Week No.

: 2 Time Limit:
Lesson No.: 3
Topic: Determination Of Stresses
In Purlins (Bending Stress)
In Both Axes

Bending in Both Axes

Bending in both axes or unsymmetrical bending occurs when bending is about an axis
other than one of the principal axes, or when loads are simultaneously applied from more than one
direction. Examples of unsymmetrical bending are roof purlins that, because of the inclination of
the roof are subjected to loads whose planes make large angles with the principal axes of inertia
of the section. When roof purlins are attached to the upper chord of a roof trusses, the x-x axis of
the purlin is usually parallel to the chord member. If the load on the purlin is vertical and the purlin
is free to bend in any direction, it will not bend about either the X-X or Y-Y axis. See figure 1.
Frequently the roof construction provides restraint to bending in a direction parallel to the roof
surface. If sag rods are installed, as shown in figure 2, these rods supply lateral support to the
purlins and the purlins can bend only about the X-X axis. Other examples of unsymmetrical bending
are beams in structures and machines that are subjected to loads which, because of deformation
or design, are inclined to the principal planes. Normally, a beam is oriented with the web in the
plane of the loading (strong axis bending, x-x axis), although the beam may be loaded normal to
the plane of the web (weak axis bending, y-y axis). The forces on beams subjected to
unsymmetrical bending are resolved into x and y components as shown in the figure 3 below. The
x-component of the force, FT, creates moment in the y-y axis, My. The y-component of the force, FN,
creates moment in the x-x axis, Mx. The stress due to moment is

fbx =My/Sy. To check the adequacy, the interaction equation used is fbx/Fbx + fby/Fby≤ 1.0.
Another way of determining flexural stress is by Flexural Modulus Method and by Moment
Resolution Method.

Mx is the bending moment about the x axis caused by P cos θ, and M y is the bending
moment about the y axis due to P sin θ. In terms of the total bending moment M, M x=M cos θ and
My=M sin θ. So the equation f = Mxy / Ix + Myx / Iy becomes,
f = (M cos θ)y / Ix + (M sin θ)x / Iy.

The purlin is unknown part of the load that a truss or mill- building bent must support. The
purlin is a special type of beam that spans between the chords of adjacent trusses for the purpose
of carrying the roof covering to the latter. It differs from the ordinary beam in that it is usually
subjected to unsymmetrical bending.
Purlins are usually subjected to vertical loads and normal loads thus causing bending
moments on both x-axis and y-axis as shown in the figure.
 𝑊𝑛 = (𝑊1 + 𝑊2 ) cos 𝜃 + 𝑊3
𝑊𝑡 = (𝑊1 + 𝑊2 ) sin 𝜃

Note : Assuming all vertical loads passes through the centroid of purlins
Since the purlins are subjected to bending in both directions then we could use the following
expression:
𝑓𝑏𝑥 𝑓𝑏𝑦
+ ≤ 1.0
𝐹𝑏𝑥 𝐹𝑏𝑦
𝑀𝑥
𝑓𝑏𝑥 = along x-axis
𝑆𝑥

𝑀𝑦
𝑓𝑏𝑦 = along y-axis (assuming all loads are acting on the centroid of W section)
𝑦

𝐹𝑏𝑥 = 0.66𝐹𝑦 for compact section

𝐹𝑏𝑦 = 0.75𝐹𝑦 for bending along the weaker axis

BEAMS BENDING IN BOTH AXIS (UNSYMMETRICEL BENDING)

When a beam is subjected to a normal load which causes bending in the x-axis a tangential
load which causes bending along the minor axis, it is said that the member is subjected to an
unsymmetrical bending. The following expression can be written for the stress at any point in a
beam subjected to an unsymmetrical bending.
1. Bending Stress
A) If lateral loads passes through the centroid of the beam section

