Solution Manual for

Structural Dynamics:
Theory and Computation

Sixth Edition

Mario Paz and Young Hoon Kim

1.1

If the weight w is displaced by amount, y, the beam and the springs will exert a total force
on the mass of
3𝐸𝐼
𝑃 = # ( + 2𝑘, 𝑢
𝐿

The beam and springs act in parallel. The equivalent stiffness is:

𝑃 3𝐸𝐼
𝑘. = = # ( + 2𝑘,
𝑢 𝐿

Natural frequency:

𝑘 𝑔 3𝐸𝐼
𝜔=0 = 0 # ( + 2𝑘,
𝑚 𝑊 𝐿

Natural period:

2𝜋 𝑊 𝐿
𝑇= = 2𝜋𝐿0 # ,
𝜔 𝑔 3𝐸𝐼 + 2𝑘𝐿(

1.2

Stiffness:

3𝐸𝐼 3 × 109
𝑘. = # ( + 2𝑘, = + 2 × 1000 = 4,300 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛.
𝐿 100(

Natural frequency:
𝑘 4300 × 386
𝜔=0 =0 = 23.52 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑚 3000

Free vibration response of undamped oscillator:

𝑢̇ O
𝑢(𝑡) = 𝑢O 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡
𝜔

1
 𝑢̇ (𝑡) = −𝑢O 𝜔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 + 𝑢̇ O 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡

Displacement and velocity at 𝑡 = 1𝑠𝑒𝑐 with the initial values

𝑢O = 1 𝑖𝑛. , 𝑢̇ O = 20 𝑖𝑛./𝑠𝑒𝑐:

20
𝑢(1) = 1 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠(23.5 ∙ 1) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛(23.5 ∙ 1) = −0.89 𝑖𝑛.
23.5
𝑢̇ (1) = −1 ∙ 23.5𝑠𝑖𝑛(23.5 ∙ 1) + 20𝑐𝑜𝑠(23.5 ∙ 1) = 22.66 𝑖𝑛./𝑠𝑒𝑐

1.3

The stiffness of the beam is

12𝐸𝐼W 3𝐸(2𝐼X ) 12 ∙ (30 ∙ 10Z ) ∙ 170.9 3 ∙ (30 ∙ 10Z ) ∙ 82.5

𝑘=V ( + Y= + = 25,577 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛.
𝐿 𝐿( 144( 144(

Natural frequency:

1 𝑘 1 25,577 × 386
𝑓= 0 = 0 = 2.24 𝑐𝑝𝑠
2𝜋 𝑚 2𝜋 50,000

1.4

a) Infinitely rigid horizontal member

Stiffness:

12𝐸𝐼 12 ∙ (30 ∙ 10Z ) ∙ 171

𝑘 = 2# ( , = = 21,100 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛.
𝐿 (12 ∙ 15)(

Natural frequency:

2
 𝑘 21,100 × 386
𝜔=0 =0 = 18.05 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑚 25,000

𝜔
𝑓= = 2.87 𝑐𝑝𝑠
2𝜋

b) Flexible horizontal member consisting of W18X30

Compute the stiffness by moment distribution method. Displace the frame horizontally by
one inch and determine the stiffness of the frame as the sum of the shear forces in both
columns. Take advantage of the symmetry by modifying the stiffness of horizontal member
by factor 3/2.

Distribution factors

4𝐸𝐼 4𝐸
𝑘^_ = = ∙ 171 → 171 → 0.1244
𝐿 𝐿

4𝐸𝐼 3 4𝐸 3
𝑘^a = = ∙ ∙ 802 → 1203 → 0.8756
𝐿 2 𝐿 2

Fixed end moments:

0.1244 0.8756
C
950 B
6𝐸𝐼 6 ∙ (30 ∙ 10Z ) ∙ 170.9 -118
𝑀^_ = 𝑀_^ = = -832
𝐿X (12 ∙ 15)X -832
832
= 950 (𝑘 − 𝑖𝑛. )

Shear force:

832 + 891
𝑘= ∙ 2 = 19.14 𝑘𝑖𝑝/𝑖𝑛. A
180 950 D
-59
Natural frequency:
891

1 𝑘 1 19,140 × 386
𝑓= 0 = 0 = 2.74 𝑐𝑝𝑠
2𝜋 𝑚 2𝜋 25,000

Note:
1. Assuming a flexible girder decreases the natural frequency by only

3
 2.74
1− = 0.05 = 5%
2.87

2. Adding the weight of the girder and half of the weight of the two columns decrease the
natural frequency by:

15
𝑊 = 25,000 + 50 ∙ 15 + 2 ∙ 33 ∙ = 26,2456 𝑙𝑏
2

1 𝑘 1 19,140 × 386
𝑓= 0 = 0 = 2.67 𝑐𝑝𝑠
2𝜋 𝑚 2𝜋 26,245

2.67
1− = 0.05 = 2.5%
2.74

1.5

Stiffness coefficient:

12𝐸𝐼 192 ∙ 𝐸𝐼
𝑘 = 2# ,=
(2⁄𝐿)( (𝐿)(

Natural frequency:
𝑘 192 ∙ 𝐸𝐼𝑔
𝜔=0 =0
𝑚 (𝐿)( 𝑊

𝜔 4 3 ∙ 𝐸𝐼𝑔
𝑓= = 0 (
2𝜋 𝜋 (𝐿) 𝑊

1.6
𝑘 192 ∙ 10e ∙ 386
𝜔=0 =0 = 92.61 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑚 (120)( ∙ 5,000

𝑢̇ O 15
𝑢(𝑡 = 2) = 𝑢O 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 = 0.5 cos(92.61 ∙ 2) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛(92.61 ∙ 2)
𝜔 92.61

𝑢(𝑡 = 2) = −0.474 𝑖𝑛.

4

𝑢̇ (𝑡) = −𝑢O 𝜔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 + 𝑢̇ O 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡 = −92.61 ∙ 0.5 ∙ sin(92.61 ∙ 2) + 15𝑐𝑜𝑠(92.61 ∙ 2)

𝑢̇ (𝑡 = 2) = −21.05 𝑖𝑛./𝑠𝑒𝑐

𝑢̈ (𝑡) = −𝜔X 𝑢O 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡 − 𝑢̇ O 𝜔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 = −𝜔X 𝑢(𝑡)

𝑢̈ (𝑡 = 2) = 4,665 𝑖𝑛./𝑠𝑒𝑐 X

1.7

T
l 𝑀m = 𝐼 ∙ 𝛼

𝛼 = 𝑎𝑣𝑔. 𝑎𝑐𝑐.

−𝑚 ∙ 𝑔 ∙ 𝐿 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑚 ∙ 𝐿X ∙ 𝜃̈

For 𝜃 small, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ≈ 𝜃

W= mg
𝑔
0 = 𝜃̈ + ∙𝜃
𝐿

𝜃ṁ
𝜃 = 𝜃m 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡
𝜔

s
Where 𝜔 = r t is the natural frequency.

5
1.8

l 𝑀m = 𝐼 ∙ 𝛼
𝑘𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 mg

−𝑘 ∙ 𝑎 ∙ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 ∙ 𝑎 + 𝑚 ∙ 𝑔 ∙ 𝐿 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑚 ∙ 𝐿X ∙ 𝜃̈

For 𝜃 small, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ≈ 𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 ≈ 𝜃 L

a 𝜃

𝑚 ∙ 𝐿X ∙ 𝜃̈ + (𝑘 ∙ 𝑎X − 𝑚 ∙ 𝑔 ∙ 𝐿)𝜃 = 0

1 𝑘 ∙ 𝑎X − 𝑚 ∙ 𝑔 ∙ 𝐿
𝑓= 0
2𝜋 𝑚 ∙ 𝐿X

Note: If 𝑚 ∙ 𝑔 ∙ 𝐿 > 𝑘 ∙ 𝑎X , the inverted pendulum is unstable.

6
1.13
The deflection curve may be assumed to have the shape shown in Fig. 1.13 (a), which is bend
due to a force at the top of the pole.

In this case the slope 𝜃 at the tip is given as

𝑃𝐿X
𝜃=
2𝐸𝐼

and the displacement 𝛿 as

𝑃𝐿(
𝛿=
3𝐸𝐼
d
P y
ky

𝜃 mg
a a
a 𝜃 Ry
O
Rx
O
Fig. 1.13 (b) Fig. 1.13 (c)
O

Fig. 1.13 (a)

The distance 𝑎 is

𝛿 2
𝑎= = 𝐿
𝜃 3

and is independent of 𝜃. Go a first approximation: therefore, it may be assumed that the

system is essentially equivalent to that of Fig. 1.13 (b) in which the stiffness is given by

𝑃 3𝐸𝐼
𝑘= = (
𝛿 𝐿

From Fig. 1.13 (c) taking moments about O,

7
 l 𝑀m = 𝐼 ∙ 𝛼

−𝑘 ∙ 𝑎 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ∙ 𝑎 + 𝑚 ∙ 𝑔 ∙ 𝐿 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑚 ∙ 𝑎X ∙ 𝜃̈

For small 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ≈ 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ≈ 𝜃 𝑦 = 𝑎𝜃

Then
𝑚 ∙ 𝑎X ∙ 𝜃̈ + (𝑘 ∙ 𝑎X − 𝑚 ∙ 𝑔 ∙ 𝑎)𝜃 = 0

1 𝑘 𝑔 1 3𝐸𝐼 3𝑔
𝑓= 0 − = 0 −
2𝜋 𝑚 𝑎 2𝜋 𝑚𝐿( 2𝐿

1.15

Case a)

The spring constant 𝑘x for the beam is

3𝐸𝐼
𝑘x =
𝐿(

Springs are in series, therefore the equivalent stiffness is

1 1 1 1 𝐿( 3𝐸𝐼 + 𝑘𝐿(
= + = + =
𝑘. 𝑘 𝑘x 𝑘 3𝐸𝐼 3𝐸𝐼 × 𝑘

3𝐸𝐼 × 𝑘
𝑘. =
3𝐸𝐼 + 𝑘𝐿(

Natural frequency:

1 𝑘. 1 3𝐸𝐼 ∙ 𝑘 ∙ 𝑔
𝑓= 0 = 0
2𝜋 𝑚 2𝜋 (3𝐸𝐼 + 𝑘𝐿( )𝑊

Case b)

The spring constant of the beam is

8
 48𝐸𝐼
𝑘x =
𝐿(

Springs are in series, therefore the equivalent stiffness is

1 1 1 1 𝐿( 48𝐸𝐼 + 𝑘𝐿(
= + = + =
𝑘. 𝑘 𝑘x 𝑘 48 ∙ 𝐸𝐼 48𝐸𝐼 ∙ 𝑘

Natural frequency:

1 𝑘. 1 48𝐸𝐼 ∙ 𝑘 ∙ 𝑔
𝑓= 0 = 0
2𝜋 𝑚 2𝜋 (48𝐸𝐼 + 𝑘 ∙ 𝐿( )𝑊

Case c)

Deflection of simply supported beam with load P is

𝑃 ∙ 𝑎X ∙ 𝑏X
𝛿=
3𝐸𝐼 ∙ 𝐿

So
𝑃 3𝐸𝐼
𝑘= = X X
𝛿 𝑎 𝑏

and

1 3𝐸𝐼 ∙ 𝐿 ∙ 𝑔
𝑓= 0
2𝜋 𝑎X 𝑏 X ∙ 𝑊

Case d)

Stiffness of the beam, from case c)

3𝐸𝐼𝐿
𝑘x =
𝑎X 𝐿X

9
Spring in series:

1 1 1 1 𝑎X 𝑏X 3𝐸𝐼 + 𝑘 ∙ 𝑎X 𝑏 X
= + = + =
𝑘. 𝑘 𝑘x 𝑘 3𝐸𝐼 ∙ 𝐿 3𝐸𝐼 ∙ 𝑘 ∙ 𝐿

Natural frequency:

1 𝑘. 1 3𝐸𝐼 ∙ 𝑘 ∙ 𝑔
𝑓= 0 = 0
2𝜋 𝑚 2𝜋 (3𝐸𝐼 ∙ 𝐿 + 𝑘 ∙ 𝑎X 𝑏 X )𝑊

10
1.16
u1 u2

𝑚W 𝑢̈ W 𝑚W 𝑢̈ X
𝑘(𝑢X − 𝑢W )

Newton’s Law gives: ∑ 𝐹 = 0

𝑚W 𝑢̈ W − 𝑘(𝑢X − 𝑢W ) = 0 Eq.1

𝑚X 𝑢̈ X + 𝑘(𝑢X − 𝑢W ) = 0 Eq.2

Multiplying Eq. 1 by 𝑚X and Eq. 2 by 𝑚W , and subtract Eq. 1 from Eq. 2

𝑚W 𝑚X (𝑢̈ W − 𝑢̈ X ) − 𝑘(𝑚W + 𝑚X )(𝑢X − 𝑢W ) = 0

Let 𝑦 = 𝑢X − 𝑢W

1 1
𝑦̈ − 𝑘 # + ,𝑦 = 0
𝑚W 𝑚X

Natural frequency:

1 1 1
𝑓= 0𝑘 # + ,
2𝜋 𝑚W 𝑚X

11
2.1

The following numerical values are given:

𝐿 = 100 𝑖𝑛. 𝐸𝐼 = 109 𝑙𝑏. 𝑚X 𝑊 = 3,000 𝑙𝑏

𝑘 = 2,000 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛. 𝑢O = 1.0 𝑖𝑛. 𝑢̇ O = 20 𝑖𝑛./𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜉 = 0.15

Stiffness:

3𝐸𝐼 3 ∙ 109
𝑘. = + 2𝑘 = + 2 ∙ 2,000 = 4,300 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛.
𝐿( 100(

Natural frequency:

𝑘 4,300 ∙ 386
𝜔=0 =0 = 23.52 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑚 3,000
𝜔| = 𝜔}1 − 𝜉 X = 23.52}1 − 0.15X = 23.25 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐

Displacement and velocity after 𝑡 = 1 𝑠𝑒𝑐.

𝑢(𝑡) = 𝐶𝑒 •€•‚ cos (𝜔| 𝑡 − 𝛼)
𝑢̇ (𝑡) = −𝐶𝑒 •€•‚ [𝜉𝜔 cos(𝜔| 𝑡 − 𝛼) + 𝜔| sin (𝜔| 𝑡 − 𝛼)]
where
(𝑢̇ O + 𝑢O 𝜉𝜔)X (20 + 0.15 ∙ 23.52)X
𝐶 = 0𝑢O X + = 0 1X+ = 1.423 𝑖𝑛.
𝜔| X 23.52X

12
2.2
From problem 1.6

𝑘 192 ∙ 10e ∙ 386

𝜔=0 =0 = 92.61 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑚 (120)( ∙ 5,000

Natural frequency:
𝜔| = 𝜔}1 − 𝜉 X = 92.61}1 − 0.10X = 92.15 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐

𝑢(𝑡) = 𝐶𝑒 •€•‚ cos (𝜔| 𝑡 − 𝛼)

𝑢̇ (𝑡) = −𝐶𝑒 •€•‚ [𝜉𝜔 cos(𝜔| 𝑡 − 𝛼) + 𝜔| sin (𝜔| 𝑡 − 𝛼)]
𝑢̈ (𝑡) = 𝐶𝑒 •€•‚ [2𝜉𝜔 𝜔| sin(𝜔| 𝑡 − 𝛼) + (𝜉 X 𝜔X − 𝜔| X )cos (𝜔| 𝑡 − 𝛼)]

For initial conditions (𝑡 = 0 sec )

𝑢O = 0.5 𝑖𝑛. 𝑢̇ O = 15 𝑖𝑛./𝑠𝑒𝑐

(𝑢̇ O + 𝑢O 𝜉𝜔)X (15 + 0.5 ∙ 0.1 ∙ 92.61)X

𝐶 = 0𝑢O X + = 0 0.5X+ = 0.5435 𝑖𝑛.
𝜔| X 92.15X
𝑢̇ O + 𝑢O 𝜉𝜔 15 + 0.5 ∙ 0.1 ∙ 92.61
tan 𝛼 = = = 0.4261
𝜔| 𝑢O 0.5 ∙ 92.15
𝛼 = arctan(0.4261) = 23.08

Final conditions (𝑡 = 2 sec )

𝑒 •€•‚ = 𝑒 •O.W∙eX.ZW∙X = 9.0364 ∙ 10•e

cos(𝜔| 𝑡 − 𝛼) = cos (92.15 ∙ 2 − 23.077) = −0.9468
sin(𝜔| 𝑡 − 𝛼) = cos (92.15 ∙ 2 − 23.077) = 0.3219

𝑢(𝑡 = 2) = 0.5435 ∙ 9.0364 ∙ 10•e ∙ −0.9468

𝑢̇ (𝑡 = 2) = −0.5435 ∙ 9.0364 ∙ 10•e [−0.1 ∙ 92.61 ∙ 0.9468 + 92.15 ∙ 0.3219]
= −4.084 ∙ 10•9 𝑖𝑛./𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑢̈ (𝑡 = 2) = 0.5435 ∙ 9.0364
∙ 10•e [2 ∙ 0.1 ∙ 92.61 ∙ 92.15 ∙ 0.3219 − (0.1X ∙ 92.61X − 92.15X ) ∙ 0.9468]
= 4.18 ∙ 10•‰ 𝑖𝑛./𝑠𝑒𝑐 X

13
2.3

The following numerical values are given:

𝑘 = 200 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛.
𝑚 = 10 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 X /𝑖𝑛.

𝑐Š‹ = 2√𝑘𝑚 = 2√200 ∙ 10 = 89.443

𝑢W = 1.0 𝑖𝑛.
𝑢X = 0.95 𝑖𝑛.

𝑢W 1
𝛿 = 𝑙𝑛 = 𝑙𝑛 = 0.0513
𝑢X 0.95

𝛿 0.0513
𝜉= = = 0.00816
2𝜋 2𝜋

𝑐 = 𝜉 ∙ 𝑐Š‹ = 0.00816 ∙ 89.443 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑐/𝑖𝑛.

2.4

Ratio between first amplitude 𝑢O and amplitude after 𝑘 cycles:

𝑢O
𝑙𝑛
= 𝑘𝛿
𝑢•
1 𝑢O 1 1
𝛿 = 𝑙𝑛 = 𝑙𝑛 = 0.09163
𝑘 𝑢• 10 0.4

Damping:
𝛿 0.09163
𝜉= = = 0.01458
2𝜋 2𝜋

𝜉 = 1.5%

14
2.5

a) for 𝜉 = 1
ŠŽ•
𝑢 = (𝐶W + 𝐶X 𝑡)𝑒 •X•‚
𝑐Š‹ = 2𝑚𝜔
𝑢 = (𝐶W + 𝐶X 𝑡)𝑒 ••‚
𝑢̇ = −𝜔(𝐶W + 𝐶X 𝑡)𝑒 ••‚ + 𝐶X 𝑒 ••‚

At 𝑡 = 0
𝑢O = 𝐶W 𝑢̇ O = −𝜔𝐶W + 𝐶X

𝑢 = [𝑢O (1 + 𝜔𝑡) + 𝑢̇ O 𝑡]𝑒 ••‚

b) for 𝜉 > 1
𝑢 = 𝐶W 𝑒 ‘’‚ + 𝐶X 𝑒 ‘“‚

𝑃W 𝑐 𝑐 X 𝑘
=− ± 0• – −
𝑃X 2𝑚 2𝑚 𝑚

Š •
Using 𝜉 = Š 𝑐Š‹ = 2√𝑘𝑚 𝜔 = r•
Ž•

𝑃W
= −𝜉𝜔 ± 𝜔— | 𝜔′| = 𝜔}𝜉 X − 1
𝑃X

𝑢 = 𝑒 •€•‚ [𝐶W 𝑒 •—™‚ + 𝐶X 𝑒 ••—™‚ ]

•€•‚ •—™ ‚
𝑢̇ = −𝑒 𝜉𝜔[𝐶W 𝑒 + 𝐶X 𝑒 ••—™‚ ] + 𝑒 •€•‚ [𝜔′| 𝐶W 𝑒 •—™‚ − 𝐶X 𝜔′| 𝑒 ••—™‚ ]

at 𝑡 = 0;
𝑢O = 𝐶W + 𝐶X
𝑢̇ O = −𝜉𝜔(𝐶W + 𝐶X ) + 𝜔′| (𝐶W − 𝐶X )

Solving for 𝐶W and 𝐶X

š› ṧ › œ€•š› š› ṧ › œ€•š›
𝐶W = X
+ X•—™
; 𝐶X = X
− X•—™

𝑢O 𝑢̇ O + 𝜉𝜔𝑢O 𝑢O 𝑢̇ O + 𝜉𝜔𝑢O
𝑢 = 𝑒 •€•‚ •# + , (cosh(𝜔— | 𝑡) + sinh (𝜔— | 𝑡)) + # − , (cosh(𝜔— | 𝑡) − sinh (𝜔— | 𝑡))Ÿ
2 2𝜔′| 2 2𝜔′|
𝑢̇ O + 𝜉𝜔𝑢O
= 𝑒 •€•‚ •𝑢O cosh(𝜔— | 𝑡) + sinh (𝜔— | 𝑡)Ÿ
2𝜔′|

15
2.6

The following values are given:

𝑙𝑏
𝑘 = 30,000 𝜔 = 25 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑖𝑛.

