COMMUNICATION SKILLS

Communication (from Latin commūnicāre, meaning "to share") is the

purposeful activity of information exchange between two or more participants in
order to convey or receive the intended meanings through a shared system of
signs and semiotic rules.
The basic steps of communication are the forming of communicative intent,
message composition, message encoding, transmission of signal, reception of
signal, message decoding and finally interpretation of the message by the
recipient.
Defination of Communication :
1] Communication is simply the act of transferring information from one place to
another.
2] Two-way process of reaching mutual understanding, in which participants not
only exchange (encode-decode) information, news, ideas and feelings but also
create and share meaning. In general, communication is a means of connecting
people or places. In business, it is a key function of management--an organization
cannot operate without communication between levels, departments and
employees
3] Communication is sending and receiving information between two or more
people. The person sending the message is referred to as the sender, while the
person receiving the information is called the receiver. The information conveyed
can include facts, ideas, concepts, opinions, beliefs, attitudes, instructions and
even emotions.
4] Communication is the process by which information is exchanged between
individuals. It requires a shared understanding of symbol systems, such as
language and mathematics.

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5] Communication is the process by which an individual (the communicator)
transmits stimuli (usuallyverbal) to modify the behavior of other individuals (the
audience). (Hovland Janis and Kelly in 1953)
6] Communication is the process by which we understand others and in turn
endeavor to be understood bythem. It is dynamic, constantly changing and
shifting in response to the total situation (Anderson, 1959)
7] Communication is all of the procedures by which one mind can affect another
(W. Weaver, 1949)Communication means that information is passed from one
place to another. (Miller, 1951)
Defination of Communiction Skills :
The ability to convey information to another effectively and efficiently. Business
managers with good verbal, non verbal and written communication skills help
facilitate the sharing of information between people within a company for its
commercial benefit.
Nature of communication:
The nature of communication: Communication can be pervaded in every
area of human existence. By simply crying and moping fully newborn babies
convey what is this great about their appearance in this world. By means of
creating your seem these people probably express his or her anticipation with
regard to mother’s appreciate as well as love. Communication represents the
important role inside personal existence, family member’s existence, cultural
existence, company existence and many others. Development Communication
with relationships, cultures, civilizations and many others the two inside micro as
well as macro amount are determined by successful effective communication. The
nature of communication is discussed below:

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 Communication is related to human activity: Communication exchanges
are actually directly linked with every single ball of human being lifetime. It
is necessary within primary some sort of substantial human being lifetime.
Taking pleasure in restful lifetime, acquiring person-to-person interactions,
creating a flourishing point out and so on. Aren’t probable without having
communication exchanges.
 Communication involves two or more parties: At least, two parties are
involved in virtually any communication exchange process. This party
exactly who communicates information is known as sender and the party
exactly who is provided with the info is known as a device. Even so in some
instances some sort of sender could send out a message for you to many
receivers.
 Communication could be one-way or maybe two-way process:
Communication might take the design involving two-way or maybe one-
way process. With two-way communication, the receiver sends his
feedback to the sender after receiving the message. One-way
communication means you move involving information style sender to be
able to receive only. In this particular means of communication receiver
doesn’t present his or her reaction to your sender.
 Success of communication depends on a proper understanding of the
parties involved: Powerful communication comes about if your receiver
feels your concept you might say your sender posts the idea. If the receiver
doesn’t deliver his or her reaction to your sender, your sender is not going
to fully grasp your receiver’s view. In this case, your communications are
going to be inadequate. As a result, to make your communication

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 prosperous the two senders and receiver got to know your side effects of
different.
 Conversation in organization flows in a variety of styles: With
organization, information flows in a variety of recommendations, for
example way upward direction, down way, horizontal way and many
others.
 Communication is media or channel based: Every single person
communication comes about by means of suing a selected method. This
media could be composed, common and non-verbal or maybe a mixture of
spoken and non-verbal media.
Types of Communication :
1] Verbal Communication
2] Non-Verbal Communication

Paralanguage
The way something is said, rather than what is actually said, is an important
component of nonverbal communication. This includes voice quality, intonation,
pitch, stress, emotion, tone, and style of speaking, and communicates approval,
interest or the lack of it. Research estimates that tone of the voice accounts for 38
percent of all communications.

Other forms of nonverbal communication usually communicate one’s personality.