𝑀𝑥 𝐶𝑥 𝑀𝑦 𝐶𝑦
𝑓𝑏 = ± Equation 11.1.1
𝐼𝑥 𝐼𝑦

𝑀𝑥 𝑀𝑦
𝑓𝑏 = ± Equation 11.1.2
𝑆𝑥 𝑆𝑦

B) If the lateral loads is applied at the top flange and does not passes through the centroid of the
beam section.
𝑀𝑥 𝑀𝑦
𝑓𝑏 = ± 𝑆𝑦 Equation 11.1.3
𝑆𝑥
2
Note : Only one half of the section modulus about the y-axis is considered effective.
2. Shearing Stress
𝑉𝑥 𝑄𝑥 𝑉𝑦 𝑄𝑦
𝑓𝑣 = ± Equation 11.1.4
𝑏𝐼𝑥 𝑏𝐼𝑦

3. Using interaction expression:

𝑓𝑏𝑥 𝑓𝑏𝑦
+ ≤ 1.0 Equation 11.1.5
𝐹𝑏𝑥 𝐹𝑏𝑦

For compact laterally supported shapes:

𝑓𝑏𝑥 𝑓𝑏𝑦
+ ≤ 1.0 Equation 11.1.6
0.66𝐹𝑦 0.75𝐹𝑦

For doubly symmetrical I and H shape with compact flanges continuously connected to
the web and bent about their weak axis, the allowable bending stress is 0.75𝐹𝑦 .

Note: Consideration should be given to the question of lateral support for the compression flange
which will indicate whether compact or non-compact sections.

PROCEDURES:

INVESTIGATION:
1. Determine the loads in the x and y direction.
2. To solve for the stresses in the x and y, determine first the moment (Mx and My ).
3. Determine the Fbx using the formula Fbx = 0.66 Fy.
4. Determine also the Fby using the formula Fby = 0.75 Fy.
5. To check the adequacy, use the interaction equation
fbx + fby ≤ 1.0
Fbx Fby

DESIGN:
1. Determine first the moment along the x and y direction, (Mx and My ).
2. Have a trial section modulus (Sx) using the formula Sx = Mx/Fb, where Fb=0.66Fy.
3. Try one section from the table and solve the fbx and fby using the properties of that section.
4. Determine also the Fbx and Fby using the formula Fbx = 0.66 Fy and Fby=0.75Fy.
5. Compute the adequacy using the interaction equation,
fbx + fby ≤ 1.0 , to determine what section to be used.
Fbx Fby

FIGURES:
wind loads x

gravity loads sag rod

 x

FIGURE 1 FIGURE 2

FN(creates Mx) F y θ P

x YA A
FT(creates My) x
XA α
FIG.3 FIG.4

EXAMPLES:
1. A W shape is to be used as a bridge crane runway girder. The girder is on a simple span of 6m.
Assume that the crane wheel imparts a vertical load of 80kN and a lateral load of 8kN at the
midspan applied at the top flange of the girder. A standard rail weighing 67kg/m will be used.
Assume the top flange is not laterally braced between end supports.

Properties of W section:
𝑆𝑥 = 1280 × 103 𝑚𝑚3
𝑆𝑦 = 361 × 103 𝑚𝑚3
𝐹𝑏𝑥 = 207𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐹𝑏𝑦 = 238𝑀𝑃𝑎

a) Determine the bending stress along the x-axis.

b) Determine the bending stress along the y-axis.
c) Determine the ration of the actual bending stresses to the allowable bending stress.
Solution:
a) Bending stress along x-axis.
𝑤 = 67𝑘𝑔/𝑚(9.81𝑚/𝑠 2
𝑤 = 657.27 𝑁/𝑚
𝑤 = 0.657 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
 𝑤𝐿2 𝑃𝐿
𝑀𝑥 = +
8 4
0.657𝑘𝑁/𝑚(6𝑚)2 80𝑘𝑁(6𝑚)
𝑀𝑥 = +
8 4
𝑀𝑥 = 122.96 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝑀𝑥
𝑓𝑏𝑥 =
𝑆𝑥
122.96 𝑘𝑁/𝑚(106 )
𝑓𝑏𝑥 =
1280 × 103 𝑚𝑚3

𝒇𝒃𝒙 = 𝟗𝟔. 𝟎𝟔 𝑴𝑷𝒂 Answer

b) Bending stress along the y-axis.

