1920 12AP Statistics Periodic One Revision Sheet

Material: Chapter One and Chapter Two from Ace the Statistics Exam Book

Grid #1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 21, 22, 23 (All the questions and
solutions for the Grid can be seen below)

Top 60 # 4, 8, 9, 15, 62

Top 140 # 5, 6, 7, 13, 19, 23, 24, 32

Section 1.1: Illustration 7

Practice 1.1: 4, 5, 6, 7

Section 1.2: Illustration 7 (Use the calculator), Illustration 16

Section 2.1: Illustration 2, Illustration 3, Illustration 7

Practice 2.1-Multiple choice questions # 6, 7, 8, 9, and 13

Section 2.2: Illustration 1, Illustration 2 (excluding the mean absolute deviation),

Illustration 3

Practice 2.2-Multiple choice questions #1, 2, 7, 8, 13, and 15

Section 2.3: Illustration 1, Illustration 7, Illustration 9

Practice 2.3-Multiple choice questions # 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 8

Section 2.4: Illustration 1 & Table above Illustration 1

Practice 2.4: Multiple choice questions #3, 5 & 7

Section 2.5: Illustration 1, 2, 3, 5

Practice 2.5: Multiple choice questions #1, 3, 5, and 6

Chapter 2-Practice-Multiple choice questions #5, 15, 20, 27, 31, 33 and 48

Chapter 2 Practice-Free response questions # 2, 6, 7, and 9

Date 02-10-19 | Level N | 1

Extra Questions (Very Important):
1. Using the dotplot only on page 42 # 7, find the percentile rank of an adult that
had 66 beats per minute.
2. What is the definition of a z-score and what components are needed to
calculate a z-score?
3. Using the histogram only on page 73#2, in which interval does the median age
lie?
4. Using the histogram only on page 15 Illustration 15, calculate the mean,
determine in which interval does the median age lie and using linear
interpolation, and find the median to the nearest whole number?
5. What is the formula to calculate range and interquartile range? Which one,
range or interquartile range, is usually larger than the other? Give an example
when range and interquartile range are equal.
6. Using the Data on page 3 illustration 5, what is the difference in the
cumulative relative frequencies among students that are 130 centimeters and
150 centimeters?
7. An aviation company recorded the number of hours taken to complete a flight
simulator by fifteen pilots that have over 200 hours of flight time experience.
These numbers are
8 12 26 9 21
19 17 15 16 21
21 23 24 58 15
a) Draw a histograms (using your calculator) to represent the above data.
b) Draw a boxplot (using your calculator) to represent the data making sure
to clearly indicate any outliers that may be present.
c) Write a few sentences describing the flight times of the fifteen pilots using
the three diagrams drawn in parts a and b.
d) If a pilot joined the fifteen pilots and completed the simulation in nineteen
hours, explain, without any computation how the mean and median will be
affected.
e) If a pilot joined the fifteen pilots and completed the simulation in 200
hours, explain, without any computation how the mean and median will be
affected.

Answers only to Extra Questions (Very Important):

1. Using the dotplot only on page 42 # 7, find the percentile rank of an adult that
had 66 beats per minute. 30th percentile
2. What is the definition of a z-score and what components are needed to
calculate a z-score? The standardized score or z-score is a measure of
position that determines how many standard deviations a data value is
from the mean of the distribution. In order to calculate a z-score, the
components you need are the mean and standard deviation.
3. Using the histogram only on page 73 #2, in which interval does the median
age lie? 6-8

