Precipitote

porticle

( obstocle)

Dislocotion

l o o p ......._

F1G. 6.4 Movement of a line of dis­

locations in a lattice containing ob­

stacles in the Iorm of precipitate

partí eles.
 --: 7
e
·-

. v
"

•
./
./
� 5
+-
4) V
/
� 4
·-
"O /
,I

o 3
u 1
/

·-
+-
'e 2 ¡.
u

- �

g I

/ .
,"O
.... /

o
o o.4 o.a 1.2 1.6 2.0

Distonce from woter-quenched end ( i n . )

Fra. 8.36 Relation between ideal critica! diameter (D and distance from
1)

water-quenched end of end-quench bar to position of 50% martensite. (Así·

mow, Craig, and Grossmann, modified by Hodge and Orehoski5) •

 70
en
en

t-r
� 60
1J
V
l..

/
� 50
I
u I
I

= 40
4)

I
3

i 30 I'
o
1
o:
1

X 20
o
�

10

O 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00

Carbon ( p e r c e n t )

FtG. 9. l Maxin1un1 hardness vs. carbon content for alloy and carbon steels.

( A lt e r B u r n s , Moore, a n d Archer, Trans. ASM 26, 193,8, p. l)

. '
 J

70
•
en
en
1/

� 60
.
-·-
¡..... .• . .. ' .
-
'O
t>
l..

_g 50 - / .
-
•

u ,I

- 40
.. . . . .
-- -· ·-·
·-.

Q) '
I 1 1
1
J 1
I ,.._. -·.
1

-
1 •
• •

t 30 1 •
•

1 1

o 1
1
1
cr: LJ_ _ 1
1
.
• . 1 1 1
x 20 ·-·
•
1

o
:E 1 1 '

10
O 0.20 0.40 0.60 O.SO 1.00

Corbon ( p e r c e n t l

FIG. 9.1 Maximum hardness vs. c a rb ó n content Ior alloy and carbón steels.

( After Burns. Mocre. and Archer, ·rr1111s. ,4SA4 26. 1 9 3 8 , p. l )

.. - • t• -
 TADLE 9-III. COlVIBININ(] TENDENCIES OF ELEiVIENTS

IN ANNEALED STEEL.

- . - ---
Dissolvc Dissol,, 1
In Forrn Special In
Forn ...
Element 10 ,n Nonmetallic Intcrmetallic Elemental
Carbide
Ferrite Austenilc Inclusions Compounds State

Nickel Ni Ni N'l:jl
,. (?)
.
.
Silicon Si Si SiO,·M,O,
Aluminum Al with Al AltO, etc. Al,N,
Zirconium Zr Zr ZrO Zr,,N..,
Phospborus p
ease p

{MnFeS
Sulfur s s
ZrS
Coppez Cu Cu Cu when

>±0.8%
{MnS, MnFeO
Mangancse Mn Mn � Mn MnO ·SiO,
Chromium

Tungsten

Molybdenum
Cr

w
Mo
time

and
Cr

w
l\1o
-
.....
�
Cr

w
Mo
Cr,O,

-
Vanadium V cemp. V V v.o. V:zN,
Titanium

Lead
Ti Ti

- Ti Ti,,011 {Ti,N,C,
TizN,
. Pb (?)

Principal Strengthcn Increase Reduce Deoxidizers In crease Increase

efícct: barden- barden- and grain- burdness machín-

ability ability growt.h con- 1

ability
- ·'
Fine-grain trol
Toughness
 TABLE 9-III. CO:.\IBIXIXG TEXDEXCIES OF ELEi\IENTS

I.N A.NNEALED STEEL.

Dissolve Dissolve In Form Special In

Forro
. Element 1n in N onmetallic Intermetn.llic Elemental
.
Carbide
Ferrite Austcnit.c Inclusions Compounds Sta te

Nickel Ni Ni N'lbl
,. ('1)
.

Silicon Si Si SiO,-M.O,

Aluminum Al , with Al Ahü, etc. Al.N,

.

Zirconium Zr -, Zr ZrO ZrsNi,

p en.se
p
Pbospborus
{l\ínFeS
Sulfur s s
ZrS
Coppec Cu Cu Cu when

>±0.8%
{MnS, MnFeO
Manganese Mn Mn
.. "
Mn MnO·SiO,

Chromium

Tungsten
·cr

w
time Cr

w -
-
Cr

w
c-,o,

Molybdenum

Vanadium
Mo

V
and

temp,
Mo

V -
-
Mo

V v�o. VsN.,

Titanium Ti Ti

- Ti Tiii:O.,
.
{Ti.N,C,
Ti,.N.,

Pb (7)
Lead

Principal Strengtben Increase Reduce Deoxldizers Increase Increase

effect: hardcn- barden- and grain- hnrdncss mechin...

ability ability growth con- ability

Fine-grain trol
.

Tougbness
 <. , v

I ';!¡

I i5
220
I� 1

I e:
1 :; '
(\\)(1\ 1

. ,,..

200
1 .c: • �- o
..
"' 1
---�- 'Ooe
:
:::, tl,
I Q
�o\'l - >

"'
Ct) il /f,,llll'
.,
"' 180 -
1
. e:
e
u
'-
:§ t /
-..¡o(\º '

o e,
\ •

s:
160 . cf
s'e(\
« íll(\q
/ 1

"'
e
-
/___
'- 140 1

rn
/ e" r'o (1\i \) (1\

/
120

100

80

o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

Per cent ol l o y i n g e l e m e n t in a - iron

F1G. 9.2 Probable h a r d e n i n g effects of various elemenrs as dissolved in pure

iron. ( A lt e r Bain, A ñ o y i ng Elements in Steel¡

 •
.----
, -
240
1 I

I
I !g

l;
J / .