These include: Aesthetic communication or creative expressions such as dancing,
painting, and the like. Appearance or the style of dressing and grooming, which
communicates one’s personality. Space language such as paintings and
landscapes communicate social status and taste. Symbols such as religious,
status, or ego-building symbols.

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Oral Communication - Meaning, Advantages and Limitations
Oral communication implies communication through mouth. It includes individuals
conversing with each other, be it direct conversation or telephonic conversation.
Speeches, presentations, discussions are all forms of oral communication. Oral
communication is generally recommended when the communication matter is of
temporary kind or where a direct interaction is required. Face to face communication
(meetings, lectures, conferences, interviews, etc.) is significant so as to build a rapport
and trust.
Advantages of Oral Communication
 There is high level of understanding and transparency in oral communication as it
is interpersonal.
 There is no element of rigidity in oral communication. There is flexibility for
allowing changes in the decisions previously taken.
 The feedback is spontaneous in case of oral communication. Thus, decisions can
be made quickly without any delay.
 Oral communication is not only time saving, but it also saves upon money and
efforts.
 Oral communication is best in case of problem resolution. The conflicts, disputes
and many issues/differences can be put to an end by talking them over.
 Oral communication is an essential for teamwork and group energy.
 Oral communication promotes a receptive and encouraging morale among
organizational employes.
 Oral communication can be best used to transfer private and confidential
information/matter.
Disadvantages/Limitations of Oral Communication
 Relying only on oral communication may not be sufficient as business

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 communication is formal and very organized.
 Oral communication is less authentic than written communication as they are
informal and not as organized as written communication.
 Oral communication is time-saving as far as daily interactions are concerned, but
in case of meetings, long speeches consume lot of time and are unproductive at
times.
 Oral communications are not easy to maintain and thus they are unsteady.
 There may be misunderstandings as the information is not complete and may lack
essentials.
 It requires attentiveness and great receptivity on part of the receivers/audience.
 Oral communication (such as speeches) is not frequently used as legal records
except in investigation work.

Written Communication - Meaning, Advantages and Disadvantages

Written communication has great significance in today’s business world. It is an
innovative activity of the mind. Effective written communication is essential for
preparing worthy promotional materials for business development. Speech
came before writing. But writing is more unique and formal than speech.
Effective writing involves careful choice of words, their organization in correct
order in sentences formation as well as cohesive composition of sentences.
Also, writing is more valid and reliable than speech. But while speech is
spontaneous, writing causes delay and takes time as feedback is not
immediate.
Advantages of Written Communication

Written communication helps in laying down apparent principles, policies and rules

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 for running of an organization.

It is a permanent means of communication. Thus, it is useful where record

maintenance is required.

It assists in proper delegation of responsibilities. While in case of oral

communication, it is impossible to fix and delegate responsibilities on the grounds
of speech as it can be taken back by the speaker or he may refuse to acknowledge.

Written communication is more precise and explicit.

Effective written communication develops and enhances an organization’s image.

It provides ready records and references.

Legal defenses can depend upon written communication as it provides valid records.

 Disadvantages of Written Communication

Written communication does not save upon the costs. It costs huge in terms of
stationery and the manpower employed in writing/typing and delivering letters.

Also, if the receivers of the written message are separated by distance and if they
need to clear their doubts, the response is not spontaneous.

Written communication is time-consuming as the feedback is not immediate. The

encoding and sending of message takes time.

Effective written communication requires great skills and competencies in language

and vocabulary use. Poor writing skills and quality have a negative impact on
organization’s reputation.

Too much paper work and e-mails burden is involved.

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 Importance of Communication in an
Organization
Effective Communication is significant for managers in the organizations so as to
perform the basic functions of management, i.e., Planning, Organizing, Leading and
Controlling.

Communication helps managers to perform their jobs and responsibilities.

Communication serves as a foundation for planning. All the essential information
must be communicated to the managers who in-turn must communicate the plans
so as to implement them. Organizing also requires effective communication with
others about their job task. Similarly leaders as managers must communicate
effectively with their subordinates so as to achieve the team goals. Controlling is
not possible without written and oral communication.

Managers devote a great part of their time in communication. They generally

devote approximately 6 hours per day in communicating. They spend great time on
face to face or telephonic communication with their superiors, subordinates,
colleagues, customers or suppliers. Managers also use Written Communication in
form of letters, reports or memos wherever oral communication is not feasible.

Thus, we can say that “effective communication is a building block of successful

organizations”. In other words, communication acts as organizational blood.