Date 02-10-19 | Level N | 2

4. Using the histogram only on page 15 Illustration 15, calculate the mean,
determine in which interval does the median age lie and using linear
interpolation, and find the median to the nearest whole number? The mean is
11.07, the median interval is 6-10 and the median is approximately 10.
5. What is the formula to calculate range and interquartile range? Which one,
range or interquartile range, is usually larger than the other? Give an example
when range and interquartile range are equal. Range=Maximum –Minimum,
Interquartile range = Upper Quartile – Lower Quartile. Usually the range
is larger than the interquartile range since the range takes into
consideration 100% of the data while the interquartile range takes into
consideration the middle 50% of the data. An example of when the range
is interquartile range are equal is a set of values that are all the same.
6. Using the Data on page 3 illustration 5, what is the difference in the
cumulative relative frequencies among students that are between 130
centimeters and 150 centimeters? 0.83-0.17
7. An aviation company recorded the number of hours taken to complete a flight
simulator by fifteen pilots that have over 200 hours of flight time experience.
These numbers are
8 12 26 9 21
19 17 15 16 21
21 23 24 58 15
a) Draw a histograms (using your calculator) to represent the above data. Use
Calculator
b) Draw a boxplot (using your calculator) to represent the data making sure
to clearly indicate any outliers that may be present. Use Calculator
c) Write a few sentences describing the flight times of the fifteen pilots using
the three diagrams drawn in parts a and b. Answers may vary. Make sure
to use full sentences and answer in context of the problem. Mention
the center, the spread, any outliers, the range, the interquartile range,
unusual features….remember quality over quantity and do not state
anything that can be drawn immediately from the data…for example,
the minimum value is 8 and the maximum is 58. Instead state that the
range is 50.
d) If a pilot joined the fifteen pilots and completed the simulation in nineteen
hours, explain, without any computation how the mean and median will be
affected. The mean decreases and the median stays the same.
e) If a pilot joined the fifteen pilots and completed the simulation in 200
hours, explain, without any computation how the mean and median will be
affected. The mean and median increase.

Date 02-10-19 | Level N | 3

 Sample Questions Exam (Grid)

1. Reference: Ace the AP Stat Chapter 2.1

Mary Anne measured the amount of water, in liters, that are used in a kitchen over a
100 day period. The data she collected is summarized in the table below.
Water Usage Frequency
(Liters)
[15-20) 22
[20-25) 40
[25-30) 25
[30-35) 13
Calculate the median amount of water used in the kitchen and round your answer to
one decimal place.
Sample question answer:
To find the median, draw a cumulative frequency table.
Water Usage (Liters) Cumulative Frequency
<15 0
<20 22
<25 62
<30 87
<35 100
1
The median amount is located at the half way point. 100   50 therefore the
2
median is between 20 and 25. Using linear interpolation, the following equation
is set up.
Let M = median
M  20 50  22

25  20 62  22
M  23.5
The median amount of water used in the kitchen is 23.5 liters.

Date 02-10-19 | Level N | 4

2. Reference: Ace the AP Stat Chapter 2.1
Heights, in inches, for the 400 graduating seniors from Khalifa International School are
summarized in the frequency table below.
Height Frequency
Height < 60 inches 44
60 inches  height < 66 inches 168
66 inches  height < 72 inches 124
72 inches  height < 78 inches 48
Height  78 inches 16
In what interval does the median lie?
Sample question answer:
Find the cumulative frequency for the given data. The following table has the
frequency and cumulative frequency needed to solve this problem.
Height Frequency Cumulative
Frequency
Height < 60 inches 44 44
60 inches  height < 66 inches 168 212
66 inches  height < 72 inches 124 336
72 inches  height < 78 inches 48 384
Height  78 inches 16 400
The total frequency is 400 and therefore the median lies in the interval where the
cumulative frequency is at 200. The value of 200 is in the interval 60  height <
66.

3. Reference: Ace the AP Stat Chapter 2.3

Matilda bought 15 apples. The weights are listed below.
74 78 95 82 76
74 68 88 98 82
74 96 88 71 85
Find the lower quartile and the upper quartile and then calculate the interquartile
range and the range?
Sample question answer:
To find the quartiles and the median, you can simply enter the numbers into a
graphing calculator and find the values directly. This is allowed in this course.
Alternatively,
Arrange the data in ascending order and split the data into quarters.