220
1 -á
I .
1,..,
1 ., e
o
µ i_§
,;,U�,,/ _,. . . ..
•
200
á: ! ' º" • 'i
'!

., I IJ
s
o,
� · /
·�
,•i(

I º'u� e.
::; 180
¡ § . '
e
"O
V ·...¡o<'º \
�
...
o t¿' / �
.e 160 ,.,11
'
..,.,v,,
- �

., '>: 1u11q�
-·
/ I / / . � .,
�,.
'

.....
·:: 140
, r;,.x•
,- .
(Il . (ti
� ,... '

/ l_.....----- ,,,,,,, c1iro!tliu _ .:if�­

�
,
/ � .
• • •
.
120 �
¡:7 ,,............. .
/ ,.¿
·¡

/ .,,,
,,,, t,...,

100 _,., 1/ ---

-

•
•
-��

80

- �
.
.

o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

Per cent allaying element in a -iran

·,.;;i;
.f.r •

FIG. 9.2 Probable hardening effects of various elements as dissolve?,¡;

iron. (After Bain, Alloying Elements in Steel) J v

�
 2001---1--�l--�----I-

0.1º/o C-Mn

Mn
"'
"'
., 160 1---+---,¡_
e
'O
L 0.1°/o C - C r
o
.e 14 O ._____,,_

Q)

e
._ 120

100 e r --+---+---<

80

60'---"---"---'----'-----'---"---'----"---'---'----'---�
o 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Alloying element ( per c e n t )

. '

F1G. 9.3 Effect of manganese and c h ro m i u r n in increasing hardness of pLL

iron and 0.1 % C steel as dissolved in ferrite. (After B a i n , A /loying Elemen

in Steel)
;, .
. . .. . ..

200

0.1°/o C-Mn
'
•

180

..
..
.. 160
e
,, •
'•
•
...
o
s: 140

-
..
e
'.
...
·-
120
al
'.
·�

100 Cr
•

'

80

Al l o y i n g element ( per cent)

F10. 9.3 Effect of n1anganese and chromium in increasing hardness of pure

'ron and 0.1 % C steel as dissolved in ferrite. (After Bain, Alloying Elements

in Stee[).
 200

0 . 1 °/oC

180 0.2°/oC
/
�

N
e
-

160
- - --0.3°/oC
/
......
.o

o
o
o 140

.e

-o,
e
<1>
120
/
....
-+-

"'
<1>

100
/
"'
e

80

---i

Furnoce - c a o l e d . '

4 O L_ __JL_ -1. _,_ l_ - --�-�'

O 2 3 4 5

Chromium ( per cent)

FIG. 9 .4

E ff e c t of c h r o rn i u rn on tensile strength of O. 1 O . 0.20, 0.30% C steels,

:: e - c o o l e d and air·-cooled. (After Bain, A /loying El ern e n t s in Steel)
 •
. .
220 . . .
.

. �
200 ,
/
0 . 1 °/oC .

180 1 1 1 1 1 0.2°/oC
/ / /

-
"'e.
---0.3°/oC
/
/Air-cooled /

...... 160 .

.o I

o
/
.

/
.
.
o I , .
o 140 .
.
•
-
..e:
....
.

e,,
e
... 120
/ / / .
. .

¡··
�
..... .

V .

"'
...
100
)' / . .
•.

�
"'
e
•. ./ /
,.
,/ -
/
-
-
80
V
,, V . . .
.
/- / . .
.

,,.
.
60 �
....... �
Furnoce-cooled

2 3 4 5

Chromium ( per c e n t )
. .

FIG. 9.4 Effect of chromium on tensile strength of 0 . 1 0 , .. 0 , 2 Q , · 0 . 3 0 % e steels,

• •• .... -!'

·· furnace-cooled and aír-cooled, (After Bain, Alloying Elements in

Steel) . .
'
·.
 •
.

204 PHYSICAL· METALLURGY FOR ENGINEERS

2400 .
' .
Titonium
Silicon
•
2200

Molybdenum

-
t 2000
' I I V.
.,

- /
Y Tungsten
ci.
E
/
.. 1800 ,
-
-,:,

o
1600
-: ¿
-..
u Chromium

r:z�
/ /
- - ---- ._. ..
-, <;
·
. --

- ·-· � - - . . ·-

-
:,

w
- - -· --·

1400

-�
Mongonese

1200 •
Nickel
�,
1
1000

o 2 4 6 8 . 10 12 14
-
-----16. 18

Alloying element ( per cent l

F10. 9.5 Effect of alloying elements in steel on the eutectoid temperature.

(After Bain, Alloying Elements in Steel)

 Titonium
Silicon

2 2 0 0 --·

Molybdenum

1.1. 2000 t---1--t-- 1---1-+- -- ·-·-- - -·--,--- --·-

o

- Tungsten

ci '

�- IBOOrt--t---b""--?f'r---l---+---+---f---�/'--1

-
-o

t 1 6 0 0 H--+-r-+-/---1-- C h r o m i u m

"'
+-
::,

1 -����:;;;:���M�on:g�o:nets�e::--�-�--
1200 � 1-----l

Nickel

IOOOL__.L......_.L......_L__.L......____:b...._.L......_.i.:::::::::,.._,_L___J

o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Al lo y in g e l c m e n t ( per c e n t )

F1G. 9.5 Effect of alloying elernents in steel on the eutcctoid rcmpcrature.

