Logic and Selection

LN #2
(3 Hrs)
Variables, Sequence
Boolean Logic & Selection
CTPS 2018
Department of CSE,Coimbatore
Objectives
❖To understand variables and their values.
❖To study the computational structure, form and
functional elements for sequence & selection.

❖To learn Boolean logic.
Variables
A variable is like a box , a place holder, a memory
location where is stored data in.
Let answer be a variable
Get the value from user. Let us say the user types 2
The value 2 is stored in the variable answer
Access the value 2 stored in variable answer and do
some processing
if (answer is equal to 2)
then print "You chose to go left "
else print " a most dangerous path"
Variable x
X=0
X = X+1
X=0
X = X+1
X=0
X = X+1
X=0
X = X+1
X=0
X = X+1
Sequence
Is a series of steps that take place one
after another.
1. Enter the name
2. Enter mark1
3. Enter mark2
4. Enter mark3
5. Total = mark1+mark2+mark3
6. Average = Total / 3
Department of CSE,Coimbatore 7. Print Total, Average
✓Normally, statements in a
program are executed
sequentially, in the order
that they were written.
✓Many solutions feature several choices or decisions.
✓These decisions lead to different paths .
✓These paths represent the result of making a choice.

Selection
Is a decision
▪ Decisions may be answered as:
Yes or No
True or False
▪ Based on the answer ( Y/N or T/F) a path is

chosen
Robots are “dumb”…
• What does a robot need to know, to solve a maze?
• What commands and behaviors would be useful?
R
R
THERE IS EMPTY SPACE
R
MOVE FORWARD
Conditionals
Boolean Value
✓Anything that results in TRUE or FALSE can go into

the if part of a conditional
Boolean Logic
• A way to figure out the truth of an expression using the

simple concept of TRUE or FALSE.
• Boolean logic means you are working with stuff that is

either TRUE or FALSE.
• Consider sunny_day.
• A day can either be sunny or not. so, sunny_day can be
either TRUE or FALSE.
• sunny_day is a Boolean Variable that can have a Boolean
Value( TRUE or FALSE).
▪ Now, say you want to go body surfing at the beach,

▪ but you don't want to go when it's cold or rainy, just
when it is sunny.
✓ You can use Boolean logic…
Boolean Expression
IF (sunny_day)
THEN go body surfing at the beach
✓The Boolean expression sunny_day will

have a truth value of TRUE or FALSE
• Now let's say you don't swim so well…. You
need to have your water_wings on too.
• You now add water_wings to the conditional.
Boolean Expression
IF (sunny_day) AND (water_wings)

Boolean Expression

✓The Boolean expression will have a truth

value of TRUE or FALSE
Boolean Expression

• If both of sunny_day and water_wings are TRUE,

then the output (truth value) is TRUE
ie, you head to the beach…..
• But if even one of these are FALSE, then the
output (truth value) is FALSE
ie,you stay home and dream of the
beach ☺
Operator AND
✓Everything has to be TRUE
• true AND true = true

• true AND false AND true = false
• false AND false = false
Operator OR
✓Only one thing has to be TRUE
• true OR true = true

• true OR false OR true = true
• false OR false = false
Expressions
• An expression is simply one or more variables and/or
constants joined by operators
• An expression is evaluated and produces a result
• The result of all arithmetic expressions are either
integers or reals
• An expression can also yield a result that is either
true or false- BOOLEAN
• Such an expression is called a relational expression
• The result reflects how something "relates to”
something else.
32 Department of CSE
"Is the value of x greater than the value of y?“
• Note that the preceding poses a question.

