 16700.4
23.00 5900.7 7282.4 13183.0
24.00 6516.9 6438.0 12954.9
25.00 7140.3 6438.0 13578.3
26.00 7770.8 6438.0 14208.8
27.00 8408.1 7729.4 16137.5
28.00 9052.2 14221.6 23273.8
29.00 9702.8 20911.9 30614.7
30.00 10359.8 27798.8 38158.6
31.00 11310.4 34880.7 46191.1
32.00 12582.6 42156.3 54738.9
33.00 13918.2 49624.2 63542.3
34.00 15318.2 52133.3 67451.5
35.00 16783.9 53371.3 70155.2
36.00 18316.6 54600.8 72917.4
37.00 19917.3 54295.4 74212.7
38.00 21587.3 47851.7 69438.9
39.00 23327.6 41215.1 64542.7
40.00 25139.4 34387.0 59526.4
41.00 26617.1 27368.6 53985.7
42.00 27730.0 20161.0 47891.0
43.00 28853.0 12765.4 41618.4
44.00 29985.9 11266.5 41252.4
45.00 31128.5 11266.5 42395.0
46.00 32280.6 11266.5 43547.1
47.00 33442.1 13187.4 46629.6
48.00 34613.0 22777.0 57389.9
49.00 35793.5 32420.3 68213.8
50.00 36983.6 42116.3 79099.9
51.00 38958.7 51864.2 90822.9
52.00 41737.2 61663.0 103400.2
53.00 44561.8 71511.8 116073.6
54.00 47432.2 73760.7 121192.9
55.00 50348.1 74085.2 124433.3
56.00 53309.3 74403.9 127713.2
57.00 56315.5 74717.3 131032.8
58.00 59366.6 75025.3 134392.0
59.00 62462.3 75328.4 137790.7
60.00 65602.4 75626.5 141228.9
***********************************
* IMPERIAL COLLEGE (MTD) METHOD *
***********************************

M. KN. KN. KN.
0.00 0.0 47.7 47.7
1.00 2.6 76.2 78.8
2.00 10.5 118.4 129.0

3.00 23.7 169.6 193.3

4.00 42.3 230.6 272.9
5.00 66.3 287.6 353.8
6.00 95.6 344.5 440.1
7.00 130.5 752.3 882.8
8.00 170.8 2585.1 2755.9
9.00 216.7 4568.2 4784.9
10.00 268.2 6701.6 6969.9
11.00 424.4 8985.4 9409.8
12.00 697.8 11419.5 12117.2
13.00 1001.9 14003.9 15005.8
14.00 1337.4 15343.9 16681.3
15.00 1705.1 16363.2 18068.3
16.00 2105.5 17382.6 19488.1
17.00 2539.6 17891.8 20431.4
18.00 3007.9 16341.4 19349.3
19.00 3511.5 14631.7 18143.2
20.00 4051.1 12762.8 16813.9
21.00 4547.6 10734.7 15282.3
22.00 4993.4 8547.3 13540.7
23.00 5460.8 6200.8 11661.6
24.00 5950.2 5722.7 11672.8
25.00 6461.7 5722.7 12184.4
26.00 6995.8 5722.7 12718.5
27.00 7552.7 6585.6 14138.3
28.00 8132.7 10909.4 19042.2
29.00 8736.4 15384.0 24120.4
30.00 9363.9 20009.5 29373.4
31.00 10206.1 24785.8 34991.9
32.00 11276.1 29712.9 40989.0
33.00 12397.1 34790.9 47188.0
34.00 13570.9 36589.3 50160.2
35.00 14799.5 37555.0 52354.5
36.00 16085.1 38520.7 54605.7
37.00 17429.8 38589.7 56019.5
38.00 18836.2 35064.0 53900.2
39.00 20307.0 31387.5 51694.5
40.00 21845.2 27560.2 49405.4
41.00 23263.2 23582.0 46845.1
42.00 24552.7 19452.9 44005.6
43.00 25895.8 15173.0 41068.8
44.00 27294.3 14306.7 41601.0
45.00 28750.3 14306.7 43057.0
46.00 30266.1 14306.7 44572.7
47.00 31844.2 15541.9 47386.1
48.00 33487.6 21687.4 55175.0
49.00 35199.8 27832.9 63032.6
50.00 36984.8 33978.3 70963.1
51.00 39278.2 40123.8 79402.0
52.00 42103.0 46269.3 88372.3
53.00 45021.6 52414.7 97436.4
54.00 47978.1 53650.0 101628.1
55.00 50943.2 53650.0 104593.2
56.00 53916.8 53650.0 107566.8
57.00 56898.7 53650.0 110548.7
58.00 59888.8 53650.0 113538.8
59.00 62887.0 53650.0 116537.0
60.00 65893.0 53650.0 119543.0
***********************************
* FUGRO 2004 (FUGRO) METHOD *

***********************************

M. KN. KN. KN.
0.00 0.0 47.7 47.7
1.00 2.6 76.2 78.8
2.00 10.5 118.4 129.0
3.00 23.7 169.6 193.3
4.00 42.3 230.6 272.9
5.00 66.3 287.6 353.8
6.00 95.6 344.5 440.1
7.00 130.5 1382.5 1513.0
8.00 170.8 6361.1 6532.0
9.00 216.7 11540.0 11756.8
10.00 268.2 16911.1 17179.4
11.00 384.4 22467.3 22851.7
12.00 572.8 28202.0 28774.8
13.00 782.3 34109.4 34891.7
14.00 1013.6 36284.2 37297.8
15.00 1267.6 37479.0 38746.6
16.00 1545.3 38636.3 40181.7
17.00 1847.8 38573.4 40421.2
18.00 2176.0 33733.0 35909.0
19.00 2531.2 28708.7 31239.8
20.00 2914.5 23506.0 26420.5
21.00 3330.9 18130.1 21460.9
22.00 3776.7 12585.6 16362.2
23.00 4244.1 6876.7 11120.8
24.00 4733.4 5722.7 10456.1
25.00 5245.0 5722.7 10967.7
26.00 5779.1 5722.7 11501.7
27.00 6335.9 7222.2 13558.2
28.00 6916.0 14706.9 21622.9
29.00 7519.6 22311.9 29831.5
30.00 8147.1 30035.4 38182.5
31.00 8893.5 37875.9 46769.3
32.00 9773.5 45831.8 55605.3
33.00 10709.4 53901.7 64611.0
34.00 11704.8 56123.1 67827.9
35.00 12764.0 56859.8 69623.8
36.00 13891.7 57587.0 71478.8
37.00 15093.0 56846.6 71939.6
38.00 16373.8 50277.7 66651.5
39.00 17740.7 43594.3 61335.0
40.00 19201.2 36797.8 55999.1
41.00 20587.4 29889.7 50477.1
42.00 21876.9 22871.2 44748.1
43.00 23220.0 15743.7 38963.7
44.00 24618.5 14306.7 38925.2
45.00 26074.6 14306.7 40381.2
46.00 27590.3 14306.7 41897.0
47.00 29168.4 15991.8 45160.2
48.00 30811.8 24375.7 55187.5
49.00 32524.0 32759.6 65283.6
50.00 34309.0 41143.4 75452.4
51.00 37133.0 49527.3 86660.3
52.00 41151.2 57911.2 99062.3
53.00 45600.2 66295.0 111895.2
54.00 50589.6 67980.2 118569.8
55.00 56278.3 67980.2 124258.5
56.00 62910.6 67980.2 130890.8
57.00 70616.5 67980.2 138596.6

58.00 78736.8 67980.2 146717.0

59.00 86589.4 67980.2 154569.6
60.00 94032.5 67980.2 162012.7
*********************************************
* UNIV. OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA (UWA) METHOD *
*********************************************

M. KN. KN. KN.
0.00 0.0 47.7 47.7
1.00 2.6 76.2 78.8
2.00 10.5 118.4 129.0
3.00 23.7 169.6 193.3
4.00 42.3 230.6 272.9
5.00 66.3 287.6 353.8
6.00 95.6 344.5 440.1
7.00 130.5 1122.0 1252.5
8.00 170.8 4826.3 4997.1
9.00 216.7 8840.1 9056.8
10.00 268.2 13163.4 13431.6
11.00 425.0 17796.3 18221.3
12.00 696.8 22738.7 23435.5
13.00 994.0 27990.7 28984.7
14.00 1317.3 30687.8 32005.1
15.00 1667.1 32726.5 34393.6
16.00 2044.0 34765.2 36809.2
17.00 2448.8 35604.0 38052.8
18.00 2881.9 31609.2 34491.1
19.00 3344.2 27296.0 30640.2
20.00 3836.3 22664.3 26500.6
21.00 4307.5 17714.1 22021.6
22.00 4753.3 12445.6 17198.8
23.00 5220.7 6858.5 12079.2
24.00 5710.0 5722.7 11432.7
25.00 6221.6 5722.7 11944.3
26.00 6755.7 5722.7 12478.3
27.00 7312.6 7628.3 14940.9
28.00 7892.6 17169.7 25062.4
29.00 8496.2 27012.8 35509.1
30.00 9123.7 37157.7 46281.4
31.00 9910.7 47604.1 57514.8
32.00 10866.6 58352.3 69218.9
33.00 11866.7 69402.2 81268.8
34.00 12912.8 73178.6 86091.4
35.00 14007.0 75110.0 89117.0
36.00 15151.6 77041.4 92193.0
37.00 16348.9 76730.3 93079.2
38.00 17601.7 67444.2 85045.9
39.00 18912.9 57856.4 76769.3
40.00 20285.8 47967.0 68252.8
41.00 21619.7 37775.9 59395.6
42.00 22909.2 27283.0 50192.2
43.00 24252.3 16488.5 40740.8
44.00 25650.8 14306.7 39957.5
45.00 27106.8 14306.7 41413.5
46.00 28622.6 14306.7 42929.3
47.00 30200.7 17226.3 47427.0
48.00 31844.1 31752.0 63596.1
49.00 33556.3 46277.7 79834.0

50.00 35341.3 60803.3 96144.6

51.00 37550.1 75329.0 112879.1
52.00 40215.0 89854.6 130069.6
53.00 43032.0 104380.3 147412.3
54.00 46030.9 107300.0 153330.9
55.00 49252.7 107300.0 156552.6
56.00 52756.5 107300.0 160056.5
57.00 56569.2 107300.0 163869.2
58.00 60532.0 107300.0 167832.0
59.00 64494.9 107300.0 171794.9
60.00 68458.1 107300.0 175758.0
NOTES:
*************************************************
*************************************************

1 10 0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.3537E+00 0.3414E-02
0.5895E+00 0.6615E-02
0.8843E+00 0.1216E-01
0.1061E+01 0.1707E-01
0.1179E+01 0.2134E-01
0.1061E+01 0.4268E-01
0.1061E+01 0.6402E-01
0.1061E+01 0.1067E+00
0.1061E+01 0.4268E+00
2 10 0.5000E+01
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1437E+01 0.3414E-02
0.2395E+01 0.6615E-02
0.3592E+01 0.1216E-01
0.4311E+01 0.1707E-01
0.4790E+01 0.2134E-01
0.4311E+01 0.4268E-01
0.4311E+01 0.6402E-01
0.4311E+01 0.1067E+00
0.4311E+01 0.4268E+00
3 10 0.9900E+01
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.4647E+01 0.3414E-02
0.7745E+01 0.6615E-02
0.1162E+02 0.1216E-01
0.1394E+02 0.1707E-01
0.1549E+02 0.2134E-01
0.1394E+02 0.4268E-01
0.1394E+02 0.6402E-01
0.1394E+02 0.1067E+00
0.1394E+02 0.4268E+00
4 10 0.1000E+02