(Aft er B a i n , Alloying Eletnents in Steel)

 0.80 re-.--,---.--,----,----,--,---,----,

0.70

. -
'e
s 0.50
L

•
a.

- 0.40
e
Cr
o
.D

5 0.30
o
Mn

•
Ti

0.101--+---+---t--t--+---+---t--+---i
,.

ºo�-�-......-�--'-'-·-�-......-��--'--�
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Alloyin9 element ( per cent)

FIG. 9.6 Effect of elements on the carbon content of the eutectoid. (After

Bain, A 1/oying Elements in Steel)'

 0.80
<,
!

r-,
1
. ..
0.70

0.60
�
r-, r-. Ni
1 - �· - .
·--
\
- <, 1

+-­
e:
10
<,
J_ '
1

� 0.50 "'
...
., <, r---__ <,
a.
\ "---� '-.,, - ¡..._

1"--

- 0.40
e: s.> .... Cr
o
.o \\ �
r-,
...
o 0.30 '
--------
.,..--
o <,

\ »>
Mn

0.20 • •
t> w -.
'\
-,
Ti Mo

0.10
.

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Al l o y i n g element '. p e r cent)

F1G. 9.6 Effect of elements on the carbon content of thc cutcctoid. (After

B a i n , A lloying Elements in Steel)

 2800
.

,,
.
.... .

....
2600
....
-· <, .

- ....

2400 .

-- -
--
2200
.

- -- -- ....,
-
f 2000
.
9•1. -
z,

-...
.
4•;...
,,.,,. �2.5•1.
•

2.5•/.Mn. v:�
E 1800 .

�
s.s·,. /
• � e
0.35•/.Mn / "-"" r,.
t.'-
1600 - � r, � r.º
�- .. t'Oº (<:'
º �

-�- "º �·l· .

1400 --
º"
1200
• '
!.
-,
9•t.Mn 6.5°/o Mn .

1 1

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.6 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.6

Corbon ( per cent)

Fra. 9. 7 Effect of manganese on the austeníte phase region. (After Bain,

Alloying Elements in Steel)

 2800

/' ......
<,

2600
", ......
.....
.....
... .....
.....
2400
..........
....
.... .....
....
2200
-- -
,_

u, 9°/o
-- --;,
/

o 2000 ,
- .
4°/o- // �2.5°/o
a. �,..;·
2.5°/.Mn :,, / ,
E 1800
�
� ..... v/

6.� � ,, e' '>e

,e ,;,e
... 0.3.5°/oMn
1600 "' o
- 'Jº<;, º,;,o;
r<: - J ...... _ __ ,,,- e,o<'J•I• �
, ,... ,...
1400
r---.....
- --- ,
,,
/ ,
o'.'

......_
<,
• � 4°/.Mn
1200 1
-,
9°/o Mn 6.5°/o Mn

1 1

1000
o 0.2 0.4 0.6 o.a 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8

Corbon ( per c e n t )

FrG. 9.7 Effect of manganese on the austenite . p h ase rezion. (After Bain,
-
Alloying Elements in Steel¡
. )\ . .
 2800

2600

2400 ·-·-t--1

-- -
u,
2200
---- - -
• 1 - - - ?'
-
�
2000

1800

"'
1600

1400

12000
0.2 0.4 0.6 o.a 10 12 1 4 16 • 1 e
Corbon ( per cent l

F1G. 9.8 Effect of chromium on the austenite phase region. {After Ba¡n.

A lloying Elements in Steel)

2800

/
1
2600 --
-- - -- -. ' 1
1

2400 -
¡'I
e--t- y---L __ ¡

-- 2200 ,. o
"- 1

• , 1 ---
-- -7
-
o.. 2000
1

7
E /4%Mo
1
1 /,..
/

1800 '
o•l•
"' \\ _,,, .,..........2•1. Mo
1
"/'
.,.. �'"" 1
1600

- - .,,. .,,. . �o<� º" '

1400
-- - /

---
1 1

0.2 0.4 0.6 o.a 1 0 1.2 16 1.8

Corbon ( per cent l

F10. 9.9 Effect of mclybdenum on the austenite phase regron. (After Bain,

A lloying Etements in Steef)

 .

206 PHYSICAL MET.i\LLURGY FOR ENGINEERS

.

2800

• .

,' .....
2600

¡,...· .
� <,
.....
/ ....
..... .... _
2400 .
. . .
/
.... _
' ....
... - --
- 2200

19•1.cr �
•

• / . �>

- ci. 2000
e,
{ '">

E
'
¡:,'' •\•e,(
',;
V _,,/
/

.! J
� 1800
{!,
..
'),,,e< ,,. e<
'1'/ ./
-·
,,.o''º
�
1600
1 � •

.... ;
_.. ,,'-"
..... ,,,. 'Oº�
e,o<
1400
•

---� .

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8

Corbon ( per cent l

Pro. 9.8 Effect of chromium on tbe austenite phase region. (After Bain,

Alloying Elements in Steel)

 •

7°/o Mo
I

-- -- -- '
'
·¡
,

-
ci 2000
'

1 /
, 7
·
1

E 4°/o Mo '
;
l. /,,o
l
� 1800 .+-..i.-_:_,1--._.:..I__,,.....,;::_ --,,-
O �ºI
• '-''-'-----!
J
' / �
./ ,ee ,
/ ;, .

1600 ¡::...�...,.,...c___¡__-+------.,.L o(·-------1 l

', : // e,oi'O
, ..... _ ! 1

1 ...... ..... ....

