Lecture Outline

Organization of the Body

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 After this lecture, you should be able to

1. Use anatomical term to reference the

position of organ
2. appreciate different organ systems and
regions in human body
3. Distinguish between “visceral” and
“parietal” membrane
4. Understand different abdominopelvic
regions
5. Homeostasis: negative & positive
feedback
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 Outline
1. Define anatomy 解剖 and physiology
生理
2. Levels of organization 組織
3. Anatomical terms 解剖學上的術語
-directional terms, regions, planes
and sections
4. Cavities 空腔 and membranes 膜
5. Body System
6. Homeostasis 體內平衡
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1.1 The Human Body

We should understand the structural

and functional relationship between
different part of human body

o Anatomy解剖– structure of a body

part
o Physiology生理– function of a body
part

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 Organization of Body Parts

o Levels of Organization
• Chemical 化學上 (e.g. protein)
• Cellular 細胞 (e.g. myocardiac cells)
• Tissue 組織 (e.g. myocardiac fiber)
• Organs 器官 (e.g. heart)
• Organ Systems 器官系統
(e.g. cardiovascular
system: heart, blood
vessels, capillaries,
blood, etc)
• Organism 生物 (e.g whole human body) 5
 Levels of organization

Chemical

Cellular

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1.2 Anatomical Terms 解剖學上的術語

Used to describe:
o Location of body parts *
o Regions of the body
o Imaginary planes 平面 by which the
body can be sectioned (divided)

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Anatomical Terms

Anatomical position –
common reference for all
anatomical terms

1. Stand erect
2. Face forward
3. Arms at sides N

4. Palms and toes

directed forward

S
 Anatomical Terms I - Directional Terms
1.Proximal=closer to the trunk軀幹;
Distal=further away from the trunk

2. Superior=closer to the head;

Inferior=further away from the head

3. Medial=closer to the midline;

Lateral=further away from the midline

4. Anterior (ventral前)=front;
Posterior (dorsal後) =back

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Anatomical terms I - Directional Terms

5. Superficial = closer to surface;

Deep = further away from the surface

6. Central = situated at the center of the body;

Peripheral = situated away from the center of the
body (e.g. central nervous system and peripheral
nervous system)

7. Ipsilateral = same side 同側 ;

Contralateral = other side 對側
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上 中 接近軀幹 表面

下 側 遠離軀幹 內部

同側 對側
Anatomical Terms II - Regions of the Body

o Axial portion 軸心–

head, neck, and
trunk (Body)
o Appendicular portion
四肢 – upper and
lower limbs

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 Axial portion Axial portion

•Cephalic 頭部的 •Abdominal 腹部的 •Thoracic 胸的 •Lumbar 腰的 13

•Cervical 頸的 •Pelvic 骨盆的 •Sacral 骶骨的
 o Appendicular portion

•Brachial 臂的, 上肢的 •Femoral 股骨的 •Popliteal 膝後窩的 14

•Palmar 掌的 •Plantar 足底的
Anatomical Terms III - Planes and Sections

o Sagittal(median) 中間
plane – divides body
into right and left
portions
o Frontal (coronal) 皇冠
plane – divides body
into anterior and
posterior portions
o Transverse (horizontal)
橫切面plane – divides
body into superior and
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inferior portions
 1.3 Body Cavities and Membranes

o Posterior (dorsal)
• Cranial 顱的 cavity –
contains the brain
• Vertebral 脊椎的
canal – contains the
spinal cord脊髓
• Meninges 腦膜 –
membranous layers
lining dorsal body
cavity

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 Body Cavities and Membranes

Anterior (ventral)
Thoracic cavity
 Medial portion
(mediastinum) 縱隔 –
contains the heart,
thymus gland 胸腺,
trachea 氣管,
esophagus 食道, and
other structures
 Right and left
portions – contain the (mediastinum)
lungs 肺