Lower quartile = 74
Upper quartile = 88
The Interquartile range = Upper quartile – Lower quartile = 88 – 74 = 14
The Range = Maximum – Minimum = 98 – 68 = 30

Date 02-10-19 | Level N | 5

4. Reference: Ace the AP Stat Chapter 2.3
Answer the following questions:
1. What is the name given to the 50th percentile?
2. How do you find the interquartile range?
3. What is the definition of mode?
Sample question answer:
1. The name given to the 50th percentile is the median.
2. The interquartile range is found by taking the difference between the upper
quartile and the lower quartile.
3. The mode is the value that repeats most often.
5. Reference: Ace the AP Stat Chapter 2.2
Matilda bought 15 apples. The weights are listed below.
74 78 95 82 76
74 68 88 98 82
74 96 88 71 85
Answer the following questions based on the above data:
1. Are the weights of the apples considered to be quantitative or categorical?
2. What is the mean weight of the apples? Round your answer to two decimal
places.
3. What is standard deviation of the weights of the sample of apples? Round your
answer to two decimal places.
4. What is the median weight of the apples?
Sample question answer:
1. The weights take on numerical values and therefore they are quantitative
data.
2. To find the mean, you can simply enter the numbers into a graphing
calculator and find the value directly. This is allowed in this course.
Alternatively,
To find the mean, sum up all the values and divide by 15.
1229
The mean is  81.93333.... and so to two decimal places the mean is
15
81.93.
3. To find the sample standard deviation, you can simply enter the numbers
into a graphing calculator and find the value directly. This is allowed in
this course. Alternatively, you can use the following formula

n  x   x  
2
15 101959  1229  
2 2

             9.4978
n 1  n  n    14 
 15  15  

To two decimal places, the standard deviation is 9.50.

Date 02-10-19 | Level N | 6

 4. To find the median, you can simply enter the numbers into a graphing
calculator and find the value directly. This is allowed in this course.
Alternatively, arrange the data in ascending order and split them in half.

The median lies in the middle.

6. Reference: Ace the AP Stat Chapter 3.2

What is the empirical rule?
Sample question answer:
The empirical rule states that if the data is normally distributed (bell-
shaped, mound), then roughly 68% of the data lies within one standard
deviation (2 spans) of the mean, 95% lies within two standard deviations
(4 spans) of the mean and 99.7% of the distribution lies within three
standard deviations (6 spans) of the mean.
7. Reference: Ace the AP Stat Chapter 2.3
Classify the following statements as true or false. Give your reasoning in each case.
(DO NOT GIVE EXAMPLES IF YOUR STATEMENT IS TRUE, GIVE AN
EXPLANATION)
a. If the sample has variance zero, the variance of the population is also zero.
b. If the population has variance zero, the variance of the sample is also zero.
c. If the sample has variance zero, the sample mean and the sample median are
equal.
d. If the standard deviation of a set of observations is 0, then all the observations
are the same value.
Sample question answer:
a. False, the sample that was selected could have all the elements with the
same values thus resulting in a variance of zero but the original
population can have elements that are different thus resulting in a
variance that is different from zero.

b. True, if all of the values in the population are the same, then the
variance is zero. Hence, if a sample is selected from the population, then
all of the values selected would have the same value. Thus, the variance
will be zero.

c. True, since the sample variance is zero, and then all of the values in the
set are the same. Hence, the mean and the median will be the same value
which is the one value in the set.
d. True, if the standard deviation is zero then there is no distance from
the mean since all of the values are the same, that is, all the values are the
mean itself.

Date 02-10-19 | Level N | 7

8. Reference: Ace the AP Stat Chapter 2.2
A histogram of the grades of all students on an AP Statistics exam gave the following
diagram. Give two explanations as to why a possible standard deviation for the data is
ten.

Sample question answer:

From the graph, we have equal intervals and the curve is bell-shaped. The length
of each interval is the standard deviation and thus it is ten.
Another explanation involves the range. Since the range is 50, the standard
deviation lies at 1/6th and 1/4th of the value.
𝟏 𝟏
(𝟓𝟎) ≤ 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒅 𝒅𝒆𝒗𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 ≤ (𝟓𝟎)
𝟔 𝟒
𝟖. 𝟑𝟑 ≤ 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒅 𝒅𝒆𝒗𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 ≤ 𝟏𝟐. 𝟓
Ten lies in this interval and thus is a possible standard deviation.