𝑃𝐿
𝑀𝑦 =
4
8𝑘𝑁/𝑚(6𝑚)
𝑀𝑦 =
4
𝑀𝑦 = 12𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
Due to lateral load acting on the flange of the beam:
𝑀𝑦 2(12) × 106
𝑓𝑏𝑦 = =
𝑆𝑦 361 × 103
2
𝒇𝒃𝒙 = 𝟔𝟔. 𝟒𝟖 𝑴𝑷𝒂 Answer.
c) Ratio of the actual bending stresses to allowable bending stress.
𝑓𝑏𝑥 𝑓𝑏𝑦
+ ≤ 1.0
𝐹𝑏𝑥 𝐹𝑏𝑦
96.06 66.48
+ = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝟑 Answer
207 238

2. A W24x100 section is to serve as a purlin between roof trusses 7.2m on centers. The roof is
assumed to support a dead load of 960N/m2 of roof surface including its weights and a snow load
of 960N/m2 of horizontal roof surface projection. The slope of the roof truss is 1 vertically to 2
horizontally and the purlins are to be spaced 1.8m on centers. Use A36 steel with Fy =248MPa.
Assume loads pass through the center of gravity of the section. Sag rods are to be placed at the
middle thirds between truss.
Properties of W24x100 section𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 19032.2 𝑚𝑚2 𝑆𝑦 = 609.6 × 103 𝑚𝑚3 𝑆𝑥 =
4096.8 × 103 𝑚𝑚3
a) Determine the flexural stress on x-axis.
b) Determine the flexural stress on y-axis.

Solution:
1
tan 𝜃 = 2 ; 𝜃 = 26.6°

𝑥 = cos 26.6° = 1.61

𝐷𝐿𝑅 = 960 𝑁/𝑚2 (1.8) = 1,728𝑁/𝑚
𝐷𝐿𝑆 = 960 𝑁/𝑚2 (1.61) = 1,545.6𝑁/𝑚
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑, 𝑊 = 3,273.6𝑁/𝑚

𝑊𝑥 = 3273.6 cos 26.6° = 2,927𝑁/𝑚

𝑊𝑦 = 3273.6 sin 26.6° = 1,466𝑁/𝑚

𝑊𝑥 𝐿2 2,927𝑁/𝑚(7.2𝑚)2
a) 𝑀𝑥 = =
8 8
𝑀𝑥 = 18967𝑁. 𝑚

𝑀𝑥 18,967𝑁. 𝑚(1000)
𝑓𝑏𝑥 = =
𝑆𝑥 4096.8 × 103 𝑚𝑚3
𝒇𝒃𝒙 = 𝟒. 𝟔𝟑𝑴𝑷𝒂 Answer.
 𝑊𝑦 𝐿2
b) 𝑀𝑦 = (sag rods at middle thirds)
90
1466𝑁/𝑚(7.2𝑚)2
𝑀𝑦 =
90

𝑀𝑦 = 844.4𝑁. 𝑚

𝑀𝑥 844.4(1000)
𝑓𝑏𝑥 = =
𝑆𝑥 609.6×103

𝒇𝒃𝒙 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟗𝑴𝑷𝒂 Answer.

a. Determination of Loads

Structural members must be designed so they are strong enough to carry the service
loads imposed on it.

Purlins are usually subjected to vertical loads and normal loads thus causing bending moments
on both x-axis and y-axis.
 Most load computations are done in terms of plan view unit areas.

 Loads for roof areas that are sloped are commonly expressed in terms of weight per unit
area of horizontal projection.

Simplified Approach:
Live Loads, Wind Loads, and Rain Loads are
considered to act on a horizontal projection
of an inclined member.

The load diagram looks like

this and correction for slope is ignored
Roof EXCEPTION: Full weight of dead load and vertical earthquake load are computed to act
over the entire length and applied to the horizontal projection.

Load Factors:

 The load factors are usually amplifying factors that are used in LRFD design equation
to increase the loads.
 The purpose of increasing the loads is to account for the uncertainties involved in
estimating the magnitudes of dead and/or live loads.
 Since the dead loads can be estimated more accurately than live loads, the factor for
live load is usually higher than that used for dead loads.

Normal and Transverse Stresses

Normal Stress – the stress component that is perpendicular to the plane on which the
force is applied, designated tensile if the force is directed away from the plane and
compressive if the force is directed towards the plane.