0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.3203E+01 0.2513E-03
0.6407E+01 0.5026E-03
0.1281E+02 0.1005E-02
0.1922E+02 0.1508E-02
0.2563E+02 0.2011E-02
0.2883E+02 0.2262E-02
0.3203E+02 0.2513E-02
0.3203E+02 0.1257E-01
0.3203E+02 0.5026E-01
5 10 0.1500E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.6224E+01 0.2513E-03
0.1245E+02 0.5026E-03
0.2489E+02 0.1005E-02
0.3734E+02 0.1508E-02
0.4979E+02 0.2011E-02
0.5601E+02 0.2262E-02
0.6224E+02 0.2513E-02
0.6224E+02 0.1257E-01
0.6224E+02 0.5026E-01
6 10 0.1990E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.7727E+01 0.2513E-03
0.1545E+02 0.5026E-03
0.3091E+02 0.1005E-02
0.4636E+02 0.1508E-02
0.6182E+02 0.2011E-02
0.6954E+02 0.2262E-02
0.7727E+02 0.2513E-02
0.7727E+02 0.1257E-01
0.7727E+02 0.5026E-01
7 10 0.2000E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.2108E+02 0.3414E-02
0.3514E+02 0.6615E-02
0.5271E+02 0.1216E-01
0.6325E+02 0.1707E-01
0.7027E+02 0.2134E-01
0.6325E+02 0.4268E-01
0.6325E+02 0.6402E-01
0.6325E+02 0.1067E+00
0.6325E+02 0.4268E+00
8 10 0.2500E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.2441E+02 0.3414E-02
0.4068E+02 0.6615E-02
0.6102E+02 0.1216E-01
0.7323E+02 0.1707E-01
0.8136E+02 0.2134E-01
0.7323E+02 0.4268E-01
0.7323E+02 0.6402E-01
0.7323E+02 0.1067E+00
0.7323E+02 0.4268E+00
9 10 0.2990E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.3288E+02 0.3414E-02
0.5481E+02 0.6615E-02
0.8221E+02 0.1216E-01
0.9865E+02 0.1707E-01
0.1096E+03 0.2134E-01
0.9865E+02 0.4268E-01
0.9865E+02 0.6402E-01

0.9865E+02 0.1067E+00
0.9865E+02 0.4268E+00
10 10 0.3000E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1426E+02 0.2513E-03
0.2852E+02 0.5026E-03
0.5704E+02 0.1005E-02
0.8557E+02 0.1508E-02
0.1141E+03 0.2011E-02
0.1284E+03 0.2262E-02
0.1426E+03 0.2513E-02
0.1426E+03 0.1257E-01
0.1426E+03 0.5026E-01
11 10 0.3500E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1962E+02 0.2513E-03
0.3923E+02 0.5026E-03
0.7847E+02 0.1005E-02
0.1177E+03 0.1508E-02
0.1569E+03 0.2011E-02
0.1765E+03 0.2262E-02
0.1962E+03 0.2513E-02
0.1962E+03 0.1257E-01
0.1962E+03 0.5026E-01
12 10 0.3990E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.2205E+02 0.2513E-03
0.4409E+02 0.5026E-03
0.8819E+02 0.1005E-02
0.1323E+03 0.1508E-02
0.1764E+03 0.2011E-02
0.1984E+03 0.2262E-02
0.2205E+03 0.2513E-02
0.2205E+03 0.1257E-01
0.2205E+03 0.5026E-01
13 10 0.4000E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.6058E+02 0.3414E-02
0.1010E+03 0.6615E-02
0.1514E+03 0.1216E-01
0.1817E+03 0.1707E-01
0.2019E+03 0.2134E-01
0.1817E+03 0.4268E-01
0.1817E+03 0.6402E-01
0.1817E+03 0.1067E+00
0.1817E+03 0.4268E+00
14 10 0.4500E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.6922E+02 0.3414E-02
0.1154E+03 0.6615E-02
0.1731E+03 0.1216E-01
0.2077E+03 0.1707E-01
0.2307E+03 0.2134E-01
0.2077E+03 0.4268E-01
0.2077E+03 0.6402E-01
0.2077E+03 0.1067E+00
0.2077E+03 0.4268E+00
15 10 0.4990E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.9125E+02 0.3414E-02
0.1521E+03 0.6615E-02
0.2281E+03 0.1216E-01
0.2738E+03 0.1707E-01

0.3042E+03 0.2134E-01
0.2738E+03 0.4268E-01
0.2738E+03 0.6402E-01
0.2738E+03 0.1067E+00
0.2738E+03 0.4268E+00
16 10 0.5000E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.3817E+02 0.2513E-03
0.7634E+02 0.5026E-03
0.1527E+03 0.1005E-02
0.2290E+03 0.1508E-02
0.3054E+03 0.2011E-02
0.3435E+03 0.2262E-02
0.3817E+03 0.2513E-02
0.3817E+03 0.1257E-01
0.3817E+03 0.5026E-01
17 10 0.7500E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.4484E+02 0.2513E-03
0.8968E+02 0.5026E-03
0.1794E+03 0.1005E-02
0.2690E+03 0.1508E-02
0.3587E+03 0.2011E-02
0.4035E+03 0.2262E-02
0.4484E+03 0.2513E-02
0.4484E+03 0.1257E-01
0.4484E+03 0.5026E-01
18 10 0.9990E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.4484E+02 0.2513E-03
0.8968E+02 0.5026E-03
0.1794E+03 0.1005E-02
0.2690E+03 0.1508E-02
0.3587E+03 0.2011E-02
0.4035E+03 0.2262E-02
0.4484E+03 0.2513E-02
0.4484E+03 0.1257E-01
0.4484E+03 0.5026E-01

KN. M.
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.3353E+04 0.1067E-02
0.6706E+04 0.2134E-02
0.1341E+05 0.4268E-02
0.2682E+05 0.2774E-01
0.4024E+05 0.8963E-01
0.4828E+05 0.1558E+00
0.5365E+05 0.2134E+00
0.5365E+05 0.3201E+00
0.5365E+05 0.4268E+00

****************************

KN. M. KN. M.
0.6907E+02 0.6738E-05 0.7898E+01 0.2513E-05
0.6907E+03 0.6738E-04 0.7898E+02 0.2513E-04
0.3454E+04 0.3369E-03 0.3949E+03 0.1257E-03
0.6907E+04 0.6738E-03 0.7898E+03 0.2513E-03
0.3437E+05 0.3366E-02 0.3949E+04 0.1257E-02
0.5779E+05 0.6280E-02 0.7898E+04 0.2513E-02
0.7931E+05 0.1782E-01 0.1815E+05 0.1257E-01
0.9037E+05 0.3122E-01 0.2533E+05 0.2513E-01
0.9508E+05 0.5679E-01 0.3171E+05 0.5026E-01

5.8 Example Problem 7 (Offshore Version) – CPT Based Method for

Open-Ended Pile
Many large offshore piles are driven with an open-ended tip. It is obvious that soil will be pushed
into the pile through the pile tip during pile driving, forming a soil plug inside the pipe pile. If the soil
plug develops excessive side friction on the inner wall at a certain depth, the soil plug may not be pushed
further into the pipe pile by driving. Under this condition it is typically named as a fully plugged pile.
On the other hand, the soil plug may be pushed up continuously during pile driving because the friction
developed on the inner wall is not strong. The pile tip is not fully plugged and it is named as an
unplugged pile.
The determination if the pile acts as a fully plugged pile or as an unplugged pile is a very
complicated task. One simple approach is described in the APILE Technical Manual. For unplugged
conditions, the total soil resistance at the tip is the sum of the side friction along the inner surface of the
pile and the end bearing from the metal area at the pile tip. If the pile is fully plugged, the soil resistance
at the pile tip is derived from end bearing over the full area of the base. Comparing the soil resistance at
the tip, based on the above two different conditions, the user may take the smaller one for the
recommended tip resistance.
The total length of soil plug formed inside the pipe pile depends on the soil properties in each sub-
layer. In many cases the length of the soil plug may less than 50% of the total pile penetration. The MTD
method (as well as other offshore methods) directly asks the user to determine the plug condition as one
of the required input parameters.
This example is included for the customers who purchased the offshore-version of APILE. This
example will focus on the axial capacity of open-ended, unplugged piles predicted by four CPT-based
semi-empirical methods (NGI method, MTD method, Fugro method, and UWA method) for an offshore
application. The pile is a 60-m-long pipe with an outer diameter of 2134 mm and an inner diameter of
2044 mm. The soil deposit consists of six sub-layers and the soil properties, including Qc from the CPT
tests, are shown in Table 5.11.
the printing of capacity for each increment to shorten the length of output.

Depth ' Cu 
Layer Soil Type 3 2
Ko Nq Qc PI YSR
(m) (kN/m ) (kN/m ) (Deg.)
0 0.1 1
1 Clay 4 --- --- --- 50 2
10 20 200
10 10,500
2 Sand 9 --- 34 0.6 20 --- ---
20 20,000
20 200 2,000
3 Clay 6 --- --- --- 20 3
30 200 2,000
30 30,500
4 Sand 9 --- 36 0.6 30 --- ---
40 30,500
40 350 5,000
5 Clay 9 --- --- --- 15 3
50 350 5,000
50 50,000
6 Sand 9 --- 38 0.6 30 --- ---
100 50,000

Table 5.12 and Table 5.13 contains some comparisons of the results obtained from hand
computations against those from the computer run in APILE for two different offshore methods.
NGI METHOD
Layer
0
1 Clay 516 537
10
10
2 Sand 2,513 2,253
20
20
3 Clay 6,280 6,145
30
30
4 Sand 9,288 9,361
40
40
5 Clay 12,014 11,498
50
50
6 Sand 18,771 18,111
60
Table 5.12 Comparison of results for NGI Method in Example Problem 7

MTD METHOD
Layer
0
1 Clay 230 209
10
10
2 Sand 2,563 2,399
20
20
3 Clay 4,495 4,099
30
30
4 Sand 7,771 8,535
40
40
5 Clay 13,697 11,720
50
50
6 Sand 24,032 22,488
60
Table 5.13 Comparison of results for MTD Method in Example Problem 7

Offshore pile with open end

stw
11-13-06
2 1 12 0
0 0 2134 2044 200000000 60 0
60 2044
0 1 1 0 6 1 0
1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
100 0
0.0 2 0.0 4 0.0 0.0
0 0 0.1 0.02 2 50 1 0 0 1 1 0
10 2 0.0 4 0.0 0.0
0 0 20 4 2 50 200 0 0 1 1 0
10 1 0.6 9 34 20
0 0 0.0 20 0.0 0.0 10500 0 0 1 1 0
20 1 0.6 9 34 20
0 0 0.0 20 0.0 0.0 20000 0 0 1 1 0
20 2 0.0 6 0.0 0.0
0 0 200 67 3 20 2000 0 0 1 1 0
30 2 0.0 6 0.0 0.0
0 0 200 67 3 20 2000 0 0 1 1 0
30 1 0.6 9 34 30
0 0 0.0 20 0.0 0.0 30500 0 0 1 1 0
40 1 0.6 9 34 30
0 0 0.0 20 0.0 0.0 39500 0 0 1 1 0
40 2 0.0 9 0.0 0.0
0 0 350 175 3 15 5000 0 0 1 1 0
50 2 0.0 9 0.0 0.0
0 0 350 175 3 15 5000 0 0 1 1 0
50 1 0.6 9 34 30
0 0 0.0 20 0.0 0.0 50000 0 0 1 1 0
100 1 0.6 9 34 30

0 0 0.0 20 0.0 0.0 50000 0 0 1 1 0

0
0 1
0 0
2 0
0 0
0 0
0 0

The resulting plots of the total capacity predicted by different methods and the axial load versus
settlement based on the NGI method may be observed in Figure 5.20 and Figure 5.21, respectively.

