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PHILIPPINE LITERARY HISTORY 1. Ang Doctrina Cristiana 1. Tibag 1. Arte y Reglas de la Lengua Tagala
(The 2. Christian Doctrine) 2. Lagaylay (Art and rules of the Tagalog
I. PRE-SPANISH PERIOD 3. Nuestra Señora del 3. Cenaculo language)
Rosario 4. Panunuluyan 2. Compendio de la Lengua Tagala
 Literature is characterized by legends, folk taLes, epic, folk songs, epigrams, riddles, chants,
4. Libro de los Cuatro 5. Salubong (Understanding the Tagalog language)
maxims, proverbs or sayings, and sawikain. These showed and proved existence of a native
Postprimeras de Hombre 6. Carillo (Shadow Play) 3. Vocabulario de la Lengua Tagala
culture. 5. Ang Barlaan at Josephat 7. Zarzuela (Tagalog vocabulary)
 Some of these were passed on by word of mouth till they reached the hands of some publishers (1st tagalog novel printed in 8. Sainete 4. Vocabulario de la Lengua
or printers who took interest in printing the manuscripts of the ancient Filipinos. the Philippines) Pampanga (Pampanga vocabulary)
6. The Pasion 5. Vocabulario de la Lengua Bisaya
THE EPIC AGE FOLK SONGS 7. Urbana at Feliza (Bisayan vocabulary)
 Biag ni Lam-ang – Iloco epic • Kumintang 8. Ang mga Dalit kay Maria 6. Arte de la Lengua Ilokana (The Art
 Bidasari-Moro epiC • Kumintang o Tagumpay of the Ilocano language)
 Biag ni Lam-ang-Ilokano epic • Ang Dalit o Imno poem 4 7. Arte de la Lengua Bicolana (The Art
 Maragtas-Visayan epic lines, 8 syllables- promote of the Bicol language)
 Haraya-Visayan epic catholism
 Lagda-Visayan epic • Ang Oyayi o Hele-lullaby
III. PERIOD OF ENLIGHTENMENT
 Hari sa Bukid-Visayan epic • Diana- wedding song
• Soliraning  After 300 years of passivity under Spanish rule, the Filipino spirit reawakened when the 3 priests
 Kumintang-Tagalog epic
• Talindaw -seafaring song Gomez, Burgos and Zamora were guillotined without sufficient evidence of guilt. This occurred
 Parang Sabir-Moro epic
 “Dagoy” at “Sudsod”-Tagbanua epic on the 17th of February. This was buttressed with the spirit of liberalism when the Philippines
 Tatuaang-Bagobo epic opened its doors to world trade and with the coming of a liberal leader in the person of Governor
 Indarapatra at Sulayman Carlos Maria de la Torre.

 The Filipinos did not get the reforms demanded by the propagandists. The government turned
deaf ears to these petitions; oppression continued, and the church and the government became
II. SPANISH PERIOD even more oppressive to the Filipinos. The good intentions of Spain were reversed by the friars
who were lording it over in the Philippines.
INFLUENCE OF SPANISH TO PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
 Because of this, not a few of the Filipinos affiliated with the La Liga Filipina (a civic organization
 The BAYBAYIN was replaced by the Roman Alphabet.
suspected of being revolutionary and which triggered Rizal’s banishment to Dapitan). Like
 The teaching of the Christian Doctrine became the basis of religious practices.
Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, Apolinario Mabini, Jose Palma, and Pio Valenzuela decided
 The Spanish lang
that there was no other way except to revolt.
 uage became the literary language and lent many of its words to the Philippine language.
 European legends and traditions became assimilated in our songs, corridos, and moro-moros.  The gist of literature contained mostly accusations against the government and was meant to
 Ancient literature was collected and translated to Tagalog and other dialects. arouse the people to unite and to prepare for independence.
 Many grammar books were printed in Filipino, like Tagalog, Ilocano and Visayan
WRITERS (Propaganda Movement) WRITERS (Active Revolution)
 Our periodicals during these times gained a religious tone.