The importance of communication in an organization can be summarized as

follows:

1. Communication promotes motivation by informing and clarifying the

employees about the task to be done, the manner they are performing the
task, and how to improve their performance if it is not up to the mark.
2. Communication is a source of information to the organizational members for
decision-making process as it helps identifying and assessing alternative
course of actions.
3. Communication also plays a crucial role in altering individual’s attitudes, i.e.,

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 a well informed individual will have better attitude than a less-informed
individual. Organizational magazines, journals, meetings and various other
forms of oral and written communication help in moulding employee’s
attitudes.
4. Communication also helps in socializing. In todays life the only presence of
another individual fosters communication. It is also said that one cannot
survive without communication.
5. As discussed earlier, communication also assists in controlling process. It
helps controlling organizational member’s behaviour in various ways. There
are various levels of hierarchy and certain principles and guidelines that
employees must follow in an organization. They must comply with
organizational policies, perform their job role efficiently and communicate
any work problem and grievance to their superiors. Thus, communication
helps in controlling function of management.

An effective and efficient communication system requires managerial proficiency in

delivering and receiving messages. A manager must discover various barriers to
communication, analyze the reasons for their occurrence and take preventive steps
to avoid those barriers. Thus, the primary responsibility of a manager is to develop
and maintain an effective communication system in the organization.

ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION (PROCESS):

Seven major elements of communication process are: (1) sender (2) ideas (3)

encoding (4) communication channel (5) receiver (6) decoding and (7) feedback.

Communication may be defined as a process concerning exchange of facts or ideas

between persons holding different positions in an organisation to achieve mutual

harmony. The communication process is dynamic in nature rather than a static

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 phenomenon.Communication process as such must be considered a continuous and

dynamic inter-action, both affecting and being affected by many variables.

(1) Sender:

The person who intends to convey the message with the intention of passing

information and ideas to others is known as sender or communicator.

(2) Ideas:

This is the subject matter of the communication. This may be an opinion, attitude,

feelings, views, orders, or suggestions.

(3) Encoding:

Since the subject matter of communication is theoretical and intangible, its further

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 passing requires use of certain symbols such as words, actions or pictures etc.

Conversion of subject matter into these symbols is the process of encoding.

(4) Communication Channel:

The person who is interested in communicating has to choose the channel for

sending the required information, ideas etc. This information is transmitted to the

receiver through certain channels which may be either formal or informal.

(5) Receiver:

Receiver is the person who receives the message or for whom the message is

meant for. It is the receiver who tries to understand the message in the best

possible manner in achieving the desired objectives.

(6) Decoding:

The person who receives the message or symbol from the communicator tries to

convert the same in such a way so that he may extract its meaning to his complete

understanding.

(7) Feedback:

Feedback is the process of ensuring that the receiver has received the message and

understood in the same sense as sender meant it.

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 Use of Body Language in Communication:

Kinesics or study of body language must be understood by all. Whether it is an

interview or a presentation, one must be aware of how to use body language
effectively.

Read on to understand more about various non verbal components of

communication...

1. Eye Contact: Always maintain eye contact with your audience. However, a
person must ensure that he / she should not fix his gaze at one person for
more than 5 seconds. Too much fluttering of eyes could indicate lack of
confidence. Staring at a person could be daunting and hence is not such a
good idea.
2. Hand Shake: While shaking hands especially in a professional environment,
the hand shake should be firm and not loose. An iron handshake [very strong
handshake] can indicate that a person is trying to dominate.
3. Crossing your Arms: Crossing your arms could imply that a person is not open
to new ideas / opinion especially in case of giving a presentation. However, in
a one-on-one interview if the interviewer has his / her arms crossed, the
candidate could do the same.
4. Sitting Posture: Leaning on a chair is not a good idea. One must sit upright
though in a relaxed position. Sitting back in your chair implies lack of interest
or rejection.
5. Gesture: Gesture refers to a type of non verbal communication which uses a
part of the body with or without verbal communication. Gestures include
facial expressions, nods [which is a sign of approval in most cultures], head
bobbling / shaking.
6. Facial Expression: The face is a best reflection of what a person feels. More
often than not it is easy to recognize if a person is happy, sad, anxious,

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 irritated, or excited. It is very important that in a professional scenario a
person must control his / her facial expressions. For e.g. If a presenter gets a
feel that his presentation is not going on very well, he / she should not show
the sign of losing of hope and instead try for a greater involvement from the
participants.