5.8.4 Output Data

=========================================================================

All Rights Reserved
=========================================================================
ENSOFT, INC
AUSTIN, TX


-------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
1
*********************
*********************
Offshore pile with open end
DESIGNER : stw


- Revised Lambda
# Use Undrained Condition for Clay
- FUGRO (Offshore Driven Piles in Sand)
- UWA (University of Western Australia)
TYPE OF LOADING :
- COMPRESSION
PILE TYPE :



SOIL INFORMATIONS :

M. KN/CM
0.00 CLAY 0.00 4.00 0.00 0.00
10.00 CLAY 0.00 4.00 0.00 0.00
10.00 SAND 0.60 9.00 34.00 20.00
20.00 SAND 0.60 9.00 34.00 20.00
20.00 CLAY 0.00 6.00 0.00 0.00
30.00 CLAY 0.00 6.00 0.00 0.00
30.00 SAND 0.60 9.00 34.00 30.00
40.00 SAND 0.60 9.00 34.00 30.00
40.00 CLAY 0.00 9.00 0.00 0.00
50.00 CLAY 0.00 9.00 0.00 0.00
50.00 SAND 0.60 9.00 34.00 30.00
100.00 SAND 0.60 9.00 34.00 30.00

0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.10 0.02 2.00 50.00 1.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 20.00 4.00 2.00 50.00 200.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.00 0.00 20.00 0.00 10500.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.00 0.00 20.00 0.00 20000.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 200.00 67.00 3.00 20.00 2000.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 200.00 67.00 3.00 20.00 2000.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.00 0.00 20.00 0.00 30500.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.00 0.00 20.00 0.00 39500.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 350.00 175.00 3.00 15.00 5000.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 350.00 175.00 3.00 15.00 5000.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.00 0.00 20.00 0.00 50000.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.00 0.00 20.00 0.00 50000.00


ON UNIT ON UNIT

M.
0.00 1.000 1.000
10.00 1.000 1.000
10.00 1.000 1.000
20.00 1.000 1.000
20.00 1.000 1.000
30.00 1.000 1.000
30.00 1.000 1.000
40.00 1.000 1.000
40.00 1.000 1.000
50.00 1.000 1.000
50.00 1.000 1.000
100.00 1.000 1.000
PLASTIC YIELD Qc
INDEX STRESS FROM
DEPTH PI RATIO CPT
M. % KPA
0.00 50.00 2.00 0.100E+01
10.00 50.00 2.00 0.200E+03
10.00 0.00 20.00 0.105E+05
20.00 0.00 20.00 0.200E+05
20.00 20.00 3.00 0.200E+04
30.00 20.00 3.00 0.200E+04
30.00 0.00 20.00 0.305E+05
40.00 0.00 20.00 0.395E+05
40.00 15.00 3.00 0.500E+04
50.00 15.00 3.00 0.500E+04
50.00 0.00 20.00 0.500E+05
100.00 0.00 20.00 0.500E+05
1
**********************
**********************
**********************
**********************

M. KN. KN. KN.
0.00 0.0 2.9* 2.9
1.00 0.0 2.9* 2.9
2.00 7.0 10.9* 17.9
3.00 25.3 20.5* 45.7
4.00 51.8 31.6* 83.5
5.00 86.3 44.3* 130.6
6.00 128.3 58.3* 186.6
7.00 177.4 73.7* 251.1
8.00 233.2 90.3* 323.5
9.00 295.3 108.0* 403.4
10.00 363.4 126.9* 490.3
11.00 519.9 820.4* 1340.4
12.00 784.5 1171.7* 1956.2

13.00 1093.5 1565.7* 2659.2

14.00 1447.0 2002.3* 3449.3
15.00 1845.1 2481.5* 4326.5
16.00 2287.6 3003.3* 5290.9
17.00 2774.6 3486.3* 6261.0
18.00 3306.2 3995.5* 7301.6
19.00 3882.2 4547.2* 8429.4
20.00 4502.7 5141.6* 9644.3
21.00 5494.5 5063.8* 10558.3
22.00 6835.4 5494.0* 12329.4
23.00 8176.2 5924.3* 14100.5
24.00 9517.0 6354.5* 15871.5
25.00 10857.9 6438.0 17295.9
26.00 12198.7 6438.0 18636.7
27.00 13539.5 6631.2 20170.7
28.00 14880.4 7592.2 22472.5
29.00 16221.2 8505.7* 24726.9
30.00 17494.0 8892.3* 26386.3
31.00 18588.4 10321.4* 28909.8
32.00 19594.6 11285.2* 30879.8
33.00 20645.3 12291.6* 32936.9
34.00 21740.5 12590.4 34330.9
35.00 22880.2 12590.4 35470.6
36.00 24064.4 12590.4 36654.8
37.00 25293.1 12548.8 37841.9
38.00 26566.3 12342.0 38908.3
39.00 27884.0 12135.2 40019.3
40.00 29246.3 11928.4 41174.7
41.00 30992.7 11721.6 42714.3
42.00 33101.1 11514.8 44615.9
43.00 35209.5 11308.1 46517.5
44.00 37317.9 11266.5 48584.4
45.00 39426.3 11266.5 50692.8
46.00 41534.7 11266.5 52801.2
47.00 43643.1 11308.1 54951.1
48.00 45751.5 11514.8 57266.3
49.00 47859.9 11721.6 59581.5
50.00 49830.8 11928.4 61759.3
51.00 51684.6 12135.2 63819.8
52.00 53580.8 12342.0 65922.8
53.00 55521.5 12548.8 68070.3
54.00 57506.7 12590.4 70097.1
55.00 59536.4 12590.4 72126.8
56.00 61610.7 12590.4 74201.0
57.00 63729.4 12590.4 76319.7
58.00 65892.6 12590.4 78483.0
59.00 68100.3 12590.4 80690.7
60.00 70352.5 12590.4 82942.9
**********************
**********************

M. KN. KN. KN.
0.00 0.0 2.9* 2.9
1.00 14.0 4.3* 18.3
2.00 34.7 13.6* 48.3
3.00 62.0 25.4* 87.4
4.00 102.7 39.7* 142.5

5.00 156.8 56.7* 213.4

6.00 224.2 76.1* 300.3
7.00 304.9 98.2* 403.0
8.00 398.9 122.7* 521.7
9.00 506.3 149.9* 656.2
10.00 627.1 179.6* 806.7
11.00 788.7 845.1* 1633.8
12.00 1002.6 1070.4* 2073.0
13.00 1252.4 1313.0* 2565.4
14.00 1538.2 1572.8* 3110.9
15.00 1859.9 1849.8* 3709.7
16.00 2217.7 2144.0* 4361.7
17.00 2611.4 2455.5* 5066.9
18.00 3041.1 2784.2* 5825.3
19.00 3506.8 3130.1* 6636.8
20.00 4008.4 3493.2* 7501.6
21.00 4603.4 2589.1* 7192.5
22.00 5273.8 2804.2* 8078.0
23.00 5944.3 3019.3* 8963.6
24.00 6614.7 3234.4* 9849.1
25.00 7285.1 3449.5* 10734.6
26.00 7955.5 3664.6* 11620.2
27.00 8625.9 3879.8* 12505.7
28.00 9296.3 4094.9* 13391.2
29.00 9966.8 4310.0* 14276.7
30.00 10637.2 4525.1* 15162.3
31.00 11370.1 6901.6* 18271.7
32.00 12183.5 7414.0* 19597.5
33.00 13015.1 7926.7* 20941.8
34.00 13846.9 8439.3* 22286.2
35.00 14678.6 8494.8* 23173.4
36.00 15510.4 8893.1* 24403.5
37.00 16342.2 9291.5* 25633.6
38.00 17173.9 9689.8* 26863.7
39.00 18005.7 10088.1* 28093.8
40.00 18837.5 10486.5* 29323.9
41.00 19840.0 9451.5* 29291.5
42.00 21013.2 10013.4* 31026.6
43.00 22186.4 10575.3* 32761.7
44.00 23359.6 11137.2* 34496.8
45.00 24532.9 11266.5 35799.4
46.00 25706.1 11266.5 36972.6
47.00 26879.3 11873.7 38753.0
48.00 28052.5 13384.6* 41437.2
49.00 29225.8 13946.5* 43172.3
50.00 30399.0 14508.4* 44907.4
51.00 31401.5 16503.6* 47905.1
52.00 32233.3 16901.9* 49135.2
53.00 33065.0 17300.2* 50365.3
54.00 33896.8 17698.6* 51595.4
55.00 34728.6 18096.9* 52825.5
56.00 35560.3 18495.3* 54055.6
57.00 36392.1 18893.6* 55285.7
58.00 37223.9 19292.0* 56515.8
59.00 38055.6 19690.3* 57745.9
60.00 38887.4 20088.7* 58976.0
**********************
* LAMBDA 2 METHOD *
**********************


M. KN. KN. KN.
0.00 0.0 2.9 2.9
1.00 15.4 4.3 19.7
2.00 53.1 12.7 65.9
3.00 109.2 23.0 132.2
4.00 181.5 35.2 216.6
5.00 268.5 49.1 317.6
6.00 369.1 64.8 433.9
7.00 482.4 82.4 564.8
8.00 607.5 101.8 709.2
9.00 743.8 122.9 866.7
10.00 890.7 145.9 1036.6
11.00 1042.6 479.9 1522.5
12.00 1220.6 647.3 1867.9
13.00 1422.8 833.9 2256.7
14.00 1647.6 1039.8 2687.4
15.00 1893.6 1264.9 3158.4
16.00 2159.4 1509.2 3668.6
17.00 2443.9 1772.7 4216.6
18.00 2746.2 2055.4 4801.6
19.00 3065.1 2357.4 5422.5
20.00 3399.9 2678.6 6078.4
21.00 4111.5 2637.7 6749.2
22.00 4803.4 2835.1 7638.5
23.00 5476.7 3034.6 8511.4
24.00 6133.5 3236.2 9369.7
25.00 6775.4 3439.6 10215.0
26.00 7403.8 3644.9 11048.8
27.00 8020.2 3852.1 11872.3
28.00 8625.4 4061.0 12686.4
29.00 9220.5 4271.7 13492.2
30.00 9806.1 4484.1 14290.2
31.00 10154.7 6131.0 16285.7
32.00 10515.4 6645.3 17160.7
33.00 10887.7 7178.9 18066.6
34.00 11271.0 7731.7 19002.7
35.00 11665.0 8303.7 19968.7
36.00 12069.0 8894.9 20964.0
37.00 12482.8 9505.4 21988.2
38.00 12905.8 10135.0 23040.9
39.00 13337.7 10783.9 24121.6
40.00 13777.9 11452.0 25230.0
41.00 14591.8 10437.2 25029.0
42.00 15391.5 10976.9 26368.4
43.00 16177.6 11520.7 27698.3
44.00 16951.0 11266.5 28217.5
45.00 17712.0 11266.5 28978.5
46.00 18461.3 11266.5 29727.8
47.00 19199.4 11883.0 31082.4
48.00 19926.6 14297.8 34224.4
49.00 20643.4 14868.4 35511.9
50.00 21350.2 15446.1 36796.3
51.00 21804.1 17867.3 39671.4
52.00 22263.1 18686.3 40949.4
53.00 22727.0 19524.6 42251.5
54.00 23323.1 20382.0 43705.1
55.00 24020.3 21258.7 45279.0
56.00 24732.7 22154.6 46887.3
57.00 25460.4 23069.8 48530.2
58.00 26203.4 24004.1 50207.5
59.00 26961.7 24957.7 51919.4