1400f---�--!..·�-::..-�=-_.!'.,,¿..'_-,----------j

1 - - -/

1 1

I I

12000

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 ra

Corbon ( per cent)

fIG. 9.9 Effect of molybdenum on the austenite phase rezion. (After Bain,
-
Alloying E/e1ne111s in Sreel)
 Ar -Cr steel
1

-----------------
/ ,,.,,...
----A� - cor bon steel

A r¡ - n i c k e l steel

- /- - - - - - - - - - - -
---
1 ..,.,.... - -
. /

/ \
/ \
/ <,

/ '
1 ",

\ '
\ '
" <, <,
' ' '\

<, '\
<,

<,

Time

F1G. 9.1 n Schcmutic cll'cct of nickel and c h ro r n i u r n 011 the isothermul truns­

Iornuuion diagran1.
 Ar, -Cr steet

---
/ /' --- - Ar¡ - cor bon steet

A ,¡ - n i c k e l steet

- /- - - - - - - - - - - -
---
.Y
( .,...., -- -
./ \
/ \.
/ <,
"'
�
::,

-
o
�
I '
1 '- ,

"'
a.
\ <,
E

� \. <, ' -,
<, -,

'' <,
'\
<,

Time
FIG. 9.IO

Schernatic effect of nickel and chrorniurn on the isothermal tr a n s ­

formation diagrarn.
 llJ9

60
1 '

4°/o Cr

1
1

'

1
1

50 "' '

' 1
,, 1 7 ¡
1 1
1 � 1 1 2°/o e-
"'
"'
4> ' 1
'
1 1
1

e 1 1
-e
�
1 1 1 1 1
_g 40
1

1 1 1 1
4>

3'
�
u
1
fi 30

r-; "

� r--...
0.5°/o Cr
1
20 ' ,�
�

1
1 IOº/o Cr 1

1 1

'

6 5 4 3 2 e 2 3 4 5 6

Oistonce from center ( eighths of on inch)

F1G. 9.11 Hardness distribution across li-in. round in 0.35% C sreel with

different amounts of chrornium as quenched in oíl, originally free of undissolved

carbide. (After Bain, Alloying Elements in Steel)

 60 111
r-- 60
v "'
.. "'
'

Crj
ID
' -
..,. ..
"'
"' Crj U>
..,
e:
55 o 55 _g
... -
�
(D
(:! o co '
...
o
o u, -n Crj
s: \)\ s:
111 (!j
-<\
u 50 N !-)
lJ.. 50 u
v 111 -
.. (/)
. r-:
111
..
): <D
-"'
u
45 - 45 !
<..
o o
a: a:

40 40

'�-
s,,. -
35 35
O n e - i n c h d i a m e t e r -->j f..--one-inch diameter

Garban steel Vanadium steel

F1G. 9.12 Hardness distribution across 1-in. rounds of 0.9% C steel and

0.9% C, 0.27% V steel. (After Bain, A 1/oying Elements in Steel)

 0.34�!-:,--�-:--�--:-.:�1.�l.;n,¡:,,..,.,J!.il�lrJ,nl,l-,J�'.-''-.�ll.,...,-11�:-;i:c,'.

! ' . . : : . . : : . :_:_: i ! ¡ l ! i : , 1 1 ' 1 · · 1 1 1 1 : . ; ¡ ! i í( ; : :

... ··· ·· 11··· ·¡'I · 1 ·,· ·.1·

' t t q ! 1 : 1 t ,�·.ui.¡_.;'_;.l-H-','----1
0.3 2 �.�.--.-;---.-,-.,----,,, 1 . • • , . ! ! 1 1 1 · / , ,
1

'·-· . .• " '

'1 • '
1 1 !
t •
' '
1
1 !
' • '
' !
! '
1
'
!
•
1/:
' " '

1 1 • • • ¡ '
1 ¡ ' ' ' t 1 •

1
���;::: . i . : :.:: -, . ' ; i l . i : '. : ; : : i : ¡ ¡ . :
; 1 : /

º· º �
- �-�
- ·-;-
=
: t�
� :
:
�;:
=
.;:
�;:
�t�
T:¡
:-=
:
:j�
;��1
] iT:� : :�
¡ :: i.
:I ,.
;t,· +
U ':
� :t
� :=l:1
:.; R �
J
,: ,zt
,
:_:�
.:
-
....--·-· . - - - ' . . ·-. . . . +l " . 1�·¡ ·1 ' 7;.. 1 • . . •
- · - · -t .J - --· ¡ · 1 · · r. · . .¡ 1• • • �
---- - - - - - - �j · · - - · · · ' . • . . t 11 , . . . J1 . • ' " '

' - - · - :.:.::;_:;_::__ � ..:.:::::p ¡ .:; : : ¡ 1 /. �-:::� , ¡ ¡ -.:. j :- : ::;.'

0.28 - - �-- "1··---

'
·--
-
' • .J ..; .. ,
. 1¿-
,
-�
·· 1 . --,-

- - - -- . .. ¡ . : 1 1 ·i�:-- - -
- -· 1 +t - T • ' I /, ·- . -�l".