 Jose P. Rizal • Andres Bonifacio
BOOKS RECREATIONAL PLAYS LITERARY COMPOSITIONS  Marcelo H. del Pilar • Apolinario Mabini
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 Graciano Lopez Jaena • Emilio Jacinto 2. POETS OF LIFE (Makata ng Buhay) • Parolang Cruz
 Antonio Luna • Jose Palma  Lope K. Santos Ginto Balmaceda)
 Mariano Ponce  Jose Corazon de Jesus • Talaang
 Pedro Paterno  Florentino Collantes Bughaw
 Jose Ma. Panganiban  Patricio Mariano
IMPORTANT WORKS (Propaganda IMPORTANT WORKS (Active Revolution)  Carlos Gatmaitan
Movement) • Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga Tagalog  Amado V. Hernandez
• Noli Me Tangere • Kartilya ng Katipunan 3. POETS OF THE STAGE (Makata ng
• El Filibusterismo • The Philippine National Anthem Tanghalan)
• Mi Ultimo Adios • La Indipendencia  Aurelio Tolentino
• La Solidaridad • La Republica Filipina  Mariano Severino
• Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa • La Libertad  Tomas Remigio
• Ang Fray Botod • Heraldo dela Revolucion
• Noche Buena
• Mga Alamat ng Bulacan V. JAPANESE PERIOD
• Ninay
• Ang Lupang Tinubuan  Between 1941-1945, Philippine Literature was interrupted in its development when the
Philippines was again conquered by another foreign country, Japan. Philippine literature in
English came to a halt. Except for the TRIBUNE and the PHILIPPINE REVIEW, almost all
IV. AMERICAN REGIME newspapers in English were stopped by the Japanese.
 This had an advantageous effect on Filipino Literature, which experienced renewed attention
 The Filipino Revolutionists won against the Spaniards who colonized us for more than 300 years. because writers in English turned to writing in Filipino. Juan Laya, who use to write in English
Our flag was hoisted on June 12, 1898 as a symbol of our independence. Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo turned to Filipino because of the strict prohibitions of the Japanese regarding any writing in
was elected the first President of the Philippine Republic but this was short-lived. English.
 The peace movements started as early as 1900. Many Filipinos started writing again and  The weekly LIWAYWAY was placed under strict surveillance until it was managed by Japanese
the nationalism of the people remained undaunted. named Ishiwara.
 Filipino writers went into all forms of literature like news, reporting, poetry, stories, plays, essays,  In other words, Filipino literature was given a break during this period. Many wrote plays, poems,
and novels. Their writings clearly depicted their love of country and their longings for short stories, etc. Topics and themes were often about life in the province.
independence.
DRAMA TYPES OF POETRY
POETRY – 3 KINDS OF TAGALOG POETS SHORT STORIES NOVELS  Jose Ma. Hernandez – Panday Pira • Haiku
1. POETS OF THE HEART (Makata ng • Mga • Ninay  Francisco Soc Rodrigo – Sa Pula, Sa Puti • Tanaga
Puso) Kwentong • Anak ng  Clofualdo del Mundo – Bulaga • Karaniwang Anyo
 Lope K. Santos Ginto Dagat  Julian Cruz Balmaceda – Sino Ba Kayo, Dahil sa
 Inigo Ed Regalado • Kwentong (Patricio Anal and Higante ng Patay
 Carlos Gatmaitan Ginto ng 50 Mariano)
 Amado V. Hernandez Batikang • Bunganga ng SHORT STORIES OTHER LITERARY PIECES
 Nemecio Carabana Kwentista Pating (Julian • Narciso Reyes – Lupang Tinubuan
 Mar Antonio
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• Liwayway Arceo – Uhaw ang Tigang na Lupa • Like the Molave (poetry)–  The seeds of activism resulted in the declaration of Martial Law in 1972.
• NVM Gonzales – Lunsod, Nayon at Dagat- Rafael Zulueta  The revolution against the powerful forces in the Philippines can be said to be the monopoly of
dagatan • Literature and Society the youth in whose veins flow the fire in their blood.
• Carlos Bulosan – The Laughter of my Father (Essay) - Salvador P.