60.00 27735.2 25930.5 53665.7
**********************
* API RP-2A (1994) *
**********************

M. KN. KN. KN.
0.00 0.0 2.9* 2.9
1.00 7.0 4.3* 11.3
2.00 18.8 12.7* 31.6
3.00 40.3 23.0* 63.3
4.00 71.2 35.2* 106.3
5.00 111.5 49.1* 160.6
6.00 161.4 64.8* 226.2
7.00 220.7 82.4* 303.1
8.00 289.5 101.8* 391.2
9.00 367.7 122.9* 490.6
10.00 455.4 145.9* 601.3
11.00 556.2 479.9* 1036.1
12.00 675.5 647.3* 1322.8
13.00 814.9 833.9* 1648.8
14.00 974.3 1039.8* 2014.1
15.00 1153.8 1264.9* 2418.6
16.00 1353.3 1509.2* 2862.5
17.00 1573.0 1772.7* 3345.6
18.00 1812.7 2055.4* 3868.1
19.00 2072.4 2357.4* 4429.8
20.00 2352.2 2678.6* 5030.8
21.00 2801.6 2637.7* 5439.2
22.00 3413.7 2835.1* 6248.8
23.00 4032.3 3034.6* 7066.9
24.00 4657.2 3236.2* 7893.3
25.00 5288.2 3439.6* 8727.8
26.00 5925.2 3644.9* 9570.1
27.00 6567.9 3852.1* 10420.0
28.00 7216.3 4061.0* 11277.3
29.00 7870.2 4271.7* 12141.9
30.00 8529.4 4484.1* 13013.5
31.00 9082.2 6131.0* 15213.2
32.00 9536.0 6645.3* 16181.3
33.00 10009.8 7178.9* 17188.7
34.00 10503.6 7731.7* 18235.3
35.00 11017.6 8303.7* 19321.3
36.00 11551.6 8894.9* 20446.5
37.00 12105.7 9505.4* 21611.0
38.00 12679.8 10135.0* 22814.9
39.00 13274.0 10783.9* 24058.0
40.00 13888.3 11452.0* 25340.4
41.00 14759.7 10437.2* 25196.9
42.00 15882.4 10976.9* 26859.3
43.00 17013.6 11520.7* 28534.2
44.00 18153.1 11266.5 29419.6
45.00 19300.7 11266.5 30567.2
46.00 20456.4 11266.5 31722.9
47.00 21619.8 11883.0 33502.8
48.00 22791.8 14297.8* 37089.6
49.00 23975.8 14868.4* 38844.2
50.00 25174.7 15446.1* 40620.9
51.00 26200.4 17867.3* 44067.7

52.00 27055.5 18686.3* 45741.8

53.00 27930.6 19524.6* 47455.2
54.00 28825.9 20382.0* 49207.9
55.00 29741.2 21258.7* 50999.9
56.00 30676.5 22154.6* 52831.1
57.00 31631.9 23069.8* 54701.7
58.00 32607.4 24004.1* 56611.6
59.00 33603.0 24957.7* 58560.7
60.00 34618.6 25930.5* 60549.1
****************************************************
* NORWEIGIAN GEOTECHNICAL INSTITUTE (NGI) METHOD *
****************************************************

M. KN. KN. KN.
0.00 0.0 3.2* 3.2
1.00 7.1 10.5* 17.5
2.00 20.0 20.0* 40.0
3.00 44.7 31.7* 76.3
4.00 80.8 45.6* 126.4
5.00 128.4 61.6* 190.0
6.00 187.3 79.9* 267.2
7.00 257.7 100.4* 358.1
8.00 339.5 123.0* 462.4
9.00 432.6 147.8* 580.4
10.00 537.1 3354.0* 3891.1
11.00 659.4 3766.3* 4425.7
12.00 803.5 4197.2* 5000.7
13.00 967.9 4648.2* 5616.1
14.00 1153.9 5120.3* 6274.2
15.00 1362.7 5614.9* 6977.6
16.00 1595.5 6133.0* 7728.5
17.00 1853.5 6675.8* 8529.3
18.00 2137.9 7244.3* 9382.2
19.00 2449.7 7839.5* 10289.2
20.00 2789.9 3006.4* 5796.3
21.00 3265.8 3198.0* 6463.8
22.00 3866.9 3392.1* 7259.0
23.00 4475.6 3588.6* 8064.3
24.00 5091.8 3787.5* 8879.4
25.00 5715.3 3988.7* 9704.0
26.00 6345.7 4192.1* 10537.9
27.00 6983.1 4397.7* 11380.8
28.00 7627.2 4605.5* 12232.6
29.00 8277.8 4815.3* 13093.1
30.00 8934.8 13576.8* 22511.6
31.00 9652.7 14588.2* 24240.9
32.00 10447.8 15637.2* 26085.0
33.00 11282.5 16724.4* 28006.9
34.00 12157.6 17850.6* 30008.1
35.00 13073.6 19016.4* 32090.1
36.00 14031.6 20222.7* 34254.2
37.00 15032.0 21470.0* 36502.0
38.00 16075.7 22737.0 38812.8
39.00 17163.4 20699.4 37862.8
40.00 18295.8 15143.8* 33439.6
41.00 19427.1 15674.4* 35101.5
42.00 20539.9 14103.7 34643.6
43.00 21662.9 11746.7 33409.7

44.00 22795.8 11266.5 34062.3

45.00 23938.4 11266.5 35204.9
46.00 25090.6 11266.5 36357.1
47.00 26252.1 11914.3 38166.4
48.00 27422.9 15159.2 42582.2
49.00 28603.5 18440.1 47043.5
50.00 29793.5 21756.4 51549.9
51.00 31252.0 25107.6 56359.6
52.00 32988.6 28493.3 61481.9
53.00 34753.9 31913.1 66667.0
54.00 36547.9 32782.5 69330.5
55.00 38370.4 33002.7 71373.0
56.00 40221.1 33220.0 73441.1
57.00 42100.0 33434.5 75534.6
58.00 44006.9 33646.4 77653.4
59.00 45941.7 33855.8 79797.5
60.00 47904.3 34062.7 81966.9
***********************************
* IMPERIAL COLLEGE (MTD) METHOD *
***********************************

M. KN. KN. KN.
0.00 0.0 3.2* 3.2
1.00 2.0 9.1* 11.2
2.00 8.2 18.9* 27.1
3.00 18.5 32.7* 51.2
4.00 33.0 50.5* 83.4
5.00 51.6 72.3* 123.9
6.00 74.5 98.1* 172.6
7.00 101.7 128.0* 229.7
8.00 133.1 162.1* 295.2
9.00 168.9 200.3* 369.2
10.00 209.0 3421.8* 3630.8
11.00 312.1 3857.3* 4169.4
12.00 485.5 4311.4* 4796.8
13.00 678.3 4784.3* 5462.6
14.00 891.0 5276.5* 6167.4
15.00 1123.8 5788.2* 6912.1
16.00 1377.4 6320.1* 7697.4
17.00 1652.0 6872.4* 8524.4
18.00 1948.3 7445.6* 9393.9
19.00 2266.7 8040.4* 10307.0
20.00 2607.7 3200.9* 5808.6
21.00 2953.4 3511.3* 6464.7
22.00 3300.8 3837.7* 7138.5
23.00 3665.1 4180.2* 7845.3
24.00 4046.4 4539.1* 8585.5
25.00 4445.0 4914.7* 9359.7
26.00 4861.2 5307.0* 10168.2
27.00 5295.2 5716.5* 11011.6
28.00 5747.2 6143.3* 11890.5
29.00 6217.6 6587.7* 12805.2
30.00 6706.6 12004.1 18710.7
31.00 7284.5 13833.6 21118.1
32.00 7957.6 15738.5 23696.1
33.00 8662.6 17584.1 26246.7
34.00 9400.8 18294.6 27695.4
35.00 10173.2 18777.5 28950.7

36.00 10981.2 19260.3 30241.5

37.00 11826.2 19424.0 31250.2
38.00 12709.7 18303.6 31013.4
39.00 13633.6 17107.9 30741.4
40.00 14599.5 15711.4* 30310.9
41.00 15585.4 14490.0 30075.5
42.00 16590.3 13068.0 29658.3
43.00 17636.9 11570.5 29207.4
44.00 18726.7 11266.5 29993.2
45.00 19861.3 11266.5 31127.8
46.00 21042.5 11277.5 32320.0
47.00 22272.2 12028.3 34300.6
48.00 23552.9 14458.6 38011.5
49.00 24887.1 16888.8 41776.0
50.00 26278.1 19319.1 45597.2
51.00 27853.8 21749.3 49603.1
52.00 29622.5 24179.6 53802.1
53.00 31472.5 26435.4 57907.9
54.00 33417.6 26825.0 60242.6
55.00 35476.8 26825.0 62301.7
56.00 37676.7 26825.0 64501.7
57.00 40058.0 26825.0 66883.0
58.00 42688.0 26825.0 69513.0
59.00 45576.9 26825.0 72401.9
60.00 48582.9 26825.0 75407.9
***********************************
* FUGRO 2004 (FUGRO) METHOD *
***********************************

M. KN. KN. KN.
0.00 0.0 3.2* 3.2
1.00 2.0 9.1* 11.2
2.00 8.2 18.9* 27.1
3.00 18.5 32.7* 51.2
4.00 33.0 50.5* 83.4
5.00 51.6 72.3* 123.9
6.00 74.5 98.1* 172.6
7.00 101.7 128.0* 229.7
8.00 133.1 162.1* 295.2
9.00 168.9 200.3* 369.2
10.00 209.0 3421.8* 3630.8
11.00 259.2 3757.6* 4016.8
12.00 320.5 4099.9* 4420.4
13.00 388.7 4448.8* 4837.5
14.00 464.0 4804.7* 5268.7
15.00 546.7 5167.9* 5714.5
16.00 637.1 5538.6* 6175.7
17.00 735.5 5917.1* 6652.7
18.00 842.4 6303.9* 7146.3
19.00 958.0 6699.3* 7657.2
20.00 1082.7 1647.5* 2730.2
21.00 1317.0 1957.9* 3274.9
22.00 1664.4 2284.2* 3948.6
23.00 2028.6 2626.8* 4655.4
24.00 2410.0 2985.7* 5395.7
25.00 2808.6 3361.2* 6169.8
26.00 3224.8 3753.6* 6978.4
27.00 3658.7 4163.1* 7821.8

28.00 4110.8 4589.8* 8700.6

29.00 4581.1 5034.2* 9615.4
30.00 5070.1 14046.2* 19116.3
31.00 5458.2 14577.7* 20035.8
32.00 5744.6 15126.0* 20870.6
33.00 6049.3 15692.2* 21741.5
34.00 6373.3 16277.6* 22650.9
35.00 6718.1 16883.6* 23601.7
36.00 7085.2 17511.7* 24596.9
37.00 7476.2 18163.6* 25639.8
38.00 7893.1 18841.3* 26734.4
39.00 8338.1 19546.8* 27884.9
40.00 8813.5 9961.2* 18774.7
41.00 9551.3 10874.6* 20425.9
42.00 10556.1 11827.1* 22383.2
43.00 11602.7 11923.9 23526.6
44.00 12692.6 11266.5 23959.1
45.00 13827.2 11266.5 25093.7
46.00 15008.3 11266.5 26274.8
47.00 16238.1 12056.9 28295.0
48.00 17518.7 15989.1 33507.9
49.00 18853.0 19717.0* 38570.0
50.00 20244.0 23853.6 44097.6
51.00 21576.7 27785.9 49362.6
52.00 22884.7 31718.2 54602.8
53.00 24332.9 35650.4 59983.3
54.00 25957.0 36440.8 62397.8
55.00 27808.8 36440.8 64249.6
56.00 29967.7 36440.8 66408.5
57.00 32565.8 36440.8 69006.6
58.00 35849.8 36440.8 72290.6
59.00 40377.4 36440.8 76818.2
60.00 47122.7 36440.8 83563.5
*********************************************
* UNIV. OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA (UWA) METHOD *
*********************************************

