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C ONTENTS
I Introduction 3
I-A History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
IX Conclusion 9
References 9
A BSTRACT
An artificial neural network (ANN), usually called "Neural Network" (NN), is a
mathematical model or computational model that is inspired by the structure and/or
functional aspects of biological neural networks. It consists of an interconnected group
of artificial neurons and processes information using a connectionist approach to
computation. In most cases an ANN is an adaptive system that changes its structure
based on external or internal information that flows through the network during the
learning phase. Modern neural networks are non-linear statistical data modeling tools.
They are usually used to model complex relationships between inputs and outputs or
to find patterns in data.
other neurons at the dendrites. If the sum • Neural networks modify own topol-
of these electrical inputs is sufficiently ogy just as neurons in the brain can
powerful to activate the neuron, it trans- die and new synaptic connections
mits an electrochemical signal along the grow.
axon, and passes this signal to the other
neurons whose dendrites are attached at III. C OMPARISON OF A RTIFICIAL
any of the axon terminals. These at- AND B IOLOGICAL N EURON
tached neurons may then fire. So, our Comparing a artificial neuron and a
entire brain is composed of these inter- neuron of a brain with the help of
connected electro-chemical transmitting figures 1 and 2 given below:
neurons. From a very large number of
extremely simple processing units (each
performing a weighted sum of its inputs,
and then firing a binary signal if the total
input exceeds a certain level) the brain
manages to perform extremely complex
tasks. This is the model on which arti-
ficial neural networks are based. Neural
network is a sequence of neuron layers.
A neuron is a building block of a neural
net. It is very loosely based on the brain’s
Figure 1. Artificial Neuron
nerve cell. Neurons will receive inputs via
weighted links from other neurons. This
An artificial neuron is a mathemat-
inputs will be processed according to the
ical function conceived as a crude
neurons activation function. Signals are
model, or abstraction of biological
then passed on to other neurons. In a more
neurons. Artificial neurons are the
practical way, neural networks are made
constitutive units in an artificial neu-
up of interconnected processing elements
ral network. Depending on the spe-
called units which are equivalent to the
cific model used, it can receive dif-
brains counterpart ,the neurons. Neural
ferent names, such as semi-linear
network can be considered as an artificial
unit, Nv neuron, binary neuron, lin-
system that could perform "intelligent"
ear threshold function or McCulloch-
tasks similar to those performed by the
Pitts neuron. The artificial neuron
human brain. Neural networks resemble
receives one or more inputs (repre-
the human brain in the following ways:
senting the one or more dendrites)
and sums them to produce an output
• A neural network acquires knowl- (synapse). Usually the sums of each
edge through learning node are weighted, and the sum is
• A neural network’s knowledge is passed through a non-linear function
stored within inter-neuron connec- known as an activation function or
tion strengths known as synaptic transfer function. The transfer func-
weights tions usually have a sigmoid shape,
Figure 3. Perceptron
before it terminates.
B. Feed-forward networks
Feed-forward ANNs allow signals to
travel one way only; from input to
output. There is no feedback (loops)
i.e. the output of any layer does not
affect that same layer. Feedforward
ANNs tend to be straight forward
networks that associate inputs with
outputs. They are extensively used
in pattern recognition. This type of
Figure 4. Mathematical model of a perceptron organisation is also referred to as
bottom-up or top-down.
V. N EURAL N ETWORK M ODELS
A. MLP model C. Feedback networks
The most common neural network Feedback networks can have signals
model is the multilayer perceptron travelling in both directions by intro-
(MLP). It is composed of of hier- ducing loops in the network. Feed-
archical layers of neurons arranged back networks are very powerful and
so that information flows from the can get extremely complicated. Feed-
input layer to the output layer of back networks are dynamic; their
the network. The goal of this type ’state’ is changing continuously un-
of network is to create a model that til they reach an equilibrium point.
correctly maps the input to the out- They remain at the equilibrium point
put using historical data so that the until the input changes and a new
it all out, they can be used to predict also one of the first to use a neural
stock prices. network chip.
• Food Processing:- The food indus- • Monitoring:- Networks have been
try is perhaps the biggest practical used to monitor the state of aircraft
market for electronic noses, assisting engines. By monitoring vibration
or replacing entirely humans. Inspec- levels and sound, early warning of
tion of food, grading quality of food, engine problems can be given.British
fish inspection, fermentation control, Rail have also been testing a simi-
checking mayonnaise for rancidity, lar application monitoring diesel en-
automated flavor control,monitoring gines.
cheese ripening, verifying if orange
juice is natural, beverage container
inspection, and grading whisky. VII. L IMITS TO A RTIFICIAL N EURAL
• Medicine:- One of the areas that N ETWORKS
has gained attention is in cardiopul- The major issues of concern today are
monary diagnostics. The ways neural the scalability problem, testing, verifica-
networks work in this area or other tion, and integration of neural network
areas of medical diagnosis is by the systems into the modern environment.
comparison of many different mod- Neural network programs sometimes be-
els. They assist doctors with their come unstable when applied to larger
diagnosis by analyzing the reported problems. The defence, nuclear and space
symptoms and image data such as industries are concerned about the issue
MRIs or X-rays. of testing and verification. The mathe-
• Target Recognition:- Neural net- matical theories used to guarantee the
works also play an important part in performance of an applied neural network
the warfield , particularly in fighter are still under development. The solution
jets and tanks.The tanks and planes for the time being may be to train and
are fitted with high resolution dig- test these intelligent systems much as we
ital cameras hooked upto a com- do for humans. Also there are some more
puter which would continually scan practical problems like:
the environment outside for possible
• the operational problem encountered
threats.
when attempting to simulate the par-
• Machine Diagnostics:- Detect when
allelism of neural networks. Since
a machine has failed so that the sys-
the majority of neural networks are
tem can automatically shut down the
simulated on sequential machines,
machine when this occurs.
giving rise to a very rapid increase in
• Signature Analysis:- Neural nets
processing time requirements as size
can be used as a mechanism for
of the problem expands.
comparing signatures made (e.g. in a
• instability to explain any results that
bank) with those stored. This is one
they obtain. Networks function as
of the first large-scale applications of
"black boxes" whose rules of oper-
neural networks in the USA, and is
ation are completely unknown.
sity Press
[2] A. Joseph, D.B.L. Bong, D.A.A.
Mat,"Application of Neural Network
in User Authentication for Smart
Home System", World Academy of
Science, Engineering and Technology
[3] Bishop,"C.M. Neural Networks for
Pattern Recognition" Oxford Univer-
sity Press. 1995.