Chapter 6 : Compressibility of soil

-Basic Settlement Formula-

𝐻(𝑒𝑜 −𝑒 1 ) 𝛥𝑒
𝛥𝐻 = = 𝐻
1+𝑒𝑜 1+𝑒𝑜

-Primary Consolidation Settlement of Normally Consolidated Fine Grained Soils

𝐶𝑐 𝑃𝑓
𝛥𝐻 = 𝐻 𝑙𝑜𝑔
1 + 𝑒𝑜 𝑃𝑜

𝑃𝑓 = 𝑃𝑜 + 𝛥𝑃

-Primary Consolidation Settlement of Over Consolidated time grained soils-

When Pf < Pc When Pf > Pc

𝐶𝑠 𝑃𝑓 𝐶𝑠 𝑃𝑐 𝐶𝑐 𝑃𝑓
𝛥𝐻 = 𝐻 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝛥𝐻 = 𝐻 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝐻 𝑙𝑜𝑔
1+𝑒𝑜 𝑃𝑜 1+𝑒𝑜 𝑃𝑜 1+𝑒𝑜 𝑃𝑐

-Over Consolidated Ratio-

𝑃𝑐
𝑂𝐶𝑅 =
𝑃𝑜

-Compression Index-

Skempton:

for remolded clay

𝐶𝑐 = 0.007(𝐿𝐿 − 10)

For undisturbed clay

𝐶𝑐 = 0.009(𝐿𝐿 − 10)

Remdon-Herrero:

1+𝑒𝑜
𝐶𝑐 = 0.141𝐺1.2 ( )
𝐺

Nishida:

𝐶𝑐 = 1.15(𝑒𝑜 − 0.27)

Nagaraj and Murty:

𝐿𝐿
𝐶𝑠 = 0.0463 𝐺
100

-Secondary Settlement-

𝑐𝛼 𝑇2
𝛥𝐻𝑠 = 𝐻 log
1+𝑒𝑓 𝑇1

𝑒𝑝 = 𝑒𝑜 − 𝛥𝑒

𝑃𝑓
𝛥𝑒 = 𝐶𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑃𝑜
-Immediate Settlement-

1 − 𝑢2
𝛥𝐻𝑖 = 𝑝𝐵 𝐼𝑓
𝐸

-Average Pressure-

𝑃𝑡 + 4𝑃𝑚 + 𝑃𝑏
𝛥𝑝 =
6

-Total Settlement of Foundation-

𝛥𝐻𝑇 = 𝛥𝐻 + 𝛥𝐻𝑠 + 𝛥𝐻𝑖

𝑒1 − 𝑒2
𝐶𝑐 =
𝑃
log 2
𝑃1

-Coefficient of Compressibility-

𝑒1 − 𝑒2
𝑎𝑣 =
𝑃2 − 𝑃1

-Coefficient of Consolidation-

𝑘
𝐶𝑣 =
𝑀𝑣(𝛾𝑤)

-Coefficient of Volume Compressibility-

𝑒1 − 𝑒2
𝑚𝑣 =
( 1 + 𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑒 )(𝑃2 − 𝑃1 )

𝑎𝑣
𝑚𝑣 =
1 + 𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑒

-Time Rate Consolidation-

𝑇𝑣 (𝐻𝑑𝑟)2
𝑡=
𝐶𝑣

-Approximation Time Factor-

For 0 - 60%

𝜋 𝑢% 2
𝑇𝑣 = ( )
4 100

For u > 60%

𝑇𝑣 = 1.781 − 0.933𝑙𝑜𝑔(100 − 𝑢%)

Relationship:

𝑡𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 (𝐻𝑑𝑟𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 )2
=
𝑡𝑙𝑎𝑏 (𝐻𝑑𝑟𝑙𝑎𝑏 )2
 𝑡1 𝑈1 2
Also: =
𝑡2 𝑈2 2