Transverse Stress – a force acting in a generally horizontal direction; especially: a force

that produces mountain folding and over thrusting.

NL Normal Bending Stress:

TL 𝑚𝑁
FN =
𝑆𝑥
Tangential Bending Stress:
𝑀𝑇
fT =
𝑆𝑦
𝑀𝑇 𝑋𝑐
fT =
𝐼𝑦
𝑀𝑐
fT =
𝐼𝑦
EXAMPLES:
1. A W shape is to be used as a bridge crane runway girder. The girder is on a simple span of 6m.
Assume that the crane wheel imparts a vertical load of 80kN and a lateral load of 8kN at the
midspan applied at the top flange of the girder. A standard rail weighing 67kg/m will be used.
Assume the top flange is not laterally braced between end supports.

Properties of W section:
𝑆𝑥 = 1280 × 103 𝑚𝑚3
𝑆𝑦 = 361 × 103 𝑚𝑚3
𝐹𝑏𝑥 = 207𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐹𝑏𝑦 = 238𝑀𝑃𝑎

a) Determine the bending stress along the x-axis.

b) Determine the bending stress along the y-axis.
c) Determine the ration of the actual bending stresses to the allowable bending stress.

Solution:
a) Bending stress along x-axis.
𝑤 = 67𝑘𝑔/𝑚(9.81𝑚/𝑠 2
𝑤 = 657.27 𝑁/𝑚
𝑤 = 0.657 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

𝑤𝐿2 𝑃𝐿
𝑀𝑥 = +
8 4
0.657𝑘𝑁/𝑚(6𝑚)2 80𝑘𝑁(6𝑚)
𝑀𝑥 = +
8 4
𝑀𝑥 = 122.96 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
 𝑀𝑥
𝑓𝑏𝑥 =
𝑆𝑥
122.96 𝑘𝑁/𝑚(106 )
𝑓𝑏𝑥 =
1280 × 103 𝑚𝑚3

𝒇𝒃𝒙 = 𝟗𝟔. 𝟎𝟔 𝑴𝑷𝒂 Answer

b) Bending stress along the y-axis.

𝑃𝐿
𝑀𝑦 =
4
8𝑘𝑁/𝑚(6𝑚)
𝑀𝑦 =
4
𝑀𝑦 = 12𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
Due to lateral load acting on the flange of the beam:
𝑀𝑦 2(12) × 106
𝑓𝑏𝑦 = =
𝑆𝑦 361 × 103
2
𝒇𝒃𝒙 = 𝟔𝟔. 𝟒𝟖 𝑴𝑷𝒂 Answer.
c) Ratio of the actual bending stresses to allowable bending stress.
𝑓𝑏𝑥 𝑓𝑏𝑦
+ ≤ 1.0
𝐹𝑏𝑥 𝐹𝑏𝑦
96.06 66.48
+ = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝟑 Answer
207 238

2. A W24x100 section is to serve as a purlin between roof trusses 7.2m on centers. The roof is
assumed to support a dead load of 960N/m2 of roof surface including its weights and a snow load
of 960N/m2 of horizontal roof surface projection. The slope of the roof truss is 1 vertically to 2
horizontally and the purlins are to be spaced 1.8m on centers. Use A36 steel with Fy =248MPa.
Assume loads pass through the center of gravity of the section. Sag rods are to be placed at the
middle thirds between truss.

Properties of W24x100 section

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 19032.2 𝑚𝑚2
𝑆𝑦 = 609.6 × 103 𝑚𝑚3
𝑆𝑥 = 4096.8 × 103 𝑚𝑚3
a) Determine the flexural stress on x-axis.
b) Determine the flexural stress on y-axis.