. , .. ...
T ;
, � P , tt.�-
_,I," i ¡ t • · 1 j J , ,-1
• ,
• -t
1 • J. • • 1 . +· - ,. . 1

0.26
"TM •- ·- 1-1 j.j ·S - /
_

.S
- ......1 , 1 · · · 1 ¡
�· 1 ' ' •·· T -
.'·! ·
º
,::::
,
·"'
l
l " : - - · "1 1 - · - · t:,,
._ ,
o •

,
'
,

0
· o
." "'
� o· �

� 0.24
" <o e- _
-�
o·. T'"""C)' • _,,

E
e " " �
.
....- / . - ­

·--
-e o· Ó'�-íf., :-::.7:-
( /f _,; --

e
Q) 0.22 ...... "· � o¡ j - ·-. -

-o
-·-- , �� ·-: TIT-j,-: :1_

! · · ! / · · · µ ' . . . . .

' t'
-
lj Jlp11.:.i� j · ¡..: ; ; : �

¡:;---·-··· ¡
· ' ' ! ) ! ti ' ...
-;-- - - · - . :-:: :..: · · : . . ., ! . • • · ¡ • 1 · . .

- ,; · , l-H •- :
· '1 .,, .�- ++ .:--

· ,-·-··-
-. ¡ ·· ·· ·,· ·Í t r 71
.,, .... , : -+ · .
!·· 1 ·-· ·-
• . • , ' ' 1 • '
¡ ! , : : : . :.;.

' . -
. ·/· - ·¡:.: ....: : .
. ....... . . ... ----··­
0
6
1.1=-=-
· ==-·1=-·=·-=1.··./.- •······ �- .. --
-- e¡:::-�
-· ·- -· -· .... • • • • 4 •

j ··- ··­
--- -- -- I • • • -· --,·•
' - ' .. - ·-----
.:.::::-Ti
j¡¡f : : � f
' '

' - • . - f
¡ .
' 1
. .
¡ , . . . .
. .

' . '
'
¡
. . . --
0.10 0.20 0.30 OAO 050 0.60

Carbon ( per cent)

F1G. 9.13 Relation bctv ecr: ideal diarnetcr (0

1
) , curbon corucnt. a n ti gra111

size. ( Bovd and F i e l d , Contribuiions to the Metal/11rgy o/ Steel, American lron

and Stccl lnstirute, 1946)

 I Mn

3.60 -· - - I· -
-- - - 8.40

/ 1

3.40
�/ /Cr
I·-

·-
8.00

3.20 N'1 7 ' 7.60 �

, V)
1 1

3.00 7.20 �
l..
/ / ....
� 2.80 6.80 �
u
e
I / .
� 2.60 Me 6.40 �
l..

'/
.s "' 2 • 40
'/
/ o
>, 6.00 t;
/¡/ 1
/
a. 1
Si o
.
.
/ 1
;:: 2.20 5.60:
1/
::,
t / / e
¿ 2.00 5.20 's;

V'
I/
.,, / a.
1.80 '
4.80 ;::
,. I/
1¡ V ::,
..,,
/
1.60 4.40 ¿
. '• 1/ e--
/ V curve
1- M n
1 4 0 - - �- -- - -- - - -
-- -· 4.00 :
v
extended
1.20 -- ..
-- - - . _,.... .
�L, -- 3 60
0.80 1.20 1.60 2 .00
. - 1.00 -
o 0.40 0.80 1.20 1.60 2.00 240 2.80 3.20 3.60 4.00

P e r cent of element

F1G. 9.14 M u l t i p l y i n g factors for corumon alloy elernents. (Boyd and Field,

Contributions to the Metallurgv of Steel, American Iron and Steel lnsrirutc.

 70 1

-
,,/

V) 60 - -- - - --- -
.,
V)
./
,

e
- -
el
_/
L

o 50 -
/
i:
.
/
u -- --
-
.,
- _,,
_/

3:
40 - -

u
o
et:
30

-- -- - -- -

20
O 0.10 0.20 030 040 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80

Car bon ( per c e n t )

F1c,. 9.15 R e l a t i o n between carbon content and i n i t i a l hardness (/ H ) at one­

sixtccnth i n c h frorn quenchcd end of e n d - q u e n c h bar. (Boyd a n d F i e l d , Ca/cu­

lation o/ tlie Standard E11(/-Q11ench Hardenability Curve [rom Chemical Co111-

¡1n.1i1io11 nnt! Cr11i11 Site, Couuibuuons ro the Metallurgy o/ Steel, No. 12,

American Iron a n d Steel I n s t i t u t e , New York, 1946, 22 p p . )

 7.00

6.00

-
e
5.00
�,,,,,
¡ -' j " • ¡
'""!'!
, ... ,
.
¡ , : !! : : : ..:¡n,:.1
e ..... -··
�

-
�

E
o
�

4.00
o
-�

-
·e

o
�
-e
-
cS" 3.00

'"

:i--

1.00 4.00

(iJZ) Oividing factor

F10. 9.16 Relation between ideal critica! diarnctcr (D anti rat i o ot' i
1)

hardness to distance hardncss ( //} )· ( B o vu anti F i c l tl . c·111111·il>111iu111 1

DH •

,1,fe111//11rgy o/ Steel, A m e r i c a n !ron anti Stccl Invtitutc. 19�(1)

FUNCTION OF ALLOYING ELEwIENTS IN STEEL 215

Po-ition Ifl

_J_
l lj
Dli RC

1 . . . . . . . . . 1 56

4 . . . . . . . . . . 1 56

8 . . . . . . . . . . 1.08 51.8

12 . . . . . . . . . . 1.18 47.5

16 . . . . . . . . . . 1.30 -±3.0

20 . . . . . . . . . . 1.-±0 JO.O

2-± . . . . . . . . . . 1 . -±6 38.-±

28 . . . . . . . . . 1.,51 37 . 1
·)·)
.,_
. . . . . . . . . . 1 . ,55 36.1

Steel. A I S I 4 1 4 0 Anolysis ('/,)