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 Body Cavities and Membranes

o Anterior (ventral)
• Abdominopelvic cavity 腹骨盆的空腔
 Superior portion (abdominal cavity) –
contains the stomach 胃, liver 肝, spleen 脾,
gallbladder膽囊, and most of the small and
large intestines大腸
 Inferior portion
(pelvic cavity) – contains the
rectum 直腸,
urinary bladder膀胱,
internal reproductive organs
生殖器官,
and the rest of the large intestine
大腸
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Body Membranes

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 Body Cavities and Membranes
o Parietal serous o Visceral serous
membrane體壁漿膜–
line walls of anterior
body cavities
• Thoracic cavity
 Parietal Pleura 胸膜壁層–
lines thoracic cavity
 Parietal pericardium 心包
壁層– creates pericardial
心包的cavity
• Abdominopelvic cavity
 Parietal peritoneum 腹膜
壁層– lines the wall of the
abdominal cavity
membrane內臟漿膜 –
covers organs of the
anterior body cavity
• Thoracic cavity
 Visceral pleura肺胸膜–
covers lung tissue
 Visceral pericardium 心
外膜– covers heart
• Abdominopelvic cavity
 Visceral peritoneum腹膜
臟層 – covers many
organs in
abdominopelvic cavity
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Body Regions: Abdominopelvic regions

Nine regions & Four quadrants

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1.4 Organ Systems

Support, Movement, and

Protection
oIntegumentary System
皮膚系統
oSkeletal System 骨骼系統
oMuscular System 肌肉系統

Integration and Coordination

oNervous System 神經系統
oEndocrine System 內分泌系統
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 Organ Systems

Maintenance of the Body

o Cardiovascular System 心血管系統
o Lymphatic System
o Respiratory System 呼吸系統
o Digestive System 消化系統
o Urinary System 泌尿系統

Reproduction 生殖 & Development 發展

o Male Reproductive System
o Female Reproductive System

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1.5 Homeostasis 體內平衡

Homeostasis is the relative constancy 不變

of the body’s internal environment
o External conditions may change
dramatically
o Internal conditions stay within a narrow
range
o Dynamic equilibrium 動態平衡 – internal
conditions are not absolutely constant
o Illness results if internal conditions
change to any great degree
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 Homeostasis

Components of
homeostatic
mechanisms
• Sensor 感應器– detects a
change in the internal
environment =18.9 oC
• Control center 控制中心–
activates the effector
• Effector 受動器– produces
a response to the change

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Homeostasis I: Negative Feedback負反饋
o Primary homeostatic mechanism
o Effector reverses the change in the
internal environment

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動脈的

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 Negative feedback
o is the primary homeostatic mechanism
that keeps a variable close to a particular
value, or set point.
o If the sensor detects a change in the
external or internal environment, it alerts
the control center. The control center
activates the effector and the effector
reverses the initial change and brings
conditions back to normal again. The
sensor is no longer activated now. That
is effector reverses the change in the
internal environment. 29
 Homeostasis II: Positive Feedback 正反饋
o Effector continues to stimulate the sensor so
that a greater change in the internal
environment occurs
o Helps in completing a process that has a
cutoff point
• Blood clotting 凝結
• Childbirth
**Can be harmful

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 Homeostasis II : Positive feedback

o also triggers the control centre by sensor.

o The control center then activates the
effector. However, the effector continues
to stimulate the sensor so that a greater
change in the internal environment
occurs.
o The mechanism can be harmful and has
definite cutoff point. e.g. Blood clotting,
Child birth.

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Homeostasis and Body Systems

o All body systems contribute towards

maintaining homeostasis
o Disease occurs when homeostasis fails
• Local disease – restricted to a specific part of
the body
• Systemic 全身/ 系統的 disease – affects
several organ systems or the entire body
• Acute 急性的 disease – occurs suddenly and
last a short time
• Chronic 慢性的 disease – develops slowly over
a long term
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