General Physics II (20149)

LAB REPORT 2
Current and Resistance (Ohm’s Law)
March 15th, 2018

LAB PARTNERS
Ade Lita Kusumaningrum
Ayu Dita Winarna
Erfina Nagata
Indah Chyntia Bella Rosa
Jemica Damar Elyanto Paluluh

ABSTRACT

This experiment, a better understanding of resistance was gained by performing

numerous experiments in which variables of a circuit were altered to affect the resistance
of a system. The first set of experiments exploited how voltage and current act within a
system of constant resistance. The second set of experiments allowed for observations of
how resistance changed as the length and cross-sectional area of a resistor changed. While
the final experiment provided observations for how the resistance of a circuit changes when
in parallel or series. The results of the experiment validated that voltage and resistance
are proportional while current and resistance are disproportional.
A. INTRODUCTION

Electric current is the movement of electric charge over time. Resistance is the
property of a material that limits current flow. The higher the resistance of a material, the
less current flows through it. We can use an ammeter to measure current flow. For a
resistor, we can use an Ohmmeter to measure its resistance, and a voltmeter to measure the
electric potential (voltage) across it. Using Ohm’s Law, we can divide voltage by resistance
to determine the current flowing through a resistor. In this lab practicum, we will make
voltage, current, and resistance measurements. We will be making precise measurements
by using the same components for all the exercises, as different resistors of the same value
can vary slightly.

B. GENERAL PRINCIPLES

In this practicum, we use the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance.
First, we must know what is voltage, current, and resistance. Voltage can be defined as the
amount of potential energy between two points on a circuit. One point has more charge
than another. This difference in charge between the two points is called voltage. It is
measured in volts. Current can be defined the current as the charge that flows through a
cross-sectional area per unit time. Resistance can be defined as a material’s tendency to
resist the flow of charge (current).
The relationship between three of them is in Ohm’s Law. Ohm’s Law combining
the elements of voltage, current, and resistance.

In this practicum, we are provided a table to calculate the resistance that we will
use in the experiment. The table is shown in the picture below. In the experiment, we are
provided some kind of resistor with the different color arrangement. The first band is
representing the tens. The second is representing the second units. The third is representing
the multiplier. And for the last is representing the tolerance of the resistor.
C. METHODES

I,n this lab practicum, we conduct six type of exercises divided into three part. The
equipment that used for all of six exercises is digital multimeter (DMM), MR Board, LEDs,
switches, potentiometer, and resistors.

DMM MR Board LED Potentiometer

Switches Resistors
PART 1
In part 1, we used supporting materials such as digital multimeter (DMM), and MR
Board. Digital multimeter (DMM) is a multi-function measuring tool that has three types
of mode which are ohmmeter, voltmeter, and ammeter. The voltmeter use to measures the
voltage difference between two probes in the DMM. The ohmmeter use to measures the
current through a section of the circuit. And the ohmmeter use to measures resistance
between two points. MR Board is a lab kit which consists of a magnetic circuit board and
various circuit components (for example switches, resistors, diodes, integrated circuit
chips, and connector stripes) on magnetic sockets that connect to the circuit board. Another
component is powered supply that converts the voltage of a 9V battery to 5V. The function
of red line (positive) and black line (negative) in the MR Board is to connect the current
from the top to the bottom, while the gold area is a conductor to connect the current
horizontally (from the left to the right) and the gold stripes are used to replace the cable.

Exercise 1
In this part of the experiment the objective is to ensure the MR Board in a standard
condition. At first, we open the box of MR Board and check the completeness of the
instrument. However, do not connect the MR Board with the power supply. Second, we
open the digital multimeter from the box and calibrate the scale into ohmmeter mode. Then,
turn on the button of MR Board, the indication when the MR Board in a ready condition is
the red light. Next, we can test with put the conducting pen of ohmmeter to the vertical
area in MR Board or called as the first area. Put one conducting pen in the red strip and
another one in the same red strip also marked by number 1 in the picture. Afterwards, we
measure the resistance by using the ohmmeter. We can also check for the black strip with
the same step. Moreover, to get accurate condition we can also check on the second area
or the horizontal area of MR Board and the third area or across/opposite in MR Board. In
the second area that marked by number 2 in the picture, put two of conducting pen on the
same horizontal lines and measure their resistance. In the third area shown in the picture
by number 3, put one conducting pen in the left side of red and black lines, then put another
one conducting pen in the right side of red and black lines. Last, we can read the result
from the ohmmeter.
Exercise 2
In this part, we must prepare the MR Board in a standard condition to measured the
volt of the battery. The first step is to connect the power supply (shown in the picture
above) with the MR Board by putting it in the right corner. Turn the power supply by
toggling the blue switch. Later, put the battery in the MR Board and the connector cable in
the switch. Thereafter, put the red conducting pen in VCC, while the black conducting pen
in GND (VCC and GND are located at a small rectangle in the right corner of MR Board).
Before we measure the volt of the battery, we must change the digital multimeter into
voltmeter mode by rotating the button of digital multimeter until it points toward volt scale.
Last, we can read and record the result from the screen of the voltmeter. Note that we must
turn off the power supply when we are not using it to preserve battery life. Moreover, we
also must be careful to avoid creating a short circuit from VCC to GND, because it will
overstress the power supply and possibly damage it.

PART 2
In part 2, the exercise is about current flow. Besides digital multimeter and MR
Board, we also used LED and resistors. An LED or light-emitting diode is a device that
emits light (red) when current flow through it and remains off when there is no current flow
through it. The light that emitted depends on the amount of the current that flows through
it, but the direction of the LED only allows current to flow in one direction. First, we need
to ensure that the LEDs are oriented properly in the circuit which the positive sign should
be connected to the side of positive current flow and notice that there is a resistor in series
with the LED.