C-0.395 Si -0.31

Hect no.: 8 7 5 9 4 Mn - 0 . 8 3 Ni -0.20

P-0.018 Cr -099

Groin sue 7 S-0.029 Mo-0.17

 Steel: AISI 4 1 4 0 Analysis (º/o)

C-0.395 Si -0.31

Heat no.: 8 7 5 9 4 Mn-0.83 Ni-0.20

P - 0 . 0 1 8 Cr-0.99

Grain size: 7 S-0.029 Ma-0.17

Approx imote cooling r o t e , ºF. per sec at 1300 F

LO LO Q o ,et- r<) ,et-

Q
r<)
Q - LO -.
.

o
,,_
o N r<) - N (O
LO r<) r<)

- "'
- - -
r<)
"'
LO r<) N

70

6 5
As quenched

60
o= Colculated end - q u e n c h volues

55
-
"' t-(...
o
u
.........
50
"' <,
'-
"' 45
"' x )
<,
"'
e
e--.
-o " >
L

o
40
---- X
- e--. V
Tempered
.s:
35 " , "
u 800F
X

�
30 ' '

"'
3:
V
Tempered 1000 F
-"'
u
25 � ,
o X

o::
20 " " Tempered 1200F

1 5

"= Calculated tempered values

10

5
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40

Distance fram quenched end af s p e c i m e n in sixteenths of in.

F1G. 9. 1 7 End-qucnch and ternpcred cnd-quench curves for AISI 4140 stecl
,
 A:>oro.-.1more coohng rc-e , ºF cer sec ot 1300 F

,., ,
o - e
.., o .., o - -
'

o
- .., ""
- "" ea ,-.. ,
o ..,
"'
.

.,, N

- ,·
" .., N
<.O

-
N . O
- -
r:

.
65 -·---
.

• s qveec-tec
60
:: • Colculcted ene -que ncr ,olues
55 '

o
"
<;
• 50
•
.,
"'-
•
a
<5 -
•
=
"
L. • . '
-- <O •
.
.
a 1
.
Tempered
.
- 35 t-=--· - .
•
• BOOF
- •

30 ' -·
"
• ' - Temperec: 1000 F
�
25 - . -
•
•

-
- 2: --- ---- -----============�"'"'====JI Temcerec 1200F

5----

. • :,1cu1crea remoereo v c t u e s I

0>------

s''---------------------------'· 1:
6 S '2 4 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 4Q

F IG. 4 ' -
� . . I End-quench and rernpered end-quench curves tor -\ I S ! .! 1 4 0 sreel

and calculated valúes.

222 PI-IYSICAL MEíALLURGY FOR ENGINEERS

TAnl," 0-JV_ CAL('Ul,A'J'ION 01' 'J'l,;�l l'l•;nisD 1 1 1 \ l ( l ) N l s .'\ .'\ 1•011 fi'l'lslsl,.

( A l fi l •l r-rn. l•'ig. !J.17.)

'J'cn1pcri11g ul 800 Ji' for 2 lir

Elcrncu t (%) A llfH,.'KWl-:1,IA (' IIAllllNl��R

0.83 �ín. . . . . . . . . 2.2 D = 2 llo llr

0.31 S i . . . . . . . . . . . l.4 l
J = 10 (:ali:u lntcd Actual
0_20 Ni _ _ O.O ! = o.�3
0.90 Cr _ 5.2 50 •14.2

0.17Mo - J.3 r,r, 4:¡_7 44.0

5:i ,12.11 4,1.4

10.1 r,o •
J I .H 4:J.2

45 :-mA 1
11.0

40 :J7 _:¡
30.2

30 acu� ;J!;.5

;37 ao.o 33.2

Tcmpcr+ng ul 1000 Ji' íor 2 h1·

Elcmcut (%) A llOl'KWt-�1,1, C IIAICIINfo�R.�

0.83 �1 n . 2.2 /) = r:
,),, 'J llo n;
0.31 Si. _ _ IA /
] = 10 (..'alt•ulnlA.•tl A1·Lu:U

0.20 Ni . 0.1 ! - 0.34

0.00 Cr . 5.2 r,o !30.U

0.17 1\10 . :J.'1 r.r, ar,_c; :J!i.O

r,:1 :H.H .¡. o

3c.

12. 1 f,t) :J:{.U :15.0

·I f
1 :12.2 'l'I
•
"
• • l.)

·111 :{o.r. ;¡ 1.0

:JH :111.2 :JU.7

29.5 20.3
ª'

Tc1upc ri11 g ni 1200 F for 2 hr

Elcmcni (%) A IIO('KW1':l,I, (' 11,\lllJNfo:R�

----
0.83 Mn '. . 2.2 /) - 10.8 u; u;
0.3·1 Si . 1.4 B = 2.5 Cal1·11 lnlA•1 I At·Lual
0.20 Ni . o.a ' =
0.24
0.00 Cr _ . 5.2 !'.iH �r,. 1

0.)7 Mo . 3.2 !j!j 2•1$ 27.0

f);J 24.'I :in.o

)2.3 so 2:1.H 2(i.5
,, r,
22.'I ir,.r.
·10 21.2 2:1.0

:m 21.0 22.r,

37 20.r, 21.2
216 PHYSICAL � l E TALLURGY FOR ENGINEERS

The paper is then placed 0:1 the fi ure to obtain the best fit of these points
5
wíth ,'.'le cut ves. Thc value of LJ1 is then i n d i c a t e d at che interscction of t h z

F�pcr with rhe o ni i n a t e . l n this example, the valuc of D 1 is determined to

te 5 . 0 i n .