Solution:
1
tan 𝜃 = 2 ; 𝜃 = 26.6°

𝑥 = cos 26.6° = 1.61

𝐷𝐿𝑅 = 960 𝑁/𝑚2 (1.8) = 1,728𝑁/𝑚
𝐷𝐿𝑆 = 960 𝑁/𝑚2 (1.61) = 1,545.6𝑁/𝑚
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑, 𝑊 = 3,273.6𝑁/𝑚

𝑊𝑥 = 3273.6 cos 26.6° = 2,927𝑁/𝑚

𝑊𝑦 = 3273.6 sin 26.6° = 1,466𝑁/𝑚

𝑊𝑥 𝐿2 2,927𝑁/𝑚(7.2𝑚)2
a) 𝑀𝑥 = =
8 8
𝑀𝑥 = 18967𝑁. 𝑚
 𝑀𝑥 18,967𝑁. 𝑚(1000)
𝑓𝑏𝑥 = =
𝑆𝑥 4096.8 × 103 𝑚𝑚3
𝒇𝒃𝒙 = 𝟒. 𝟔𝟑𝑴𝑷𝒂 Answer.

𝑊𝑦 𝐿2
b) 𝑀𝑦 = (sag rods at middle thirds)
90
1466𝑁/𝑚(7.2𝑚)2
𝑀𝑦 =
90

𝑀𝑦 = 844.4𝑁. 𝑚

𝑀𝑥 844.4(1000)
𝑓𝑏𝑥 = =
𝑆𝑥 609.6×103

𝒇𝒃𝒙 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟗𝑴𝑷𝒂 Answer.

3. Given:
PARAMETERS:

Length between trusses: 3.10 meters

Spacing of purlins: 0.60 meters
Roof inclination: 300
No. of sag rods between trusses: 2
Location: Las Salinas Sur, Loay, Bohol
Windzone: 2

A. Min. depth Ratio:

𝐿 3100
= = 103.33
30 30
Select a trial section having a depth = 120 mm

TRY:
LC 120 X 40 X 20 X 2.0
y
xc
Properties:
Weight: 3.51 kg/m
C
Sx : 15.5 mm3
Ix : 930x103 mm4 x x
Sy : 3.9x103 mm3 H
yc
Iy : 3.9 mm4
Xc : 13.2 mm
Solution:
B

y
A. Deadload
Asphalt Shingles Roofing = 0.10 KPa = 100 Pa (from NSCP 2010, pg. 2-8)
2
Asphalt Shingles Roofing = 100 N/m (0.60m) = 60 N/m
Purlins = (wt. of channel) (gravitational acceleration)
Purlins = 3.51 kg/m (9.81)m/s2 = 34.43 N/m
Accessories = 30% of the purlin weight (from ASEP 1994)
Accessories = 30% (34.43) N/m = 10.33 N/m
1. Total Deadload = Corrugated Roofing + Purlins + Accessories
Total Deadload = 60 + 34.43 + 10.33
Total Deadload = 104.76 N/m

B. Liveload

Since the roof slope is 30%, it belongs to roof slope no.1 in table 205-3 for minimum roof
liveloads. Roof slope no.1 states that “flat or rise less than 4 units vertical in 12 units horizontal
(33.3%)”. The range is flat to > 4:12 slope. This 4:12 slope is equal to 1:3. Thus, it is the same to
say that the range is flat to > 1:3.

Since our roof slope 30%, it is within this range. Thus, it belongs to roof slope no.1.
For tributary Area:

The horizontal area carried by the purlin is:

Tributary area = (horizontal projection of spacing bet. Purlins) x (entire span of the purlin)
= (0.60 x cos(30) x 3.10)
= 1.61 m2
In table 205-3, Minimum roof live loads NSCP 2010, 1.59 m 2 is within the range of (0 to 20) m 2.
Therefore, using method 1, roof slope no.1 with tributary from (0 to 20) m 2, gives a uniform load =
1.00 KPa.

Minimum Roof Liveload =1000 Pa (from NSCP 2010, pg. 2-13)

2. Total Liveload = Minimum Roof Liveload (0.60)
Total Liveload = 1000 N/m 2 (0.60m)cos(30) = 519.62 N/m
Solving for Normal and Tangential Load:
3. NORMAL LOAD
Deadload =104.76 (cos30) = 90.72 N/m
Liveload = 519.62 (cos30) = 450 N/m
4. TANGENTIAL LOAD
Deadload =104.76 (sin30) = 52.38 N/m
Liveload =519.62(sin30) = 259.81 N/m