-Degree of Consolidation at a distance 2 at any time-

𝑃𝑤𝑧
𝑈2 = 1 −
𝑃𝑤𝑜

-Degree of Consolidation at entire depth at any time T-

𝛥𝐻𝑡
𝑈=
𝛥𝐻𝑚𝑎𝑥

Chapter 7: Shear Strength

-Cohesive soil-

𝜏−𝐶
tan 𝜙 =
𝜎

𝜏 = 𝑐 + 𝜚 tan 𝜙 = 𝑅 sin 2θ

Non-cohesive/Cohesion less soil

𝜎1 = 𝜎3 + 𝜎𝐷

𝜎1 − 𝜎3
𝑟= = 𝛾𝑚𝑎𝑥
2

𝜎1 + 𝜎3
𝑐 = 𝜎3 + 𝑟 =
2
𝑟 𝜎1 − 𝜎3
sin 𝜙 = =
𝑐 𝜎1 + 𝜎3

𝜙
θ = 45 +
2

-For Over-Consolidated Clay (cohesive)

𝜏 = 𝑐 + 𝜎 tan 𝜙

𝑐 = 𝑐𝑜ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑦

-For Normally Consolidated (non- cohesive)

𝑐=0

𝜏 = 𝜎 tan 𝜙

-Direct Shear Test-

𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠, 𝜎 =
𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛

𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒

𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠, 𝜏 =
𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛

-If there is a shortening of length-

 𝐴𝑜
𝐴=
1−𝜀

𝛥𝐿
𝜀=
𝐿

𝜋𝐷2
𝐴𝑜 =
4

𝑃
𝜎=
𝐴

Chapter 8: Lateral Earth Pressure

Coefficient of at rest earth pressure

 Normally Consolidated soil

𝛾𝑠 ℎ2
𝑘𝑜 = 1 − sin 𝜙 𝐹= 𝑘𝑜
2
 Over consolidated soil
𝑘𝑜 = (1 − sin 𝜙)√𝑂𝐶𝑅
For Normally Consolidated clays, whose plasticity index is known
 𝑷𝑰 = 𝒃𝒆𝒕𝒘𝒆𝒆𝒏 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟒𝟎
𝑘𝑜 = 0.4 + 0.007(𝑃𝐼)
 𝑷𝑰 = 𝒃𝒆𝒕𝒘𝒆𝒆𝒏 𝟒𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟖𝟎
𝑘𝑜 = 0.04 + 0.001(𝑃𝐼)
-At rest pressure on the wall-
 Without surcharge
𝜎 = 𝛾𝑠 ℎ𝑘𝑜
𝛾𝑠 ℎ2 𝑘𝑜
𝐹=
2
 With surcharge
𝑞 = 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒(𝑘𝑝𝑎)
𝜎1 = 𝑞𝑘𝑜
𝜎2 = 𝛾𝑠 ℎ𝑘𝑜
𝜎 = 𝑘𝑜 (𝑞 + 𝛾𝑠 ℎ)
𝐹1 = 𝑞𝑘𝑜 ℎ
𝛾𝑠 ℎ2 𝑘𝑜
𝐹2 =
2
 With surcharge and water table on top:
1 1
𝑃 = 𝛾𝑠 ℎ2 𝑘𝑜 + 𝛾𝑤 ℎ2
2 2
-Rankine Coefficient of active pressure-
 Non cohesive soil
1 − sin 𝜙
𝑘𝑎 =
1 + sin 𝜙
 Active pressure
𝜎 = 𝛾𝑠 ℎ𝑘𝑎
 Active force
𝛾𝑠 ℎ2
𝐹= 𝑘
2 𝑎
- Rankine coefficient of passive pressure
 Passive pressure
 1 + sin 𝜙
𝑘𝑝 =
1 − sin 𝜙
 Passive force
1 2𝑘
𝑃𝑝 = 𝛾ℎ =
2 𝑠 𝑝

-Rankine Earth Pressure Coefficient

 ACTIVE

cos 𝛼 − √𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜙

𝑘𝑎 = cos 𝛼
cos 𝛼 + √𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜙

 PASSIVE
cos 𝛼 + √𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜙
𝑘𝑝 = cos 𝛼
cos 𝛼 − √𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜙

-Coulomb's Earth Pressure Coefficient

 ACTIVE

𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝛽 + 𝜙)
𝑘𝑎 = 2
sin(𝜙 + 𝛿) sin(𝜙 − 𝛼)
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 βsin(𝛽 − 𝛿) [1 + √ ]
sin(𝛽 − 𝛿) sin(𝛽 + 𝛼)