9. Reference: Ace the AP Stat Chapter 2.4

Each value in a sample has been transformed by multiplying by 5 and then adding
100. If the original sample had a variance of 4, then what is the variance of the
transformed sample?
Sample question answer:
When a set of values are transformed by addition and multiplication, the variance
is only affected by the multiplication. In this case, the sample is multiplied by 5, so
the variance is 52  4  100 .
Alternatively, the standard deviation of the original set is 2 and so the standard
deviation of the new set is 5  2  10 and so the new variance is 102  100 .

10. Reference: Ace the AP Stat Chapter 2.4

Students in a large gym class measure the time, in seconds; it took each of them to do
a flip. The times were later converted to minutes. If a student had a standardized score
of z=1.72 before the conversion, what is the standardized score after the conversion?
Sample question answer:
The standardized score after a conversion does not change. Hence, the
standardized score after the conversion is 1.72.

Date 02-10-19 | Level N | 8

11. Reference: Ace the AP Stat Chapter 2.4
A history teacher marked an exam on the French Revolution and then found the
following statistics for her students. There are 23 students in the class and all marks are
out of 100.
Mean Minimum Q1 Median Q3 Maximum Standard deviation
62 41 55 62 90 95 11.27
The teacher later decided to add 5 marks to everyone’s exam.
What would happen to the mean, minimum, lower quartile, median, upper quartile
and standard deviation of the grades after the teacher added 5 marks.
Sample question answer:
Any value that is a measure of location will be affected by the increase of 5. Any
value that is a measure of dispersion, or spread, will not be affected by the
increase of 5. Hence, the mean, minimum, lower quartile median, upper quartile
and maximum will increase by 5 but the standard deviation will not.
Mean Minimum Q1 Median Q3 Maximum Standard deviation
67 46 60 67 95 100 11.27

12. Reference: Ace the AP Stat Chapter 2.4

Weight, in kilograms, is measured for each person in a sample. After the data are
collected, all the weight measurements are converted from kilograms to grams by
multiplying each measurement by 1000.
What would happen to the mean, median, standard deviation, maximum, minimum
and z-scores?
Sample question answer:
Any value that is a measure of location or a measure of spread will be affected by
the multiplication of the original data by a constant. However the z-score will not
be affected by any change. Therefore, all the values will get multiplied by 1000
except for the z-score which remains the same.

Date 02-10-19 | Level N | 9

13. Reference: Ace the AP Stat Chapter 2.3
Each person in a random sample of adults was asked how many DVDs he or she owned.
Summary statistics are given below.
Variable N Mean Median TrMean StDev SE Mean
DVDs 117 129.4 50.0 76.5 323.6 29.2

Variable Minimum Maximum Q1 Q3

DVDs 0.0 3000.0 30.0 95.0

Answer the following questions based on the above statistics.

1. Seventy five percent of the adults owned less than how many DVDs?
2. Are there any outliers on any side of the distribution?
3. Fifty percent of the adults own between how many DVDs?
4. What is the shape of the distribution of DVDs?
Sample question answer:
1. 75% of the adults owned at most 95 DVS because the upper quartile is
95.0. Therefore Seventy five percent of the adults owned less than 95
DVDs.
2. Using the rule that outliers lie 1.5 (Interquartile Range) beyond the nearer
quartile yields
30 – 1.5 (95 - 30) = - 67.5
95 + 1.5 (95 - 30) = 192.5
Any values less than – 67.5 or greater than 192.5 are considered to be
outliers. Since the maximum is 3000, then there is at least one outlier on the
upper side of the distribution. However, there are no outliers on the lower
side since the minimum is zero. Therefore there are outliers on one side of
the distribution.
3. Fifty percent of the adults owning how many DVDs can be found in several
ways from the given data. Here are some possibilities.

Fifty percent own

i. Between 0 and 50 DVDs.
ii. Between 30 and 95 DVDs
iii. Between 50 and 3000 DVDs
iv. Less than 30 DVDs and more than 95 DVDs
4. Since a graphical representation is not given, the shape of the distribution
can be determined from the quartiles and/or from the relationship of the
mean and median, the minimum and maximum.
Q1 – minimum < maximum – Q3
The shape is skewed to the right, but since there are outliers we need to
look at the relationship between the mean and the median. Mean > Median,
therefore the data is skewed to the right.