A. Windload

P=qh [ GCp – (GCpi)]

qz =qh (from NSCP 2010, pg. 2-30)
Where:
qz= 47.3 x 10-6 Kz Kzt V2 Iw (from NSCP 2010, pg. 2-25)
Roof mean height = 7.14 m
The structure belongs to Exposure B (from NSCP 2010, pg. 2-24)
Solving for Kz: (from NSCP 2010, pg. 2-25)

Portion of table 207-3

Height above ground level Exposure category B

6 0.62

7.5 0.66

6−7.14 0.62−𝑥
=
6−7.5 0.62−0.66

Kz = 0.65
Kzt = 1.0 (from NSCP 2010, pg. 2-26)
Iw = 1.0 (from NSCP 2010, pg. 2-24)
V = 200 kph (from NSCP 2010, pg. 2-23)
 Solving for qh,
qz = 47.3 x 10-6 (0.65) (1) (2002) (1.0)
qz = 1.23 KPa
Gust factor (G) = 0.80
for GCpi value = +0.55 (NSCP 2010, p.2-42)
= -0.55 (considering partially enclosed)
Solving for Cp,
from technical plan;
5. Windward
h = 7.14 m (mean roof height)
ℎ 7.14
= = 0.60
𝐿 12
For windward: (from NSCP 2010, pg. 2-44)

h/L 30o
0.5 -0.2
0.60 Cp
1.0 -0.3

By interpolating,

0.5−0.60 −0.2−Cp
=
0.5−1.0 −0.2−(0.3)

Cp = -0.22

Leeward:

Cp= -0.60

6. Leeward
Cp = -0.60(Leeward) (from NSCP 2010, Figure 207-6, pg. 2-44)
For GCpi, (from NSCP 2010, pg. 2-42)
7. Windward, GCpi = +0.55
8. Leeward, GCpi = -0.55

Solving P:
 Windward (Cp = -0.22)
A. P = q(GCp) –qh (GCpi)
P = 1.23(0.80) (-0.22)– (1.23) (0.55)
P = -0.89 KPa
B. P = q(GCp) –qh (GCpi)
P = 1.23[(0.80) (-0.22) -(1.23) (-0.55)
P = 0.46 KPa

 Leeward (Cp= -0.60)

A. P = q(GCp) –qh (GCpi)
P = 1.23(0.80) (-0.60) –1.23(0.55)
P = -1.27 KPa
B. P = q(GCp) –qh (GCpi)
 P = 1.23(0.80) (-0.60)–1.23(-0.55)
P = 0.0861 KPa
Use, P = -1.27 KPa
Windload = -1.27(1000) (0.60) = -762 N/m

Computation of Design Loads:

CASE I. D + F; F=0
W N = 90.72 N/m
W T = 52.38 N/m
CASE II. D + H + F + L + T; H, F, L, T = 0
W N = 90.72 N/m
W T = 52.38 N/m
CASE III. D + H + F + (LR or R); H, F =0
W N = 90.72 + 450 = 540.72 N/m
W T = 52.38 + 259.81 = 312.19 N/m
CASE IV. D + H + F + 0.75(L + T + (LR or R)); H, F =0
W N = 90.72 + 0.75(450) = 428.22 N/m
W T = 52.38 + 0.75(259.81) = 247.24 N/m
CASE V. D + H + F + (W or E/1.4); H, F = 0
W N = 90.72 + (-762) = -671.28 N/m

Therefore, use the maximum value,

Use, W N = 671.28 N/m W T = 312.19 N/m
 Week No.: 1 Time Limit:
Lesson No.: 3
Topic: Design of Purlins

TOPIC:DESIGN OF PURLINS

CONCEPT:
Design of purlin sizes are based on an analysis of bending members as a simple beam. The length
of the purlin from truss to truss is taken as the span length needed for the larger bending moment than
that obtained by true engineering analysis.
Purlins are usually subjected to vertical loads and normal loads thus causing The sagrods act as
lateral support for the purlins and keeping the purlins in proper alignment during erection until the roof is
installed and connected bending moments on both the x- axis and y-axis as shown on the figure.
Figure:

𝑤𝑛 = (𝑤1 + 𝑤2 ) Cos 𝜃 + 𝑤1
𝑤𝑡 = (𝑤1 + 𝑤2 ) Sin 𝜃 + 𝑤1
Note: Assuming all vertical loads passes through the centroid of purlins.
Since the purlins are subjected to bending in both directions then we could use the following
expression.
Formula:
𝑓𝑏𝑥 𝑓𝑏𝑦
+ ≤ 1.0
𝐹𝑏𝑥 F𝑏𝑦

Mx
𝑓𝑏𝑥 =
Sx
 My
𝑓𝑏𝑦 = (assuming all loads are acting on the centroid of W section)
Sy

𝐹𝑏𝑥 = 0.66 𝐹𝑦 for compaction section

𝐹𝑏𝑦 = 0.75𝐹𝑦 for bending along the weaker axis
Sagrods of Purlins
The presence of sagrods on the purlins reduces the moment along the minor axis to a maximum of
𝑊𝑦𝐿 /32 when sagrods are used at mid-span and 𝑊𝑦𝐿2 /90 when sagrods are used at one-third points.
2

The sagrods act as lateral support for the purlins and keeping the purlins in proper alignment during erection
until the roof is installed and connected to the purlins.
a.) Sagrods at mid-span of purlins:
(Using three moment equation)
5
1.) 𝑅 = 𝑊𝑦𝐿
8
𝑊𝑦𝐿2
2.) 𝑀𝑥 =
8
𝑊𝑦𝐿2
3.) My = −
32
b.) Sagrods at middle- thirds of purlins:
(Using three moment equation)
11WyL
1.) 𝑅 =
30
𝑊𝑥𝐿2
2.) 𝑀𝑥 =
8
𝑊𝑦𝐿2
3.) 𝑀𝑦 = −
90

Example:
1.) Design an equal angle purlin for a roof truss having the following details: spacing= 3.5m, span= 15m,
rise= 3m, spacing of purlin= 1.35m, weight of G.I sheet= 130N/𝑚2 , wind load= -1170N/𝑚2 , LL=
514N/𝑚2 , weight of purlins= 100N/m. Assume 12 panels.

Solution:
 3 x
tanꝋ= cosꝋ= x= 1.35cos21.80
7.5 1.35

ꝋ= 21.80 x= 1.35cosꝋ x=1.25

DL of G.I sheet= 130 x 1.35= 176 𝑁/𝑚 LL= 514 x 1.35cos21.80= 643.94 𝑁/𝑚 or 644 𝑁/𝑚
Purlin wt.= 100 𝑁/𝑚 WL= -1170 X 1.35=-1580 𝑁/𝑚
Total DL= 100+176= 276 𝑁/𝑚
Figure:

DL, 𝑤𝑑𝑦 = 276cos21.80= 256 𝑁/𝑚

𝑤𝑑𝑥 = 276sin21.80= 102.5 𝑁/𝑚

LL, 𝑤𝑙𝑦 = 644cos21.80= 598 𝑁/𝑚

𝑤𝑙𝑥 = 644sin21.80= 239 𝑁/𝑚

WL, 𝑤𝑤𝑦 = -1580 𝑁/𝑚

𝑤𝑤𝑥 = 0
Load combination:
1. 1.5(DL + LL)
Wy1= 1.5(256 + 598) = 1281 𝑁/𝑚
Wx1= 1.5(102.5 + 239) = 512 𝑁/𝑚
2. 1.5(DL + WL)
Wy2= 1.5(256 – 1580) =-1986 𝑁/𝑚
Wx2= 1.5(102.5 – 0) =154 𝑁/𝑚
3. 1.2(DL + LL + WL)
Wy3= 1.2(256 + 598 – 1580) = -870 𝑁/𝑚
 Wx3= 1.2(102.5 + 239 – 0) = 410 𝑁/𝑚
Critical Values:

𝑤𝑦 = -1986 𝑁/𝑚, 𝑤𝑥 = 154 𝑁/𝑚

Bi- Axial bending moment
𝑊𝑦𝐿2 1986 𝑥3.52
Mx= = = 2432.86 𝑁. 𝑚
10 10
𝑊𝑥𝐿2 154 𝑋 3.52
My = = = 188.65 𝑁. 𝑚
10 210
𝐿 3500
Width of angle parallel to roof = = = 58.33 𝑚𝑚
60 60
𝐿 3500
Depth of angle normal to roof = = = 77.78 𝑚𝑚
45 45