• Relational expressions are usually intended to
answer yes/no, or true/false, questions.
• Obviously, boolean values and boolean variables
play an important role in relational expressions.
Operators
To build relational expressions, two types of operators are used,
relational operators and logical operators
Relational operators
Logical operators
Expression Value of expression
3<4 True
7.6 <= 9 True
4 == 7 False
8.3 != 2.1 True
Initial Expression Value of
values expression
a=3 a ==b False
b=4 c< d True
c=5 (a==b) && (c<d) False
d=6 (a==b) && (c<d) True
result = (a==b) && (c<d) False

!result true
Truth assignment: TRUE or FALSE
Let,
(a = b && c == d)) be statement 1
(a = b

are conditions to be checked for TRUE or FALSE
to determine the truth value of the entire expression
Logical expression
(a = b && c == d))……………statement 1
(a < b || c == d) …………….. statement 2
# A. Let, a is less than b be True
• We inspect the first of the two conditions (a < b) to see if

it is true
• It is true in both statements 1 and 2
• TRUE is returned by both the statements
# B. Let, a is less than b be FALSE
In statement 1 :
We inspect the second of the two conditions
(a >= b && c == d) to see if it is true
• We are asking whether both a >= b AND

c == d are true
• If a = b is of course true
✓Therefore whether true or false is returned entirely depends on
the condition : c == d
• If c == d is true then true is returned

[ as a = b is true ]
the statement 1 returns true
• If c == d is false and false is returned

[ as a = b is true ]
the statement 1 returns false
In statement 2 :
We inspect the second of the two conditions c == d
• If c == d is true then true is returned

a < b is false,
the statement 2 returns true
• If c == d is false and false is returned

as a < b is false,
the statement 2 returns false
Evaluate the Boolean expressions
1. (T AND (NOT F) OR (T AND (NOT F)))
2. ((NOT F) OR (F AND (NOT T)) AND F)
✓Can you say how many choices are available for selection?
Multiple Choices
One Choice
Two Choices
Multiple Choices
Selection Statements
• Selection statement gives a program the ability to
choose which instruction(s) to next execute
based on conditions.
Types
• 1-Way selection (if statement).
• 2-Way selection (if-else statement).
• Multi-Way selection (or n-way selection,
switch/case).
Considerations
• What is the form and type of expression that
controls the selection?
• How are clauses specified if at all?
• If nesting is allowed, how is it specified and
implemented?
One-Way Selection
• The if structure is a one-way selection structure.
• When a control expression in an if statement is evaluated to
be true, the statements associated with the structure are
executed.
•
IF condition
THEN actions
ENDIF
Figure: Selection - One Way
IF (I have a fishing pole)
THEN I am going fishing
ENDIF
IF (orderAmount < 40 )
THEN ShippingCost =10
ENDIF
Model the following using one-way selection structure:
▪ England will qualify for the quarter-finals with Portugal if
they win or draw with Romania.

▪ If the shop has Croissants buy croissants and leave the shop.
▪ If you like salty food then add the amount of salt you prefer.
IF England wins/draws with Romania
THEN They will qualify for quarter-finals with
Portugal
IF the shop has Chips

THEN buy Chips
IF you like salty food

THEN add the amount of salt you prefer
Two-Way Selection
• The if/else structure is a two-way selection structure.
• If the control expression in the if statement evaluates to
true, one block of statements is executed; otherwise
(else), another block is executed.
IF condition
THEN if-true actions
ELSE if- false actions
ENDIF
Figure: Selection - Two Way
IF (the sun is shining)
THEN I will go fishing
ELSE I will play computer games
IF (orderAmount < 40 )
THEN ShippingCost = 10
ELSE ShippingCost = 0
ENDIF
Model using Two-Way selection structure:
If there is a fire outside the door then go to another exit.

Otherwise, remove the flap covering the handle, turn the handle,
pull the door into the plane and throw it out the doorway, as far
away as possible.
IF there is a fire outside the door
THEN Go to another exit.
ELSE
1. Remove the flap covering the handle.
2. Turn the handle.
3. Pull the door into the plane
4. Throw it out the doorway, as far away
as possible
Complex Conditionals
Selection from Multiple Choices
✓1
✓ The problem of determining a students