Date 02-10-19 | Level N | 10

14. Reference: Ace the AP Stat Chapter 2.3
The following boxplot show the age of teachers in a school. Identify the minimum
age, the age at the 25th percentile, the median age, the age at the 75th percentile and
the maximum age of the teachers.

Sample question answer:

The minimum age is approximately 33 years and the maximum age is
approximately 64 years old. The ages of the teachers at the 25th percentile and
70th percentile are approximately 44 years and 60 years respectively. The median
age is approximately 56 years old.

15. Reference: Ace the AP Stat Chapter 2.3

The number of earthquakes occurring in a particular region was recorded for each of
the last ten decades by the Earthquake seismology center. Summary measures are
shown below.
Min = 12 Max = 24
Lower quartile = 15 Upper quartile = 18
Median = 16 n = 10
Is the maximum or the minimum an outlier?
Sample question answer:
To find the outliers we will use the following rule.
Q1 – 1.5 (Interquartile Range)
Q3 + 1.5 (Interquartile Range)
15 – 1.5 (18 – 15) = 10.5
18 + 1.5 (18 – 15) = 22.5
Any values less than 10.5 or greater than 22.5 are outliers.
The maximum value of 24 is an outliers meaning there is at least one outlier in
the data.

Date 02-10-19 | Level N | 11

16. Reference: Ace the AP Stat Chapter 2.3
The graph below shows cumulative proportions plotted against land values (in dollars
per acre) for farms on sale in a rural community.

Identify the median, the lower quartile and the upper quartile from the cumulative
frequency curve.
Sample question answer:
The median lies at 50% of the distribution. The y-axis of the above diagram has
a label of cumulative production out of 1. This means that 50% of 1 is 0.5. and
therefore the median occurs when the cumulative production is 0.5. Using a
ruler, draw a line from 0.5 on the y-axis and parallel to the x-axis until it hits the
curve. Then from that point draw a line parallel to the y-axis that intersects the
x-axis. The point of intersection on the x-axis is the median.
The median value is approximately $1800.
Use the same procedure for the lower quartile except not take 25% of 1.
The lower quartile is approximately $1300.
Use the same procedure for the upper quartile except not take 75% of 1.
The upper quartile is approximately $2900.

17. Reference: Ace the AP Stat Chapter 2.1

What is the relationship between the mean and the median in each of the following
cases?
1. Skewed to the left
2. Skewed to the right
3. Symmetrical
Sample question answer:
1. When the data is skewed to the left, the mean is less than the median.
2. When the data is skewed to right, the mean is greater than the median.
3. When the data is symmetrical, the mean is equal to the median.

Date 02-10-19 | Level N | 12

18. Reference: Ace the AP Stat Chapter 2.3
In a boxplot, determine the type of skewness if
a) the difference between the maximum and the upper quartile is less than
the difference between the minimum and the lower quartile.
b) the difference between the maximum and the upper quartile is greater
than the difference between the minimum and the lower quartile.
c) the difference between the maximum and the upper quartile is equal to
the difference between the minimum and the lower quartile.
Sample question answer:
To determine skewness from a boxplot, use the following rules
1. If Q1 – minimum = Maximum – Q3 , then the distribution is said to have a
skewness that is symmetrical.
2. If Q1 – minimum > Maximum – Q3 , then the distribution is said to have a
skewness that is skewed to the left
3. If Q1 – minimum < Maximum – Q3 then the distribution is said to have a
skewness that is skewed to the right
The answers to the questions above are therefore
a. Skewed to the left
b. Skewed to the right
c. Symmetrical

19. Reference: Ace the AP Stat Chapter 2.1

Pocket money (per week), of the 35 students in Mrs. Robinson’s English class, are
shown in the table below.
Pocket Money $70 $80 $90 $100 $110 $120 $130 $140 $150 $160

Frequency 4 6 7 6 4 2 2 2 1 1

Determine the shape of the data for the pocket money.