1 ff

Di-ran«- RC' nr1

-- ----
1
-,,
. . . . . .� ) 1
TiT ' '
..
l :J.) 1.02
1

�
• • '
.;2
!.OS

l -!,
1 ' '
1. 1 O

1 .J-2 1.:3;3

1
"'()
1
• ' . . •), 1 . -! -!

1 );
' ·)- -
'
. . '
·
J 1 , 1 1.-!! l

.,-

1 . . . . •
. ,
) 1 1 ..il
'
•
.,-
·
')
. . . . 1 ..i l
- ·)'
 60 T T 1
1 !

1),.. 1
Logorithmic sea le
,,,':.

50 .,

. \\

\ \
I�

V> \
V> 40 ...__ 660F-
Q) \
e:
�

... .._
- "-
"
1
¡...._
I
�

o 30 �
�
s:
<,
u .............._
N40F
-
-
!'--- !--...
Q) 20 ..... <,

r-. r-,
�
•

-"'
u �1020F
o
cr 10
\
<,
0.35°/o corbon '

•
I'\
o

"" � O O F

-10
O 6 10 10 100 1000

sec rrun hr

Time intervcl o: ternperntcre

F1G. 9.18 Eílcct of time at four ternpcring temperatures on hardness of

qucnch:d 0.35 % C stccl. 1 After R a i n . A lloving Elements in Steel)

 60.---�,--,----,-,--,,---�,--,----.,..-�

f<�i- � - L o g o r i t h m i c scale-+---+--+i
,,,, 1 1

50 �,,-"."'- :--+--+----,-+--+--�--t-----1
' \\
\ \

\
� 40 660F
.,
e:
'O
...
o 30
re

u 840F
1

� 20��[---.::::::,...._,1-___::::,,...._,----�l�---1

t 1020,
� 1oe+--��-� ----+--+----'----c>.,,--,---:.,.+---1
1
0.35º/o corbon

o �__Jc.__._l--l--4----+--;->.-"-----!

1200F

-1 o '-'----'----"-----"---'-----'----'-----''-'-1___,

O 6 10 10 100 1000

sec min hr

FIG. 9.18 Efíect of time at four ternpering ternperatures on hardness of

quenchcd 0 . 3 5 9i C steel. 1 After Rain. Alloving Elements in Steel)

 60
0.50-0.55 0.35°/o corbon
0
/o corbon

en
2•/0 ""º
en
.,
e

..
'O

_g 401----+-��l--�-+���"'c--�lc-�:-t-�

201--+--�-1-�-+��1---�-t-

IOL-.....L-�--'��--'-��'--�--'-�--'---'

O 400 600 800 1000 1200

Q 200· 400 600 800 1000 1200

Tempering temp. ( º F , I h r )
Tempering temp. ( º F , I hr l

0.35°/o C with m o l y b d e n u m
0.50-0.55°/o C with s i l i c o n

PIG. 9.19 COmparison of softening characteristics in tempering of a steel containing

silicon (non-carbide-forming) with a steel containing molybdenwn (carbide­

forming). (After Bain, Alloying Elements in Steel)

 60

0.50-0.55 0.35°/o corbon

0
/o ccrbon

z_º/o 1-f,O
"'
..
"'
e:

_g 401---+-�--l��--+�--=�---���+-�

IOL-.L.._�-'-�-'--�-'-��L-�-'-J

Q 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 Q 400 600 800 1000 1200

Tempering temp. (ºF,I h r ) Tempering temp. ( º F , 1 hr l

0.50-0.55°/o C with s i l i c o n 0.35º/o C with m o l y b d e n u m

F10. 9.19 Comparison of softening cbaracteristics in tempering of a steel

contammg sili�on (non-carbide-forming) witb a steel containing molybdenum

( carbide-forming). (After Bain, Alloying Elements in Steel)

218 PHYSICAL METALLURGY FOR ENGINEERS

70

--....
�

1650 F quench
<, \
1

::: 60
Q)

e
<,
-e '\
o
s:

o
1.8º/.corbon
\ \
oí 50
<,
3: 6°/o chromium IJ

""
o
o 1 \
'
o::
r-,

40
/
1

2000 F quench

Q 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Tempering temp. ( º F )

FIG. 9.20 Effect of tempering on hardness of a high-chromium, high-carbon

steel after quenching from two temperatures. (After Bain, Alloying Elements

in Stee/)
 70 -

-............

1 6 5 0 F quench

� 60
.,
r-. / -
e
\
-e
o
'"'
\
s:

u
- 1.8º/ocorbon
\ \
.i 50
3: <,
6°/o c h r o m i u m
-"

\
u
o
et

[\..

40
__.
/
2000 F quench

Q 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Tempering t e m p . ( º F )

F1G. 9.20 Effect of ternpering on hardness of a h i g h - c h r o rn i u m , h i g h - c a r b o n

steel after quenching frorn two ternperatures. (After B a i n , A 1/oying Etetnents

in Steel)
 14

1
'
.