Damping force:

𝐹| = 𝑐𝑢̇
𝐹| 1000 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑐= = = 1000
𝑢̇ 1.0 𝑖𝑛.
𝑘 𝑘 30,000 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 X
𝜔X = 𝑚 = X = = 48.0
𝑚 𝜔 25X 𝑖𝑛.
𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 X
𝑐Š‹ = 2√𝑘𝑚 = 2}30,000 ∙ 48.0 = 2,400
𝑖𝑛.
a)
𝑐 1000
𝜉= = = 0.4167
𝑐Š‹ 2400

b)
2𝜋 2𝜋
𝑇| = = = 0.2765 𝑠𝑒𝑐.
𝜔}1 − 𝜉 X 25√1 − 0.4167X
c)
𝛿 = 𝜉𝜔𝑇| = 0.4167 ∙ 25 ∙ 0.2767 = 2.8801
d)
𝑢W
𝑙𝑛 = 𝛿
𝑢X

𝑢W
= 𝑒 = 𝑒 X.99OW = 17.8161
𝑢X

16
2.7

The peaks occur whenever 𝑢̇ = 0.

𝑢(𝑡) = 𝐶𝑒 •€•‚ cos (𝜔| 𝑡 − 𝛼)

𝑢̇ (𝑡) = −𝐶𝑒 •€•‚ [𝜉𝜔 cos(𝜔| 𝑡 − 𝛼) + 𝜔| sin (𝜔| 𝑡 − 𝛼)]

𝑢̇ O = 0 say time 𝑡O

0 = [𝜉𝜔 cos(𝜔| 𝑡O − 𝛼) + 𝜔| sin (𝜔| 𝑡O − 𝛼)]

Then at time 𝑡 = 𝑡O + 𝑇|

𝑢̇ (𝑡O + 𝑇| ) = −𝐶𝑒 •€•(‚› œ¡™ ) [𝜉𝜔 cos(𝜔| 𝑡O + 𝜔| 𝑇| − 𝛼) + 𝜔| sin (𝜔| 𝑡O

+ 𝜔| 𝑇| − 𝛼)]

𝜔| 𝑇| = 2𝜋

Therefore, the bracket in 𝑢̇ (𝑡O + 𝑇| ) to equal to zero and there is a peak at this time. So peals
occurs at 2𝜋 interval in 𝜔| 𝑡

17
2.8
š¢
The ratio š may be written as
¢£¤

𝑢¥ 𝑢¥ 𝑢¥œW 𝑢¥œX 𝑢¥œ••W

= ∙ ∙ ⋯∙
𝑢¥œ• 𝑢¥œW 𝑢¥œX 𝑢¥œ( 𝑢¥œ•
Taken log on both sides

𝑢¥ 𝑢¥ 𝑢¥œW 𝑢¥œX 𝑢¥œ••W

𝑙𝑛 # , = 𝑙𝑛 • ∙ ∙ ⋯∙ Ÿ
𝑢¥œ• 𝑢¥œW 𝑢¥œX 𝑢¥œ( 𝑢¥œ•
𝑢¥ 𝑢¥œW 𝑢¥œX 𝑢¥œ••W
= 𝑙𝑛 # , + 𝑙𝑛 # , + 𝑙𝑛 # , + ⋯ + 𝑙𝑛 # ,
𝑢¥œW 𝑢¥œX 𝑢¥œ( 𝑢¥œ•

𝑢¥
𝑙𝑛 # , = 𝑘𝛿
𝑢¥œ•

18
2.10

a) The damping force is

𝐹| = 𝑐𝑢̇
𝑢̇ 100 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑐= = = 8.33
𝐹| 12 𝑖𝑛.
𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 X
𝑐Š‹ = 2√𝑘𝑚 = 2}3,000 ∙ 1 = 109.54
𝑖𝑛.
𝑐 8.33
𝜉= = = 0.076
𝑐Š‹ 109.54
b) The damping frequency is
𝜔| = 𝜔}1 − 𝜉 X = 57.77}1 − 0.076X = 54.61 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐

3000 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜔=0 = 57.77
1 𝑠𝑒𝑐

𝜔| 54.61
𝑓| = = = 8.69 𝑐𝑝𝑠
2𝜋 2𝜋
c) 𝛿 is

2𝜋𝜉 2𝜋 ∙ 0.076
𝛿= = = 0.48
}1 − 𝜉 X √1 − 0.076X
š’
d) š“
is
𝑢W
𝑙𝑛 # , = 𝛿 = 0.48
𝑢X

𝑢W
= 𝑒 = 𝑒 O.§9 = 1.61
𝑢X

19
2.11

From Problem 2.10

a)
a) The damping force is
𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 X
𝑐Š‹ = 2√𝑘𝑚 = 2}3,000 ∙ 1 = 109.54
𝑖𝑛.
𝑐 2
𝜉= = = 0.018
𝑐Š‹ 109.54
b) The damping frequency is
𝜔| = 𝜔}1 − 𝜉 X = 57.77}1 − 0.018X = 57.76 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝜔| 57.76
𝑓| = = = 9.19 𝑐𝑝𝑠
2𝜋 2𝜋
c) 𝛿 is

2𝜋𝜉 2𝜋 ∙ 0.018
𝛿= = = 0.113
}1 − 𝜉 X √1 − 0.018X
š’
d) š“
is
𝑢W
𝑙𝑛 # , = 𝛿 = 0.113
𝑢X
𝑢W
= 𝑒 = 𝑒 O.WW( = 1.12
𝑢X

20
2.14
Let 𝑢 = 𝑦W − 𝑦X

y1 y2

𝑘𝑢
𝑚W 𝑦̈W 𝑐𝑢̇ 𝑚W 𝑦̈ X

Newton’s law ∑ 𝐹 = 0

𝑚X 𝑦̈ X + 𝑐𝑢̇ + 𝑘𝑢 = 0 (𝐸𝑞. 1)
𝑚W 𝑦̈W − 𝑐𝑢̇ − 𝑘𝑢 = 0 (𝐸𝑞. 2)

Multiply eq. (1) by 𝑚W , eq. (2) by 𝑚X and subtract

𝑚W 𝑚X 𝑢̈ + (𝑚W + 𝑚X )𝑐𝑢̇ + (𝑚W + 𝑚X )𝑘𝑢 = 0

where 𝑢̈ = 𝑦̈ W − 𝑦̈ X

2.15

Let in Problem 2.14 divide by (𝑚W + 𝑚X ) and let

𝑚W 𝑚X
𝑀=
(𝑚W + 𝑚X )

Then, 𝑀𝑢̈ + 𝑐𝑢̇ + 𝑘𝑢 = 0

Also,
𝑘
𝜔=0
𝑀
𝜔| = 𝜔}1 − 𝜉 X
𝑐
𝜉=
𝑐Š‹
Substituting,

𝑢̈ + 2𝜉𝜔𝑢̇ + 𝜔X 𝑢 = 0

3.2

21
Stiffness:
48𝐸𝐼 48 ∙ 30 ∙ 10Z ∙ 110
𝑘x = = = 27,160 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛.
𝐿( (15 ∙ 12)(

Natural frequency:

𝑘 27,160 ∙ 386
𝜔=0 =0 = 102.4 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑚 1000
Force frequency:
900 ∙ 2𝜋
𝜔
©= = 94.25 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
60
Frequency ratio:

𝜔
© 94.25
𝑟= = = 0.9204
𝜔 102.4
Amplitude of force:
1
𝐹m = 𝑚— 𝑒m 𝜔
©= 94.25X = 23.01 𝑙𝑏
386
Amplitude of vertical motion:

𝐹m /𝑘 23.01/27,160
𝑌= = = 0.0037 𝑖𝑛.
}(1 − 𝑟 X )X + (2𝜉𝑟)X }(1 − 0.92X )X + (2 ∙ 0.1 ∙ 0.92)X

«
Note the high dynamic amplification factor ¬ = 4.375; the frequency ratio is close to the point
-®
of resonance, that is 𝑟 = 1.

22
3.3

From Problem 3.2:

𝐹m = 23.01 𝑙𝑏
𝑘 = 27,160 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛.
𝜉 = 0.1
𝑟 = 0.9204
Transmissibility

𝐴¡ 1 + (2𝜉𝑟)X 1 + (2 ∙ 0.1 ∙ 0.92)X

𝑇‹ = =0 = 0 = 4.45
𝐹m (1 − 𝑟 X )X + (2𝜉𝑟)X (1 − 0.92X )X + (2 ∙ 0.1 ∙ 0.92)X

Force transmitted to the supports (per support):

1 1
𝐴 ¡ = 𝐹m 𝑇‹ = 23.01 ∙ 4.45 = 51.2 𝑙𝑏
2 2

In addition, each support carries one-half of the total motor weight of 𝑊 = 1000 𝑙𝑏𝑠.

3.4

Stiffness:

12𝐸𝐼 23 ∙ 30 ∙ 10Z ∙ 170

𝑘=2 ( =2 = 20,990 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛.
𝐿 (15 ∙ 12)(

Natural frequency:

𝑘 29,990 ∙ 386
𝜔=0 =0 = 14.23 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑚 2000 ∙ 20
𝜔
© 12
𝑟= = = 0.843
𝜔 14.23

Dynamic magnification factor:

1 1
𝐷= X
= = 3.456
1−𝑟 1 − 0.843X

Steady-state amplitude:

23
 𝐹m 5,000
𝑌 = 𝑦±‚ 𝐷 = 𝐷= ∙ 3.456 = 0.823 𝑖𝑛.
𝑘 20,990

3.5

𝜉 = 0.08
From problem 3.4:

𝐹m = 5,000 𝑙𝑏
𝑘 = 20,990 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛.
𝑟 = 0.843

Dynamic amplification factor:

1 1
𝐷= = = 3.132
}(1 − 𝑟 X )X + (2𝜉𝑟)X }(1 − 0.843X )X + (2 ∙ 0.08 ∙ 0.843)X

Steady-state amplitude:

𝐹m 5,000
𝑌 = 𝑦±‚ 𝐷 = 𝐷= ∙ 3.132 = 0.746 𝑖𝑛.
𝑘 20,990

Note: Structural damping of 8 percent of critical damping reduced in this case. The dynamic
magnification factor from 3.456 to 3.132.

3.6

a)
1 + (2𝜉𝑟)X 1 + (2 ∙ 0.1 ∙ 0.843)X
𝐴 ¡ = 𝐹m 0 = 5,000 0 = 15,803 𝑙𝑏
(1 − 𝑟 X )X + (2𝜉𝑟)X (1 − 0.843X )X + (2 ∙ 0.1 ∙ 0.843)X
b)
𝐴¡
𝑇‹ = = 3.16
𝐹m

24
3.7
Harmonic motion

𝑦O = 0.1
𝑊 𝑌 = 0.01𝑚
𝜔
© = 10 ∙ 2𝜋 = 62.83 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐

From equation for transmissibility: 𝑘 𝑦±(‚) = 𝑦O sin 𝜔

©𝑡
𝑌 1 + (2𝜉𝑟)X
𝑇‹ = =0
𝑦m (1 − 𝑟 X )X + (2𝜉𝑟)X

𝜉=0
𝑦m 0.1
±(1 − 𝑟 X ) = = = 10
𝑌 0.01
Retain negative root
𝑟 X = 11

𝜔
© 62.83
𝑟 = 3.317 = =
𝜔
r386 ∙ 𝑘
100

𝑘 = 93 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛.

3.8

Effective force acting on the tower:

𝑊
𝐹.²² = −𝑚𝑦̈± = − 0.1 ∙ 𝑔 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔
©𝑡
𝑔
𝐹.²² = −10 𝑠𝑖𝑛(10 ∙ 2𝜋 ∙ 𝑡)

𝐹O = 10 𝑘𝑖𝑝

𝐹O 10
𝑦±‚ = = = 0.04
𝑘 3000/12
Natural Frequency:

𝑘 3000/12
𝜔=0 =0 = 31.06 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑚 100/386

𝜔| = 𝜔}1 − 𝜉 X = 30.9 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐

25
 𝜔
© = 10 ∙ 2𝜋 = 62.83 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐

𝜔
© 62.83
𝑟= = = 2.023
𝜔 31.06

Tower relative to foundation motion by the following equation:

𝑦±‚ 0.04
𝑈= = = 0.013 𝑖𝑛.
}(1 − 𝑟 X )X + (2𝜉𝑟)X }(1 − 2.023X )X + (2 ∙ 2.023 ∙ 0.1)X

3.9

Transmissibility is given by
1 + (2𝜉𝑟)X 1 + (2 ∙ 2.023 ∙ 0.1)X
𝑇‹ = 0 = 0 = 0.34
(1 − 𝑟 X )X + (2𝜉𝑟)X (1 − 2.023X )X + (2 ∙ 2.023 ∙ 0.1)X

3.10

First find the equivalent spring constant, that is the force to produce a unit deflection on the
beam at the location of the motor.
𝑃
𝜃
𝛿

𝑃𝐿 X
𝑀O 𝐿X 4 𝐿 𝑃𝐿(
𝜃= = =
3𝐸𝐼 3𝐸𝐼 12𝐸𝐼

𝐿 (
𝑃𝐿 𝐿( 𝑃 •4–
5𝑃𝐿(
𝛿= ∙ + =
12𝐸𝐼 4 3𝐸𝐼 192𝐸𝐼

𝑃 192𝐸𝐼 192 ∙ 30 ∙ 109

𝑘= = = = 66,670 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛.
𝛿 5𝑃𝐿( 5 ∙ 120(

26
 𝑊 3330 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 X
𝑚= = = 8.63
𝑔 386 𝑖𝑛.

𝑘 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜔 = 0 = 87.89 = 839 𝑅𝑃𝑀
𝑚 𝑠𝑒𝑐

Mathematical model is the damped oscillator:

𝑊′𝑒 X
= 𝜔
© sin𝜔
©𝑡
𝑔
Amplitude of motion:
𝑊′𝑒
𝑔 𝜔 © µ𝑘
𝑌=
}(1 − 𝑟 X )X + (2𝜉𝑟)X

800 ∙ 2𝜋
𝜔
©W = = 83.77 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
60

1000 ∙ 2𝜋
𝜔
©X = = 104.72 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
60

1200 ∙ 2𝜋
𝜔
©( = = 125.66 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
60

𝜔
©W 𝜔
©X 𝜔
©(
𝑟W = = 0.95; 𝑟X = = 1.19; 𝑟X = = 1.43
𝜔 𝜔 𝜔

𝑊— ∙ 𝑒 ∙ 𝜔
©X 𝑊 — ∙ 𝑒 ∙ 𝑟 X 𝑊 — ∙ 𝑒 ∙ 𝑟 X
𝑦±‚ = = =
𝑘 𝑊 𝑊
𝑔∙𝑚∙𝑚 𝑔∙ 𝑔

𝑦±‚ 𝑊 — 𝑒 50 𝑌(𝑖𝑛. )
𝑌(𝑟 = 1) = = = 0.08
2𝜉 𝑊 3300 ∙ 2 ∙ 0.1
= 0.076 𝑖𝑛. 0.06

0.04
𝑌W = 0.064 𝑖𝑛.
0.02
𝑌X = 0.0446 𝑖𝑛.
800 1000 1200 𝑅𝑃𝑀
𝑌( = 0.0302 𝑖𝑛. 839

27
3.14

Let the stiffness of the floor be 𝑘. Then the resonant frequency is

1 𝑘
𝑓· = 0
2𝜋 𝑚 + 𝑚±
And the natural frequency

1 𝑘
𝑓= 0
2𝜋 𝑚

Dividing

𝑓 𝑚 + 𝑚±
=0
𝑓· 𝑚
Then

𝑚±
𝑓 = 𝑓· r1 +
𝑚

28
3.15

𝑌 1
𝐷= =
𝑦±‚ }(1 − 𝑟 X )X + (2𝜉𝑟)X

¸|
The peak will occurs when ¸‹ = 0

𝑑𝐷 2𝑟¹ º1 − 𝑟¹ X » − 4𝜉 X 𝑟¹
= =0
𝑑𝑟 X X (/X
¼º1 − 𝑟¹ X » + º2𝜉𝑟¹ » ½

𝜔¹
𝑟¹ X = 1 − 2𝜉 X =
𝜔X
𝜔¹ is the peak frequency.

W
𝜔¹ X = 𝜔}1 − 2𝜉 X for 𝜉 <
√X
And
𝑦±‚
𝑌¹ =
2𝜉}1 − 𝜉 X

The corresponding phase angel is given by the following equation.

2𝜉𝑟¹ 2𝜉}1 − 2𝜉 X }1 − 2𝜉 X
𝜃¹ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛•W = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 •W
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛 •W
1 − 𝑟¹ X 2𝜉 X 𝜉

W
Note: These results are, of course, only valid for 2𝜉 X < 1 or 𝜉 < = 0.707.
√X
Since the amount of damping in structures 𝜔
© usually small (𝜉 < 0.1) the peak frequency, 𝜔¹
may be considered to be the same as the natural frequency 𝜔, that is, the resonant frequency.

29
3.16

a)
1 𝑘 1 89,000 ∙ 386
𝑓= 0 = 0 = 18.58 𝑐𝑝𝑠
2𝜋 𝑚 2𝜋 2,520

b)

𝑐 112
𝜉= = = 0.0735
𝑐Š‹ 2}89,000 ∙ 2520/386
c)

From solution of Problem 3.15

𝑦±‚
𝑌¹ =
2𝜉}1 − 𝜉 X

𝐹O
𝑦±‚ =
𝑘

𝐹O = 2𝜉𝑌¹ 𝑘}1 − 𝜉 X = 2 ∙ 0.0735 ∙ 0.37 ∙ 89,000}1 − 0.0735X = 4825 𝑙𝑏

d)

At resonance
𝑌 1
=
𝑦±‚ 2𝜉

𝐹O = 2𝜉𝑌𝑘 = 2 ∙ 0.0735 ∙ 0.37 ∙ 89,000 = 4840 𝑙𝑏

30
3.17

From Eq. in illustrative Example 3.1

𝑚𝑢̈ + 𝑐𝑢̇ + 𝑘𝑢 = 𝑚— 𝑒O 𝜔
© X 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔
©𝑡
Using eq. 3.20

𝑚′𝑒 X 𝑚′𝑒 X
𝑘 𝜔
© 𝑚 𝑟
𝑌= =
}(1 − 𝑟 X )X + (2𝜉𝑟)X }(1 − 𝑟 X )X + (2𝜉𝑟)X
At resonance 𝑟 = 1:

𝑚′𝑒
𝑌‹ =
2𝑚𝜉
or
𝑚′𝑒
2𝜉𝑌‹ =
𝑚
at

𝑟 = 𝑟W

𝑚′𝑒 X
𝑌W = 𝑚 𝑟W
}(1 − 𝑟W X )X + (2𝜉𝑟W )X
Solve for 𝜉

2𝜉𝑌‹ 𝑟W X = 𝑌W }(1 − 𝑟W X )X + (2𝜉𝑟W )X

4𝜉 X 𝑌‹ X 𝑟W § = 𝑌WX [(1 − 𝑟W X )X + (2𝜉𝑟W )X ]

𝑌W (1 − 𝑟W X )
𝜉=
2𝑟W }𝑌‹ X 𝑟W X − 𝑌W X

Force at resonance:
𝑘
©‹ X = 𝑚— 𝑒
𝐹‹ = 𝑚— 𝑒𝜔
𝑚
𝐹‹ = 2𝜉𝑌‹ 𝑘
𝑌W 𝑌‹ (1 − 𝑟W X )𝑘
𝐹‹ =
𝑟W }𝑌‹ X 𝑟W X − 𝑌W X

31
3.18
Let 𝑢 = 𝑦W − 𝑦X

y1 y2

𝑘𝑢
𝐹O 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔
© 𝑡
𝑚W 𝑦̈W 𝑐𝑢̇ 𝑚W 𝑦̈ X

𝑚X 𝑦̈ X + 𝑐𝑢̇ + 𝑘𝑢 = 𝐹O 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔
© 𝑡 (𝐸𝑞. 1)
𝑚W 𝑦̈W − 𝑐𝑢̇ − 𝑘𝑢 = 0 (𝐸𝑞. 2)

Multiply eq. (1) by 𝑚W , eq. (2) by 𝑚X and subtract

𝑚W 𝑚X 𝑢̈ + (𝑚W + 𝑚X )𝑐𝑢̇ + (𝑚W + 𝑚X )𝑘𝑢 = 𝑚W 𝐹O 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔

© 𝑡

divide by (𝑚W + 𝑚X ) and let

𝑚W 𝑚X
𝑀=
(𝑚W + 𝑚X )
a)
𝑚W 𝐹O
𝑀𝑢̈ + 𝑐𝑢̇ + 𝑘𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔
© 𝑡
𝑚W + 𝑚X

Steady-state solution:

b)
𝑚W 𝐹O
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔© 𝑡 − 𝜃)
𝑘(𝑚W + 𝑚X )
𝑢=
}(1 − 𝑟 X )X + (2𝜉𝑟)X

2𝜉𝑟
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 =
1 − 𝑟X

where
𝜔
© 𝑘
𝑟= ; 𝜔 = 0
𝜔 𝑚

𝑐Š‹ = 2√𝑘𝑚

𝑐
𝜉=
𝑐Š‹

32
4.3 𝐹(𝜏)

Columns are massless and girder are rigid. Neglect 𝐹O = 5𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠

damping 𝜏
𝑡¸ = 0.6 𝑠𝑒𝑐
12𝐸𝐼 3𝐸𝐼
𝑘W + 𝑘X = +
𝐿W ( 𝐿X (
12 ∙ 30 ∙ 10 ∙ 82.8 3 ∙ 30 ∙ 10Z ∙ 82.
Z
𝑙𝑏
𝑘= + = 5111.1 + 539.1 = 5650.2 .
(15 ∙ 12)( (20 ∙ 12)( 𝑖𝑛

𝑘 5650.2 ∙ 386
𝜔=0 =0 = 10.44 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑚 20,000
Then, for 𝑡 < 𝑡¸ :

(a)
𝐹O 𝐹O 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡
𝑢(𝑡) = (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡) + # − 𝑡,
𝑘 𝑘𝑡¸ 𝜔

at 𝑡 = 0.5 𝑠𝑒𝑐.