M. KN. KN. KN.
0.00 0.0 3.2* 3.2
1.00 2.0 9.1* 11.2
2.00 8.2 18.9* 27.1
3.00 18.5 32.7* 51.2
4.00 33.0 50.5* 83.4
5.00 51.6 72.3* 123.9
6.00 74.5 98.1* 172.6
7.00 101.7 128.0* 229.7
8.00 133.1 162.1* 295.2
9.00 168.9 200.3* 369.2
10.00 209.0 3421.8* 3630.8
11.00 293.2 3822.8* 4116.0
12.00 425.3 4235.6* 4660.9
13.00 569.8 4660.3* 5230.1
14.00 726.8 5097.2* 5824.0
15.00 896.7 5546.5* 6443.1
16.00 1079.6 6008.4* 7088.0
17.00 1276.0 6483.4* 7759.3
18.00 1486.0 6971.6* 8457.5
19.00 1710.0 7473.3* 9183.3

20.00 1948.4 2532.9* 4481.3

21.00 2240.7 2843.3* 5084.0
22.00 2588.1 3169.7* 5757.7
23.00 2952.3 3512.2* 6464.5
24.00 3333.7 3871.1* 7204.8
25.00 3732.3 4246.7* 7979.0
26.00 4148.5 4639.0* 8787.5
27.00 4582.4 5048.5* 9630.9
28.00 5034.4 5475.3* 10509.7
29.00 5504.8 5919.7* 11424.5
30.00 5993.8 13917.0 19910.8
31.00 6467.7 15627.8* 22095.6
32.00 6927.5 16343.8* 23271.3
33.00 7408.4 17080.4* 24488.8
34.00 7911.3 17838.4* 25749.7
35.00 8437.0 18618.9* 27056.0
36.00 8986.8 19423.0* 28409.8
37.00 9561.7 20251.6* 29813.3
38.00 10163.0 21106.2* 31269.2
39.00 10792.1 20386.2 31178.3
40.00 11450.6 12577.4* 24027.9
41.00 12279.5 13490.8* 25770.3
42.00 13284.3 14037.8 27322.1
43.00 14331.0 11733.5 26064.4
44.00 15420.8 11266.5 26687.3
45.00 16555.4 11266.5 27821.9
46.00 17736.6 11266.5 29003.1
47.00 18966.3 11963.6 30929.9
48.00 20247.0 15431.8 35678.7
49.00 21581.2 18900.0 40481.2
50.00 22972.2 22368.2 45340.3
51.00 24301.6 25836.3 50137.9
52.00 25573.2 29304.5 54877.8
53.00 26917.0 32772.7 59689.7
54.00 28346.9 33469.8 61816.7
55.00 29882.3 33469.8 63352.1
56.00 31551.3 33469.8 65021.2
57.00 33366.6 33469.8 66836.4
58.00 35252.9 33469.8 68722.8
59.00 37139.5 33469.8 70609.3
60.00 39026.2 33469.8 72496.0
NOTES:
*************************************************
*************************************************

1 10 0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.5803E+00 0.3414E-02
0.9671E+00 0.6615E-02

0.1451E+01 0.1216E-01
0.1741E+01 0.1707E-01
0.1934E+01 0.2134E-01
0.1741E+01 0.4268E-01
0.1741E+01 0.6402E-01
0.1741E+01 0.1067E+00
0.1741E+01 0.4268E+00
2 10 0.5000E+01
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.2894E+01 0.3414E-02
0.4823E+01 0.6615E-02
0.7235E+01 0.1216E-01
0.8682E+01 0.1707E-01
0.9646E+01 0.2134E-01
0.8682E+01 0.4268E-01
0.8682E+01 0.6402E-01
0.8682E+01 0.1067E+00
0.8682E+01 0.4268E+00
3 10 0.9900E+01
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.5074E+01 0.3414E-02
0.8456E+01 0.6615E-02
0.1268E+02 0.1216E-01
0.1522E+02 0.1707E-01
0.1691E+02 0.2134E-01
0.1522E+02 0.4268E-01
0.1522E+02 0.6402E-01
0.1522E+02 0.1067E+00
0.1522E+02 0.4268E+00
4 10 0.1000E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1987E+01 0.2513E-03
0.3973E+01 0.5026E-03
0.7947E+01 0.1005E-02
0.1192E+02 0.1508E-02
0.1589E+02 0.2011E-02
0.1788E+02 0.2262E-02
0.1987E+02 0.2513E-02
0.1987E+02 0.1257E-01
0.1987E+02 0.5026E-01
5 10 0.1500E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.3661E+01 0.2513E-03
0.7322E+01 0.5026E-03
0.1464E+02 0.1005E-02
0.2197E+02 0.1508E-02
0.2929E+02 0.2011E-02
0.3295E+02 0.2262E-02
0.3661E+02 0.2513E-02
0.3661E+02 0.1257E-01
0.3661E+02 0.5026E-01
6 10 0.1990E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.6087E+01 0.2513E-03
0.1217E+02 0.5026E-03
0.2435E+02 0.1005E-02
0.3652E+02 0.1508E-02
0.4870E+02 0.2011E-02
0.5478E+02 0.2262E-02
0.6087E+02 0.2513E-02
0.6087E+02 0.1257E-01
0.6087E+02 0.5026E-01
7 10 0.2000E+02

0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.2410E+02 0.3414E-02
0.4016E+02 0.6615E-02
0.6024E+02 0.1216E-01
0.7229E+02 0.1707E-01
0.8032E+02 0.2134E-01
0.7229E+02 0.4268E-01
0.7229E+02 0.6402E-01
0.7229E+02 0.1067E+00
0.7229E+02 0.4268E+00
8 10 0.2500E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.2837E+02 0.3414E-02
0.4728E+02 0.6615E-02
0.7092E+02 0.1216E-01
0.8510E+02 0.1707E-01
0.9456E+02 0.2134E-01
0.8510E+02 0.4268E-01
0.8510E+02 0.6402E-01
0.8510E+02 0.1067E+00
0.8510E+02 0.4268E+00
9 10 0.2990E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.3076E+02 0.3414E-02
0.5127E+02 0.6615E-02
0.7690E+02 0.1216E-01
0.9229E+02 0.1707E-01
0.1025E+03 0.2134E-01
0.9229E+02 0.4268E-01
0.9229E+02 0.6402E-01
0.9229E+02 0.1067E+00
0.9229E+02 0.4268E+00
10 10 0.3000E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1128E+02 0.2513E-03
0.2257E+02 0.5026E-03
0.4514E+02 0.1005E-02
0.6771E+02 0.1508E-02
0.9027E+02 0.2011E-02
0.1016E+03 0.2262E-02
0.1128E+03 0.2513E-02
0.1128E+03 0.1257E-01
0.1128E+03 0.5026E-01
11 10 0.3500E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1461E+02 0.2513E-03
0.2921E+02 0.5026E-03
0.5842E+02 0.1005E-02
0.8763E+02 0.1508E-02
0.1168E+03 0.2011E-02
0.1314E+03 0.2262E-02
0.1461E+03 0.2513E-02
0.1461E+03 0.1257E-01
0.1461E+03 0.5026E-01
12 10 0.3990E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1688E+02 0.2513E-03
0.3377E+02 0.5026E-03
0.6753E+02 0.1005E-02
0.1013E+03 0.1508E-02
0.1351E+03 0.2011E-02
0.1519E+03 0.2262E-02
0.1688E+03 0.2513E-02

0.1688E+03 0.1257E-01
0.1688E+03 0.5026E-01
13 10 0.4000E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.5021E+02 0.3414E-02
0.8368E+02 0.6615E-02
0.1255E+03 0.1216E-01
0.1506E+03 0.1707E-01
0.1674E+03 0.2134E-01
0.1506E+03 0.4268E-01
0.1506E+03 0.6402E-01
0.1506E+03 0.1067E+00
0.1506E+03 0.4268E+00
14 10 0.4500E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.5177E+02 0.3414E-02
0.8628E+02 0.6615E-02
0.1294E+03 0.1216E-01
0.1553E+03 0.1707E-01
0.1726E+03 0.2134E-01
0.1553E+03 0.4268E-01
0.1553E+03 0.6402E-01
0.1553E+03 0.1067E+00
0.1553E+03 0.4268E+00
15 10 0.4990E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.5926E+02 0.3414E-02
0.9876E+02 0.6615E-02
0.1481E+03 0.1216E-01
0.1778E+03 0.1707E-01
0.1975E+03 0.2134E-01
0.1778E+03 0.4268E-01
0.1778E+03 0.6402E-01
0.1778E+03 0.1067E+00
0.1778E+03 0.4268E+00
16 10 0.5000E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.2383E+02 0.2513E-03
0.4766E+02 0.5026E-03
0.9531E+02 0.1005E-02
0.1430E+03 0.1508E-02
0.1906E+03 0.2011E-02
0.2145E+03 0.2262E-02
0.2383E+03 0.2513E-02
0.2383E+03 0.1257E-01
0.2383E+03 0.5026E-01
17 10 0.7500E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.2927E+02 0.2513E-03
0.5855E+02 0.5026E-03
0.1171E+03 0.1005E-02
0.1756E+03 0.1508E-02
0.2342E+03 0.2011E-02
0.2635E+03 0.2262E-02
0.2927E+03 0.2513E-02
0.2927E+03 0.1257E-01
0.2927E+03 0.5026E-01
18 10 0.9990E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.2927E+02 0.2513E-03
0.5855E+02 0.5026E-03
0.1171E+03 0.1005E-02
0.1756E+03 0.1508E-02

0.2342E+03 0.2011E-02
0.2635E+03 0.2262E-02
0.2927E+03 0.2513E-02
0.2927E+03 0.1257E-01
0.2927E+03 0.5026E-01

KN. M.
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.2129E+04 0.1067E-02
0.4258E+04 0.2134E-02
0.8516E+04 0.4268E-02
0.1703E+05 0.2774E-01
0.2555E+05 0.8963E-01
0.3066E+05 0.1558E+00
0.3406E+05 0.2134E+00
0.3406E+05 0.3201E+00
0.3406E+05 0.4268E+00

****************************

KN. M. KN. M.
0.1536E+03 0.8448E-04 0.5014E+01 0.2513E-05
0.1536E+04 0.8448E-03 0.5014E+02 0.2513E-04
0.7642E+04 0.4217E-02 0.2507E+03 0.1257E-03
0.1337E+05 0.7957E-02 0.5014E+03 0.2513E-03
0.3485E+05 0.2537E-01 0.2507E+04 0.1257E-02
0.4624E+05 0.3660E-01 0.5014E+04 0.2513E-02
0.5804E+05 0.5733E-01 0.1153E+05 0.1257E-01
0.6256E+05 0.7461E-01 0.1608E+05 0.2513E-01
0.6603E+05 0.1034E+00 0.2013E+05 0.5026E-01

5.9 Example Problem 8 – LRFD Method

An example is presented for the NHI Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) for Highway
Bridge Substructures (2001) to illustrate design of driven piles as foundations based on the proposed
LRFD method. This case study is included in Example 8 for demonstrating the convenience of using
APILE in design of driven piles under axial loads based on the new LRFD design procedures. The
proposed driven pile is a close-ended steel pipe pile with an outside diameter of 460 mm. The wall
thickness is 12.7 mm. The total length (penetration) below the original grade (without scouring) is 12
meters. The configuration and loading of the proposed bridge substructures are shown in Figure 5.22.
Figure 5.22 Bridge substructures configuration and loading for Example Problem 8.
5.9.1 Soil Profile and Properties