Communication Barriers -
Communication is a process beginning with a sender who encodes the message and
passes it through some channel to the receiver who decodes the message.
Communication is fruitful if and only if the messages sent by the sender is
interpreted with same meaning by the receiver. If any kind of disturbance blocks
any step of communication, the message will be destroyed. Due to such
disturbances, managers in an organization face severe problems. Thus the
managers must locate such barriers and take steps to get rid of them.

There are several barriers that affects the flow of communication in an

organization. These barriers interrupt the flow of communication from the sender
to the reciever, thus making communication ineffective. It is essential for managers
to overcome these barriers. The main barriers of communication are summarized
below.

Following are the main communication barriers:

1. Perceptual and Language Differences: Perception is generally how each
individual interprets the world around him. All generally want to receive
messages which are significant to them. But any message which is against
their values is not accepted. A same event may be taken differently by
different individuals. For example : A person is on leave for a month due to
personal reasons (family member being critical). The HR Manager might be in
confusion whether to retain that employee or not, the immediate manager
might think of replacement because his teams productivity is being
hampered, the family members might take him as an emotional support.

The linguistic differences also lead to communication breakdown. Same word

may mean different to different individuals. For example: consider a word

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 “value”.

a. What is the value of this Laptop?

b. I value our relation?
c. What is the value of learning technical skills?

“Value” means different in different sentences. Communication breakdown

occurs if there is wrong perception by the receiver.

2. Information Overload: Managers are surrounded with a pool of information.

It is essential to control this information flow else the information is likely to
be misinterpreted or forgotten or overlooked. As a result communication is
less effective.
3. Inattention: At times we just not listen, but only hear. For example a traveler
may pay attention to one “NO PARKING” sign, but if such sign is put all over
the city, he no longer listens to it. Thus, repetitive messages should be
ignored for effective communication. Similarly if a superior is engrossed in his
paper work and his subordinate explains him his problem, the superior may
not get what he is saying and it leads to disappointment of subordinate.
4. Time Pressures: Often in organization the targets have to be achieved within
a specified time period, the failure of which has adverse consequences. In a
haste to meet deadlines, the formal channels of communication are
shortened, or messages are partially given, i.e., not completely transferred.
Thus sufficient time should be given for effective communication.
5. Distraction/Noise: Communication is also affected a lot by noise to
distractions. Physical distractions are also there such as, poor lightning,
uncomfortable sitting, unhygienic room also affects communication in a
meeting. Similarly use of loud speakers interferes with communication.
6. Emotions: Emotional state at a particular point of time also affects
communication. If the receiver feels that communicator is angry he interprets
that the information being sent is very bad. While he takes it differently if the
communicator is happy and jovial (in that case the message is interpreted to
be good and interesting).
7. Complexity in Organizational Structure: Greater the hierarchy in an
organization (i.e. more the number of managerial levels), more is the chances
of communication getting destroyed. Only the people at the top level can see
the overall picture while the people at low level just have knowledge about
their own area and a little knowledge about other areas.
8. Poor retention: Human memory cannot function beyond a limit. One cant

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 always retain what is being told specially if he is not interested or not
attentive. This leads to communication breakdown.

Overcoming Communication Barriers

There are a lot of communication barriers faced these days by all. The message intended
by the sender is not understood by the receiver in the same terms and sense and thus
communication breakdown occurs. It is essential to deal and cope up with these
communication barriers so as to ensure smooth and effective communication.

Eliminating differences in perception: The organization should ensure that it is

recruiting right individuals on the job. It’s the responsibility of the interviewer to ensure
that the interviewee has command over the written and spoken language. There should
be proper Induction program so that the policies of the company are clear to all the
employees. There should be proper trainings conducted for required employees (for eg:
Voice and Accent training).

1. Use of Simple Language: Use of simple and clear words should be emphasized.
Use of ambiguous words and jargons should be avoided.
2. Reduction and elimination of noise levels: Noise is the main communication
barrier which must be overcome on priority basis. It is essential to identify the
source of noise and then eliminate that source.
3. Active Listening: Listen attentively and carefully. There is a difference between
“listening” and “hearing”. Active listening means hearing with proper
understanding of the message that is heard. By asking questions the speaker can
ensure whether his/her message is understood or not by the receiver in the same
terms as intended by the speaker.
4. Emotional State: During communication one should make effective use of body
language. He/she should not show their emotions while communication as the
receiver might misinterpret the message being delivered. For example, if the
conveyer of the message is in a bad mood then the receiver might think that the
information being delivered is not good.
5. Simple Organizational Structure: The organizational structure should not be
complex. The number of hierarchical levels should be optimum. There should be a
ideal span of control within the organization. Simpler the organizational structure,
more effective will be the communication.
6. Avoid Information Overload: The managers should know how to prioritize their
work. They should not overload themselves with the work. They should spend