5,000 5,000 𝑠𝑖𝑛(10.44 ∙ 0.5)

𝑢(𝑡) = º1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠(10.44 ∙ 0.5)» + V − 0.5Y
5,650.2 5,650.2 ∙ 0.6 10.44
= −0.4072 𝑖𝑛.

(b) Maximum Horizontal Deflection using Chart Fig. 4.5

2𝜋 2𝜋
𝑇= = = 0.602 𝑠𝑒𝑐.
𝜔 10.44

𝑡¸ 0.6
= = 0.9972
𝑇 0.602
𝑡¸
𝑓𝑜𝑟 = 0.997 → (𝐷𝐿𝐹)•¿À = 1.55
𝑇
𝑢•¿À
∴ = 1.55
𝑢±‚

5,000
𝑢•¿À = 1.55 ∙ 𝑢±‚ = 1.55 ∙ = 1.37 𝑖𝑛.
5,650.2

33
4.5

Determine DLF.
First interval for 𝑡 < 𝑡¸ :
𝜏
𝐹(𝜏) = 𝐹O ; 𝑢 = 0; 𝑢̇ O = 0
𝑡¸ O
Duhamel’s integral
1 ‚
𝑢(𝑡) = Ã 𝐹(𝜏) sin 𝜔(𝑡 − 𝜏) 𝑑𝜏
𝑚𝜔 O

1 ‚ 𝜏
𝑢(𝑡) = Ã 𝐹O sin 𝜔(𝑡 − 𝜏) 𝑑𝜏
𝑚𝜔 O 𝑡¸
where
‚
𝜏 1 ‚
à 𝜏 sin 𝜔(𝑡 − 𝜏) 𝑑𝜏 = cos 𝜔(𝑡 − 𝜏) − à cos 𝜔(𝑡 − 𝜏) 𝑑𝜏
O 𝜔 𝜔 O
𝜏 1
= cos 𝜔(𝑡 − 𝜏) + X sin 𝜔(𝑡 − 𝜏)
𝜔 𝜔
Then:

‚
𝐹O 1
𝑢(𝑡) = •𝜏 ∙ cos 𝜔(𝑡 − 𝜏) + sin 𝜔(𝑡 − 𝜏)Ÿ
𝑚𝜔 X 𝑡¸ 𝜔 O
𝐹O sin 𝜔𝑡
= #𝑡 − , 𝐸𝑞. 1;
𝑘𝑡¸ 𝜔
𝐹O
= 𝑢±‚
𝑘

𝑢(𝑡) 1 sin 𝜔𝑡
DLF = = #𝑡 − ,
𝑢±‚ 𝑡¸ 𝜔

First interval for 𝑡 ≥ 𝑡¸ :

𝐹(𝜏) = 𝐹O ; 𝑢O = 𝑢¸ ; 𝑢̇ O = 𝑢̇ ¸

From Eq.1 at 𝑡 = 𝑡¸
𝐹O sin 𝜔𝑡¸ 𝐹O sin 𝜔𝑡¸
𝑢¸ = #𝑡¸ − , ; 𝑢¸ = #1 − ,
𝑘𝑡¸ 𝜔 𝑘 𝜔𝑡¸

Derivate Eq. 1

34
 𝐹O 𝐹O
𝑢̇ (𝑡) = (1 − cos 𝜔𝑡); 𝑢̇ ¸ = (1 − cos 𝜔𝑡¸ )
𝑘𝑡¸ 𝑘𝑡¸
The governing equation for the second interval is Eq. 4.4

𝑢̇ ¸ 1 ‚
𝑢(𝑡) = 𝑢¸ cos 𝜔𝑡 + sin 𝜔𝑡 + Ã 𝐹(𝜏) sin 𝜔(𝑡 − 𝜏) 𝑑𝜏
𝜔 𝑚𝜔 O
𝑢̇ ¸ 𝐹O ‚
𝑢(𝑡) = 𝑢¸ cos 𝜔𝑡 + sin 𝜔𝑡 + Ã sin 𝜔(𝑡 − 𝜏) 𝑑𝜏
𝜔 𝑚𝜔 O
𝑢̇ ¸ 𝐹O
𝑢(𝑡) = 𝑢¸ cos 𝜔𝑡 + sin 𝜔𝑡 + (1 − cos 𝜔𝑡)
𝜔 𝑚𝜔 X

Plugging values of 𝑢¸ and 𝑢̇ ¸ :

𝐹O sin 𝜔𝑡¸ 𝐹O 𝐹O
𝑢(𝑡) = #1 − , cos 𝜔𝑡 + (1 − cos 𝜔𝑡¸ ) sin 𝜔𝑡 + (1 − cos 𝜔𝑡)
𝑘 𝜔𝑡¸ 𝜔𝑘𝑡¸ 𝑘
sin 𝜔𝑡¸ 𝑢±‚ 1 cos 𝜔𝑡¸
𝑢(𝑡) = 𝑢±‚ #1 − , cos 𝜔𝑡 + # − , sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝑢±‚ (1 − cos 𝜔𝑡)
𝜔𝑡¸ 𝜔 𝑡¸ 𝑡¸

𝑢(𝑡) sin 𝜔𝑡¸ 1 1 cos 𝜔𝑡¸

𝐷𝐿𝐹 = = #1 − , cos 𝜔𝑡 + # − , sin 𝜔𝑡 + (1 − cos 𝜔𝑡)
𝑢±‚ 𝜔𝑡¸ 𝜔 𝑡¸ 𝑡¸
1
= 1+ (− sin 𝜔𝑡¸ cos 𝜔𝑡 + sin 𝜔𝑡 − cos 𝜔𝑡¸ sin 𝜔𝑡)
𝜔𝑡¸
1
𝐷𝐿𝐹 = 1 + (sin 𝜔𝑡 − sin 𝜔(𝑡 + 𝑡¸ ))
𝜔𝑡¸

35
4.6

The model of the system is the free body diagram.

𝑦
𝑦±
𝑘(𝑦 − 𝑦± )
𝑚
𝑘 𝑚𝑦̈

where
𝑢 = 𝑦 − 𝑦±
𝑦̈ = 𝑢̈ + 𝑦̈±

𝑚(𝑢̈ + 𝑦̈± ) + 𝑘𝑢 = 0
𝑚𝑢̈ + 𝑘𝑢 = −𝑚𝑦̈±
𝑢̈ + 𝜔𝑢 = −𝑦̈±

In this case, the acceleration is a constant, 𝑦̈± = 0.5𝑔

𝑢̈ + 𝜔𝑢 = −0.5𝑔

The solution of this equation is:

𝑢 = 𝐴 cos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝐵 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝑢¹
The particular solution is:
𝑢¹ = 𝐶;

0 + 𝜔X 𝐶 = −0.5𝑔;

−0.5𝑔
𝐶= ;
𝜔X

−0.5𝑔
𝑢¹ =
𝜔X

Then,
0.5𝑔
𝑢 = 𝐴 cos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝐵 sin 𝜔𝑡 −
𝜔X

From initial conditions at 𝑡 = 0; 𝑢O = 0; 𝑢̇ O = 0

0.5𝑔 0.5𝑔
𝑢O = 𝐴 − = 0, 𝐴 =
𝜔X 𝜔X

36
 𝑢̇ = −𝜔𝐴 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝐵 𝜔 cos 𝜔𝑡

𝑢̇ O = 𝐵𝜔 = 0, 𝐵 = 0

Finally
0.5𝑔 0.5𝑔
𝑢= X
cos 𝜔𝑡 − X
𝜔 𝜔

Find 𝑢•¿À :

0.5𝑔
𝑢̇ = sin 𝜔𝑡 = 0
𝜔X
𝑡 = 0; 𝑢O = 0,
𝜋
𝑡 = ; 𝑢 = 𝑢•¿À
𝜔

0.5𝑔 𝜋 0.5𝑔 0.5𝑔 0.5𝑔 𝑔 386

𝑢•¿À = X
cos 𝜔 − X = − X − X = − X = − = −3.54 𝑖𝑛.
𝜔 𝜔 𝜔 𝜔 𝜔 𝜔 109.05

Maximum Shear forces in columns:

Left column 𝑉•¿À = 𝑘W 𝑢•¿À = 5,111.1 (3.54) = 18,093 𝑙𝑏

Right column 𝑉•¿À = 𝑘X 𝑢•¿À = 539.1 (3.54) = 1,908 𝑙𝑏

37
4.7

Repeat problem 4.6 for 10% of critical damping.

𝜉 = 0.1; 𝜔 = 10.44 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐; 𝑘. = 5650 𝑙𝑏/𝑠𝑒𝑐; 𝐹.²² = 10,000 𝑙𝑏

𝜔| = 𝜔}1 − 𝜉 X = 10.44}1 − 0.1X = 10.39 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
‚
1
𝑢(𝑡) = à 𝐹(𝜏) 𝑒 •€•(‚•Ê) sin 𝜔| (𝑡 − 𝜏) 𝑑𝜏
𝑚𝜔| O
‚
10,000 𝑒 •€•(‚•Ê)
= Ë (𝜉𝜔 sin 𝜔| (𝑡 − 𝜏) + 𝜔| cos 𝜔| (𝑡 − 𝜏))Ì
𝑚𝜔| (𝜉𝜔)X + 𝜔| X O
10,000 1 𝑒 •€•‚
= Í (0 + 𝜔| ) − [𝜉𝜔 sin 𝜔| 𝑡 + 𝜔| cos 𝜔| 𝑡]Î =
𝑚𝜔| (𝜉𝜔)X + 𝜔| X (𝜉𝜔)X + 𝜔| X
10,000 ∙ 386 10.39 𝑒 •W.O§§‚
= Í − [1.044 sin 10.39𝑡 + 10.39 cos 10.39𝑡]Î
20,000 ∙ 10.39 1.044X + 10.39X 1.044X + 10.39X
= 0.17035{10.39 − 𝑒 •W.O§§‚ [1.044 sin 10.39𝑡 + 10.39 cos 10.39𝑡]}

For 𝑢•¿À = 0;

𝑑𝑢
= 𝑒 •W.O§§‚ [1.044 ∙ (1.044 sin 10.39𝑡 + 10.39 cos 10.39𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
− (10.39 ∙ 1.044 cos 10.39𝑡 − 10.39X sin 10.39𝑡)] = 0

sin(10.39𝑡) = 0 ; 10.39𝑡 = 𝑘𝜋; 𝑘 = 0, 1, 2, …

𝑡• = 0.302 𝑠𝑒𝑐

𝑢•¿À = 0.17035[10.39 − 𝑒 •O.(W‰Ò (1.044 sin 𝜋 + 10.39 cos 𝜋)] = 0.17035 ∙ 10.39 ∙ 1.729
= 3.06 𝑖𝑛.

WXÓÔ WX∙(O∙WOÖ ∙9X‰

Left column 𝑉•¿À = tÕ
𝑢•¿À = (W‰∙WX)Õ
3.06 = 15,640 𝑙𝑏

Right column 𝑉•¿À = 𝑘X 𝑢•¿À = 1,648 𝑙𝑏

38
4.19

The stiffness of the frame is

3𝐸(2𝐼) 12 ∙ 30 ∙ 10Z ∙ 2 ∙ 69.2
𝑘= = = 7208.75 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛.
𝐿( 120(

𝑚𝑢̈ + 𝑘(𝑢 − 𝑢± ) = 0

𝑚𝑢̈ + 𝑘𝑢 = 𝑘𝑢± = 𝐹(𝑡)

20,000 𝑙𝑏. 𝑠𝑒𝑐 X

𝑚= = 51.814
386 𝑖𝑛.

𝐹(𝑡) = 7208.75 ∙ 𝑢± (𝑡)

𝑡 𝐹(𝑡)
0 0
0.25 7208.75
0.5 0
1.0 0

𝑦
𝑦±
𝑘(𝑦 − 𝑦± )
𝑚
𝑘 𝑚𝑦̈

39
4.20

From Problem 4.19

𝑘 = 7208.75 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛.

𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 X
𝑚 = 51.81
𝑖𝑛.

𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑐Š‹ = 2√𝑘𝑚 = 1222.21
𝑖𝑛.

𝑐 = 𝜉𝑐Š‹ = 0.1 ∙ 1222.21 = 122.23

Equation of Motion:

𝑚𝑢̈ + 𝑐(𝑢̇ − 𝑢̇ ± ) + 𝑘(𝑢 − 𝑢± ) = 0

𝑚𝑢̈ + 𝑐𝑢̇ + 𝑘𝑢 = 𝑐𝑢̇ ± + 𝑘𝑢± = 𝐹(𝑡)

1
𝑢̇ ± = = 4 𝑖𝑛. → 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
0.25

𝑡 𝐹(𝑡)
0 489.0
0.25 7697.5
0.5 489.0
1.0 489.0

40
4.25

1000 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 X
𝑚= = 233.44
386 𝑖𝑛.

3𝐸𝐼 12𝐸𝐼 3 ∙ 30 ∙ 10Z ∙ 1892.5 12 ∙ 30 ∙ 10Z ∙ 1892.5

𝑘= ( + ( = + = 26,924 (𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛. )
𝐿W 𝐿W (20 ∙ 12)( (30 ∙ 12)(

𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑐 = 𝜉𝑐Š‹ = 2𝜉√𝑘𝑚 = 490.55
𝑖𝑛.

𝑘
𝑇 = 2𝜋0 = 0.5724 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑚

10
𝜔
©= = 1.5724 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
2𝜋

𝑇
∆𝑇 = ≈ 0.05 𝑠𝑒𝑐
10

𝑡•¿À = 2.5 𝑠𝑒𝑐

10𝑡
𝐹(𝑡) = 0.1 sin # ,
2𝜋

41
4.26
Maximum shear forces:

3𝐸𝐼 3 ∙ 30 ∙ 10Z ∙ 1892.5

𝑉W•¿À = ( 𝑢•¿À = 0.342 = 4214 𝑙𝑏
𝐿W (20 ∙ 12)(

12𝐸𝐼 12 ∙ 30 ∙ 10Z ∙ 1892.5

𝑉X•¿À = 𝑢 = 0.342 = 4994 𝑙𝑏
𝐿(X •¿À (30 ∙ 12)(

The bending moments:

𝑀W•¿À = 𝑉W•¿À ∙ 𝐿W = 4214 ∙ 240 = 1,011,360 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑖𝑛.

𝑀X•¿À = 𝑉X•¿À ∙ 𝐿X = 4994 ∙ 360 = 1,797,840 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑖𝑛.

And the max. stress:

𝑀W•¿À 1,011,360
𝜎W•¿À = = = 3842 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝑆 263.2

𝑀X•¿À 1,797,840
𝜎X•¿À = = = 6831 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝑆 263.2

where 𝑆 = 263.2 𝑖𝑛.( is the section modulus.

To check the calculations using the response in terms of the maximum absolute acceleration,
we consider the differential equation for relative motion,

𝑚𝑦̈ + 𝑐𝑢̇ + 𝑘𝑢 = 0 Eq. (a)

where
𝑢 = 𝑦 − 𝑦± Eq. (b)

𝑦± = support displacement

Solving Eq.(a) for the total force in the column 𝑉 = 𝑘𝑢 yields

𝑉 = −𝑚𝑦̈ − 𝑦±

and replacing values from the response obtained in Problem 3.15 at time 𝑡 = 1 sec. which is
the time for maximum displacement:

𝑦̈•¿À = 41.308 𝑖𝑛./𝑠𝑒𝑐 X 𝑢̇ = −0.036 𝑖𝑛./𝑠𝑒𝑐

gives

𝑉•¿À = 9212 𝑙𝑏

42
This last value checks closely with the total shear force calculated using the relative
displacements in the columns, that is,

𝑉•¿À = 𝑉W•¿À + 𝑉X•¿À = 4214 + 4994 = 9208 𝑙𝑏

3𝐸𝐼 3 ∙ 30 ∙ 10Z ∙ 1892.5

𝑉W•¿À = ( 𝑢•¿À = 3.845 = 47,376 𝑙𝑏
𝐿W (20 ∙ 12)(

12𝐸𝐼 12 ∙ 30 ∙ 10Z ∙ 1892.5

𝑉X•¿À = 𝑢 = 3.845 = 56,146 𝑙𝑏
𝐿(X •¿À (30 ∙ 12)(

The bending moments:

𝑀W•¿À = 𝑉W•¿À ∙ 𝐿W = 47,376 ∙ 240 = 11,370,240 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑖𝑛.

𝑀X•¿À = 𝑉X•¿À ∙ 𝐿X = 56,146 ∙ 360 = 20,212,560 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑖𝑛.

And the max. stress:

𝑀W•¿À 11,370,240
𝜎W•¿À = = = 43,200 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝑆 263.2

𝑀X•¿À 20,212,560
𝜎X•¿À = = = 76,795 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝑆 263.2

where 𝑆 = 263.2 𝑖𝑛.( is the section modulus.

43
4.27

The deflection 𝛿 produced by a force 𝑃 applied at the center of a fixed beam is given by

𝑃𝐿(
𝛿=
192𝐸𝐼

Therefore, the equivalent spring constant 𝐾Û for the beam is

𝑃 192𝐸𝐼 192 ∙ 30 ∙ 10Z ∙ 348

𝐾Û = = = = 145,000 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛.
𝛿 𝐿( (20 ∙ 12)(

Since the coil spring and the beam are in series, the combined spring constant 𝐾Û for the system
is:

1 1 1 1 1
= + = +
𝐾. 𝐾Š 𝐾Û 18000 145000
or

𝐾. = 16,012 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛.

Problem Data:

3000 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 X
𝑚= = 7.772
386 𝑖𝑛.

𝑘 = 16,012 (𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛. )

𝑐=0

1 𝑘
𝑓= 0 = 7.224 𝑐𝑝𝑠
2𝜋 𝑚

𝑇 = 0.138

𝑇
∆𝑇 = ≈ 0.01 𝑠𝑒𝑐
10

44
4.28
𝑃•¿À = 𝑘. 𝑢•¿À

𝑘. = 16,012 𝑙𝑏

𝑢•¿À = 0.71
𝑃•¿À = 𝑘. 𝑢•¿À = 16,012 ∙ 0.71 = 11,368 𝑙𝑏

The maximum moment on fixed beam resulting from a concentrated force 𝑃•¿À applied at its
center is given by,

𝑃•¿À 𝐿 11,368.5 ∙ 240

𝑀•¿À = = = 341,055 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑖𝑛.
8 8

And the maximum dynamic stress 𝜎•¿À by

𝑀•¿À 𝑐 34,1055 ∙ 5
𝜎•¿À = ± =± = ±4900 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝐼 348

The static moment 𝑀±‚ and the static stress 𝜎±‚ resulting from the weight of the motor are then
calculated as

1 1
𝑀±‚ = 𝑊𝐿 = ∙ 3000 ∙ 240 = 90,000 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑖𝑛.
8 8
and
𝑀±‚ 𝑐 90,000 ∙ 5
𝜎±‚ = = = 1293 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝐼 348
The total maximum stresses are then

𝜎‚.·± = 4900 + 1293 = 6193 𝑝𝑠𝑖

𝜎Šm•¹‹ = 4900 + 1293 = 6193 𝑝𝑠𝑖

Maximum displacement of the beam:

𝑃•¿À 11,368.5
𝑢^,•¿À = = = 0.0784 𝑖𝑛.
𝐾Û 145,000

Maximum stretch of the coil spring:

𝑢Š,•¿À = 0.71 − 0.0784 = 0.632 𝑖𝑛.

Maximum force 𝐹Š,•¿À in the coil spring:

𝐹Š,•¿À = 𝐾Š 𝑢Š,•¿À = 18000 ∙ 0.632 = 11,376 𝑙𝑏.