Exercise 3
The goal of this part of experiments is to build a simple circuit from VCC to GND.
The first thing that we need to prepared is the component of the circuit especially connector
and LEDs lamp. Then, we can choose any types of connector that provided in MR Board
and place it one in positive side and another one in negative side. Our group decides to put
the LED to the third period of the last line and we connect the LED with the smallest
connector vertically. After that, we add 3-connector again to connect it to the negative one
that is the black line. The important note that we must minimize the use of a connector to
build a circuit because it will increase the amount of resistance. The next step is to check
the existence of the electric current. When we form a right circuit, the LEDs lamp will turn
on the show a red light that indicates there is an electric current.

Exercise 4
In the exercises 4, we add another LED in parallel with the switch. The objective
of this exercise is to compare the intensity of the LED light with the switch open and the
switch closed. Our group put the second LED to the third period of the last line and we
connect it with the smallest connector (2-connector) and 3-connector toward to the LEDs.
Both of LEDs will turn on and emitted light because the current will split to the first LED
and second LED.

PART 3
This part of experiment discusses resistance and Ohm’s law. The additional
equipment is the resistors. The resistors that used have four color bands that determine the
resistance value. The first two bands determine the first two digits of the resistance value,
the third bands determine the power of 10 multipliers, and the fourth bands determine the
tolerance or % error of the value of the resistor.

Exercise 5
In this exercises, we use two kinds of resistors which are 100Ω and a 200Ω resistor.
To find this resistor in the MR Board we should use the table of a specific color that
provided such as this picture:
 After we read this table, our group can find the 100Ω and a 200Ω resistor. The
100Ω resistors have color bands brown-black-brown-gold and the 200Ω resistor have color
bands red-black-brown-gold. Next step, we measure the resistance of two resistors by using
the digital multimeter. Notice that we must ensure the mode of DMM in an ohmmeter
mode. Last, we read and record the results of each resistor that shown by an ohmmeter.

Exercise 6
In the exercises 6, we build a series circuit contains 100Ω and a 200Ω resistor
between VCC and GND. First, prepare the two resistors, check and make sure that the
resistors in a proper condition. Formerly, connect the 100Ω resistor in upper side or VCC,
while the 200Ω resistor connected into the lower side or GND. We must ensure that the
resistor right implanted to the connector. After that, measure the voltage and current each
of resistors by putting the conducting pen in the resistor. When we measure the voltage we
use DMM in voltmeter mode, but when we measure the current through series circuit we
use DMM in ammeter mode. Then, we write the result on the lab notes.

D. RESULT (DATA: RAW DATA AND GRAPHS)

From the exercise one, the result of resistance measurement that shown by a digital
multimeter (ohmmeter) on the first area is 0.00 Ω, the second area is 0.00 Ω, and the third
area is also 0.00 Ω. Since all of three area have the same result means that the MR Board
is in a standard and proper condition. Here is the table:

Area Resistance
1 (vertical) 0.00 Ω
2 (horizontal) 0.00 Ω
3 (across) 0.00 Ω

In exercise 2, the result of the voltage measurement from the battery is 5.03 V. This
is presented by digital multimeter in a voltmeter mode. However, when we got a negative
result in voltmeter means that we incorrectly put the conducting pen.

The outcome from the exercise 3 when we build a simple series circuit is the LED
is emitted a red light (turn on). This is because there is a current that passes through in the
circuit and the switch in a closed condition. Additionally, when the switch is in the open
condition the LED will not emit a light. Moreover, in a series circuit, the current only have
one path. This is the simple picture to simulate the series circuit.
 switch
battery

LED

In exercise 4, after we add the second LED in parallel with the switch the result
shows that in a parallel the current will split to into several ways, but because the resistors
of two LED is same, the volt that measured by voltmeter will remain the same. Moreover,
both of first LED and second LED will turn on (emitted red light).

The result of exercise 5 presented in the table below:

Resistor First Band Second Band Third Band Fourth Band Real
(Multiplier) (Tolerance) Resistance
(measured by
ohmmeter)
100Ω Brown (1) Black (0) Brown (×10 Ω ) Gold (± 5%) 98.5Ω
1

200Ω Red (2) Black (0) Brown (×101 Ω ) Gold (± 5%) 198.1 Ω

The result of exercise 6 that have objective to measure the current and the voltage
of the circuit use ohmmeter shown in table and picture below:
Resistor Volt / Potential Difference Current
100Ω 1.42 V 1.92 mA
200Ω 2.84 V 1.92 mA

100Ω
100Ω
+
2
0
-
0
2Ω
0 200Ω
0
Ω
E. CONCLUSION & ERROR ANALYSIS

In conclusion, we studied that in a series circuit the current will separate but the
voltage in every series circuit always same, on the parallel circuit contrary with a series
circuit that is the voltage will separate and the current will always same. Base on Ohm
Law, we can calculate the resistance use current and voltage base on our experiment before,
if our current big so our resistance will more small, and vice versa. In every experiment,
we should check the equipment, in here the resistant. The resistant has error analysis around
0.015.

F. REFERENCES

"Circuit Notes: Identifying Resistors". Jameco.Com, 2018,

https://www.jameco.com/Jameco/workshop/circuitnotes/circuit-notes-resistors.html.
Accessed 27 Apr 2018.

"Voltage, Current, Resistance, And Ohm's Law -

Learn.Sparkfun.Com". Learn.Sparkfun.Com, 2018,
https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/voltage-current-resistance-and-ohms-law#ohms-law.
Accessed 29 Apr 2018.

Hewes, John. "Electronics Club - Series And Parallel Connections". Electronicsclub.Info,

2018, https://electronicsclub.info/seriesparallel.htm. Accessed 27 Apr 2018.