A generalized subsurface profile along the alignment of the bridge is shown in Figure 5.23. The
subsurface soils are predominated by fine sand and medium dense to dense sand. The soil density and
strength increase with the increase of soil depth. The water table is at the 2 m below the existing ground

surface. Soil properties for use in analysis includes unit weight and the penetration resistance (SPT blow
counts).
5.9.2 Loading Computations

The unfactored vertical loads on the pile group (substructure) shown in Figure 5.22 include:
DC (Dead load of structural components and non-structural attachments) = 4600 kN.
DW (Dead load of wearing surfaces and utilities) = 3900 kN.
LL (Vertical live load) = 3450 kN.
The total unfactored load (Q) is:
Q = DC + DW + LL
= 4600 kN + 3900 kN + 3450 kN
= 11950 kN
For the Strength I and Service I Limit States, the factor load is expressed as
∑ 𝑖 𝛾𝑖 𝑄𝑖
Assume a typical structure such that i = 1.0. The load factors for Limit States of Strength I and
Service I are listed in Table 5.14.
Limit State DC DW LL

Strength I 1.25 1.25 1.75
Service I 1.00 1.00 1.00
Table 5.14 Summary of factored loads on the 8-ft OD drilled APILE for Example
Problem 8

Figure 5.23 General soil description of Example Problem 8
The total factored load effects are then calculated as follows. For the Strength I Limit State:
∑ 𝑖 𝛾𝑖 𝑄𝑖 = i [ DC DC + DW DW + LL LL ]
= (1.0) [ (1.25) (4600 kN) + (1.50) (3900 kN) + (1.75) (3450 kN) ]
= 17638 kN
For the Service I Limit State:

∑ 𝑖 𝛾𝑖 𝑄𝑖 = i [ DC DC + DW DW + LL LL ]
= (1.0) [ (1.0) (4600 kN) + (1.0) (3900 kN) + (1.0) (3450 kN) ]
= 11950 kN
5.9.3 Estimate Axial Capacity of Single Pile from SPTs

Calculations of nominal side and base resistance were carried out using a spreadsheet tool. Table
5.15 shows the calculated ultimate side friction and ultimate tip resistance for various methods.
Methods Side Friction, kN Tip Resistance, kN Total ultimate capacity,

kN
FHWA method 1310 1486 2795
US ARMY method 667 1135 1802
API method 816 802 1618
Field Test (Vesic, 1970) 1180 1900 3080
Table 5.15 Calculations for ultimate axial compressive capacity for Example 8
The factored axial resistance of a single pile is:
QR = Qult = qpQp + qsQs

The reduction factors for the computation methods based on SPTs are:
qp= 0.45
qs= 0.45
The reduction factors for the axial capacity of a driven pile based on a full-scale loading test are:
qp= 0.8
qs= 0.8
The factored side friction and tip resistance for the methods above and the result from the full-scale
loading test are presented in Table 5.16. Based on Strength I Limit State, the total factored load is 17638
kN. If the designer selects the factored pile capacity based on FHWA method, the pile group
(substructure) will need 14 piles.
Methods Side Friction, kN Tip Resistance, kN Total ultimate capacity,

kN
FHWA method 589 669 1258
US ARMY method 296 511 807
API method 367 361 728
Field Test (Vesic, 1970) 944 1520 2464
Table 5.16 Calculations for factored axial compressive capacity for Example 8


Example using LRFD method

GD
03-15-2013
2 1 8 0
0 0 460 0 200000000 12 0
0 0
1 0.25 1 0 1 0 0
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
15 0.0178
0.0 1 1 18.9 0 15
0 0 0.0 5 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 0.45 0.45 0
2 1 1 18.9 0 15
0 0 0.0 5 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 0.45 0.45 0
2 1 1 10 0 15
0 0 0.0 5 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 0.45 0.45 0
11 1 1 10 0 35
0 0 0.0 25 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 0.45 0.45 0
11 1 1 10 0 35
0 0 0.0 25 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 0.45 0.45 0
13 1 1 10 0 35
0 0 0.0 25 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 0.45 0.45 0
13 1 1 10 0 35
0 0 0.0 25 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 0.45 0.45 0
15 1 1 10 0 40
0 0 0.0 36 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 0.45 0.45 0
0
0 1
0 0
2 1
0 0
0 0
0 0

The results of factored side friction, tip resistance, and total capacity versus depth provided by the
computer program for FHWA method were plotted together in Figure 5.24 and Figure 5.25 includes a
plot of axial load versus settlement. Based on Service I Limit States, the total factored load is 11950 kN
on a total of 14 piles. Therefore, each pile will take 854 kN, which will have an approximate settlement
of 0.003 m as indicated in Figure 5.25.

Figure 5.24 Curve of LRFD Geotechnical Capacity (factored capacity) vs Depth for
Example Problem 8.

5.9.6 Output Data

=========================================================================

All Rights Reserved
=========================================================================
ENSOFT, INC
AUSTIN, TX

-------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
1
*********************
*********************
Example using LRFD method
DESIGNER : GD
JOB NUMBER : 03-15-2013



- Revised Lambda
TYPE OF LOADING :
- COMPRESSION
PILE TYPE :


END SECTION = 12.00 M.
ENHANCED END SECTION = 0.00 MM.
SOIL INFORMATIONS :

M. KN/CM
0.00 SAND 1.00 18.90 0.00 15.00
2.00 SAND 1.00 18.90 0.00 15.00
2.00 SAND 1.00 10.00 0.00 15.00
11.00 SAND 1.00 10.00 0.00 35.00
11.00 SAND 1.00 10.00 0.00 35.00
13.00 SAND 1.00 10.00 0.00 35.00
13.00 SAND 1.00 10.00 0.00 35.00
15.00 SAND 1.00 10.00 0.00 40.00



0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.00 0.00 5.00 0.00 0.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.00 0.00 5.00 0.00 0.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.00 0.00 5.00 0.00 0.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 0.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 0.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 0.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 0.00
0.10E+08* 0.10E+08* 0.00 0.00 36.00 0.00 0.00


ON UNIT ON UNIT
M.
0.00 0.450 0.450
2.00 0.450 0.450
2.00 0.450 0.450
11.00 0.450 0.450
11.00 0.450 0.450
13.00 0.450 0.450
13.00 0.450 0.450
15.00 0.450 0.450
1
**********************
**********************
**********************
**********************

M. KN. KN. KN.
0.00 0.0 10.0 10.0
0.25 0.0 16.8 16.8
0.50 0.0 27.1 27.1
0.75 0.0 40.8 40.8
1.00 1.1 53.2 54.3
1.25 3.5 64.8 68.3
1.50 6.4 76.0 82.4
1.75 9.8 87.0 96.8
2.00 13.6 98.0 111.7
2.25 17.8 109.1 126.9
2.50 22.4 120.3 142.7
2.75 27.4 131.8 159.1
3.00 32.7 143.5 176.2
3.25 38.4 155.4 193.8
3.50 44.5 168.1 212.6
3.75 51.0 182.0 233.0
4.00 57.9 197.3 255.2

4.25 65.3 214.2 279.5

4.50 73.3 232.6 305.9
4.75 81.8 252.4 334.2
5.00 91.0 273.1 364.2
5.25 100.9 294.7 395.5
5.50 111.4 316.6 428.0
5.75 122.6 339.0 461.6
6.00 134.5 361.6 496.0
6.25 147.0 384.0 531.0
6.50 160.3 406.2 566.5
6.75 174.3 428.2 602.5
7.00 188.9 450.8 639.8
7.25 204.2 474.2 678.4
7.50 220.1 498.7 718.8
7.75 236.7 524.4 761.1
8.00 254.0 551.3 805.2
8.25 271.9 577.3 849.2
8.50 290.4 599.5 889.9
8.75 309.6 617.3 927.0
9.00 329.4 630.8 960.2
9.25 349.6 639.9 989.5
9.50 370.1 645.2 1015.3
9.75 390.8 649.0 1039.9
10.00 411.9 653.1 1065.0
10.25 433.2 657.5 1090.7
10.50 454.9 661.5 1116.3
10.75 476.8 664.4 1141.2
11.00 499.1 665.9 1165.0
11.25 521.6 665.9 1187.5
11.50 544.2 665.9 1210.0
11.75 566.8 666.5 1233.3
12.00 589.4 668.5 1258.0
**********************
**********************

M. KN. KN. KN.
0.00 0.0 11.4 11.4
0.25 0.0 19.3 19.3
0.50 0.0 31.4 31.4
0.75 0.0 47.3 47.3
1.00 0.9 61.9 62.8
1.25 3.0 75.6 78.6
1.50 5.5 89.0 94.5
1.75 8.5 102.0 110.4
2.00 11.9 114.7 126.6
2.25 15.6 127.3 142.9
2.50 19.6 139.8 159.5
2.75 23.9 152.5 176.4
3.00 28.5 165.2 193.7
3.25 33.3 178.1 211.4
3.50 38.4 191.2 229.7
3.75 43.8 204.9 248.8
4.00 49.5 219.4 268.8
4.25 55.4 234.5 289.9
4.50 61.7 250.3 312.0
4.75 68.2 266.8 335.0
5.00 75.0 283.7 358.8

5.25 82.2 300.9 383.1

5.50 89.7 318.2 407.9
5.75 97.4 335.7 433.1
6.00 105.5 353.1 458.6
6.25 113.9 370.4 484.3
6.50 122.6 387.5 510.1
6.75 131.6 404.4 536.1
7.00 140.9 421.2 562.1
7.25 150.6 437.7 588.3
7.50 160.5 454.3 614.8
7.75 170.8 470.9 641.6
8.00 181.3 487.5 668.8
8.25 192.1 503.7 695.9
8.50 203.3 518.7 722.0
8.75 214.8 532.4 747.1
9.00 226.5 544.6 771.2
9.25 238.5 555.5 794.1
9.50 250.6 565.3 815.9
9.75 262.7 566.7 829.4
10.00 274.7 564.0 838.6
10.25 286.7 559.1 845.8
10.50 298.7 551.8 850.5
10.75 310.6 541.7 852.4
11.00 322.6 530.9 853.5
11.25 334.5 525.8 860.3
11.50 346.4 520.5 866.9
11.75 358.2 515.3 873.6
12.00 370.0 510.8 880.8
**********************
* LAMBDA 2 METHOD *
**********************

M. KN. KN. KN.
0.00 0.0 3.7 3.7
0.25 0.0 6.3 6.3
0.50 0.0 10.4 10.4
0.75 0.0 15.9 15.9
1.00 0.0 21.2 21.2
1.25 4.7 26.5 31.2
1.50 7.6 31.8 39.4
1.75 17.3 36.9 54.2
2.00 23.0 41.9 64.9
2.25 29.1 46.9 76.0
2.50 35.4 51.8 87.2
2.75 41.9 56.7 98.7
3.00 48.7 61.8 110.5
3.25 55.7 67.1 122.9
3.50 63.0 72.7 135.6
3.75 70.4 78.4 148.8
4.00 78.2 84.3 162.5
4.25 86.1 90.5 176.6
4.50 94.3 96.8 191.1
4.75 102.7 103.4 206.1
5.00 111.4 110.1 221.5
5.25 120.3 117.1 237.4
5.50 129.4 124.3 253.7
5.75 138.8 131.7 270.5
6.00 148.5 139.3 287.7

6.25 158.3 147.1 305.4

6.50 168.4 155.1 323.4
6.75 178.7 163.3 342.0
7.00 189.2 171.7 360.9
7.25 199.9 180.3 380.2
7.50 210.8 189.2 400.0
7.75 221.9 198.2 420.2
8.00 233.3 207.5 440.8
8.25 244.8 217.0 461.8
8.50 256.5 226.6 483.2
8.75 268.5 236.5 505.0
9.00 280.6 246.6 527.2
9.25 292.8 256.9 549.7
9.50 305.2 267.4 572.6
9.75 317.7 278.1 595.8
10.00 330.4 289.0 619.4
10.25 343.2 300.2 643.4
10.50 356.2 311.1 667.3
10.75 369.3 321.4 690.7
11.00 382.6 330.9 713.5
11.25 396.0 339.5 735.5
11.50 409.5 347.2 756.7
11.75 423.1 354.1 777.2
12.00 436.8 360.7 797.4
**********************
* API RP-2A (1994) *
**********************