45
5.1

𝜋
1000 sin 10𝑡 •𝑡 ≤ –
𝐹=Ü 10
𝜋
0 •𝑡 > –
10

𝜔
© = 10 𝑐𝑝𝑠

3𝐸(2𝐼) 3 ∙ 30 ∙ 10( ∙ 2 ∙ 82.8

𝑘W = = = 4.3125 𝑘/𝑖𝑛.
𝐿( 120(

4.3125 ∙ 386 𝑟𝑎𝑑

𝜔=0 = 11.78
12 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝜔 11.78
𝑓= = = 1.875 𝑐𝑝𝑠
2𝜋 2𝜋
1 1
𝑇= = = 0.5333 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑓 1.875
𝜋
𝑡¸ = = 0.31416
10
𝐹m 1
𝑢±‚ = = = 0.232
𝑘 4.3125
Using Fig. 5.3
𝑡¸ 𝑢
= 0.589 → ≈ 1.6
𝑇 𝑢±‚
𝑢•¿À = 1.6𝑢±‚ = 1.6(0.232) = 0.374 𝑖𝑛.
5.2

From Problem 5.1,

𝑢•¿À = 0.374 𝑖𝑛.
𝑘 = 4.3125 𝑘/𝑖𝑛.
𝐸 = 30 ∙ 10( 𝑘𝑠𝑖
𝑀•¿À 𝑐 𝑉•¿À 𝐿𝑐 3𝐸𝐼𝑦•¿À 𝐿𝑐 3𝐸𝐼𝑦•¿À 𝑐 3 ∙ 30 ∙ 10( ∙ 0.374 ∙ 3.1
𝜎•¿À = = = = = = 7.246
𝐼 𝐼 𝐿( 𝐼 𝐿X 120X

𝜎•¿À = 7.246 𝑘𝑠𝑖

46
5.3

Mathematical model:

Effective force

5
𝐹.²² = 𝑚 𝑎(𝑡) = ∙ 200 sin 10𝑡 = 2.5907 sin 10𝑡
386
𝜔
© = 10 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝜔
©𝑡¸ = 𝜋
𝜋 𝜋
𝑡¸ = = = 0.1𝜋
𝜔
© 10

12𝐸(2𝐼W ) 3𝐸𝐼X 12 ∙ 30 ∙ 10( ∙ 2 ∙ 82.8 3 ∙ 30 ∙ 10( ∙ 2 ∙ 170

𝑘= + ( = + = 7.4338 𝑘/𝑖𝑛.
𝐿( 𝐿 216( 216(

1 𝑘 1 7.4338 ∙ 386
𝑓= 0 = 0 = 38.5 𝑐𝑝𝑠
2𝜋 𝑚 2𝜋 5
1 1
𝑇= = = 0.260 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑓 38.5
𝑡¸ 0.1𝜋
= = 1.2
𝑇 0.260
Using Fig. 5.3
𝑡¸ 𝑢
= 1.2 → ≈ 1.6
𝑇 𝑢±‚
𝐹m 2.5907
𝑢±‚ = = = 0.348 𝑖𝑛.
𝑘 7.4338

𝑢•¿À = 1.6𝑢±‚ = 1.6(0.348) = 0.557 𝑖𝑛.

47
5.4

𝑀•¿À 𝑐 𝑉•¿À 𝐿𝑐
𝜎•¿À = =
𝐼 𝐼
𝑢•¿À = 0.557 𝑖𝑛.
12𝐸𝐼𝑢•¿À
𝑉•¿À = (𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛)
𝐿(
3𝐸𝐼𝑢•¿À
𝑉•¿À = (𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛)
𝐿(
External columns:

12𝐸𝐼𝑦•¿À 𝐿𝑐 12 ∙ 30 ∙ 10( ∙ 0.557 ∙ 3.965

𝜎•¿À = = = 17.0409 𝑘𝑠𝑖
𝐿( 𝐼 216X

Internal columns:
3𝐸𝐼𝑦•¿À 𝐿𝑐 3 ∙ 30 ∙ 10( ∙ 0.557 ∙ 4.875
𝜎•¿À = = = 5.2380 𝑘𝑠𝑖
𝐿( 𝐼 216X

48
5.5
From problem 5.1:
𝑓 = 1.875 𝑐𝑝𝑠
From Fig. 5.8 with 𝜉 = 0.1

𝑆| = 1.9 𝑖𝑛.
𝑆ß = 22.4 𝑖𝑛./𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑆¿ = 0.68𝑔
5.6

From Fig. 5.9 with

𝑓 = 1.575 𝑐𝑝𝑠
And for 𝜉 = 0.1

𝑆| = 4.0 ∙ 0.32 = 1.28 𝑖𝑛.

𝑆ß = 48 ∙ 0.32 = 15.36 𝑖𝑛./𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑆¿ = 1.5 ∙ 0.32 = 0.48𝑔
5.7

𝑘 8 ∙ 386
𝜔=0 =0 = 2.778 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑚 400
𝜔 2.778
𝑓= = = 0.442 𝑐𝑝𝑠
2𝜋 2𝜋
From Fig. 5.8
𝑆| = 11.0 𝑖𝑛.
(𝐹Û )•¿À = 𝐾 ∙ 𝑆| = 8 ∙ 11.0 = 88.0 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
5.8
From Fig. 5.8, with 𝑓 = 0.442 𝑐𝑝𝑠 and 𝜉 = 0.1
𝑆| = 4.5 𝑖𝑛.
(𝐹Û )•¿À = 𝐾 ∙ 𝑆| = 8 ∙ 4.5 = 36.0 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠

49
5.9

Force transmits to Foundation:

𝑚𝑦̈ + 𝑐𝑢̇ + 𝑘𝑢 = 0
𝐹¡ = 𝑐𝑢̇ + 𝑘𝑢 = 𝑚𝑦̈
(𝐹¡ )•¿À = 𝑚𝑦̈•¿À = 𝑚𝑆¿
Froom Fig. 5.8 for 𝑓 = 0.442 𝑐𝑝𝑠 and 𝜉 = 0.1:
𝑆¿ = 0.119
(𝐹¡ )•¿À = 400 ∙ 0.11 = 44.0 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
5.10

From Problem 5.7: Max. Force in spring (𝐹Û )•¿À = 88.0 kips
88.0
𝑅¡ = = 44 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
2
𝑅a = −44 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
From Fig. 5.14 with 𝜇 = 2.0,
1 1
𝑇= = = 2.26 𝑠𝑒𝑐:
𝑓 0.442
𝑆| = 6.0 𝑖𝑛.
yield point:
𝑅¡ 44
𝑦‚ = = = 5.5
𝑘 8
6.0
𝜇= = 1.1
5.5
From Fig. 5.14 with 𝜇 = 1.25, 𝑇 = 2.26 𝑠𝑒𝑐,
𝑆| = 10 𝑖𝑛.
10
𝜇= = 1.8
5.5
From Fig. 5.14 with 𝜇 = 1.5, 𝑇 = 2.26 𝑠𝑒𝑐,
𝑆| = 8 𝑖𝑛.
8
𝜇= = 1.45
5.5

50
5.11
From Problem 5.10 𝑇 = 2.26 𝑠𝑒𝑐
From Fig. 5.15 with 𝑇 = 2.26 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝜇 = 2.0, 𝑆| = 3 𝑖𝑛.
From Problem 5.8 (𝐹Û )•¿À = 36.00
36
𝑅¡ = = 18 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
2
𝑅¡ 18
𝑦¬¥.Ḡ= = = 2.25
𝑘 8
𝑆| 3.0
𝜇= = = 1.33
𝑦¬¥.Ḡ2.25
From Fig. 5.15 with 𝑇 = 2.26 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝜇 = 1.50 𝑆| = 4.5 𝑖𝑛.
𝑆| 4.0
𝜇= = = 1.8
𝑦¬¥.Ḡ2.25

5.12
a) From Fig. 5.8 with
1 1
𝑓= = = 2.0 𝑐𝑝𝑠, 𝜔 = 12.566 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑇 0.5
𝑆| = 4.0 𝑖𝑛.
𝑆ß = 50.3 𝑖𝑛./𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑆¿ = 1.63𝑔

a) From Fig. 5.9 with

1 1
𝑓= = = 2.0 𝑐𝑝𝑠, 𝜉 = 0
𝑇 0.5
𝑆| = 16.0 ∙ 0.3 = 4.8 𝑖𝑛.
𝑆ß = 200 ∙ 0.3 = 60.0 𝑖𝑛./𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑆¿ = 6.54𝑔 ∙ 0.3 = 1.96𝑔

51
5.13

a) 𝑇 = 0.5 𝑠𝑒𝑐
From Fig. 5.12 for 𝜇 = 4
𝑆| = 0.48 𝑖𝑛.× 4 = 1.92 𝑖𝑛.
𝑆ß = 6.0 𝑖𝑛./𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑆¿ = 0.2𝑔

b) From Fig. 5.18

𝑓 = 2.0 𝑐𝑝𝑠, 𝜇 = 4
𝑆| = 5 ∙ 4 ∙ 0.3 = 6.0 𝑖𝑛.
𝑆ß = 60 ∙ 0.3 = 18.0 𝑖𝑛./𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑆¿ = 2𝑔 ∙ 0.3 = 0.6𝑔

52
6.7

Ductility factor 𝜇 is defined as the ratio of maximum displacement to the yield displacement

From Problem 6.2

Max. displacements:
𝑢•¿À = 2.56 𝑖𝑛.
Yield displacements:
𝑅 30𝑘
𝑢¬ = = = 1.5 𝑖𝑛.
𝑘 20𝑘/𝑖𝑛.
Ductility ratio:
𝑢•¿À 2.56
𝜇= = = 1.7
𝑢¬ 1.5

53
7.1

12𝐸𝐼 12 ∙ 5 ∙ 109
𝑘W = = = 1028.81 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛.
𝐿(W (12 ∙ 15)(
12𝐸𝐼 12 ∙ 2.5 ∙ 109
𝑘X = ( = = 1004.69 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛.
𝐿X (12 ∙ 12)(
3860 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 X
𝑚W = = 10
386 𝑖𝑛.
1930 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 X
𝑚X = = 5
386 𝑖𝑛.
For free vibration:

𝑘W + 𝑘X − 𝑚W 𝜔X −𝑘X 𝑎W 0
• X Ÿ •𝑎X – = •0–
−𝑘X 𝑘X − 𝑚X 𝜔
Non-trivial solution:
X
â2033.50 − 10𝜔 −1004.69 â = 0
−1004.69 1004.69 − 5𝜔X

50𝜔§ − 20214.4𝜔X + 1033.63 = 0

𝜔WX = 60.05, 𝜔W = 7.75 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝜔XX = 344.23, 𝜔X = 18.55 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
Set 𝜔WX = 60.05
1433𝑎WW − 1004.69𝑎XW = 0
𝑎WW = 1.000
𝑎XW = 1.426
Set 𝜔XX = 344.24
1433𝑎WX − 1004.69𝑎XX = 0
𝑎WX = 1.000
𝑎XX = −1.402
Normalize first modes by factor:
X
rl 𝑚¥ 𝑎¥W = 4.491

X
rl 𝑚¥ 𝑎¥X = 4.453

1.000 1.000
𝜙WW = = 0.2227, 𝜙WX = = 0.2246
4.491 4.453
1.426 −1.402
𝜙XW = = 0.3175, 𝜙XX = = −0.3148
4.491 4.453

0.2227 0.2246
[Φ] = ¼ ½
0.3175 −0.3148

54
7.2

𝑘W = 50,000 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛.
𝑘X = 40,000 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛.
𝑘( = 30,000 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛.

𝑊W = 10𝑘, 𝑊X = 6𝑘, 𝑊( = 4𝑘

𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 X 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 X 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 X

𝑀W = 25.91 , 𝑀X = 15.54 , 𝑀( = 10.36
𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛

90000 − 25.91𝜔X −40000 0

[𝐾] = å −40000 70000 − 15.54𝜔X −30000 æ
0 −30000 30000 − 10.36𝜔 X

|𝐾| = (90000 − 25.91𝜔X )[(70000 − 15.54𝜔X )(30000 − 10.36𝜔X ) − (−30000)(−30000)]

+ 40000[−40000(30000 − 10.36𝜔X )] = 0
−4169.641𝜔Z + 45346360𝜔§ − 1.2173 ∙ 10§ 𝜔X + 6.0 ∙ 10W( = 0

𝜔WX = 633.78, 𝜔W = 25.17 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐

𝜔XX = 3244, 𝜔X = 56.96 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝜔(X = 6996, 𝜔( = 83.64 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐

(90000 − 25.91𝜔X )𝑎WW − 40000𝑎XW = 0

𝑎WW = 1, 𝑎XW = 1.8396,

−30000𝑎XW + (30000 − 10.36𝜔WX )𝑎(W = 0
𝑎(W = 2.3551
1.0 1.0 1.0
[𝑎] = å1.8396 0.1490 −2.2804æ
2.3551 −1.2362 1.6102

𝑗W = }(25.91)(1)X + (15.52)(1.8396)X + (10.36)(2.3551)X = 11.6602

𝑗X = }(25.91)(1)X + (15.52)(0.1490)X + (10.36)(1.2362)X = 6.4875
𝑗( = }(25.91)(1)X + (15.52)(2.2804)X + (10.36)(1.6102)X = 11.5604

𝑎¥é
𝜙¥é =
𝑗¥

0.0858 0.1541 0.0865

[Φ] = å0.1578 0.0230 −0.1973æ
0.2020 −0.1906 0.1393

55
7.3

3𝐸(2𝐼) 12𝐸𝐼 18 ∙ 1 ∙ 10Z

𝑘W = + ( = = 6.028 𝑘/𝑖𝑛.
𝐿(W 𝐿W (144)(
12𝐸(2𝐼) 24 ∙ 10Z
𝑘X = = = 13.889 𝑘/𝑖𝑛.
𝐿(X (120)(
2 ∙ 40 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 X 3 ∙ 40 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 X
𝑀W = = 0.2073 , 𝑀X = = 0.1154
386 𝑖𝑛 386 𝑖𝑛

For free vibration:

𝑘W + 𝑘X − 𝑚W 𝜔X −𝑘X 𝑎W 0
• X Ÿ •𝑎X – = •0–
−𝑘X 𝑘X − 𝑚X 𝜔
Non-trivial solution:
X
â19.917 − 0.2073𝜔 −13.889 â=0
−13.889 13.889 − 0.1554𝜔X

0.03221𝜔§ − 5.9743𝜔X + 83.7229 = 0

𝜔WX = 15.27, 𝜔W = 3.91 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝜔XX = 170.21, 𝜔X = 13.046 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐

Set 𝜔WX = 15.27

16.7515𝑎WW − 13.889𝑎XW = 0
𝑎WW = 1.000
𝑎XW = 1.206
Set 𝜔XX = 170.31
−15.3675𝑎WX − 13.889𝑎XX = 0
𝑎WX = 1.000
𝑎XX = −1.1065
Normalize first modes by factor:
X
rl 𝑚¥ 𝑎¥W = 0.6583

X
rl 𝑚¥ 𝑎¥X = 0.6306

[Φ] = ¼1.5191 1.5858 ½

1.8321 −1.7547

56
7.5

𝑚𝑢Ẅ + 2𝑘𝑢W − 𝑘𝑢X = 0

𝑚𝑢Ẍ − 2𝑘𝑢W + 2𝑘𝑢X − 𝑘𝑢( = 0
𝑚𝑢(̈ − 𝑘𝑢X + 𝑘𝑢( = 0
In general using matrices:
[𝑀]{𝑢̈ } + [𝐾 ]{𝑢} = 0
Where
[𝑀] = 𝑚[𝐼]ê×ê

2 −1 0 0 0
⎡ ⎤
−1 2 −1 0 0 0
⎢ ⎥
⎢ −1 2 −1 0 0 0 ⎥
⎢ −1 2 −1 0 0 0 ⎥
[𝐾 ] = ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ … ⎥
⎢ … ⎥
⎢0 0 0 −1 2 −1 ⎥
⎣0 0 0 0 −1 1 ⎦

57
7.6

𝑘W + 𝑘X −𝑘X 0 50000 −20000 0

[𝐾] = å −𝑘X 𝑘X + 𝑘( −𝑘( æ = å−20000 30000 −10000æ
0 −𝑘( 𝑘( 0 −10000 10000

150 0 0
[𝑀 ] = å 0 100 0 æ
0 0 50

𝜔WX = 59.824, 𝜔XX = 260.84, 𝜔(X = 512.67,

0.03164 0.05429 0.05213

[Φ] = å0.06490 0.02952 −0.07012æ
0.09259 −0.09703 0.4485

𝜔W = 7.73𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑠𝑒
𝜔X = 16.15𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑠𝑒
𝜔( = 22.64 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐

𝑢W = 𝐶W 𝜙WW sin 𝜔W 𝑡
+ 𝐶X 𝜙WW cos 𝜔W 𝑡 + 𝐶( 𝜙WX sin 𝜔X 𝑡 + 𝐶§ 𝜙WX cos 𝜔X 𝑡 + 𝐶‰ 𝜙W( sin 𝜔( 𝑡 + 𝐶Z 𝜙W( cos 𝜔( 𝑡

𝑢X = 𝐶W 𝜙XW sin 𝜔W 𝑡
+ 𝐶X 𝜙XW cos 𝜔W 𝑡 + 𝐶( 𝜙XX sin 𝜔X 𝑡 + 𝐶§ 𝜙XX cos 𝜔X 𝑡 + 𝐶‰ 𝜙X( sin 𝜔( 𝑡 + 𝐶Z 𝜙X( cos 𝜔( 𝑡

𝑢( = 𝐶W 𝜙(W sin 𝜔W 𝑡
+ 𝐶X 𝜙(W cos 𝜔W 𝑡 + 𝐶( 𝜙(X sin 𝜔X 𝑡 + 𝐶§ 𝜙(X cos 𝜔X 𝑡 + 𝐶‰ 𝜙(( sin 𝜔( 𝑡 + 𝐶Z 𝜙(( cos 𝜔( 𝑡

58
8.1

Mathematical model:

𝐹O = 5000 𝑙𝑏

2 ∙ 12𝐸𝐼 2 ∙ 12 ∙ 30 ∙ 10Z ∙ 248.6

𝑘W = = = 30700 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛.
𝐿(W (12 ∙ 15)(
2 ∙ 12𝐸𝐼 2 ∙ 12 ∙ 30 ∙ 10Z ∙ 106.3
𝑘X = = = 44300 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛.
𝐿(X (12 ∙ 10)(
52500 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 X
𝑚W = = 136
386 𝑖𝑛.
25500 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 X
𝑚X = = 66
386 𝑖𝑛.

From illustrative example 7.1 and 7.2

𝜔W = 11.83 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒c
𝜔X = 32.9 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒c

[Φ] = ¼0.06437 0.0567 ½

0.0813 −0.0924
Modal equations:
𝑞̈ W + 140𝑞W = 0.0813 ∙ 5000 = 406.5
𝑞̈ X + 1082𝑞X = −0.0924 ∙ 5000 = −462.0

Solution for constant force with zero initial conditions is:

406.5
𝑞W = 𝑞W±‚ (1 − cos 11.83𝑡), 𝑞W±‚ = = 2.90
140
−462.0
𝑞X = 𝑞X±‚ (1 − cos 32.9𝑡), 𝑞X±‚ = = −0.427
1082

Transforming coordinate, {𝑢} = [Φ]{𝑞 }

𝑢W 0.06437 0.0567 2.90(1 − cos 11.83𝑡)

ñ𝑢 ò = ¼ ½ó ô
X 0.0813 −0.0924 −0.427(1 − cos 32.9𝑡)

𝑢W = 0.2109 − 0.1867 cos 11.83𝑡 − 0.0242 cos 32.9𝑡

𝑢X = 0.1250 − 0.1645 cos 11.83𝑡 + 0.0394 cos 32.9𝑡

59
8.2
Use data from Problem 8.1:

𝑃W = −𝑚W 𝑢̈ ± = −136 ∙ 0.5 ∙ 386 = −26248

𝑃X = −𝑚X 𝑢̈ ± = −66 ∙ 0.5 ∙ 386 = −12738

Modal equations:

𝑞̈ W + 140𝑞W = 𝜙WW 𝑃W + 𝜙XW 𝑃X = −0.6437 ∙ 26248 − 0.0813 ∙ 12738

𝑞̈ W + 140𝑞W = 17931

𝑞̈ W + 1082𝑞W = 𝜙WX 𝑃W + 𝜙XX 𝑃X = −0.0567 ∙ 26248 + 0.0924 ∙ 12738

𝑞̈ W + 1082𝑞W = −311.3

17931
𝑞W = (1 − cos 11.83𝑡) = 128.1(1 − cos 11.83𝑡)
140
−311.3
𝑞W = (1 − cos 32.9𝑡) = −0.2874(1 − cos 32.9𝑡)
1082

Transforming coordinates

{𝑢 } = [Φ]{𝑞}
where

𝑢‹W = 𝑢W − 𝑢±
𝑢‹X = 𝑢X − 𝑢±

𝑢‹W 0.06437 0.0567 128.1(1 − cos 11.83𝑡 )

ñ𝑢 ò = ¼ ½ó ô
‹X 0.0813 −0.0924 −0.2874(1 − cos 32.9𝑡)

𝑢‹W = 8.23 − 8.25 cos 11.83𝑡 − 0.0163 cos 32.9𝑡

𝑢‹X = 10.44 − 10.41 cos 11.83𝑡 − 0.0266 cos 32.9𝑡

60
8.3

Stiffness matrix:
3000 −1500 0
[𝐾] = å−1500 3000 −1500æ
0 −1500 1500

0.3886 0 0
[𝑀] = å 0 0.3886 0 æ
0 0 0.3886
Solve Eigenproblem

𝜔W X = 764.52 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒c
𝜔X X = 6002.2 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒c
𝜔( X = 12533 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒c

0.52614 1.1822 0.94808

[Φ] = å0.94808 0.52614 −1.1822æ
1.1822 −0.94808 0.52614

Modal Equations:

𝑡
𝐹W = 1000 #1 − , (𝑙𝑏)
0.2
𝑡
𝐹X = 2000 #1 − , (𝑙𝑏)
0.2
𝑡
𝐹( = 3000 #1 − , (𝑙𝑏)
0.2

𝑞̈ W + 𝜔W X 𝑞W = 𝜙WW 𝐹W + 𝜙XW 𝐹X + 𝜙(W 𝐹(

𝑞̈ X + 𝜔X X 𝑞X = 𝜙WX 𝐹W + 𝜙XX 𝐹X + 𝜙(X 𝐹(
𝑞̈ ( + 𝜔( X 𝑞( = 𝜙W( 𝐹W + 𝜙X( 𝐹X + 𝜙(( 𝐹(
or

𝑡
𝑞̈ W + 764.52𝑞W = 5969 #1 − ,
0.2
𝑡
𝑞̈ X + 6002.2𝑞X = −610 #1 − ,
0.2

61
 𝑡
𝑞̈ ( + 12533𝑞( = 162 #1 − ,
0.2

For maximum values use spectral chart Fig. 4.5

𝑡¸ = 0.2 𝑠𝑒𝑐.