'
1 I

u 12 •
I
�

..,
3 ¡
.x JO
u
o
a::
/
I
-
+-
e
..,
8

E
..,
I
�
u
.., 6
,:, '

e,,
e
�
/
� 4 -,
E

.
2

--
o
O 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 140<

Tempering temp. ( º F)

FrG. 9.? L Hardness d e c r e rn e n t (D) for "unhardened" steel.

rn o n t , Trc1ns. A / M E 172, 1947)

 60

�
I • -
-- 400

u.
i>
50 -
i..---
-- o

-
ci.
/
- E
600
1/ V i----
40 - -
/ ¡_....--
I /

- --·
u V V V v
---
800
30
L., ¡.,
I/
/ ,
-- ·
/

--
1
"'
3:
V
--"'
V ,, V
- -·
1 / I O ? O
o • / /
o 20
o::
/ / /
7
/ /
V
/ ----
VI
-
1/
,
_
-- 1200
1
VI

1 0 .:. I /
/
/ /
- ----
V
--- 1
"'
e
I
. /
/
1

V 7 / VV -
--
"O 1/

o
L.

/
,,, __ L.,
I 1/ / _..
.e
/ / V / / /

o
o ./
'

/
o ,' / /
/ V,
., l., /

i
+- e,..

L. I I / , '/ V/ "/.
u -10
1

'
V
I '/, '/. �

• V
_! '/ I
í//
-20
I / 1/, �/

/ I /'
.
-30 ,7
I
t, I

'i I
r , i,
1
-40
o 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

C o r b o n ( p e r c e n t l

F1G. 9. ?? Critica! hardncss ( B) for alloy-free steel. (Crafts a nd

T'ran s, A / M E 1 7 2 , 1 9 4 7 )
 1.0 \

\ \ \ -
\

\ \ \ [\
0.9 -
'\ \
\
. \ 1\

\ "'\ \\
'·
\
0.8 \
� \ \
\
\

e,, . \ 1\

T
e
\ \\ \
·-
e \ \
\ \
t 0.7 \
... '\ \ \
\
\ \ \
\
o •
1\

\
\
"'
<!)
\ \ \
\ \ \
1 \

\ \
'
t 0.6 \
\ \ \\
e
o
\" \ \ \ \
\ \
' \ \
+­
\,,
\
\ !\ \
\

\ \

o 0.5 '
\ \ \
o,

e
\
1\
\
\

.\ -: \ .\

o, \ \
\ \ \ \
', .\ \ 1
\

"'
� 0.4 \ \
\
\ \ .\ \ \
\,, \ 1\
•

o -,
\
\ \ 400
...

\
\ \ \
\\
1\

� 0.3 \
\
... \ .\, ,\. \
1\ \ \
u .

\ \ o,
o
\
\ \ \
600
1\ \ \
E
u, 0.2 <!)
\ \
\
\
\ \ +-
\ \ \
e,,
\
e
1 ) },
,\ \ \
800
\,,
' '
0.1 <!)
\
,\
1200 F'
\
\ o,

' E
1000
'l\J' \ �

OO 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

Corbon ( per cent)

G. 9 .2 3 Factor (/) for disproportionate softening in "hardenecl

( Crafts an d L a rn o n t , Trans. A ! /1,1 E 1 7 2 . ¡ 9..¡. 7 )

 8

u /
/
- 6
Q)
/
3: . V/
X

u / �

o 700F-
/
O::
800 to 1 2 0 0 F
-:
1
/
.

+-
/ /v
� 4 /
/
E / 600F
Q)
-
1-
1/
/ V -
u
e /
i..--

1
/ / V 500F
¡____.....-
/ / � 1

�
�
V
�
-
»> - 400F

V",t::---""'
� -

o
o 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

Mcngo�ese ( per ce�:.!

F10. 9.24 Effect of manganese on resistance to softening. (Crafts and Lamont,

· Trans. A/ME 172, 1947)

 8
8

o
o
- - ·
-
- �
-·
to
-
CIJ 600 1200 F

l 6
V CIJ

/
->< � 6
/ .x
u
o
a:
-: u
o /
. a:
+- V V
� 4
/ -: •
+- 1200y

� 4
E V V .

CIJ
/ / E V
L.
CIJ
u L.
/

e
,
1/

V 500F
u
V,.,..
/ e /IIOOF

>, 2 /
o ·� 2
»< ,oooF -

-:
�

- o V
V
1/,

<(
V 1

/
V V
" 1

o
l? 400F

1
.: V
V
400 to 800F

o 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

o '

o 1.0 2.0 3.0 4 .O 5.0

S i l i c o n ( per cent)
•
Nickel (percent)

F1G. 9.25 Effect of silicon on resist­ FIG. 9 .26 Effect of nickel on resist­
anee to softening. ( Crafts and Lamont, anee to softening. ( Crafts and Lan10:1t,
Trans. A/ME 172, 1 9 4 7 ) Trans. A/ME 172, 1 9 4 7 )
 0.40

�a36 S/
e .
-�0.32 -+--+---l-7'-r?''--1+c-
1,,..
,

} O,Z81--+-...W-'1f-::A-7"'1-a �-i

(:i
,...

- ó.241--.i;-,,.
(:i •

Q¡

'U
.... 0.20 l'+-�'f-r :Y-+--v--t--t-

11
0,16 L--J.:..-·'---:'-.--:':-'- hcw-�01
0.2 DJ O,t,- O.s· 0,6 07 ..._J .9

' Percenfa9@ Carbon

 /O

91--1--!-+--+-+-+-H->

7
8 .
•

6
l.i 7 ��-+--t-t-+�i'f·.� /
,/ ' •

Ql 6 ¡......¡._+-1-..¡....¡.. G •

./
':!
.....
j 1/

-- . --· --
'
1/

/1

3 �---" - -- --
.
/

. . /
2 - .
-- -
'/
li ·--·
I ,I
J
1
.
- -·

·�
..
-�-
·-­