M. KN. KN. KN.
0.00 0.0 3.7 3.7
0.25 0.0 6.3 6.3
0.50 0.0 10.4 10.4
0.75 0.0 15.9 15.9
1.00 0.9 21.2 22.1
1.25 2.8 26.5 29.3
1.50 5.1 31.8 36.9
1.75 7.9 36.9 44.8
2.00 11.1 41.9 53.0
2.25 14.5 46.9 61.4
2.50 18.3 51.8 70.1
2.75 22.2 56.7 79.0
3.00 26.5 61.8 88.3
3.25 31.0 67.1 98.1
3.50 35.8 72.7 108.4
3.75 40.8 78.4 119.2
4.00 46.1 84.3 130.4
4.25 51.7 90.5 142.1
4.50 57.5 96.8 154.3
4.75 63.7 103.4 167.1
5.00 70.1 110.1 180.3
5.25 76.9 117.1 194.0
5.50 83.9 124.3 208.2
5.75 91.3 131.7 222.9
6.00 98.9 139.3 238.2
6.25 106.9 147.1 254.0
6.50 115.2 155.1 270.2
6.75 123.7 163.3 287.0
7.00 132.6 171.7 304.3

7.25 141.8 180.3 322.1

7.50 151.3 189.2 340.4
7.75 161.0 198.2 359.3
8.00 171.1 207.5 378.6
8.25 181.5 217.0 398.4
8.50 192.1 226.6 418.8
8.75 203.1 236.5 439.6
9.00 214.4 246.6 461.0
9.25 225.9 256.9 482.7
9.50 237.6 267.4 505.0
9.75 249.5 278.1 527.7
10.00 261.7 289.0 550.8
10.25 274.2 300.2 574.3
10.50 286.8 311.1 598.0
10.75 299.7 321.4 621.2
11.00 312.9 330.9 643.8
11.25 326.2 339.5 665.8
11.50 339.8 347.2 687.0
11.75 353.5 354.1 707.7
12.00 367.4 360.7 728.1
NOTES:
*************************************************
*************************************************

1 10 0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00 0.2513E-03
0.0000E+00 0.5026E-03
0.0000E+00 0.1005E-02
0.0000E+00 0.1508E-02
0.0000E+00 0.2011E-02
0.0000E+00 0.2262E-02
0.0000E+00 0.2513E-02
0.0000E+00 0.1257E-01
0.0000E+00 0.5026E-01
2 10 0.1000E+01
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1637E+01 0.2513E-03
0.3274E+01 0.5026E-03
0.6549E+01 0.1005E-02
0.9823E+01 0.1508E-02
0.1310E+02 0.2011E-02
0.1474E+02 0.2262E-02
0.1637E+02 0.2513E-02
0.1637E+02 0.1257E-01
0.1637E+02 0.5026E-01
3 10 0.1900E+01
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.2476E+01 0.2513E-03

0.4952E+01 0.5026E-03
0.9905E+01 0.1005E-02
0.1486E+02 0.1508E-02
0.1981E+02 0.2011E-02
0.2229E+02 0.2262E-02
0.2476E+02 0.2513E-02
0.2476E+02 0.1257E-01
0.2476E+02 0.5026E-01
4 10 0.2000E+01
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.2703E+01 0.2513E-03
0.5406E+01 0.5026E-03
0.1081E+02 0.1005E-02
0.1622E+02 0.1508E-02
0.2163E+02 0.2011E-02
0.2433E+02 0.2262E-02
0.2703E+02 0.2513E-02
0.2703E+02 0.1257E-01
0.2703E+02 0.5026E-01
5 10 0.6500E+01
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.8800E+01 0.2513E-03
0.1760E+02 0.5026E-03
0.3520E+02 0.1005E-02
0.5280E+02 0.1508E-02
0.7040E+02 0.2011E-02
0.7920E+02 0.2262E-02
0.8800E+02 0.2513E-02
0.8800E+02 0.1257E-01
0.8800E+02 0.5026E-01
6 10 0.1090E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1377E+02 0.2513E-03
0.2754E+02 0.5026E-03
0.5508E+02 0.1005E-02
0.8261E+02 0.1508E-02
0.1102E+03 0.2011E-02
0.1239E+03 0.2262E-02
0.1377E+03 0.2513E-02
0.1377E+03 0.1257E-01
0.1377E+03 0.5026E-01
7 10 0.1100E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1387E+02 0.2513E-03
0.2775E+02 0.5026E-03
0.5549E+02 0.1005E-02
0.8324E+02 0.1508E-02
0.1110E+03 0.2011E-02
0.1249E+03 0.2262E-02
0.1387E+03 0.2513E-02
0.1387E+03 0.1257E-01
0.1387E+03 0.5026E-01
8 10 0.1200E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1390E+02 0.2513E-03
0.2781E+02 0.5026E-03
0.5561E+02 0.1005E-02
0.8342E+02 0.1508E-02
0.1112E+03 0.2011E-02
0.1251E+03 0.2262E-02
0.1390E+03 0.2513E-02
0.1390E+03 0.1257E-01
0.1390E+03 0.5026E-01

9 10 0.1290E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1390E+02 0.2513E-03
0.2781E+02 0.5026E-03
0.5561E+02 0.1005E-02
0.8342E+02 0.1508E-02
0.1112E+03 0.2011E-02
0.1251E+03 0.2262E-02
0.1390E+03 0.2513E-02
0.1390E+03 0.1257E-01
0.1390E+03 0.5026E-01
10 10 0.1300E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1390E+02 0.2513E-03
0.2781E+02 0.5026E-03
0.5561E+02 0.1005E-02
0.8342E+02 0.1508E-02
0.1112E+03 0.2011E-02
0.1251E+03 0.2262E-02
0.1390E+03 0.2513E-02
0.1390E+03 0.1257E-01
0.1390E+03 0.5026E-01
11 10 0.1400E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1390E+02 0.2513E-03
0.2781E+02 0.5026E-03
0.5561E+02 0.1005E-02
0.8342E+02 0.1508E-02
0.1112E+03 0.2011E-02
0.1251E+03 0.2262E-02
0.1390E+03 0.2513E-02
0.1390E+03 0.1257E-01
0.1390E+03 0.5026E-01
12 10 0.1490E+02
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.1390E+02 0.2513E-03
0.2781E+02 0.5026E-03
0.5561E+02 0.1005E-02
0.8342E+02 0.1508E-02
0.1112E+03 0.2011E-02
0.1251E+03 0.2262E-02
0.1390E+03 0.2513E-02
0.1390E+03 0.1257E-01
0.1390E+03 0.5026E-01

KN. M.
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.9285E+02 0.2300E-03
0.1857E+03 0.4600E-03
0.3714E+03 0.9200E-03
0.7428E+03 0.5980E-02
0.1114E+04 0.1932E-01
0.1337E+04 0.3358E-01
0.1486E+04 0.4600E-01
0.1486E+04 0.6900E-01
0.1486E+04 0.9200E-01


****************************

KN. M. KN. M.
0.3398E+01 0.1048E-04 0.1015E+01 0.2513E-05
0.3398E+02 0.1048E-03 0.1015E+02 0.2513E-04
0.1699E+03 0.5241E-03 0.5073E+02 0.1257E-03
0.3398E+03 0.1048E-02 0.1015E+03 0.2513E-03
0.1424E+04 0.4678E-02 0.3961E+03 0.1257E-02
0.1843E+04 0.7159E-02 0.4884E+03 0.2513E-02
0.2281E+04 0.1869E-01 0.9262E+03 0.1257E-01
0.2560E+04 0.3219E-01 0.1205E+04 0.2513E-01
0.2840E+04 0.5827E-01 0.1486E+04 0.5026E-01

List of Technical References

List of Technical References – R-2
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), “AASHTO LRFD Bridge
Design Specifications, Customary U.S. Units, 4th Ed., Section 10.” Washington, D.C. 2007.
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), “AASHTO Guide
Specifications for LRFD Seismic Bridge Design.” Prepared by R.A. Imbsen, 2007.
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), “AASHTO LRFD Bridge
Design Specifications, Customary U.S. Units, 4th Ed., Section 10.” Washington, D.C. 2007.
American Petroleum Institute, “API Recommended Practice for Planning, Designing, and Constructing
Fixed Offshore Platforms,” Report RP-2A, 1986.
American Society of Civil Engineers, Design of Pile Foundations Handbook, 1993.
Clausen C., Aas, P., and Karlsrud, K.,, “Bearing Capacity of Driven Piles in Sand, the NGI Approach ”,
Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics. ISFOG 2005, Ed. by Gourbenec & Cassidy, Taylor & Francis
Group, London, 2005.
Coyle, H. M. and Lymon C. Reese, “Load Transfer for Axially Loaded Piles in Clay,” Proceedings, American
Society of Civil Engineers, Vol.92, No. SM2, 1966.
Coyle, H. M. and I. H. Sulaiman, "Skin Friction for Steel Piles in Sand," Journal of the Soil Mechanics and
Foundations Division, American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 93, SM6, Paper No. 5590,
November, 1967, pp. 261.
Federal Highway Administration, Soils and Foundations, Workshop Manual - Second Edition, Publication
No. FHWA HI-88-009, July 1993.
Jardine, R., and Chow F., “New Design Methods for Offshore Piles”, Marine Technology Directorate,
London, 1996.
Jardine, R., Chow F., Overy R., and Standing J., “ICP Design Methods for driven Piles in Sands and Clays”,
Thomas Telford Ltd, London, 2005.
Kraft, Leland M., Jr., John A. Focht, Jr., and Srinath F. Amerasinghe, “Friction Capacity of Piles Driven into
Clay”, Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division. Vol.107, No. GT11, November, 1981.
Karlsrud, K., Clausen C., and Aas, P., “Bearing Capacity of Driven Piles in Clay, the NGI Approach ”,
Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics. ISFOG 2005, Ed. by Gourbenec & Cassidy, Taylor & Francis
Group, London, 2005.

List of Technical References – R-3
Minami, K., “Comparison of Calculated and Experimental Load-Settlement Curves for Axially Loaded
Piles,” unpublished report, Geotechnical Engineering Center, The University of Texas at Austin,
August, 1983, 56 pages.
Mosher, R. L., “Load Transfer Criteria for Numerical Analysis of Axially Loaded Piles in Sand,” U. S. Army
Waterways Experiment Station, Automatic Data Processing Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi,
January, 1984.
National Highway Institute, “Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) for Highway Bridge
Substructures,” U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Publication
No. FHWA HI-98-032, May 2001.
Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, “Bearing Capacity of Driven Piles in Clay,” Internal report no.
525211-1, March 2000.
Seed, H. B. and L. C. Reese, "The Action of Soft Clay Along Friction Piles," Transactions, American Society
of Civil Engineers, Paper No. 2882, Vol. 122, 1957, pp. 731-754.
Skempton, A. W., “The Bearing Capacity of Clays,” Proceedings, Building Research Congress, Division I,
London, England, 1951.
Vijayvergiya, V. N., “Load-Movement Characteristics of Piles”, 4th Symposium of Waterways, Port,

Coastal and Ocean Division, American Society of Civil Engineers, Long Beach, California, Vol.2,
1977, pp.561-584.
Vijayvergiya, V. N. and John A. Focht Jr., “A New Way to Predict the Capacity of Piles in Clay”,
Proceedings, Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, Texas, May, 1972.