𝜔W = √764.52 = 27.65 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒c

𝜔X = √6002.2 = 77.46 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒c
𝜔( = √12533 = 111.95 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒c

𝑇W = 0.2272
𝑇X = 0.0811
𝑇( = 0.0561

𝑡¸ /𝑇W = 0.88
𝑡¸ /𝑇X = 2.466
𝑡¸ /𝑇( = 3.565

(𝐷𝐿𝐹)W•¿À = 1.5
(𝐷𝐿𝐹)X•¿À = 1.8
(𝐷𝐿𝐹)(•¿À = 1.85

5969
𝑞W±‚ = = 7.811
764.2
−610
𝑞X±‚ = = −0.1016
6002.2
162
𝑞(±‚ = = 0.01292
12533

𝑞W•¿À = 7.811 ∙ 1.5 = 11.7165

𝑞X•¿À = −0.1829
𝑞(•¿À = 0.0239

Estimate maximum response using square root sum of the squares of modal contributions:

X
𝑢¥•¿À = 0lº𝜙¥é∙ 𝑞1𝑚𝑎𝑥 » 𝑖 = 1, 2, 3
é

𝑢W•¿À = }(0.52614 ∙ 11.71)X + (1.1822 ∙ 0.1829)X + (0.94808 ∙ 0.0239)X = 6.16 𝑖𝑛.

𝑢X•¿À = }(0.9408 ∙ 11.71)X + (0.52614 ∙ 0.1829)X + (1.1822 ∙ 0.0239)X = 11.02 𝑖𝑛.
𝑢(•¿À = }(1.1822 ∙ 11.71)X + (0.94808 ∙ 0.1829)X + (0.52614 ∙ 0.0239)X = 13.84 𝑖𝑛.

62
8.4

The maximum shear force 𝑉¥é at story 𝑖 corresponding to mode 𝑗 is given by

𝑉¥é = 𝑧¥•¿À º𝜙¥é − 𝜙¥•W,é »𝑘¥

From 8.3
𝑞W•¿À = 7.811 ∙ 1.5 = 11.7165
𝑞X•¿À = −0.1829
𝑞(•¿À = 0.0239

0.52614 1.1822 0.94808

[Φ] = å0.94808 0.52614 −1.1822æ
1.1822 −0.94808 0.52614

𝑉XW = 11.7165(0.94808 − 0.52614)1500 = 7415.5 𝑙𝑏

𝑉XX = −0.1839(0.52614 − 1.1822)1500 = 180.0 𝑙𝑏
𝑉X( = 0.0239(−1.1822 − 0.94808)1500 = −76.4 𝑙𝑏

𝑉X = }7415.5X + 180X + 76.4X = 7418 𝑙𝑏

63
8.8

12𝐸𝐼 12 ∙ 10 ∙ 109
𝑘W = = = 2058 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛.
𝐿(W (12 ∙ 15)(
12𝐸𝐼 12 ∙ 5 ∙ 109 𝑙𝑏
𝑘X = ( = = 2009 .
𝐿X (12 ∙ 12) ( 𝑖𝑛
9
12𝐸𝐼 12 ∙ 5 ∙ 10
𝑘( = ( = = 3472 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛.
𝐿X (10 ∙ 12)(

3860 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 X
𝑚W = = 10
386 𝑖𝑛.
1930 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 X
𝑚X = = 5
386 𝑖𝑛.
1930 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 X
𝑚( = = 5
386 𝑖𝑛.
(a)
𝑢W = 2.218 sin 𝑡
𝑢X = 3.981 sin 𝑡
𝑢( = 4.419 sin 𝑡

(b)
𝑢W = 4.436 cos 𝑡
𝑢X = 7.963 cos 𝑡
𝑢( = 9.128 cos 𝑡

(c)

𝑢W = 4.436 cos 𝑡 + 2.218 sin 𝑡

𝑢X = 7.963 cos 𝑡 + 3.981 sin 𝑡
𝑢( = 9.128 cos 𝑡 + 4.419 sin 𝑡

64
9.1

(a)

10 −2 −1 0 0 0 0 0
[𝐾] = ö −2 6 −3 −2÷, [𝑀] = ö0 0 0 0÷
−1 −3 12 −1 0 0 3 0
0 −2 −1 8 0 0 0 2

Apply Gauss-Jordan elimination to two-first rows:

1 −0.2 −0.1 0
ö0 5.6 −3.2 −2÷
0 −3.2 11.9 −1
0 −2 −1 8

1 −0.2 −0.1 0
ö0 5.6 −0.5714 −0.3591 ÷
0 −3.2 11.9 −1
0 −2 −2.1428 7.2858

1 0 −0.2193 −0.07142
ö0 1 −0.5714 −0.3591 ÷
0 0 10.0715 −2.1428
0 0 −2.1428 7.2858

By Eq. 9.11
0.2193 0.07142
0.2193 0.07142
[𝑇ø] = ¼ ½ 𝑠𝑜 [𝑇] = ö0.5714 0.3571 ÷
0.5714 0.3571 1 0
0 1
© ] = [𝑇ø]¡ [𝐾][𝑇ø]
Check [𝐾

10 −2 −1 0 0.2193 0.07142
©] = ¼
[𝐾 0.2193 0.5714 1 0 −2 6 −3 −2÷ ö0.5714 0.3571 ÷
½ö
0.07142 0.3571 0 1 −1 −3 12 −1 1 0
0 −2 −1 8 0 1

©] = ¼ 10.0715 −2.1425½
[𝐾
−2.1428 7.2858
©] = ¼ 3 0
Check [𝑀 ½
0 2

(b)

©−𝑀
[𝐾 © 𝜔X ]{𝑎} = {0} (𝐸𝑞. 1)

Set determinant equal to zero:

X
ù10.0715 − 3𝜔 −2.1425 ù = 0
−2.1428 7.2858 − 3𝜔X

𝜔§ − 7𝜔X + 11.4645 = 0
𝜔WX= 2.6137, 𝜔W = 1.6167 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝜔XX = 4.386, 𝜔X = 2.094 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐

65
From Eq. (1)
For 𝜔WX = 2.6137
[10.0715 − 3(2.6137)]𝑎WW − 2.1428𝑎WX = 0
Set
𝑎(W = 1.0
𝑎§W = 1.0409
or
1
𝜙(W = = 0.4399
√3 ∙ 1.0X+ 2 ∙ 1.0409X
1.0409
𝜙§W = = 0.4579
√3 ∙ 1.0X + 2 ∙ 1.0409X
For 𝜔XX = 4.386

[10.0715 − 3(4.386)]𝑎(X − 2.1428𝑎§X = 0

Set
𝑎(W = 1.0
𝑎§W = −1.4409
or
1
𝜙(X = = 0.3739
√3 ∙ 1.0X
+ 2 ∙ 1.4409X
−1.4409
𝜙§X = = −0.5388
√3 ∙ 1.0X + 2 ∙ 1.4409X
𝜙 0.4399
{𝜙}‘W = • (W Ÿ = ¼ ½
𝜙§W 0.4579
𝜙
{𝜙}‘X = • (X Ÿ = ¼ 0.3739 ½
𝜙§X −0.5388

0.2193 0.07142
[𝑇] = ö0.5714 0.3571 ÷
1 0
0 1
For the first mode:
0.1270 0.0416
{𝜙}W = [𝑇]{𝜙}‘W 0.4148 0.0212
=ú û, {𝜙}X = [𝑇]{𝜙}‘X = ú û
0.4399 0.3739
0.4579 −0.5388

66
9.2
1 0 0 0
[𝑀] = ö0 1 0 0÷
0 0 3 0
0 0 0 2
From Prblem 9.1

0.2193 0.07142
[𝑇] = ö0.5714 0.3571 ÷
1 0
0 1

© ] = [𝑇ø]¡ [𝑀][𝑇ø]
Check [𝑀

1 0 0 0 0.2193 0.07142
0.2193 0.5714 1 0
©] = ¼
[𝑀 ½ ö0 1 0 0÷ ö0.5714 0.3571 ÷
0.07142 0.3571 0 1 0 0 3 0 1 0
0 0 0 2 0 1

© ] = ¼ 3.372
[𝑀
−0.2193
½
−0.2193 2.133

©] = ¼ 10.0715 −2.1425½
[𝐾
−2.1428 7.2858

©−𝑀
[𝐾 © 𝜔X ]{𝑎} = {0} (𝐸𝑞. 1)

Set determinant equal to zero:

X
ù 10.0715 − 3.372𝜔 X −2.1425 − 0.2193𝜔X ù = 0
−2.1428 − 0.2193𝜔 7.2858 − 2.133𝜔X

𝜔§ − 6.5767𝜔X + 9.6281 = 0
𝜔WX = 2.1997, 𝜔W = 1.4831 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝜔XX = 4.377, 𝜔X = 2.0921 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐

67
From Eq. (1)
For 𝜔WX = 2.1997
[10.0715 − 3.372(2.1997)]𝑎(W − [2.1428 + 0.2193(2.1997)]𝑎§W = 0
Set
𝑎(W = 1.0
𝑎§W = 1.011
or
1
𝜙(W = = 0.4082
2.45
1.011
𝜙§W = = 0.4126
2.45

For 𝜔WX = 4.377

[10.0715 − 3.372(2.1997)]𝑎(W − [2.1428 + 0.2193(2.1997)]𝑎§W = 0
Set
𝑎(X = 1.0
𝑎§X = −1.5126
or
1
𝜙(W = = 0.3630
2.755
1.011
𝜙§W = = 0.5490
2.755
To normalize compute:
© ]{𝑎}W = [1.0 1.011] ¼ 3.372 0.2193½ ¼ 1.0 ½ = 2.45
{𝑎}W¡ [𝑀
0.2193 2.133 1.011
© ]{𝑎}X = [1.0 −1.5126] ¼ 3.372 0.2193½ ¼ 1.0 ½ = 2.755
{𝑎}¡X [𝑀
0.2193 2.133 −1.5126

{𝑎} = [𝑇]{𝑎}¹
From Problem 9.1:
0.2193 0.07142
[𝑇] = ö0.5714 0.3571 ÷
1 0
0 1

𝜙
{𝜙}‘W = • (W Ÿ = ¼0.4082½
𝜙§W 0.4126

𝜙
{𝜙}‘X = • (X Ÿ = ¼ 0.3630 ½
𝜙§X −0.5490

0.2143 0.07142 0.1170 0.1170

{𝑎}W = ú0.5714 0.3571 û ¼0.4082½ = ö0.3808÷ → {𝜙} = ö0.3808÷
1 0 0.4126 0.4082 W 0.4082
0 1 0.4126 0.4126

0.2143 0.07142 0.0386 0.0386

{𝑎}X = ú0.5714 0.3571 û ¼ 0.3630 ½ = ö 0.0113 ÷ → {𝜙} = ö 0.0113 ÷
1 0 −0.5490 0.3630 X 0.3630
0 1 −0.5490 −0.5490

68
9.5
From Problem 9.4: Natural frequencies
ωW = √164 = 12.81
ωX = √1748 = 41.81

From Fig. 5.10: Spectral displacements:

𝑆|W = 6.274
𝑆|X = 0.6119

Participation factors:
Γ¥ = l 𝑚é 𝜙é¥

ΓW = 1(0.1691) + 1(0.3397) + 1(0.5697) + 1(0.5697) = 2.103

Also,
ΓX = 0.606
Max. displacement
X
𝑢¥þÿ! = rlºΓ¥ 𝑆|é 𝜙é¥ »
𝑢Wþÿ! = 2.246 𝑖𝑛.
𝑢Xþÿ! = 4.492 𝑖𝑛.
𝑢(þÿ! = 6.001 𝑖𝑛.
𝑢§þÿ! = 7.520 𝑖𝑛.
𝑢‰þÿ! = 7.520 𝑖𝑛.

9.6
The modal shear force 𝑉¥é at story 𝑖 due to mode 𝑗 is:

𝑉¥é = Γ¥ 𝑆|é ∆𝜙¥é 𝑘¥

Where ∆𝜙¥é = 𝜙¥é − 𝜙¥•W,é with 𝜙Oé = 0
And 𝑉¥ = r∑¥ 𝑉¥éX

𝑉W = }(2.104 ∙ 6.274 ∙ 0.1699)X + (0.6063 ∙ 0.6119 ∙ 0.3755)X ∙ 1949

𝑉W = 4371 𝑙𝑏
𝑉X = 4002 𝑙𝑏
𝑉( = 3327 𝑙𝑏
𝑉§ = 2345 𝑙𝑏
𝑉‰ = 1410 𝑙𝑏

69
9.7

From Problem 9.5:

ωWX = 2.3131
ωXX = 4.1622
From Problem 9.1 and 9.4:

10 −2 −1 0 1 0 0 0
[𝐾] = ö −2 6 −3 −2÷, [𝑀] = ö0 1 0 0÷
−1 −3 12 −1 0 0 3 0
0 −2 −1 8 0 0 0 2

7.6868 −2 −1 0
[𝐾 − 𝑀𝜔WX ]=ö −2 3.6868 −3 −2 ÷
−1 −3 5.0604 −1
0 −2 −1 3.3736
Apply Gauss-Jordan elimination to two-first rows:

1 0 −0.3980 −0.1643
ö0 1 −1.0297 −0.6316÷
0 0 1.5129 −3.0593
0 0 3.0593 2.1104

0.3980 0.1643
øøø
[𝑇Ó ] = • Ó Ÿ = ö1.0297
𝑇 0.6316÷
𝐼 1 0
0 1

The imporved modal shapes are:

{𝑎} = [𝑇]{𝑎}¹

𝜙
{𝜙}‘W = • (W Ÿ = ¼0.1858½
𝜙§W 0.1592

𝜙
{𝜙}‘X = • (X Ÿ = ¼ 0.1565 ½
𝜙§X −0.2029

0.3980 0.1643 0.1001 0.2004

{𝑎}W = ú1.0297 0.6316û ¼0.1858½ = ö0.2910÷ → {𝜙} = ö0.5844÷
1 0 0.1592 0.1858 W 0.3720
0 1 0.1592 0.3187

0.3980 0.1643 −0.0085 −0.0085

{𝑎}X = ú1.0297 0.6316û ¼ 0.1565 ½ = ö−0.0470÷ → {𝜙} = ö−0.0470÷
1 0 −0.2029 0.1565 X 0.1565
0 1 −0.2029 −0.2029

Normalizing factor = 0.6142

70
9.9

From Problem 9.4

a)

ωWX = 164.56
ωXX = 1473
0.1697 0.3466
{𝜙}W = " 0.3394#, {𝜙}X = " 0.6932 #
0.5286 −0.1360
0.6231 −0.5506
Modal response:
Praticipation factors:

Γ¥ = l 𝑚é 𝜙é¥

ΓW = −[1(0.1697) + 1(0.3394) + 1(0.4340) + 1(0.5256) + 1(0.6331)] = −2.0945

Also,
ΓX = 0.6318
Spectral response

2𝜋 2𝜋
𝑇W = = 0.500, 𝑇X = = 0.1637
𝜔W 𝜔X

𝑡¸ 0.25 𝑡¸ 0.25
= = 0.125, = = 1.527
𝑇W 0.50 𝑇X 0.1637
𝑧W•¿À 𝑧X•¿À
= 0.39, = 1.7
𝑧W±‚ 𝑧X±‚

𝑃O ΓW 400 ∙ 2.0948
𝑧W±‚ = = = 5.09
ωWX 164.56
𝑃O ΓW 400 ∙ 0.6318
𝑧X±‚ = X = = 0.17
ωW 1473.4

𝑧W•¿À = 0.39 ∙ 5.09 = 1.99

𝑧X•¿À = 1.7 ∙ 0.17 = 0.29
b)

𝑢¥é = max. displacement at floor “𝑖" and “𝑗” mode relative to base displacement

X
𝑢¥é = 0lº𝜙¥é 𝑧é•¿À »
é

𝑢W = }(0.1697 ∙ 1.99)X + (0.3466 ∙ 0.29)X = 0.3523 𝑖𝑛.

𝑢X = }(0.3394 ∙ 1.99)X + (0.6932 ∙ 0.29)X = 0.7172 𝑖𝑛.
𝑢( = }(0.4340 ∙ 1.99)X + (0.2786 ∙ 0.29)X = 0.8674 𝑖𝑛.
𝑢§ = }(0.5280 ∙ 1.99)X + (0.1360 ∙ 0.29)X = 1.0526 𝑖𝑛.
𝑢‰ = }(0.6231 ∙ 1.99)X + (0.5506 ∙ 0.29)X = 1.2502 𝑖𝑛.

71
c)
𝐹¥é = max. inertial force at floor 𝑖 in mode 𝑗:

𝐹¥é = 𝑚¥ 𝜙¥é 𝜔éX 𝑧é•¿À

𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 X
𝑚¥ = 1
𝑖𝑛.

𝐹WW = 1 ∙ 0.1697 ∙ 164.56 ∙ 1.99 = 55.57

𝐹XW = 1 ∙ 0.3394 ∙ 164.56 ∙ 1.99 = 111.14
𝐹(W = 142.12
𝐹§W = 173.10
𝐹‰W = 204.05

𝐹WX = 1 ∙ 0.3466 ∙ 1473.4 ∙ 0.29 = 148.10

𝐹XX = 269.19
𝐹(X = 119.04
𝐹§X = −58.11
𝐹‰X = −235.26

𝑉¥é = Max. shear force at story 𝑖 in mode 𝑗

𝑉¥é = l 𝐹•é
•+¥

𝑉‰W = 204.05
𝑉§W = 377.15
𝑉(W = 519.27
𝑉XW = 630.41
𝑉WW = 685.98

𝑉‰X = −235.26
𝑉§X = −293.37
𝑉(X = −174.33
𝑉XX = 97.83
𝑉WX = 245.93

𝑉¥ = Max. shear force at story 𝑖

2
𝑉¥ = ,l 𝑉2𝑖𝑗
𝑖=1

𝑉W = 728.73 𝑙𝑏, 𝑉X = 637.96 𝑙𝑏, 𝑉( = 547.50 𝑙𝑏, 𝑉§ = 477.81𝑙𝑏, 𝑉‰ = 311.42 𝑙𝑏

72
10.2

sec X
𝑚§ = 0.01 ∙ 100 = 1 V𝑙𝑏 Y
𝑖𝑛.
𝑚‰ = 1

0 0 0 0 0
⎡0 0 0 0 0⎤⎥
© ] = ⎢⎢0
[𝑀 0 0 0 0⎥
⎢0 0 0 1 0⎥
⎣0 0 0 0 1⎦

10.8

From Eq. 10.45

ì P1 ü é 36 3L -36 3L ù ìd1 ü
ïP ï ê 2 úï ï
ï 2 ï N ê 3L 4 L -3L - L ú ïd 2 ï
2

í ý= í ý
ï P3 ï 30 L ê -36 -3L 36 -3L ú ïd 3 ï
ïî P4 ïþ ê 2 ú
ë 3L - L -3L 4 L û ïîd 4 ïþ
2

36 300 −36 300

10000 300 40000 −300 −10000
©- ] =
[𝐾 ö ÷
30 ∙ 100 −36 −300 36 −300
300 −10000 −300 40000

System geometric matrix:

80000 −10000 0 0 −300

⎡ −10000 300 0 ⎤⎥
10 ⎢−10000 80000
©. ] =
[𝐾 0 −10000 0 0 300 ⎥
3 ⎢⎢ 0 300 0 72 −36⎥
⎣ −300
0 300 −36 72 ⎦

73
11.8

1
4
1 2

10𝑓(𝑡) 𝑥 𝑥

𝑃§
𝑃§ 𝑃‰

1 𝑃W 𝑃‰ 7
2
𝑃W
0.70
)
𝑓 (𝑡
10
10𝑓(𝑡)0.707

𝑃X

2 𝑦
𝑃X
𝑃( 𝑦 𝑃(

𝑃W 𝑃W

For member 1
t t
𝑥 X 𝑃(𝑡)𝐿X
𝑃( = Ã −𝑃(𝑡)𝜓X (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = −𝑃(𝑡) Ã 𝑥 •1 − – 𝑑𝑥 = − = −633.3𝑃(𝑡)
O O 𝐿 12

𝑃(𝑡)𝐿X
𝑃Z = = 833.3𝑃(𝑡)
12

𝑃(𝑡)𝐿X
𝑃‰ = − = −50𝑃(𝑡)
2

𝑃W = 𝑃X = 𝑃§ = 0
For member 2
𝑃§ = 𝑃W = −3.533𝑓(𝑡)
𝑃X = 𝑃‰ = 3.533𝑓(𝑡)
𝑥 X
𝑃( = 3.533𝑓(𝑡) â𝑥 •1 − – â t
𝐿 À+
X
𝐿
𝑃( = 3.533𝑓(𝑡) = 44.18𝑓(𝑡)
8
𝐿
𝑃Z = −3.533𝑓(𝑡) = −44.18𝑓(𝑡)
8

11.9

𝐹W = 833.3𝑃(𝑡) − 44.18𝑓(𝑡)
𝐹X = −833.3𝑃(𝑡)
𝐹( = −5𝑓(𝑡)
𝐹§ = −50𝑃(𝑡)

74
12.10 𝑦

𝑃X 𝑃‰
𝑧 𝑃(𝑡) = 𝑃O 𝑓(𝑡)

𝑃W 𝑃§ 𝑥

𝑦 𝐿
𝑃( 𝑃Z
Equivalent forces = fixed-end reaction with opposite sign.