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 quality time with their subordinates and should listen to their problems and
feedbacks actively.
7. Give Constructive Feedback: Avoid giving negative feedback. The contents of the
feedback might be negative, but it should be delivered constructively. Constructive
feedback will lead to effective communication between the superior and
subordinate.
8. Proper Media Selection: The managers should properly select the medium of
communication. Simple messages should be conveyed orally, like: face to face
interaction or meetings. Use of written means of communication should be
encouraged for delivering complex messages. For significant messages reminders
can be given by using written means of communication such as : Memos, Notices
etc.
9. Flexibility in meeting the targets: For effective communication in an organization
the managers should ensure that the individuals are meeting their targets timely
without skipping the formal channels of communication. There should not be
much pressure on employees to meet their targets.

Effective Listening Skills :-

An essential for good communication
Listening is a significant part of communication process. Communication cannot take
place until and unless a message is heard and retained thoroughly and positively by the
receivers/listeners. Listening is a dynamic process. Listening means attentiveness and
interest perceptible in the posture as well as expressions. Listening implies decoding
(i.e., translating the symbols into meaning) and interpreting the messages correctly in
communication process.Listening differs from hearing in sense that:

Hearing implies just perceiving the sounds while listening means listening with
understanding whatever you are listening. Both the body as well as mind is involved in
listening process.

 Listening is an active process while hearing is a passive activity.

 Hearing is an effortless activity while listening is an act requiring conscious efforts,
concentration and interest. Listening involves both physical and psychological
efforts.

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Effective listening requires both deliberate efforts and a keen mind. Effective listeners
appreciate flow of new ideas and information. Organizations that follow the principles of
effective listening are always informed timely, updated with the changes and
implementations, and are always out of crisis situation. Effective listening promotes
organizational relationships, encourages product delivery and innovation, as well as
helps organization to deal with the diversity in employees and customers it serves.

To improve your communication skills, you must learn to listen effectively. Effective
listening gives you an advantage and makes you more impressive when you speak. It also
boosts your performance.

Effective Listening Skills

1. Discover your interests’ field.
2. Grasp and understand the matter/content.
3. Remain calm. Do not loose your temper. Anger hampers and inhibits
communication. Angry people jam their minds to the words of others.
4. Be open to accept new ideas and information.
5. Jot down and take a note of important points.
6. Work upon listening. Analyze and evaluate the speech in spare time.
7. Rephrase and summarize the speaker’s ideas.
8. Keep on asking questions. This demonstrates that how well you understand the
speaker’s ideas and also that you are listening.
9. Avoid distractions.
10.“Step into the shoes of others”, i.e., put yourself in the position of the speaker and
observe things from his view point. This will help creating an atmosphere of
mutual understanding and improve the exchange of ideas in communication
process.

Characteristics of Good and Effective Listener

Good and effective listener tries to give maximum amount of thought to the speaker’s
ideas being communicated, leaving a minimum amount of time for mental exercises to
go off track. A good listener:

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 1. Is attentive- Good listener must pay attention to the key points. He should be
alert. He should avoid any kind of distraction.
2. Do not assume- Good listener does not ignore the information he considers is
unnecessary. He should always summarize the speaker’s ideas so that there is no
misunderstanding of thoughts of speakers. He avoids premature judgements
about the speakers message.
3. Listen for feelings and facts- Good listener deliberately listens for the feelings of
the speaker. He concentrates totally on the facts. He evaluates the facts
objectively. His listening is sympathetic, active and alert. He keenly observes the
gestures, facial expression and body language of the speaker. In short, a good
listener should be projective (i.e. one who tries to understand the views of the
speaker) and empathic (i.e. one who concentrates not only on the surface
meaning of the message but tries to probe the feelings and emotions of the
speaker).
4. Concentrate on the other speakers kindly and generously- A good listener makes
deliberate efforts to give a chance to other speakers also to express their thoughts
and views. He tries to learn from every speaker. He evaluates the speaker’s ideas
in spare time. He focuses on the content of the speaker’s message and not on the
speaker’s personality and looks.
5. Opportunizes- A good listener tries to take benefit from the opportunities arising.
He asks “What’s in it for me?”