Try ISA 90 X 90 X 6 @ 82 𝑁/𝑚 < 100 (ok)

b 90
= = 15 < 15.7
t 6
d 90
= = 15 < 15.7, semi compact
t 6
Ze
βb = , Ixx = Iyy= 80.10 𝑥 104 𝑚𝑚4
Zp

Ixx 80.10x104
Zxxtop = = = 33.1 𝑥 103 𝑚𝑚^3
ytop 24.2

Ixx 80.10 x 104

Zxxbottom = = = 12.2 𝑥 10^3𝑚𝑚^3
ybottom 65.80

Ze Zpfy Zefy
Mdx =βbZpfy/¥mo = = =
Zp ¥mo ¥mo

12.2 x 103 (250)

= = 2766.648 𝑥 103 𝑁. 𝑚𝑚
1.1
Zefy 33.1 x 103 (250)
Mdy= = = 7552.539𝑁. 𝑚𝑚
¥mo 1.1
Mx My
+ ≤ 1.0𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2
Mdx Mdy

2432.85 x 103 188.65 𝑥103

2766.648 x 10 3 + 7522.539 𝑥 103
= 0.9 < 1 (ok)
Use ISA 90 X 90 X 6 Purlin Ans.
 2.) The spacing of truss in the figure 11.7 is 4.6m on center. Sagrods are used in the mid-points between
ttrusses. Assume full lateral support is supplied by the roof. Use A 36 steel with Fy= 248 MPa. Assume all
loads acting on the purlins to be acting at the centroid of the purlins to prevent torsion. Spacing of purlins
along the top chord is 1.40 m. Pitch of truss=1/4. The purlins are subjected to the following loads.

Snow=1440N/𝑚2 of roof surface

Roofing= 288N/𝑚2 of roof surface
Wind surface= 720N/𝑚2 perpendiccular to the roof surface
Design W section for the purlins.

Properties of W Section Available

Weight Area Depth Flange Flange Web Sx Sx
(N/m) (mm) (mm) Width Thickness Thickness (𝑚𝑚 ) (𝑚𝑚3 )
3

Section (mm) (mm) (mm)

W 6X 124.3 1619.35 148.082 100.076 4.928 4.318 83246 16551
8.5
W 6X 175.5 2283.87 152.400 101.600 7.087 5.842 118806 24417
12
W 4X 190.1 2464.51 105.664 103.124 8.763 7.112 89309 30316
13

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4 6.0

1.4

1.4

12.0

1.0

26.6

2.0
4.0

Figure

Solution:
 1
tanꝋ = 2

ꝋ = 26.6
Snow = 1440(1.4) = 2016N/m
Roof = 288(1.4) = 403.2 N/m
Ass. Wt. of purlins =150N/m
Wind = 720(1.4) = 1008N/m
Total vertical load: 2016 + 403.2 + 150
Total vertical load = 2569.2N/m

Wx = 1008 + 2569.2cos26.6 = 3305.3N/m

Wy = 2569.2sin26.6 = 1150.4N/m
Mx𝐿2
Mx =
8
3305.3(4.62 )
Mx = N.m
8742.52
𝑊𝑦𝐿2 1150.4(4.6)2
My = = =760.7N/m (sagrods at mid-span)
32 32

Try W6 x 8.5 , Sx = 83246 𝑚𝑚3 , Sy = 16551𝑚𝑚3

Mx 8742520
𝑓𝑏𝑥 = = = 105.02
Sx 83246
My 760700
𝑓𝑏𝑦 = = =45.96
Sy 16651
𝑏𝑓 100.026
= 2(4.928) = 10.15
2𝑡𝑓

𝑏𝑓 170
< = 10.80 (compact section)
2𝑡𝑓 √248

Use Fbx = 0.66Fy

Fby = 0.75Fy
𝑓𝑏𝑥 𝑓𝑏𝑦
+ ≤ 1.0
0.66𝑓𝑦 0.75𝑓𝑦
 105.02 45.96
+ = 0.89 < 1.0 (safe)
0.66(248) 0.75(248)

Use W6 X 8.5 Purlin Ans.