𝑃W = 0
1
𝑃X = − 𝑃O 𝑓(𝑡)𝐿X
12
𝑃O 𝑓(𝑡)𝐿
𝑃( =
2
𝑃§ = 0
1
𝑃‰ = 𝑃 𝑓(𝑡)𝐿X
12 O
𝑃O 𝑓(𝑡)𝐿
𝑃Z =
2
12.11

𝑃W = 0

𝐹(𝑡)𝑎𝑏X
𝑃X = −
𝐿X

𝐹(𝑡)𝑏X
𝑃( = (3𝑎 + 𝑏)
𝐿X

𝑃§ = 0

𝐹(𝑡)𝑎X 𝑏
𝑃‰ =
𝐿X

𝐹(𝑡)𝑎X
𝑃Z = (3𝑎 + 𝑏)
𝐿X

75
i
14.2

|[𝐾] − [𝑀]𝜔X | = 0
Using results from Problem 14.1

X
ù1563 − 7.2𝜔 902 ù=0
902 4688 − 7.2𝜔X

51.84𝜔§ − 45,007𝜔X + 6,513,740 = 0

𝜔WX = 183.5, 𝑓W = 2.16 𝑐𝑝𝑠
𝜔XX = 684.4, 𝑓X = 4.16 𝑐𝑝𝑠
Modal shapes:

1st mode

[1563 − 7.2(183.5)]𝑎WW − 902𝑎XW = 0

Set
𝑎WW = 1.0
𝑎XW = −0.268
or
1
𝜙WW = = 0.35996
2.778
1.011
𝜙XW =− = −0.09647
2.778
2nd mode

[1563 − 7.2(684.4)]𝑎WX − 902𝑎XX = 0

Set
𝑎WX = 1.0
𝑎XX = 3.73
or
1
𝜙WX = = 0.09649
10.3627
3.73
𝜙XX = = 0.35994
10.3627

76
14.5

From Problem 14.2

Natural frequencies:
𝜔WX = 183.5, 𝑓W = 2.16 𝑐𝑝𝑠
𝜔XX = 684.4, 𝑓X = 4.16 𝑐𝑝𝑠

𝜙WW = 0.35996
𝜙XW = −0.09647
𝜙WX = 0.09649
𝜙XX = 0.35994
1
𝑇W = = 0.463 𝑠𝑒𝑐, 𝑇X = 0.240, 𝑡¸ = 0.1𝑠𝑒𝑐
2.16
𝑡¸ 𝑧1max
= 0.216, 𝐷𝐿 𝐹Wþÿ! = = 1.2
𝑇¸ 𝑧W±‚¿‚
𝑡¸ 𝑧2max
= 0.417, 𝐷𝐿 𝐹Xþÿ! = = 1.9
𝑇¸ 𝑧X±‚¿‚

𝑞̈ W + 𝜔W X 𝑞W = 𝜙WW 𝐹W + 𝜙XW 𝐹X
𝑞̈ X + 𝜔X X 𝑞X = 𝜙WX 𝐹W + 𝜙XX 𝐹X
or

𝑞̈ W + 183.4𝑞W = 10(0.35998) = 3.6, 𝑡 ≤ 0.1 𝑠𝑒𝑐

𝑞̈ X + 6002.2𝑞X = 10(0.09646) = 0.9646, 𝑡 ≤ 0.1 𝑠𝑒𝑐

𝐹O 3.6 𝐹O 0.9646
𝑧W,±‚ = = = 0.196, 𝑧X,±‚ = = = 0.0014
𝑘 18.34 𝑘 684.6

𝑧W,•¿À = 1.2(0.196) = 0.235, 𝑧X,þÿ! = 1.9(0.0014) = 0.0026

Use SSS rule

𝑦W,•¿À = r(𝑧W,þÿ! 𝜙11 )X +(𝑧X,þÿ! 𝜙12 )X = r(0.235 ∙ 0.36)X +(0.0026 ∙ 0.09646)X = 0.0846 𝑖𝑛.

𝑦X,•¿À = r(𝑧W,þÿ! 𝜙21 )X +(𝑧X,þÿ! 𝜙22 )X = r(−0.235 ∙ 0.09646)X +(0.0026 ∙ 0.36)X = 0.0227 𝑖𝑛.

77
17.1

𝐸𝐼 = 3.5 ∙ 10e 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑖𝑛.X

𝑙𝑏
𝑊 = 150 (
𝑓𝑡

𝐸𝐼
𝜔· = 𝑛X 𝜋 X 0 §
𝑚
©𝐿

150 𝑙𝑏
𝑊= = 0.0868 (
12( 𝑖𝑛.
0.0868 ∙ 24 ∙ 10 𝑙𝑏 ∙ sec X
𝑚
©= = 0.054
386 𝑖𝑛.(
𝜔W
𝜔W = 13.4638, 𝑓1 = = 2.14 𝑐𝑝𝑠
2𝜋
𝜔X
𝜔X = 53.8552, 𝑓2 = = 8.57 𝑐𝑝𝑠
2𝜋
𝜔(
𝜔( = 121.1742, 𝑓3 = = 19.28 𝑐𝑝𝑠
2𝜋

17.2

From Table 17.3

𝐸𝐼
𝜔· = 𝐶· 0 §
𝑚
©𝐿

𝐶W = 22.3733, 𝐶X = 61.6828, 𝐶( = 120.9034

From Problem 17.1

13.4638
𝜔· = 𝐶· = 1.3642 𝐶·
𝜋X

𝜔W = 30.52, 𝑓W = 4.85 𝑐𝑝𝑠

𝜔X = 84.13, 𝑓X = 13.39 𝑐𝑝𝑠
𝜔( = 164.93, 𝑓( = 26.25 𝑐𝑝𝑠

78
17.3

From Table 17.5

𝐸𝐼
𝜔· = 𝐶· 0 §
𝑚
©𝐿
13.4638
𝜔· = 𝐶· = 1.3642 𝐶·
𝜋X

𝐶W = 15.4188, 𝐶X = 49.9648, 𝐶( = 140.2477

From Problem 17.1

13.4638
𝜔· = 𝐶· = 1.3642 𝐶·
𝜋X

𝜔W = 21.02, 𝑓W = 3.35 𝑐𝑝𝑠

𝜔X = 68.16, 𝑓X = 10.85 𝑐𝑝𝑠
𝜔( = 142.21, 𝑓( = 22.63 𝑐𝑝𝑠

17.4

2𝑃O 1 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥W

𝑦(𝑥, 𝑡) = l X sin (1 − cos 𝜔· 𝑡) sin
𝑚
©𝐿 𝜔· 𝐿 𝐿
Load
𝑃O = −2000, 𝑎𝑡 𝑥W = 9(12) = 108 𝑖𝑛.
Deflection at centers
(36)(12)
𝑥= = 216 𝑖𝑛.
2

For max. deflection

𝑙𝑏 ∙ sec X
(1 − cos 𝜔· 𝑡) = 2, 𝑚
© = 0.054 , from problem 17.1
𝑖𝑛.(

−2(2000) 2 𝑛𝜋(108) 𝑛𝜋 1 𝑛𝜋
𝑦•¿À Š.·‚.‹ = l X sin sin = −342.93 l X sin(0.7854𝑛) sin
0.054(36)(12) 𝜔· (36 ∙ 12) 2 𝜔· 2

First 3 modes: 𝜔W = 13.46 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐 , From Problem 17.1

1 1 0.707
𝑦•¿À Š.·‚.‹ = −342.93 • X
0.707 + X
(0) + (−1) … . . Ÿ
13.46 53.85 121.17X

= −342.93[0.0039 − 0.000048]

= −1.321 𝑖𝑛.

79
17.5

𝑙𝑏 ∙ sec X
𝑚
© = 0.3
𝑖𝑛.(

𝐸𝐼 = 10Z 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑖𝑛.X

𝐿 = 150 𝑖𝑛.

Modal differential equation:

𝑀· 𝑧̈· (𝑡) + 𝜔·X 𝑀· 𝑧·(‚) = 𝐹· (𝑡)

where

t
© 𝜙·X (𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑀· = Ã 𝑚
O
t
𝐹· = Ã 𝜙·X (𝑥)𝑃(𝑥, 𝑡) 𝑑𝑥
O
or
𝐹(𝑡) 𝑃O ∫ 𝜙· (𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑧̈· + 𝜔· X 𝑧· = = t
𝑀· ∫ 𝑚© 𝜙·X (𝑥)𝑑𝑥
O

∫ 𝜙· (𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝐼· = t
© 𝜙·X (𝑥)𝑑𝑥
∫O 𝑚
Modal response:

𝑃O 𝐼·
𝑧· (𝑡) = (1 − cos 𝜔· 𝑡)
𝜔· X
Total response:

𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑢(𝑡, 𝑥) = l Φ· (𝑥)𝑧· (𝑡), Φ· = sin modal shape
𝐿
·
𝑃O 𝐼· 𝑛𝜋𝑥
= l X (1 − cos 𝜔· 𝑡) sin
𝜔· 𝐿
·
First mode
𝐸𝐼 20
106
𝜔W = 𝐶1 0 = 𝜋 = 0.8
© 𝐿4
𝑚 0.3 (150)4
𝜔1
𝑓W = = 0.13 𝑐𝑝𝑠
2𝜋
4
𝐼· =
𝜋
4𝑃O 𝜋𝑥 𝑥
𝑦W (𝑡, 𝑥) = (1 − cos 0.13𝑡) sin = 75.34𝑃O (1 − cos 0.13𝑡) sin
𝜋 0.13X 150 47.75

80
17.6

𝑙𝑏 ∙ sec X
𝑚
© = 0.3
𝑖𝑛.(

𝐸𝐼 = 10Z 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑖𝑛.X

𝐿 = 150 𝑖𝑛.

𝐸𝐼 106
𝜔· = 𝐶𝑛 0 = 𝐶𝑛 0 = 𝐶𝑛 0.081
© 𝐿4
𝑚 0.3 (150)4
𝜔W = 𝜋2 (0.081) = 0.8 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝜔X = 4𝜋2 (0.081) = 3.2 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐

Modal differential equation:

𝑀· 𝑧̈· (𝑡) + 𝜔·X 𝑀· 𝑧·(‚) = 𝐹·(‚)

where
𝐿
t 𝑛𝜋 • –
𝐹· = Ã 𝜙·X (𝑥)𝑃(𝑥, 𝑡) 𝑑𝑥
= sin 2 1000 sin 500𝑡
O 𝐿
For 𝑛 = 1, 𝐹W (𝑡) = 1000 sin 500𝑡
For 𝑛 = 2, 𝐹X (𝑡) = 0

t
© 𝜙·X (𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑀· = Ã 𝑚
O
t
X
𝜋𝑥 0.3 t 2𝜋𝑥
𝑀W = Ã 0.3 sin 𝑑𝑥 = Ã #1 − cos , 𝑑𝑥 = 0.15𝐿 = 0.15(150) = 22.5
O 𝐿 2 O 𝐿

1000
𝑧̈· + 𝜔· X 𝑧· = sin 500𝑡 = 44.44 sin 500𝑡
22.5

44.44
𝑧W = sin(500𝑡) = 0.00018 sin(500𝑡)
0.64 − 500X

𝑦(𝑡) = 𝜙W (𝑥)𝑧W (𝑡) + 𝜙X (𝑥)𝑧X (𝑡) + ⋯.

𝑧X (𝑡) = 0, So consider only first mode

sin 𝜋 𝑥
𝑦(𝑡) = 0.00018 sin(500𝑡) = 0.0000038 sin(500𝑡)
150

81
17.7

𝐹· (𝑡)
𝑧̈· (𝑡) + 2𝜉· 𝜔· 𝑧̇· (𝑡) + 𝜔·X 𝑧·(‚) =
𝑀·
t
© 𝜙·X (𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑀· = Ã 𝑚
O

𝑀W = 22.5
t
𝐹· = Ã 𝑚
©𝜙(𝑥)𝑃(𝑥, 𝑡) 𝑑𝑥
O
First mode

𝐹W (𝑡) = 1000 sin 500𝑡

𝜔W = 0.8 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐

𝐹W (𝑡)
𝑧̈W (𝑡) + 2 ∙ 0.1 ∙ 0.8𝑧̇W (𝑡) + (0.8)X 𝑧W (𝑡) =
𝑀W

Solution

𝑧±‚ sin(𝜔
©𝑡 − 𝜃)
𝑧(𝑡) =
}(1 − 𝑟 X )X + (2𝜉𝑟)X

500
𝜉 = 0.1, 𝑟 = = 625
0.8

2𝜉𝑟 2(0.1)(625)
tan 𝜃 = X
= = −0.00032
1−𝑟 1 − 625X

4
𝜃 = −0.018° , 𝐼W =
𝜋
1000
𝑧±‚ = = 1562.5
(0.8)X
1562.5
𝑧W (𝑡) = sin(500𝑡 + 0.0003) = 0.004 sin(500𝑡 + 0.0003)
390624

𝑦(𝑡) = 𝜙W (𝑥)𝑧W (𝑡) + 𝜙X (𝑥)𝑧X (𝑡) + ⋯.

sin 𝜋 𝑥
𝑦(𝑡) = 0.004 sin(500𝑡 − 0.003)
𝐿

82
17.8

𝑙𝑏 ∙ sec X
𝑚
© = 0.5
𝑖𝑛.(
𝐸𝐼 = 30 ∙ 10 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑖𝑛.X
Z

𝐿 = 100 𝑖𝑛.
𝐼 = 120 𝑖𝑛.§

𝐸𝐼 30 ∙ 10Z (120)
𝜔· = 3.5160 = 3.5160 = 24.83 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
© 𝐿4
𝑚 0.5 (100)
4

𝐹W (𝑡)
𝑧̈W (𝑡) + 𝜔WX 𝑧W (𝑡) =
𝑀W
t
𝐹W (𝑡) = Ã 𝜙W (𝑥)𝑃(𝑥, 𝑡) 𝑑𝑥
O
Fn ( x) = cosh an x + cos an x - s n (sinh an x + sin an x)
where
cosh an L - cos an L
sn =
sinh an L - sin an L

(𝑎· 𝐿)X = 𝐶· , Eq.(17.51)and Table 17.4

√3.5160
𝑎· = = 0.019
100

𝜙W (𝐿) = cosh √3.516 − cos √3.516 − 0.734(sinh √3.516 − sin √3.516)

cosh √3.516 + cos √3.516

𝜎W = = 0.734
sinh √3.516 + sin √3.516

𝜙W (𝐿) = 0.0248
𝐹W (𝑡) = 0.0248 𝑃(𝑡)

t
© 𝜙·X (𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑀W = Ã 𝑚
O

83
 t
∫O 𝜙W (𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝐼W = t = 0.7830
∫O 𝜙WX (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

t t
à 𝜙W (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = à [cosh 𝑎W 𝑥 − cos 𝑎W 𝑥 − 𝜎1 (sinh 𝑎W 𝑥 − sin 𝑎W 𝑥)]𝑑𝑥
O O
cosh 𝑎1 𝐿 + cos 𝑎1 𝐿
𝜎W = = 0.507
sinh 𝑎1 𝐿 + sin 𝑎1 𝐿

(𝑎W 𝐿)X = 𝐶W = 3.5160

𝑎W 𝐿 = √3.5160 = 1.875

t
1
à 𝜙W (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = {|sinh 𝑎W 𝑥 − sin 𝑎W 𝑥|WOO
O − 0.507|cosh 𝑎W 𝑥 + cos 𝑎W 𝑥|WOO
O }
O 𝑎W
1.875
𝑎W = = 0.01875
100
t
à 𝜙W (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 53.3{(3.1837 − 0.9541) − 0.507(3.3371 − 0.2995 − 1 − 1)} = 90.80
O

t
t ∫ 𝜙W (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 90.80
à 𝜙WX (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = O = = 115.96
O 𝐼W 0.783

𝐹W (𝑡) = 𝜙W (𝐿)𝑃(𝑡) = 0.0248𝑃(𝑡)

0.0248𝑃(𝑡)
𝑧̈W (𝑡) + 29.83X 𝑧W (𝑡) = = 𝑃O 𝑓(𝑡), 𝑡 ≤ 0.05
115.96

0.0249(5000)
𝑃O = = 1.073𝑓(𝑡)
115.96
𝑡¸ 0.05
= = 0.24, (𝐷𝐿𝐹)•¿À = 0.7 (From Fig. 4.5)
𝑇W 0.21

2𝜋 2𝜋
𝑇W = = = 0.21
𝜔W 29.83

𝑧•¿À,W
(𝐷𝐿𝐹)•¿À =
𝑧±‚,W

𝑃O 1.073 1
𝑧±‚,W = = X
=
𝑘 29.83 829

1
𝑧•¿À,W = (𝐷𝐿𝐹)•¿À 𝑧±‚,W = 0.7 ∙ = 0.00084
829
𝑧•¿À,W = 𝜙W (𝑥 = 𝐿)𝑧•¿À,W = 0.0248 ∙ 0.00084 = 2.1 ∙ 10•‰ 𝑖𝑛.

84
17.9

𝑙𝑏 ∙ sec X
𝑚
© = 0.5
𝑖𝑛.(
𝐸𝐼 = 10Ò 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑖𝑛.X
𝐿 = 90 𝑖𝑛.

2𝑃O 1 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥W 𝑛𝜋𝑥X

𝑦(𝑥, 𝑡) = l • X sin (1 − cos 𝜔· 𝑡) •sin +sin –Ÿ
𝑚
©𝐿 𝜔· 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿

𝐸𝐼 10Ò
𝜔· = 𝜋2 0 = 𝜋2 0 = 5.45 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
© 𝐿4
𝑚 0.5 (90)
4

2𝑃O 1 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥W 𝑛𝜋𝑥X

𝑦(𝑥, 𝑡) = l • X sin (1 − cos 𝜔· 𝑡) •sin +sin –Ÿ
𝑚
©𝐿 𝜔· 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿

−6000 1 𝜋𝑥 𝜋60 𝜋75

𝑦(𝑥, 𝑡) = (1 − cos 5.45 𝑡) sin #sin +sin ,
0.5(90) 5.43X 90 90 90
= −4.49(1 − cos 5.45 𝑡) sin 0.035𝑥(1.366) = −6.13 (1 − cos 5.45 𝑡) sin(0.035𝑥)

At mid section:
sin(0.035 ∙ 45) = 1.0
𝑦(45, 𝑡) = −6.13(1 − cos 5.45 𝑡)

17.10

𝐹W (𝑡)
𝑧̈W (𝑡) + 𝜔WX 𝑧W (𝑡) =
𝑀W
t
𝐹W (𝑡) = Ã 𝜙W (𝑥)𝑃(𝑥, 𝑡) 𝑑𝑥
O
First mode:

𝜔W = 5.45 𝑟𝑎𝑑/ sec From Problem 17.9

2𝜋
𝑇W = = 1.15 𝑠𝑒𝑐
5.45
t
𝑛𝜋
© 𝜙WX (𝑥)𝑑𝑥, 𝜙W (𝑥) = sin
𝑀W = Ã 𝑚
O 𝐿

85
 eO (1
2𝜋
− cos 𝐿 𝑥) 0.5
𝑀W = 0.5 Ã 𝑑𝑥 = ∙ 90 = 22.5
O 2 2

−3000
𝑧̈W (𝑡) + 5.45X 𝑧W (𝑡) = , 𝑡 ≤ 0.1 𝑠𝑒𝑐
22.5

𝑧̈W (𝑡) + 5.45X 𝑧W (𝑡) = 0, 𝑡 > 0.1 𝑠𝑒𝑐

𝑡¸ 00.1
= = 0.086
𝑇 1.15
Max. response from Fig. 4.4:

3000
𝑧W,•¿À = 0.5𝑧±‚ , 𝑧±‚ = = 4.5
22.5 ∙ 5.45X

𝑧W,•¿À = 0.5(4.5) = 2.25

𝜋𝑥
𝑦þÿ!,W (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝜙1 (𝑥)𝑧𝑚𝑎𝑥,1 = 2.25 sin
90
at 𝑥 = 60"
𝑧•¿À,W (𝑥 = 60") = 1.95 𝑖𝑛.
at 𝑥 = 75"
𝑧•¿À,W (𝑥 = 75") = 1.125 𝑖𝑛

86
17.11

𝑙𝑏 ∙ sec X
𝑚
© =1
𝑖𝑛.(
𝐸𝐼 = 30 ∙ 10Z 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑖𝑛.X
𝐿 = 180 𝑖𝑛.
𝑃(𝑥, 𝑡) = 2000 sin 400𝑡
𝜋
𝑡¸ = 𝑠𝑒𝑐
400

Modal differential equation for first modes:

𝐹(𝑡) ∫ 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑡)𝜙W (𝑥)𝑑𝑥

𝑧̈W + 𝜔W X 𝑧W = = t , 𝑡 ≤ 𝑡¸
𝑀W ∫ 𝑚 © 𝜙 X (𝑥)𝑑𝑥
O W

𝐸𝐼 30 ∙ 10Z
𝜔W = 22.37330 = 22.37330 = 3.78 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
© 𝐿4
𝑚 1(180)4

𝑃O 𝐼W
𝑧̈W + 3.78X 𝑧W = sin 𝜔©𝑡 , 𝑡 ≤ 𝑡¸ , 𝐼W = 0.8308 (Table 17.3)
©
𝑚
𝑧̈W + 3.78X 𝑧W = 0, 𝑡 > 𝑡¸

2000(0.8308)
𝑧̈W + 14.292𝑧W = sin 400𝑡 = 1662 sin 400𝑡
1.0

2𝜋
𝑇W = = 1.66 𝑠𝑒𝑐
3.78
𝑡¸ 𝜋
= = 0.0047
𝑇 400 ∙ 1.66
𝑧
# , = 0.025 (From Fig. 5.3)
𝑧±‚ •¿À,W

𝐹O 1662
𝑧±‚ = = = 116.3
𝑘 14.29

𝑧•¿À,W = 0.025 (116.3) = 2.91

𝑦•¿À,W = 𝜙W (𝑥)𝑧•¿À,W

𝜙W (𝑥) = cosh 𝑎W 𝑥 − cos 𝑎W 𝑥 − 𝜎1 (sinh 𝑎W 𝑥 − sin 𝑎W 𝑥)

cosh 𝑎1 𝐿 + cos 𝑎1 𝐿
𝜎W =
sinh 𝑎1 𝐿 + sin 𝑎1 𝐿

(𝑎W 𝐿)X = 𝐶W = 22.3733

87
 𝑎W 𝐿 = √22.3733 = 4.72 (𝐶W from Table 17.3)

𝑎1 𝐿 4.27
𝜎W = 0.983, = 90𝑎1 = = 2.36
2 2

𝜙W (𝑥 = 90°) = 1.586

𝑦•¿À,W = 1.586(2.91) = 4.61 𝑖𝑛.