License Agreement & Disclaimer

License Agreement & Disclaimer – EULA-2
PROGRAM LICENSE AGREEMENT & DISCLAIMER

IMPORTANT NOTICE: This License Agreement & Disclaimer ("LICENSE") is a legal agreement between you
(either an individual or a single entity) and Ensoft Incorporated (ENSOFT) for the ENSOFT product (“PRODUCT”)
identified on the current installation screen. The PRODUCT collectively includes computer software and associated
media, printed materials, hardware key (dongle), and electronic documentation. The PRODUCT also includes any
updates and supplements to the original PRODUCT that may have been produced by ENSOFT. By installing,
copying, downloading, accessing or otherwise using the PRODUCT, you agree to be bound by the terms of this
LICENSE. If you do not agree to the terms of this LICENSE, do not install or use the PRODUCT.
SOFTWARE LICENSE & DISCLAIMER

The PRODUCT is protected by copyright laws and international copyright treaties, as well as other intellectual
property laws and treaties. The PRODUCT is licensed, not sold.
1. GRANT OF LICENSE
This LICENSE grants you the following rights:
1.1 INSTALLATION AND USE
1.1.1 Single-User Licenses
This software is licensed only to the user (company or individual) whose name is registered with ENSOFT and for
one specific physical site (“SITE”) registered with ENSOFT. You may install and use the PRODUCT on any
number of computers at the licensed SITE. However, the PRODUCT is fully operational only in the licensed site
computer that carries the appropriate PRODUCT’s hardware key (“KEY”) that is used as software protection
device.
1.1.2 Network Licenses
This software is licensed only to the user (company or individual) whose name is registered with ENSOFT and for
the specific physical site(s) (“SITE(S)”) and IP range registered with ENSOFT. Each network seat that is purchased
is provided with access for SITE clients located within up to 2 subnets with unique third octets (“CLIENT
SUBNETS”). The minimum two-seat network license can be associated to a maximum of 4 CLIENT SUBNETS
(within up to 4 unique third octets). Purchase of additional network seats can extend the allowable range of
CLIENT SUBNETS.
COMPANY may install and use the PRODUCT on any computer in the licensed SITE(S) that is within the
allowable CLIENT SUBNETS registered with ENSOFT. Any one computer in the network can be designated as
software server for the PRODUCT by carrying the appropriate PRODUCT’s hardware key (“KEY”) that is used as
software protection device.
This Network License strictly prohibits the PRODUCT to be used in or from computers located in office locations
that are different than the licensed SITE(S) or outside the registered CLIENT SUBNETS. Users in physical office
locations other than the registered SITE(S) with ENSOFT are required to purchase additional licenses of the
PRODUCT, even if the COMPANY is the same and/or if the additional offices are located in the same city.
2. OTHER RIGHTS AND LIMITATIONS

2.1 EDUCATIONAL VERSION
If the PRODUCT was sold with educational discounts, the use of the PRODUCT is strictly limited to academic or
research activities of educators and/or students. Any other usage voids all the rights under this LICENSE. If in
doubt, please contact ENSOFT to determine if you have a PRODUCT version that was sold for educational
purposes.

2.2 LIMITATIONS ON REVERSE ENGINEERING, DECOMPILATION, AND DISASSEMBLY

You may not reverse engineer, decompile, or disassemble the PRODUCT, except and only to the extent that such
activity is expressly permitted by applicable law notwithstanding this limitation.
2.3 RENTAL
You may not rent, lease or lend the PRODUCT.
2.4 TRADEMARKS
This LICENSE does not grant you any rights in connection with any trademarks or service marks of ENSOFT.
2.5 SUPPORT SERVICES
ENSOFT shall provide you with limited support and maintenance services (“SUPPORT”) related to the PRODUCT
during the initial year after purchase and for any additional SUPPORT term COMPANY elects to purchase for
PRODUCT after the initial warranty period expires.
Use of SUPPORT is limited to the ENSOFT policies and programs described in the PRODUCT’s User’s Manual, in
documentation on the ENSOFT web site, and/or in other materials provided by ENSOFT.
Any supplemental software code that may be provided to you as part of the SUPPORT or that is downloaded from
the ENSOFT web site shall be considered part of the PRODUCT and subject to the terms and conditions of this
LICENSE. With respect to technical information you provide to ENSOFT as part of the SUPPORT, ENSOFT may
use such information for its business purposes, including for product support, development or advertisements.
However, ENSOFT will not utilize such technical information in a form that personally identifies the user.
2.6 SOFTWARE TRANSFER
The initial user of the PRODUCT may make a permanent transfer of this LICENSE and PRODUCT and only
directly to an end user. This transfer must include all of the PRODUCT (including all component parts, the media
and printed materials, any upgrades, this LICENSE, and the PRODUCT’s appropriate hardware KEY). Such
transfer may not be by way of consignment or any other indirect transfer. The transferee of such one-time transfer
must agree to comply with the terms of this LICENSE, including the obligation not to further transfer this LICENSE
and PRODUCT.
2.7 TERMINATION
Without prejudice to any other rights, ENSOFT may terminate this LICENSE if you fail to comply with the terms
and conditions of this LICENSE. In such event, you must destroy all copies of the PRODUCT and all of its
component parts.
3. COPYRIGHT
All title and intellectual property rights in and to the PRODUCT (including but not limited to any images,
photographs, animations, video, audio, music, and text that may be incorporated into the PRODUCT), the
accompanying printed materials, and any copies of the PRODUCT are owned by ENSOFT. All title and intellectual
property rights in and to the content which may be accessed through use of the PRODUCT is the property of the
respective content owner and may be protected by applicable copyright or other intellectual property laws and
treaties. This LICENSE grants you no rights to use such content. All rights not expressly granted are reserved by
ENSOFT. This PRODUCT is protected by the United States Copyright Law and International Copyright Treaty.
4. SOFTWARE DISCLAIMER
Although the PRODUCT has been used with apparent success in many analyses, new information is developed
continuously and new or updated PRODUCT releases may be written from time to time. All users are requested to
inform ENSOFT immediately if any errors are found in the PRODUCT. As modifications, updates, or new versions

are produced, the latest codes are posted on ENSOFT’s web site and made available to all visitors for free
downloading.
No warranty, expressed or implied, is offered as to the accuracy of results from ENSOFT’s PRODUCT. The
PRODUCT should not be used for design unless caution is exercised in interpreting the results and independent
calculations are available to verify the general correctness of the results. Users are assumed to be knowledgeable of
the information in the printed documentation that is distributed with the digital media. Users are assumed to
recognize that the input parameters, eg., soil properties, increment length, tolerance on solution convergence, and
many others, can have a significant effect on the solution and must be chosen carefully. Users should have a
thorough understanding of the relevant theoretical criteria (appropriate references are suggested in the software
documentation).
5. GOVERNING LAW
This LICENSE is governed by the laws of the State of Texas.
6. CONTACT INFORMATION
Should you have any questions concerning this LICENSE or if you desire to contact ENSOFT for any reason, please
use the following:
Ensoft Incorporated
3003 West Howard Lane
Austin, Texas 78728
United States of America
NO OTHER WARRANTIES
TO THE MAXIMUM EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, ENSOFT DISCLAIMS ALL OTHER
WARRANTIES AND CONDITIONS, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
TO, IMPLIED WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
PURPOSE, TITLE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT, WITH REGARD TO THE PRODUCT, AND THE
PROVISION OF SUPPORT SERVICES. THIS LIMITED WARRANTY GIVES YOU SPECIFIC LEGAL
RIGHTS. YOU MAY HAVE OTHERS, WHICH VARY FROM STATE/JURISDICTION TO
STATE/JURISDICTION.
LIMITATION OF LIABILITY
TO THE MAXIMUM EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, IN NO EVENT SHALL ENSOFT BE
LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
WHATSOEVER (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, DAMAGES FOR LOSS OF BUSINESS PROFITS,
BUSINESS INTERRUPTION, LOSS OF BUSINESS INFORMATION, OR ANY OTHER PECUNIARY LOSS)
ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF OR INABILITY TO USE THE SOFTWARE PRODUCT OR THE FAILURE
TO PROVIDE SUPPORT, EVEN IF ENSOFT HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGES. IN ANY CASE, ENSOFT’S ENTIRE LIABILITY UNDER ANY PROVISION OF THIS LICENSE
AGREEMENT SHALL BE LIMITED TO THE GREATER OF THE AMOUNT ACTUALLY PAID BY YOU
FOR THE PRODUCT OR U.S.$1.00.


APILE 2015 Users Manual

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

APILE 2015 Users Manual

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

APILE 2015 – User’s Manual

A Program for the Study

(Release Date: June 2015)

COPYRIGHT © ENSOFT, INC 2015

SOFTWARE LICENSE AGREEMENT & DISCLAIMER

User’s Manual (Rel. June/2015) APILE for Windows

COPYRIGHT © ENSOFT, INC 2015

User’s Manual (Rel. June/2015) APILE for Windows

COPYRIGHT © ENSOFT, INC 2015

2.2.6 Graphics Menu ................................................................................................................. 2-14

User’s Manual (Rel. June/2015) APILE for Windows

COPYRIGHT © ENSOFT, INC 2015

4.3.1 Mouse Commands in the Graphics Mode ......................................................................... 4-9

User’s Manual (Rel. June/2015) APILE for Windows

COPYRIGHT © ENSOFT, INC 2015

5.7.4 Output Data ..................................................................................................................... 5-82

User’s Manual (Rel. June/2015) APILE for Windows

COPYRIGHT © ENSOFT, INC 2015

User’s Manual (Rel. June/2015) APILE for Windows

COPYRIGHT © ENSOFT, INC 2015

User’s Manual (Rel. June/2015) APILE for Windows

COPYRIGHT © ENSOFT, INC 2015

User’s Manual (Rel. June/2015) APILE for Windows

COPYRIGHT © ENSOFT, INC 2015

COPYRIGHT © ENSOFT, INC 2015

1.1 General Description

1.2 Features of the Program

User’s Manual (Rel. June/2015) APILE for Windows

COPYRIGHT © ENSOFT, INC 2015

1.3 History of Development

1.3.2 APILE Plus, Version 1 (1989)

1.3.3 APILE Plus, Version 2 (1995)

User’s Manual (Rel. June/2015) APILE for Windows

COPYRIGHT © ENSOFT, INC 2015

1.3.4 APILE Plus, Version 3 (1998)

1.3.5 APILE Plus, Version 4 (2004)

1.3.6 APILE Plus, Version 5 (2007)

1.3.7 APILE 2014, Version 6 (2014)

User’s Manual (Rel. June/2015) APILE for Windows

COPYRIGHT © ENSOFT, INC 2015

1.3.8 APILE 2015, Version 7 (2015)

1.4 Organization of APILE Manuals

1.5 Typographical Conventions

User’s Manual (Rel. June/2015) APILE for Windows

COPYRIGHT © ENSOFT, INC 2015

1.6 Contents of the APILE Package

1.7 Hardware Requirements

1.8 Technical Support

1.8.1 Preferred Methods of Software Support

User’s Manual (Rel. June/2015) APILE for Windows

COPYRIGHT © ENSOFT, INC 2015

 Fax to: (512) 244-6067

1.8.2 Support by Telephone

1.8.3 Upgrade Verification and Internet Site

1.8.4 Changes of Support Policy

User’s Manual (Rel. June/2015) APILE for Windows

COPYRIGHT © ENSOFT, INC 2015

COPYRIGHT © ENSOFT, INC 2015

2.1 Installation Procedures

2.1.1 Installation of Single-User Version

User’s Manual (Rel. June/2015) APILE for Windows

COPYRIGHT © ENSOFT, INC 2015

User’s Manual (Rel. June/2015) APILE for Windows

COPYRIGHT © ENSOFT, INC 2015