Sample question answer:
Drawing a graphical representation is the best way to answer this question and
the best graphical representation to use is a histogram. Using your calculator,
draw a histogram using class widths of 10. When a histogram is drawn to
represent the data, it shows a graph that is skewed to the right. In addition, if
you calculate the mean and the median, the mean of the data is $100.57 and the
median is $100. This also concludes that the data is skewed to the right since
mean > median.

Date 02-10-19 | Level N | 13

20. Reference: Ace the AP Stat Chapter 2.1
Following is a histogram of grades on a physics exam.

Use the histogram to answer the following statements:

a) What is the approximate value of the median grade?
b) What is the approximate value of the mean?
c) Describe the shape of the data
Sample question answer:
Using relative frequencies, take the rectangle for the interval 60-70 to represent 2
students. The following grouped relative frequency can be constructed. {Please
note that any relative frequency can be constructed provided it is proportional to
all the data. For example if you take the rectangle for the interval 60-70 to
represent 5 students, then the interval for 80-90 will represent 12 students.}
Grades Relative Frequency
50-60 5
60-70 2
70-80 2
80-90 2
90-100 2

a. By calculation or simple counting the median grade lies at a cumulative

frequency of 6.5 which is in the interval 60-70. Hence an approximate
value for the median in this case will be is the midpoint of the interval 60-
70. This midpoint is 65.

b. Using the relative frequencies the mean can be calculated using the
midpoints of each interval. The midpoints are 55, 65, 75, 85 and 95.

55  5  65  2  75  2  85  2  95  2
mean   70.4
13
c. From the shape of the histogram the data is skewed to the right.

Date 02-10-19 | Level N | 14

21. Reference: Ace the AP Stat Chapter 2.5
The boxplots below summarize the distribution of SAT verbal and math scores among
students at a school in California.

Given the above parallel boxplots, answer the following questions:

a) Which scores had the larger range?
b) Which scores have the larger interquartile range?
c) 25% of the math scores are less than which mark among the verbal scores?
d) Describe the shapes of the math scores and the verbal scores.

Sample question answer:

a. The range of the math marks is 600 – 300 = 300. The range of the verbal
marks is 750 – 450=300. Both scores have the same range.
b. The interquartile range of the math marks is approximately 575 – 450 = 125.
The interquartile range of the verbal marks is approximately 675 – 525 =
150. The English marks have a larger interquartile range.
c. The lower quartile of math is 450 which is the minimum score for English.
Hence, 25% of the math scores are less than a mark of 450.
d. The math marks are skewed to the left while the verbal marks are
approximately symmetrical.

Date 02-10-19 | Level N | 15

22. Reference: Ace the AP Stat Chapter 2.5

The figure above summarizes the weights, in approximately 400 pine seedlings six
years after they were planted at a center for an environmental study. Approximately
half of the trees were fertilized yearly, and the remaining trees were never fertilized.
Compare the interquartile range and the range for both fertilized and unfertilized
seeds. Discuss which types of seeds have more outliers.
Sample question answer:
Both types of seeds have a shape that is roughly symmetrical. The range of the
fertilized seeds is approximately 245 – 30 = 215 and the range of the unfertilized
seeds is also approximately 225 – 10 = 215. Hence the two ranges are equal but
this is due to the outliers. It is clear from the diagram and with no need for
calculation that the fertilized seeds have a smaller interquartile range. The
fertilized seeds however have more outliers.

Date 02-10-19 | Level N | 16

23. Reference: Ace the AP Stat Chapter 2.5
Professor James gave the same test to his three sections of statistics students. On the
35-question test, the highest score was 32 and the lowest was 15.

Answer the following questions:

a) The highest score in section three is the same and the upper quartile of
which section?
b) At least what percent of the scores in section 3 are higher than all of the
scores in section 1?
c) List the three sections in ascending order for the interquartile range.
Sample question answer:
a. The highest score in section 3 is roughly 32 and this is the same as the
upper quartile of section 2.
b. The maximum score in section 1 is approximately 23. The median score of
section 3 is approximately 24 and so all the scores in section 1 are lower
than at least 50% of the scores in section 3.
c. By comparing the interquartile range, the smallest one is section 2
followed by section 1. The largest interquartile range is section 3.

Date 02-10-19 | Level N | 17

Date 02-10-19 | Level N | 18