17.12

Solve for second mode:

𝐸𝐼
𝜔X = 61.67280 = 10.42 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
© 𝐿4
𝑚

(𝑎X 𝐿)X = 𝐶X

𝑎X 𝐿 = √61.6728 = 7.85 (𝐶X from Table 20.3)

𝑦•¿À,X = 𝜙X (𝑥)𝑧•¿À,X

2𝜋
𝑇X = = 0.30 𝑠𝑒𝑐
10.42
𝑡¸ 𝜋
= = 0.026
𝑇 400 ∙ 0.3

𝑧•¿À,X = 0.1

𝜙X (𝑥) = cosh 𝑎X 𝑥 − cos 𝑎X 𝑥 − 𝜎2 (sinh 𝑎X 𝑥 − sin 𝑎X 𝑥)

cosh 𝑎2 𝐿 + cos 𝑎2 𝐿
𝜎X = = 1.014
sinh 𝑎2 𝐿 + sin 𝑎2 𝐿

𝜙X (𝑥 = 90°) = −0.35

𝑦•¿À,X = 0.35(0.1) = 0.035 𝑖𝑛.

X X
𝑦•¿À = r𝑦•¿À,W + 𝑦•¿À,X = }4.61X + 0.035X = 4.16 𝑖𝑛.

88
19.1
Fourier series is given by Eq. 19.2
;

𝐹(𝑡) = 𝑎O + l(𝑎· cos 𝑛ω

© 𝑡 + 𝑏· sin 𝑛ω
© 𝑡)
·+W

𝑇 1 ¡
= Ã 𝐹(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
2 𝑇 O
𝑇
𝐹(𝑡) = 30 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤
2
𝑇
𝐹(𝑡) = −30 ≤𝑡≤𝑇
2
𝑎O = 0 (area under 𝐹(𝑡) between 0 and T=1 sec).
2 ¡
𝑎· = Ã 𝐹(𝑡) cos 𝑛ω
© 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑇 O
O.‰ W.O
𝑎· = 2 Ã 30 cos 𝑛ω
© 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 2 Ã −30 cos 𝑛ω
© 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
O O.‰

60 𝑛ω© 60 𝑛ω
©
𝑎· = •sin Ÿ − •sin 𝑛ω © − sin Ÿ
𝑛ω© 2 𝑛ω© 2
60 𝑛ω
© 2𝜋
𝑎· = #2 sin − sin 𝑛ω© ,, ω
©= = 2𝜋
𝑛ω
© 2 𝑇
60
𝑎· = (2 sin 𝜋𝑛 − sin 2𝜋𝑛)
2𝜋𝑛
𝑎· = 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑛.

2 ¡
𝑏· = Ã 𝐹(𝑡) sin 𝑛ω
©𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑇 O
O.‰ W.O
𝑏· = 2 Ã 30 sin 𝑛ω
© 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 2 Ã −30 sin 𝑛ω
© 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
O O.‰
60 𝑛ω© 60 𝑛ω ©
𝑏· = •1 − 2cos Ÿ − •cos − cos 𝑛ω©Ÿ
𝑛ω
© 2 𝑛ω© 2
60 𝑛ω© 2𝜋
𝑏· = #1 − 2cos + cos 𝑛ω© ,, ω
©= = 2𝜋
𝑛ω© 2 𝑇
60
𝑏· = (1 − 2 cos 𝑛𝜋 + cos 2𝑛𝜋)
𝜋𝑛
60 240
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 1, 3, 5, 7. . 𝑏· = (1 − 2(−1) + 1), 𝑏· =
𝜋𝑛 𝜋𝑛
60
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 2, 4, 6, 8. . 𝑏· = (1 − 2(1) + 1), 𝑏· = 0
𝜋𝑛

240 sin ω© 𝑡 sin 3ω

© 𝑡 sin 5ω
©𝑡
∴ 𝐹(𝑡) = # + + …….,
ω
© 1 3 5
120 sin 2𝜋𝑡 sin 6𝜋𝑡 sin 10𝜋𝑡
𝑜𝑟 𝐹(𝑡) = # + + …….,
𝜋 1 3 5

89
19.2
From eq. 19.10, the steady-state response of a damped single degree-of-freedom system is:
;
𝑎O 1 𝑎· 2𝑟· 𝜉 + 𝑏· (1 − 𝑟· X ) 𝑎· (1 − 𝑟· X ) − 𝑏· 2𝑟· 𝜉
𝑢(𝑡) = + < Í sin 𝑛ω
©𝑡 + sin 𝑛ω
© 𝑡Î
𝑘 𝑘 (1 − 𝑟· ) + (2𝑟· 𝜉)
X X X (1 − 𝑟· X )X + (2𝑟· 𝜉)X
·+W

where 𝑎O , 𝑎· , 𝑏· are the Fourier series coefficients of the function 𝐹(𝑡)

In our case,
𝑎O = 0, 𝑎· = 0
240 120
𝑏· = , for n = 1, 3, 5. # 𝑏· = ,
𝑛𝜔© 𝑛𝜋
𝑏· = 0, for n = 2, 4, 6.
𝑛𝜔
© 𝑘
𝑟· = 𝜔 = 0
𝜔 𝑚
Then,
;
1 𝑏· (1 − 𝑟· X ) 𝑏· 2𝑟· 𝜉
𝑢(𝑡) = < Í sin 𝑛ω
©𝑡 − sin 𝑛ω
© 𝑡Î
𝑘 (1 − 𝑟· X )X + (2𝑟· 𝜉)X (1 − 𝑟· X )X + (2𝑟· 𝜉)X
·+W

120 ∙ 386 𝑟𝑎𝑑

𝜔=0 = 18.9742 , 𝜉 = 0.10
128.66 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑛𝜔©
𝜔© = 2𝜋, 𝑟· = = 0.3311𝑛
𝜔
1
𝑢(𝑡) = (42.6642 sin 2𝜋𝑡 − 3.1731 cos 2𝜋𝑡 + 4.2892 sin 6𝜋𝑡
120,000
− 63.8030 cos 6𝜋𝑡 − 4.2355 sin 10𝜋𝑡 − 0.8057 cos 10𝜋𝑡 … )
or in terms of
𝜔
©
𝑟W =
= 0.3311, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜔 © = 2𝜋.
𝜔
1
⎧ ((1 − 𝑟W X )sin ω
© 𝑡 − 0.2𝑟W cos ω© 𝑡) + ⎫
(1 − 𝑟 X )X + 0.04(𝑟 )X
⎪ W W ⎪
⎪ 1 ⎪
120 ((1 − 9𝑟 X )sin
3ω© 𝑡 − 0.2 ∙ 3𝑟 cos 3ω© 𝑡)
𝑢(𝑡) = X X W W
120,000𝜋 ⎨ º1 − 9𝑟W » + 0.04(9𝑟W X ) ⎬
⎪ 1 X ⎪
⎪+ ((1 − 25𝑟W )sin 5ω © 𝑡 − 0.2 ∙ 5𝑟W cos 5ω
© 𝑡) + ⋯⎪
X X X)
⎩ º1 − 25𝑟W » + 0.04(25𝑟W ⎭

90
19.12
a) The Fourier coefficients for the load are found by applying eq. 19.3 with T = 2 sec.

1 W 𝑃O
𝑎O = Ã 𝑃O sin 𝜋𝑡 𝑑𝑡 =
2 O 𝜋

2 W 0 𝑛 = 𝑜𝑑𝑑
𝑎· = Ã 𝑃O sin 𝜋𝑡 cos 𝜋𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = D𝑃O 2
2 O 𝑛 = 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
𝜋 1 − 𝜋X
2 W 𝑃O
𝑏· = Ã 𝑃O sin 𝜋𝑡 sin 𝜋𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = D 2 𝑛 = 1
2 O
0 𝑛 > 1

The substitution into eq. 19.1 leads to following expression for the Fourier series expansion of the
loading:
1 1 2 2 2
𝑃(𝑡) = 𝑃O # + sin ω
©𝑡 − cos 2𝜋ω
©𝑡 − cos 4𝜋ω
©𝑡 − cos 6𝜋ω
©𝑡 … … . ,
𝜋 2 3𝜋 15𝜋 35𝜋
or
𝑃(𝑡) = 𝑃O (0.3183 + 0.5 sin ω
© 𝑡 − 0.2122 cos 2𝜋ω
© 𝑡 − 0.04244 cos 4𝜋ω
©𝑡
© 𝑡 … … . ) 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
− 0.01819 cos 6𝜋ω
where
2𝜋
𝜔
©= = 𝜋 (𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐)
𝑇

b) The steady state response is found applying eq. 19.6.

𝑃O 1 8 8 1
𝑢(𝑡) = # + sin ω
©𝑡 − cos 2𝜋ω
©𝑡 − cos 4𝜋ω
© 𝑡 + ⋯ … . , 𝑖𝑛.
𝑘 𝜋 7 15𝜋 60𝜋
or

𝑢(𝑡) = 𝑃O (0.01814 + 0.06513 sin ω

©𝑡 + 0.009675 cos 2𝜋ω ©𝑡 + ⋯ … . ) 𝑖𝑛.
© 𝑡 + 0.0000302 cos 4𝜋ω

20.1

400 −200 2 0
[𝐾] = ¼ ½ [𝑀] = ¼ ½
−200 200 0 1

[Φ] = ¼ 0.5 0.5

½
0.7071 −0.7071

91
 𝜔W = 7.65 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒c
𝜔X = 18.48 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒c

𝐶· = {𝜙}¡· [𝑀] l 𝑎¥ ([𝑀]•W [𝐾])¥ {𝜙}· = l 𝑎¥ 𝜔·X¥ 𝑀· = 2𝜉· 𝜔· 𝑀·

¥ ¥

𝜉 1 𝜔 𝜔W( 𝑎W
• WŸ = Ë W ̼ ½
𝜉X 2 𝜔X 𝜔X( 𝑎X

0.2 1 7.65( Ÿ ¼𝑎W ½

¼ ½ = • 7.65
0.1 2 18.48 18.48( 𝑎X

3.825𝑎W + 223.849𝑎X = 0.2

9.24𝑎W + 3155.556𝑎X = 0.1
𝑎W = 0.0608627
𝑎X = −0.0001465

1 1 0
[𝑀]•W = ¼ ½
2 0 2
1 1 0 400 −200 200 −100
[𝑀]•W [𝐾] = ¼ ½¼ ½=¼ ½
2 0 2 −200 200 −200 200

200 −100 200 −100 X

l 𝑎¥ ([𝑀]•W [𝐾])¥ = 0.0608627 ¼ ½ − 0.0001465 ¼ ½
−200 200 −200 200
¥
3.38254 −0.22627
=¼ ½
−0.45254 3.38254

2 0 3.38254 −0.22627 6.765 −0.453

[𝐶] = ¼ ½¼ ½=¼ ½
0 1 −0.45254 3.38254 −0.453 3.383

92
20.2

400 −200 2 0
[𝐾] = ¼ ½ [𝑀] = ¼ ½
−200 200 0 1

[Φ] = ¼ 0.5 0.5

½
0.7071 −0.7071

2𝜉W 𝜔W 𝑀W 0 0 −
0 2𝜉X 𝜔W 𝑀W 0 −û
[A] = [Φ]¡ [𝐶][Φ] = ú
0 0 2𝜉( 𝜔W 𝑀W −
− − − −
ê
2𝜉· 𝜔·
[𝐶] = [𝑀] Fl {𝜙}· {𝜙}¡· G [𝑀]
𝑀·
·+W

[𝐶] = 𝐷𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥

𝑀· = 1.0 𝑖𝑓 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑑

𝜉W = 20% = 0.2
𝜉X = 10% = 0.10

For 𝑛 = 1
2𝜉· 𝜔· 2(0.2)(7.65)
= = 3.06
𝑀· 1
2𝜉W 𝜔W 0.5 0.765 1.081863
{𝜙}W {𝜙}W¡ = ¼ ½ [0.5 0.707](3.06) = ¼ ½
𝑀W 0.707 10.081863 1.530
For 𝑛 = 2
2𝜉· 𝜔· 2(0.1)(18.48)
= = 3.696
𝑀· 1
2𝜉X 𝜔X 0.924 −1.3067208
{𝜙}X {𝜙}¡X = ¼ 0.5 ½ [0.5 −0.707](3.696) = ¼ ½
𝑀X −0.707 −1.3067208 1.848

ê
0.765 1.081863 0.924 −1.3067208 1.689 −0.2248578
l=¼ ½+¼ ½ =¼ ½
10.081863 1.530 −1.3067208 1.848 −0.2248578 3.378
·+W

ê
2𝜉· 𝜔· 2 0 1.689 −0.2248578 2 0
[𝐶] = [𝑀] Fl {𝜙}· {𝜙}¡· G [𝑀] = ¼ ½¼ ½¼ ½
𝑀· 0 1 −0.2248578 3.378 0 1
·+W
3.378 −0.44972 2 0 6.756 −0.450
=¼ ½¼ ½=¼ ½
−0.2248578 3.378 0 1 −0.450 3.378

93
20.3
7000 −3000 0
[𝐾] = å−3000 5000 −2000æ
0 −2000 2000
15 0 0
[𝑀] = å 0 10 0æ
0 0 5
0.1114 −0.1968 −0.1245
[Φ] = å0.2117 −0.0277 0.2333 æ
0.2703 0.2868 −0.2114

𝜔W = 9.31 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒c
𝜔X = 20.94 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒c
𝜔( = 29.00 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒c

𝜉W = 10% = 0.10

ê
2𝜉· 𝜔·
[𝐶] = [𝑀] Fl {𝜙}· {𝜙}¡· G [𝑀]
𝑀·
·+W

For 𝑛 = 1
2𝜉· 𝜔· 2(0.1)(9.31)
= = 1.862
𝑀· 1
2𝜉W 𝜔W 0.114 0.023 0.043 0.056
{𝜙}W {𝜙}W¡ = Ë0.2117Ì [0.114 0.2117 0.2703](1.862) = å0.044 0.084 0.107æ
𝑀W 0.2703 0.056 0.107 0.136
For 𝑛 = 2
2𝜉· 𝜔· 2(0.1)(29.00)
= = 4.188
𝑀· 1
2𝜉X 𝜔X −0.1968 0.162 0.022 −0.236
{𝜙}X {𝜙}¡X = Ë 0.0277 Ì [−0.1968 0.0277 0.2868](4.188) = å 0.023 0.003 −0.033æ
𝑀X 0.2868 −0.236 −0.033 0.3444

For 𝑛 = 3
2𝜉· 𝜔· 2(0.1)(29.00)
= = 5.8
𝑀· 1
2𝜉( 𝜔( −0.1245 −0.090 −0.168 0.153
{𝜙}( {𝜙}¡( = Ë 0.2333 Ì [−0.1245 0.2333 −0.2114](5.8) = å−0.168 0.316 −0.286æ
𝑀( −0.2114 0.153 −0.286 0.259
ê
0.275 −0.102 −0.028
l = å−0.102 0.402 −0.213æ
·+W −0.028 −0.213 0.740
ê
2𝜉· 𝜔· 15 0 0 0.275 −0.102 −0.028 15 0 0
[𝐶] = [𝑀] Fl {𝜙}· {𝜙}¡· G [𝑀] = å 0 10 0æ å−0.102 0.402 −0.213æ å 0 10 0æ
𝑀·
·+W 0 0 5 −0.028 −0.213 0.740 0 0 5
4.128 −1.017 −0.138 15 0 0 61.92 −15.26 −2.080
= å−1.526 4.024 −1.064æ å 0 10 0æ = å−15.26 40.24 −10.64æ
−0.415 −2.128 3.699 0 0 5 −2.080 −10.64 18.50

94
21.1

2500𝑓 (𝑡)

𝑚𝑌̈
𝑌(𝑡)
𝐼𝑌̈/24
3
𝑌̇ ∙ 𝑐
2 3𝑘 ∙ 𝑌

The figure shows the forces acting in the system for a displaced position of the generalized coordinates,
𝑌(𝑡)

Give virtual displacement 𝛿𝑌 to generalized coord. 𝑌(𝑡) and apply principle of virtual work:
𝐼 ∙ 𝑌̈ ∙ 𝛿𝑌 3 3 𝛿𝑌
−𝑚 ∙ 𝑌̈ ∙ 𝛿𝑌 − − 𝑌 ̇ ∙ 𝑐 𝛿𝑌 − 3𝑘 ∙ 𝑌 ∙ 3𝛿𝑌 − 2500𝑓(𝑡) =0
24 ∙ 12 2 2 4
Since 𝛿𝑌 ≠ 0

𝐼 9 2500
• + 𝑚Ÿ 𝑌̈ − 𝑐𝑌̇ − 9𝑘𝑌 = 𝑓(𝑡)
288 4 4
Generalized Parameters:

𝐼 1 1 800 800 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑐2

𝑀∗ = +𝑚 = (60)X + = 4.23
288 288 12 386 386 𝑖𝑛.
9 9 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝐶 ∗ = 𝑐 = 100 = 225
4 4 𝑖𝑛.

𝐾 ∗ = 9𝑘 = 9(5000) = 45000 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛.