 PASSIVE

𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝛽 − 𝜙)
𝑘𝑝 = 2
sin(𝜙 + 𝛿) sin(𝜙 + 𝛼)
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 βsin(𝛽 + 𝛿) [1 − √ ]
sin(𝛽 + 𝛿) sin(𝛽 + 𝛼)

Chapter 9: Bearing Capacity of Soils

-Ultimate soil bearing capacity-
𝑞𝑢 = 𝑘𝑐 𝐶𝑁𝑐 + 𝑘𝑎 𝑞𝑁𝑞 + 𝑘𝛾 𝛾𝑐 𝐵𝑁𝛾
-General Shear Failure-
 For long footings
1
𝑞𝑢 = 𝑐𝑁𝑐 + 𝑞𝑁𝑞 + 𝛾𝑐 𝐵𝑁𝛾
2
 For square footings
𝑞𝑢 = 1.3𝑐𝑁𝑐 + 𝑞𝑁𝑞 + 0.4𝛾𝑐 𝐵𝑁𝛾
 For circular footings
𝑞𝑢 = 1.3𝑐𝑁𝑐 + 𝑞𝑁𝑞 + 0.3𝛾𝑐 𝐵𝑁𝛾
-Local Shear Failure-
2
𝐸= 𝑐
𝐵
 2
tan 𝜙 = tan 𝜙
3
-Allowable Bearing Capacity and Factor of Safety-

 Gross allowable bearing capacity

𝑞𝑢
𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 =
𝐹𝑆
 Net allowable bearing capacity
𝑞𝑢𝑛𝑒𝑡
𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑛𝑒𝑡 =
𝐹𝑆
𝑞𝑢𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑞𝑢 − 𝑞
-Gross allowable bearing capacity with FS with respect to shear-
𝑐
𝑐𝑑 =
𝐹𝑆
tan 𝜙
𝜙𝑎 = tan−1 [ ]
𝐹𝑆
-Effect of groundwater level in bearing capacity-
 Above the footing
𝑞 = 𝛾(𝐷𝑓 − 𝑑𝑢) + 𝛾𝑏 𝑑𝑤
𝛾𝑐 = 𝛾𝑏
 At the base of the footing
𝑞 = 𝛾𝐷𝑓
𝛾𝑐 = 𝛾𝑏
 Below the base of the footing
𝑎 = 𝛾𝐷𝑓
𝑑𝑤 < 𝐵
𝑑𝑤
𝛾𝑐 = 𝛾𝑏 (1 + )
𝐵
𝑑𝑤 > 𝐵
𝛾𝑐 = 𝛾
-Gross and Net-
𝑃
𝑞𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 =
𝐴
𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑞𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝑞

Chapter 10: Braced Cuts

Cuts in sand (non cohesive soil)
𝑃𝑎 = 0.65 𝛾𝐻𝑘𝑎
1−sin 𝜙
𝑘𝑎 =
1+sin 𝜙
𝜙
𝑘𝑎 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (45 − )
2
Cuts in clay (cohesive soil)
 Case 1:
𝛿𝐻
>4
𝑐
1
𝑝𝑎 = 𝛿𝐻 − 4𝑐 ; 𝑐 = 𝑞𝑢
2
Or
𝑝𝑎 = 0.3𝛿𝐻
:which layer is bigger

 Case 2
𝛿𝐻
<4
𝑐
𝑝𝑎 0.3𝛾𝐻
Cuts in Layered Clay with Different Propeties
 Ave. value of cohesion:
𝐶1 𝐻1 + 𝐶2 𝐻2
𝑐=
𝐻
 Ave. unit weight of clay:
𝛿1 𝐻1 + 𝛿2 𝐻2
𝛿=
𝐻
 Case 1:
𝛿𝐻
>4
𝑐
𝑝𝑎 = 𝛿𝐻 − 4𝑐
Or
𝑝𝑎 = 0.3𝛿𝐻
: which layer is bigger
 Case 2:
𝛿𝐻
<4
𝑐
𝑝𝑎 = 0.3𝛿𝐻