Effective Report Writing

What is Report Writing ?

A report can be defined as a testimonial or account of some happening. It is purely

based on observation and analysis. A report gives an explanation of any circumstance. In
today’s corporate world, reports play a crucial role. They are a strong base for planning
and control in an organization, i.e., reports give information which can be utilized by the
management team in an organization for making plans and for solving complex issues in
the organization.

A report discusses a particular problem in detail. It brings significant and reliable

information to the limelight of top management in an organization. Hence, on the basis
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of such information, the management can make strong decisions. Reports are required
for judging the performances of various departments in an organization.

An effective report can be written going through the following steps-

1. Determine the objective of the report, i.e., identify the problem.

2. Collect the required material (facts) for the report.
3. Study and examine the facts gathered.
4. Plan the facts for the report.
5. Prepare an outline for the report, i.e., draft the report.
6. Edit the drafted report.
7. Distribute the draft report to the advisory team and ask for feedback and
recommendations.

The essentials of good/effective report writing are as follows-

1. Know your objective, i.e., be focused.

2. Analyze the niche audience, i.e., make an analysis of the target audience, the
purpose for which audience requires the report, kind of data audience is looking
for in the report, the implications of report reading, etc.
3. Decide the length of report.
4. Disclose correct and true information in a report.
5. Discuss all sides of the problem reasonably and impartially. Include all relevant
facts in a report.
6. Concentrate on the report structure and matter. Pre-decide the report writing
style. Use vivid structure of sentences.
7. The report should be neatly presented and should be carefully documented.
8. Highlight and recap the main message in a report.
9. Encourage feedback on the report from the critics. The feedback, if negative,
might be useful if properly supported with reasons by the critics. The report can
be modified based on such feedback.
10.Use graphs, pie-charts, etc to show the numerical data records over years.
11.Decide on the margins on a report. Ideally, the top and the side margins should be
the same (minimum 1 inch broad), but the lower/bottom margins can be one and
a half times as broad as others.

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Effective Presentation Skills
Presentation can be defined as a formal event characterized by teamwork and use of audio-visual aids. The
main purpose of presentation is to give information, to persuade the audience to act and to create goodwill. A
good presentation should have a good subject matter, should match with the objective, should best fit the
audience, and should be well organized.

Characteristics of a Good/Effective Presentation

1. The presentation ideas should be well adapted to your audience. Relate your presentation message/idea
to the interests of the audience. A detailed audience analysis must be made before the presentation, i.e.,
an analysis of the needs, age, educational background, language, and culture of the target audience.
Their body language instantly gives the speaker the required feedback.
2. A good presentation should be concise and should be focused on the topic. It should not move off-track.
3. A good presentation should have the potential to convey the required information.
4. The fear should be transformed into positive energy during the presentation. Be calm and relaxed while
giving a presentation. Before beginning, wait and develop an eye contact with the audience. Focus on
conveying your message well and use a positive body language.
5. To communicate the desired information, the speaker should use more of visual aids such as
transparencies, diagrams, pictures, charts, etc. Each transparency/slide should contain limited and
essential information only. No slide should be kept on for a longer time. Try facing the audience, rather
than the screen. The speaker should not block the view. Turn on the room lights else the audience might
fall asleep and loose interest. Organize all the visuals for making a logical and sound presentation.
6. A good presentation must be planned. The speaker must plan how to begin the presentation, what to
speak in the middle of presentation and how to end the presentation without losing audience interests at
any point of time.
7. Rehearse and practice the presentation. This will help the speaker to be more confident and self-assured.
The more the speaker rehearses the better the presentation turns to be.
8. The speaker should encourage more questions from the audience. He should be honest enough to
answer those questions. If any biased question is put forth by the audience, rearticulate it before
answering.
9. Summarize the presentation at the end. Give final comments. Leave a positive impact upon the audience.
10. The speaker must have a presentable appearance while giving a presentation. The speaker should stand
with feet far apart maintaining a good balance. He must use confident gestures. He must use short and
simple words.
11. Try to gain and maintain audience interest by using positive quotes, humour, or remarkable fact.
12. The speaker must be affirmative and optimistic before giving presentation. He should ensure all tools and
equipments to be used in presentation are working well.
13.The speaker must state the objectives of the presentation at beginning of the presentation.

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