2500
𝐹 ∗ (𝑡) = 𝑓(𝑡) = 625𝑓(𝑡) 𝑙𝑏.
4

95
21.2

The figure shows the system in displaced position and corresponding forces:

𝐼| ∙ 𝑌̈/𝑎

𝑚 ∙ 𝑌̈

𝑀(𝑡)
𝐼^ 𝑌̈ /𝐿
𝑌(𝑡)

𝑘𝑌
𝑌̇ 𝑐
Give virtual displacement 𝛿𝑌 and apply principle of virtual work:

𝑚 ∙ 𝑌̈ ∙ 𝛿𝑌 𝐼^ ∙ 𝑌̈ ∙ 𝛿𝑌 𝐼| ∙ 𝑌̈ ∙ 𝛿𝑌 𝛿𝑌
− − − 𝑌̇𝑐 ∙ 𝛿𝑌 − 𝑘 ∙ 𝑌 ∙ 𝛿𝑌 − + 𝑀(𝑡) =0
2 2 𝐿∙𝐿 𝑎∙𝑎 𝐿

Since 𝛿𝑌 ≠ 0

𝑚 𝐼^ 𝐼| 𝑀(𝑡)
# + X + X , 𝑌̈ + 𝑐 ∙ 𝑌 + 𝑘 ∙ 𝑌 =
2 𝐿 𝑎 𝐿

Generalized parameters:

𝑚 𝐼^ 𝐼| 𝑚 1 2𝑚𝐿X 𝑚𝑎X 7
𝑀∗ = + + = + + = 𝑚
2 𝐿X 𝑎X 2 12 𝐿X 2𝑎X 6

𝐶∗ = 𝑐
𝐾∗ = 𝑘
𝑀(𝑡)
𝐹 ∗ (𝑡) =
𝐿

96
21.3

The figure shows the system in displaced position for the generalized coordinate 𝜃(𝑡):
𝑐𝜃̇ ∙ 𝐿

𝑚© ∙ 𝐿X ∙ 𝜃̈
2
𝐼 ∙ 𝜃̈
𝑃O ∙ 𝐿 ∙ 𝑓(𝑡)
𝐿 𝑚© ∙ 𝐿X
2 𝜃̈
3 2
𝐼 ∙ 𝜃̈

𝜃(𝑡)
𝑘∙𝐿∙𝜃 𝜃(𝑡)
Give virtual displacement 𝛿𝜃 and apply Principle of virtual work:

𝑚© ∙ 𝐿X ∙ 𝜃̈ ∙ 𝛿𝜃𝐿 𝑃O ∙ 𝐿 ∙ 𝑓(𝑡) 𝐿
−2 V Y − 2º𝐼 ∙ 𝜃̈ ∙ 𝛿𝜃» − 𝑐𝜃̇ ∙ 𝐿 ∙ 𝐿 ∙ 𝛿𝜃 − 𝑘 ∙ 𝜃 ∙ 𝐿𝛿𝜃 − ∙ 𝛿𝜃 = 0
2 2 2 3

Since 𝛿𝜃 ≠ 0

𝑚© ∙ 𝐿X 𝐼 𝑃O ∙ 𝐿 ∙ 𝑓(𝑡)
V + Y 𝜃̈ + 𝑐 ∙ 𝐿 ∙ 𝜃̇ − 𝑘 ∙ 𝐿 ∙ 𝜃 =
2 𝐿 6

Generalized parameters:

© ∙ 𝐿X
𝑚 1 𝑚© ∙ 𝐿 ∙ 𝐿X 7
𝑀∗ = + = © 𝐿X
𝑚
2 12 𝐿 12

𝐶 ∗ = 𝑐𝐿
𝐾 ∗ = 𝑘𝐿
𝑃O ∙ 𝐿 ∙ 𝑓(𝑡)
𝐹 ∗ (𝑡) =
6

97
21.4

Generalized mass:

t
𝑚
𝑀∗ = 𝑚 + Ã • – 𝜙 X (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
O 𝐿
𝑚 t 𝜋𝑥 X
𝑀∗ = 𝑚 + Ã •1 − cos – 𝑑𝑥
𝐿 O 2𝐿
𝑚 t 𝜋𝑥 𝜋𝑥
𝑀∗ = 𝑚 + Ã •1 − 2 cos + cosX – 𝑑𝑥
𝐿 O 2𝐿 2𝐿
𝑚 4𝐿 𝜋𝑥 𝑥 𝐿 𝜋𝑥 t
𝑀∗ = 𝑚 + •𝑥 − sin + + sin Ÿ
𝐿 𝜋 2𝐿 2 2𝜋 𝐿 O
𝑚 3 4𝐿
𝑀∗ = 𝑚 + # 𝐿− ,
𝐿 2 𝜋
𝑚
𝑀∗ = (5𝜋 − 8)
2𝜋

Generalized stiffness:
t
𝐾 ∗ = Ã 𝐸𝐼𝜙"X (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
O

𝜋𝑥 𝜋 X 𝜋𝑥
𝜙(𝑥) = 1 − cos , 𝜙"(𝑥) = • – cos
2𝐿 2𝐿 2𝐿
t
𝜋 § 𝜋𝑥
𝐾 ∗ = Ã 𝐸𝐼 • – cosX 𝑑𝑥
O 2𝐿 2𝐿
§
𝜋 2𝐿 𝜋𝑥 2𝐿 𝜋𝑥 𝜋𝑥 t 𝐸𝐼𝜋 §
𝐾 ∗ = 𝐸𝐼 • • – + • – sin Ÿ =
16𝐿§ 𝜋 4𝐿 𝜋 4𝐿 𝐿 O 32𝐿§

Generalized force:
𝐿
𝐹 ∗ (𝑡) = Ã 𝑝(𝑥, 𝑡)𝜙(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0
∗ (𝑡)
𝐿
𝐹 = 𝐹O 𝑓(𝑡)𝜙 # ,
2
∗ (𝑡)
𝜋
𝐹 = 𝐹O •1 − cos – 𝑓(𝑡)
4
∗ (𝑡)
𝐹 = 0.2929 ∙ 𝐹O 𝑓(𝑡)

98
21.5

The generalized geometric stiffness:

𝑑𝜙 X
t
𝐾.∗ = 𝑁 Ã # , 𝑑𝑥
O 𝑑𝑥

𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝜙 𝜋 𝜋𝑥
𝜙(𝑥) = 1 − cos , = cos
2𝐿 𝑑𝑥 2𝐿 2𝐿
t
𝜋 X 𝜋𝑥
𝐾.∗ = −𝑁 Ã • – sinX 𝑑𝑥, (𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑁 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛)
O 2𝐿 2𝐿
𝜋 X 2𝐿 𝜋𝑥 1 𝜋𝑥 t 𝜋 𝜋 𝑁𝜋 X
𝐾.∗ = −𝑁 • – •• – − sin Ÿ = −𝑁 • – = −
2𝐿 𝜋 4𝐿 4 𝐿 O 2𝐿 4 8𝐿
𝐾a∗ = 𝐾 ∗ − 𝐾.∗
𝐸𝐼𝜋 §
𝐾∗ = 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑚 21.4
32𝐿(
𝐸𝐼𝜋 § 𝑁𝜋 X
𝐾a∗ = +
32𝐿( 8𝐿

99
21.6

The generalized mass:

t
𝑀∗ = Ã 𝑚(𝑥)𝜙 X (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
O

𝛾 𝛾 𝜋𝑑X X
𝑚(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐴À
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑔 𝑔 4𝐿X
𝜋𝑥
𝜙(𝑥) = 1 − cos
2𝐿
∗
𝛾 𝜋𝑑X t X 𝜋𝑥 X
𝑀 = Ã 𝑥 •1 − cos – 𝑑𝑥
𝑔 4𝐿X O 2𝐿
t
∗
𝛾 𝜋𝑑X 𝐿( 2𝐿 ( 𝜋 X 𝐿( 𝐿(
𝑀 = Ë − 2 # , #• – − 2, + V − YÌ
𝑔 4𝐿X 3 𝜋 2 6 𝜋X O
𝛾 𝜋𝑑 1 4 32 1 𝛾𝑑
𝑀∗ = # − + ( − X , = 0.1237
𝑔 4 2 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝑔
The generalized stiffness:

t
𝜋 𝑑X 𝑥 §
𝐾 ∗ = Ã 𝐸Š 𝐼(𝑥)𝜙"X (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥, 𝐼(𝑥) =
O 4 16 𝐿§
𝜋𝑑X 𝜋 X t § 𝜋𝑥 𝜋 X 𝜋𝑥
𝐾 ∗ = 𝐸Š X • – Ã 𝑥 cos 𝑑𝑥, 𝜙"(𝑥) = • – cos
64𝐿 2𝐿 O 2𝐿 2𝐿 2𝐿

𝐸Š 𝜋𝑑X
𝐾∗ =
128𝐿X
The generalized force is
𝐿
𝐹 ∗ (𝑡) = Ã 𝑝(𝑥, 𝑡)𝜙(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0
𝐿
∗ (𝑡)
𝑥𝑑 𝜋𝑥
𝐹 =Ã 𝑝0 (𝑡) •1 − cos – 𝑑𝑥
0 𝐿 2𝐿
𝑑 𝐿2 4𝐿2 𝜋 𝑝0 (𝑡)𝐿 ∙ 𝑑
𝐹 ∗ (𝑡) = 𝑝0 (𝑡) Ë − • − 1–Ì = [9 − 4𝜋] = −0.1807𝑝0 (𝑡)𝐿 ∙ 𝑑
𝐿 2 𝜋2 2 2𝜋2 𝐿

100
21.7

The deflection occurred corresponding to the left half a simply supported beam with a concentrated
load at its center is
𝑦O
𝑦 = ( (3𝐿X 𝑥 − 4𝑥 ( )
𝐿
Where 𝑦O is the deflection at the center.
The maximum potential energy is calculated as
1
𝑉•¿À = 𝐹𝑦O
2
24𝐸𝐼 X 𝐹𝐿(
𝑉•¿À = ( 𝑦O , 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑦O =
𝐿 48𝐸𝐼

and the maximum Kinetic Energy

𝐿/2
1 𝑚𝑏 1 2
𝑇•¿À = 2 Ã • 𝑑𝑥– (𝜔𝑦)2 + 𝑚º𝜔𝑦0 »
0 2 𝐿 2
2
𝑚𝑏 º𝜔𝑦0 » 𝐿/2
1 2
𝑇•¿À = 6 Ã (3𝐿2 𝑥 − 4𝑥3 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑚º𝜔𝑦0 »
𝐿 𝐿 0 2
2 5
𝑚𝑏 º𝜔𝑦0 » 𝐿 3
16 𝐿 4
24𝐿 2
𝐿 1 2
𝑇•¿À = 6 å3𝐿4 # , + # , − # , æ + 𝑚º𝜔𝑦0 »
𝐿 𝐿 2 7 2 5 2 2
2
𝑚𝑏 º𝜔𝑦0 » 1 2
𝑇•¿À = [105 + 5 − 42] + 𝑚º𝜔𝑦0 »
7∙8∙5 2

𝑉•¿À = 𝑇•¿À
24𝐸𝐼 X 2 𝑚 17
(
𝑦O = º𝜔𝑦0 » # + 𝑚𝑏 ,
𝐿 2 70
48𝐸𝐼
𝜔=0 17
𝐿( •𝑚 + 𝑚𝑏 –
35

101
21.8

The beam loaded as shown in Fig. (a), between supports is equivalent to beam shown in Fig. (b)
𝑃
𝑃𝐿
𝑀O =
2

𝑃 3𝑃
2 2
(𝑎) (𝑏)

Moment a section 𝑥 in Fig (b):

𝑃𝑥 𝑑X 𝑦 𝑃𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑃𝑥 X
𝑀À = ; X = ; = + 𝐶W
2 𝑑𝑥 2𝐸𝐼 𝑑𝑥 2𝐸𝐼
𝑃𝑥 (
𝑦= + 𝐶W 𝑥 + 𝐶X , 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝐶X = 0
12𝐸𝐼
𝑃𝐿(
𝑥 = 𝐿, 𝑦 = 0 = + 𝐶W 𝐿
12𝐸𝐼
X
𝑃𝐿 𝑑𝑦 𝑃𝐿X
𝐶W = − , â =
12𝐸𝐼 𝑑𝑥 À+t 6𝐸𝐼
𝑃𝑥 ( 𝑃𝐿X 𝑃
𝑦= − 𝑥= [𝑥 ( − 𝐿X 𝑥]
12𝐸𝐼 12𝐸𝐼 12𝐸𝐼
Deflection of overhang:
𝑑X 𝑦 𝑃 𝐿
X
= # − 𝑥,
𝑑𝑥 𝐸𝐼 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑃 𝐿 𝑥X
= V 𝑥 − Y + 𝐶(
𝑑𝑥 𝐸𝐼 2 2
𝑃 𝐿 X 𝑥(
𝑦 = V 𝑥 − Y + 𝐶( 𝑥 + 𝐶§
𝐸𝐼 4 6
at
𝑑𝑦 𝑃𝐿X
𝑥 = 0, = = 𝐶( , 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝐶§ = 0
𝑑𝑥 6𝐸𝐼
𝑃
𝑦= (3𝐿𝑥 X − 2𝑥 ( + 2𝐿X 𝑥), 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔
12𝐸𝐼
Max. potential:
𝑃𝑦O
𝑉•¿À =
2
𝑃 𝐿X 𝐿( 𝐿
𝑦O = V3𝐿 − 2 + 2𝐿X Y
12𝐸𝐼 4 8 2
𝑃X 𝐿( 𝑃𝐿(
𝑉•¿À = , 𝑦O =
16𝐸𝐼 8𝐸𝐼
Max. Kinetic Energy:

1 𝑚x 𝜔X t 𝑃X Z § X X § )𝑑𝑥
1 𝑚x 𝜔X t/X X 𝑚x 𝜔X 𝑃X 𝐿Ò
𝑇•¿À = Ã (𝑥 + 𝐿 𝑥 − 2𝐿 𝑥 + Ã 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = [0.076 + 0.3615]
2 3𝐿 O 144(𝐸𝐼)X 2 3𝐿 O 36 ∙ 144(𝐸𝐼)X
2 2
𝑇•¿À = 𝑉•¿À

102
𝑚x 𝜔X 𝑃X 𝐿Ò 𝑃𝐿(
=
987(𝐸𝐼)X 8𝐸𝐼
𝐸𝐼
𝜔 = 7.8540
𝐿§ 𝑚 𝑏

103
21.9

The deflection at section x is:

𝜋𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑌sin sin 𝜔𝑡
𝐿
Maximum velocity is:
𝜋𝑥
𝑦̇•¿À = 𝑌𝜔 sin
𝐿
and Max kinetic Energy:
1 t/X
1 𝑚x X X 𝜋𝑥 1 1 𝑚x X 𝐿 𝜔X 𝑌 X
𝑇•¿À = 𝑚𝑌 X 𝜔X + Ã 𝑌 𝜔 sin 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑚𝑌 X 𝜔X + 𝑌 = (2𝑚 + 𝑚x ) = 5𝜔X 𝑌 X
2 O 2 𝐿 𝐿 2 2 𝐿 2 4
Maximum Potential Energy:
X
𝐸𝐼 t/X 𝑑X 𝑦
𝑉•¿À = Ã V X Y 𝑑𝑥
2 O 𝑑𝑥 •¿À

𝑑𝑦 𝜋 𝜋𝑥 𝑑X 𝑦 𝜋X 𝜋𝑥
= 𝑌 cos sin𝜔𝑡, X = −𝑌 X sin sin𝜔𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝐿 𝐿 𝑑𝑥 𝐿 𝐿

𝐸𝐼 t/X X 𝜋 § X 𝜋𝑥 𝐸𝐼 𝜋 § 𝐿 109 𝑌 X 𝜋 §
𝑉•¿À = Ã 𝑌 § sin 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑌 X § = = 2435𝑌 X
2 O 𝐿 𝐿 2 𝐿 2 4 100(

𝑇•¿À = 𝑉•¿À

5𝜔X 𝑌 X = 2435𝑌 X
𝜔X = 487
𝜔 = 22.07 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
22.07
𝑓= = 3.51 𝑐𝑝𝑠
2𝜋

104
21.10

Use Eq. 21.83:

𝑔 ∑ 𝑤¥ 𝑦¥
𝜔=0
∑ 𝑤¥ 𝑦¥ X
In this equation the deflection 𝑦¥ at the floor levels is due the static load W applied horizontally at each
story.

The shear force in the first story is:

12𝐸𝐼
𝑉W = 𝑦
𝐿( W
And in the second story:
12𝐸𝐼
𝑉X = (𝑦X − 𝑦W )
𝐿(
Since 𝑉W = 2𝑊 and 𝑉X = 𝑊

𝑤𝐿(
𝑦W = 2
12𝐸𝐼
𝑤𝐿( 𝑤𝐿( 3𝑤𝐿(
𝑦X = 2 + =
12𝐸𝐼 12𝐸𝐼 12𝐸𝐼

𝑤𝐿( 3𝑤𝐿( 5𝑤 X 𝐿(
l 𝑤¥ 𝑦¥ = 𝑤 Ë2 + Ì=
12𝐸𝐼 12𝐸𝐼 12𝐸𝐼
𝑤 X 𝐿Z 9𝑤 X 𝐿Z 13𝑤 ( 𝐿Z
l 𝑤¥ 𝑦¥ X = 𝑤 Ë4 + Ì =
(12𝐸𝐼 )X (12𝐸𝐼 )X (12𝐸𝐼)X

5𝑤 X 𝐿(
𝑔 𝑔(12𝐸𝐼)5 4.62𝐸𝐼
𝜔X = 12𝐸𝐼
( Z = =
13𝑤 𝐿 13𝑤𝐿( 𝑤𝐿(
(12𝐸𝐼) X

𝑔𝐸𝐼
𝜔 = 2.150
𝑤𝐿(

105
21.11

As in problem 21.6 load the frame with horizontal force W at each story.

For fixed column the shear force is

𝐴𝐺∆
𝑉=
𝐿
Then
𝑉𝐿
∆=
𝐴𝐺

For the first story: 𝑉 = 2𝑊, ∆= 𝑦W

2𝑊𝐿
𝑦W =
𝐴𝐺
𝑊𝐿 3𝑊𝐿
𝑦X = 𝑦W + =
𝐴𝐺 𝐴𝐺
𝑔 ∑ 𝑤¥ 𝑦¥
𝜔=0
∑ 𝑤¥ 𝑦¥ X
𝑤𝐿 3𝑤𝐿 5𝑤 X 𝐿
l 𝑤¥ 𝑦¥ = 𝑤 •2 + Ÿ=
𝐴𝐺 𝐴𝐺 𝐴𝐺
𝑤 X 𝐿X 9𝑤 X 𝐿X 13𝑤 ( 𝐿X
l 𝑤¥ 𝑦¥ X = 𝑤 Ë4 + Ì =
(𝐴𝐺 )X (𝐴𝐺 )X (𝐴𝐺 )X

5𝑤 X 𝐿
𝑔 𝐴𝐺 59𝑔𝐴𝐺
𝜔X = ( X =
13𝑤 𝐿 13𝑤𝐿
(𝐴𝐺)X
𝑔𝐴𝐺
𝜔 = 0.620
𝑤𝐿

106
21.12

The deflection shape of a cantilever beam with a concentrated load at its end is:

𝑌•¿À
𝑦(𝑥) = (3𝐿𝑥 X − 𝑥 ( )
2𝐿(
where 𝑌•¿À is the maximum deflection at the free end

𝑑𝑦 𝑌•¿À
= (6𝐿𝑥 − 3𝑥 X )
𝑑𝑥 2𝐿(
𝑑X 𝑦 𝑌•¿À 3𝑌•¿À
X
= (
(6𝐿 − 6𝑥) = (𝐿 − 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 2𝐿 𝐿(
Maximum Potential Energy:

X
𝐸𝐼 t/X 𝑑X 𝑦 𝐸𝐼 9𝑌•¿À X t/X X 𝐸𝐼 9𝑌•¿À X 1
𝑉•¿À = Ã V X Y 𝑑𝑥 = Ã (𝐿 − 2𝐿𝑥 + 𝑥 X)
𝑑𝑥 = #1 − 1 + , = 5581.65𝑌•¿À X
2 O 𝑑𝑥 2 𝐿Z O 2 𝐿Z 3

Maximum Potential Energy:

t
1 𝑚
𝑇•¿À = Ã 𝑚©𝑦̇ X 𝑑𝑥 + O𝑦̇W X + 𝑦̇ X X + 𝑦̇ ( X P
O 2 2
10𝜔2 𝑌•¿À X t X § 1000𝜔2 𝐿3 8 28
𝑇•¿À = Ã (9𝐿 𝑥 − 6𝐿𝑥 ‰
+ 𝑥 Z)
𝑑𝑥 + • + + 2Ÿ 𝑌•¿À X
8𝐿Z O 8𝐿 Z 27 27
10𝜔2 𝑌•¿À X 𝐿 9 6 1 1000𝜔2 𝐿3
𝑇•¿À = • − + Ÿ + 3.33𝑌•¿À X
8𝐿Z 5 6 7 8𝐿Z
2
= 509.14𝜔2 𝑌•¿À X + 41.67𝜔 𝑌•¿À X = 505.81𝜔2 𝑌•¿À X

𝑇•¿À = 𝑉•¿À

X
550.81𝜔 𝑌•¿À X = 5581.65𝑌•¿À X
𝜔X = 10.13
𝜔 = 3.18 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑓 = 0.507 𝑐𝑝𝑠

107
21.3

The deflection shape of a cantilever beam with a concentrated load at its end is:

1 𝑥§ 4 6
𝜙(𝑥) = V § − ( 𝑥 ( + X 𝑥 X Y
3 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
and the deflection at a section x by:

𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑌•¿À 𝜙(𝑥) sin 𝜔𝑡

𝑑𝑦 1 4𝑥 ( 12 12
= 𝑌•¿À V § − ( 𝑥 X + X 𝑥Y sin 𝜔𝑡
𝑑𝑥 3 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
𝑑X 𝑦 1 12𝑥 X 24 12
= 𝑌•¿À V § − ( 𝑥 + X Y sin 𝜔𝑡
𝑑𝑥 X 3 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
Maximum Potential Energy:

X
𝐸𝐼 t 𝑑X 𝑦 𝑌•¿À X 𝐸𝐼 t 144𝑥 § 576 X 144 576𝑥 ( 288 X 576𝑥
𝑉•¿À = Ã V XY 𝑑𝑥 = Ã V 9 + Z 𝑥 + § − + Z 𝑥 − ‰ Y 𝑑𝑥
2 O 𝑑𝑥 •¿À 18 O 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿Ò 𝐿 𝐿
X X
144𝑌•¿À 𝐸𝐼 1 4 4 2 4 144𝐸𝐼𝑌•¿À
𝑉•¿À = • + +1− + − Ÿ= = 5953.74𝑌•¿À X
18 5 3 4 3 2 90
𝐸𝐼 3 ∙ 10WW
= = 3721.1
𝐿( (36 ∙ 12)(

Max. Kinetic Energy:

t
1 𝑚
©𝑦̇ X 𝑑𝑥 + O𝑦̇W X + 𝑦̇ X X + 𝑦̇ ( X P
𝑇•¿À = Ã
𝑚
O 2 2
10𝜔2 𝑌•¿À X t 𝑥 9 16𝑥 Z 36𝑥 § 8𝑥 Ò 12𝑥 Z 48𝑥 ‰ 100𝜔2
𝑇•¿À = Ã V − + − + − Y 𝑑𝑥 + 12.803𝑌•¿À X
18𝐿Z O 𝐿9 𝐿Z 𝐿§ 𝐿Ò 𝐿Z 𝐿‰ 18
10𝜔2 𝐿𝑌•¿À X 1 16 36 8 12 48 X
𝑇•¿À = Z • − + − + − Ÿ + 71.13𝜔2 𝑌•¿À
18𝐿 9 7 5 8 7 6
X
𝑇•¿À = (240 + 71.13)𝜔2 𝑌•¿À

----------------------------------------------------------------------END--------------------------------------------------------------------------

Prepared by Mario Paz and Young Hoon Kim

108
http://www.springer.com/978-3-319-94742-6