letter grade given the numerical grade.
Consider the requirements for computing shipping cost based on
the information given in table(Shipping Cost Policy)
IF (orderAmount > 0 AND orderAmount < 20 )
ELSE
IF (orderAmount >= 20 AND orderAmount < 40)
ELSE ShippingCost = 0
ENDIF
ENDIF
Find the largest of the three numbers A,B and C
IF ( A >B )
THEN IF ( A > C )
THEN print A is largest
ELSE print Cis largest
END IF
ELSE IF ( B > C )
THEN print B is largest
ELSE print C is largest
END IF
END IF
Model using Multi-Way selection structure:
The phone systems giving you instructions in this form.The message
will say something like this:
1. If you wish to buy a ticket then press 1.
2. If you wish to listen to some music then press 2.
3. If you wish to listen to recorded information then press 3.
4. If you wish to speak to an operator then press 4.
5. If you wish to exit press 5.
if ( you wish to buy a ticket )
then press 1
else if ( you wish to listen to some music )
then press 2
else if ( you wish to listen to recorded information )
then press 3
else if ( you wish to speak to the operator )
then press 4
else press 5
.
Calculate the sales tax and total amount due for different
tax codes.
tax code 0: sales_tax = 0
tax code 1: sales_tax = purch_amt * 0.03
Model using appropriate selection structure:
1. IF the user has struck the Confirm Purchase button,THEN initiate

billing procedures.
2. IF the camera sensor detects adequate exposure,THEN close the

camera shutter.
3. IF a song has just finished playing,THEN begin playing the next

song in the playlist.
4. Shop opening timings
5. Which selection structure is suitable for allowing the users to

perform basic operations(add, sub, mul, div, modulo
division)?......Can you model it?
4.
if the day is Monday then the opening hours are 8am-8pm.
elseif the day is Tuesday then opening hours are 8am-12pm.
elseif the day is Wednesday then opening hours are 8am-8pm.
elseif the day is Thursday then opening hours are 8am-8pm.
elseif the day is Friday then opening hours are
8am-8pm.
elseif the day is Saturday then opening
hours are 9am-5pm.
else the day is Sunday and the
opening hours are 10am-4pm.
Predict the output
What has been described?
• Variables and values
• Sequence and Selection
• Expressions & Operators
• Boolean logic
• IF construct
Credits
•Programming Languages,2nd edition,Tucker and Noonan
•www.cse.msu.edu/ Organization of Programming Languages-Cheng (Fall 2004)
•Computing Without Computers,A Gentle Introduction to Computer
• Programming,Data Structures and Algorithms,Version 0.15,Paul Curzon
Department of CSE,Coimbatore •Google images

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LN #2

❖To understand variables and their values.

❖To study the computational structure, form and

functional elements for sequence & selection.

The value 2 is stored in the variable answer

✓These decisions lead to different paths .

✓These paths represent the result of making a choice.

▪ Based on the answer ( Y/N or T/F) a path is

✓Anything that results in TRUE or FALSE can go into

• A way to figure out the truth of an expression using the

• Boolean logic means you are working with stuff that is

▪ Now, say you want to go body surfing at the beach,

✓The Boolean expression sunny_day will

• You now add water_wings to the conditional.

IF (sunny_day) AND (water_wings)

IF (sunny_day) AND (water_wings)

✓The Boolean expression will have a truth

IF (sunny_day) AND (water_wings)

• If both of sunny_day and water_wings are TRUE,

✓Everything has to be TRUE

• true AND true = true

✓Only one thing has to be TRUE

• true OR true = true

• Note that the preceding poses a question.

result = (a==b) && (c<d) False

In the statements 1 and 2: a < b , c == d, a >= b

(a < b || c == d) …………….. statement 2

# A. Let, a is less than b be True

• We inspect the first of the two conditions (a < b) to see if

• We are asking whether both a >= b AND

• If c == d is true then true is returned

• If c == d is false and false is returned

• If c == d is true then true is returned

• If c == d is false and false is returned

1. (T AND (NOT F) OR (T AND (NOT F)))

2. ((NOT F) OR (F AND (NOT T)) AND F)

▪ England will qualify for the quarter-finals with Portugal if

they win or draw with Romania.

IF the shop has Chips

IF you like salty food

If there is a fire outside the door then go to another exit.

✓ The problem of determining a students

1. IF the user has struck the Confirm Purchase button,THEN initiate

2. IF the camera sensor detects adequate exposure,THEN close the

3. IF a song has just finished playing,THEN begin playing the next

5. Which selection structure is suitable for allowing the users to

• Sequence and Selection

• Expressions & Operators

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