• Manuel E. Arguilla – How My Brother Leon Lopez PERIOD OF BLOODY PLACARDS
Brought Home a Wife • His Native Soil (Novel ) –
Juan Laya  This was the time when the youth once more proved that it is not the constant evasion that
shapes our race and nationalism.
VI. THE REBIRTH OF FREEDOM
THE LITERARY REVOLUTION
 The Americans returned in 1945. On July 4, 1946, the Philippines regained is freedom and the
 The youth became completely rebellious.
Filipino flag waved joyously alone. The chains were broken.
 Campus newspapers showed rebellious emotions.
 The early post-liberation period was marked by a kind of “struggle of mind and spirit” posed by
 The literature of the activists reached a point where they stated boldly what should be done to
the sudden emancipation from the enemy, and the wild desire to see print.
effect these changes.
 There was a proliferation of newspapers like the FREE PRESS, MORNING SUN, of Sergio
 ENGLISH SHORT ENGLISH POETRY
Osmeña Sr., DAILY MIRROR of Joaquin Roces, EVENING NEWS of Ramon Lopezes and the
STORIES) • The Tomato Game (N.V.M. Gonzales)
BULLETIN of Menzi. This only proved that there were more readers in English than in any over • The Apollo Centennial (Gregorio C. Brillantes)
 The Ritual; The
vernaculars like Tagalog, Ilocano or Hiligaynon. Archipelago (Cirilo F. • After This, our Exile (Elsa Martinez Coscolluela)
Bautista) • Batik Maker and Other Poems (Virginia R. Moreno)
 LITERARY PIECES POETRY IN ENGLISH  Beast in the Fields (Resil • The Edge of the Wind (Artemio Tadena)
 THE VOICE OF THE VETERAN – a • Heart of the Islands (Manuel Viray) Mojares) • Tinikling (A Sheaf of Poems) (Frederico Licsi Espino,
compilation of the best works of some • Philippines Cross Section (Maximo  Children of the City Jr.)
Ex-USAFFE men like Amante Bigornia, Ramos and Florentino Valeros) (Amadis Ma. Guerrero) • Grave for Blue Flower (Jesus T. Peralta)
Roman de la Cruz, Ramon de Jesus and • Prose and Poems (Nick Joaquin)  Five Poems (Wilfredo • The Undiscovered Country (Manuel M. Martell)
J.F. Rodriguez. • Philippine Writing (T.D. Agcaoili) Pascua Sanchez • The Boxes (Rolando S. Tinio)
 TWILIGHT IN TOKYO and PASSION • Philippine Harvest (Amador Daguio)  From Mactan to Mendiola • Now is the Time for all Good Men to Come to the Aid of
and DEATH OF THE USAFFE by Leon • Horizon Least (Artemio Patacsil and their Country (Julian E. Dacanay)
(Frederico Licsi
Ma. Guerrero Silverio Baltazar) • The Renegade (Elsa Martinez Coscolluela)
 FOR FREEDOM AND DEMOCRACY – • Who Spoke of Courage in His Sleep
by S.P. Lopez (N.V.M. Gonzales) VIII. THE PERIOD OF NEW SOCIETY
 BETRAYAL IN THE PHILIPPINES – by • Speak Not, Speak Also (Conrado V.
Pedroche) FILIPINO POETRY
Hernando Abaya
• Have Come, Am Here (Jose Garcia
Villa)  Themes of most poems dealt with patience, regard for native culture, customs and the beauties
of nature and surroundings.
 Many more composers added their bit during this period. Among them were Freddie Aguilar,
Jose Marie Chan and the group Tito, Vic and Joey.
VII. PERIOD OF ACTIVISM
THE PLAY
THE SEED OF ACTIVISM
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 The government led in reviving old plays and dramas, like the Tagalog Zarzuela, Cenaculo and IX. PERIOD OF THE THIRD REPUBLIC
the Embayoka of the Muslims which were presented in the rebuilt Metropolitan Theater, the Folk
FILIPINO POETRY
Arts Theater and the Cultural Center of the Philippines.
 Many schools and organizations also presented varied plays.  Poems during this period of the Third Republic were romantic and revolutionary. Writers wrote
openly of their criticism against the government. The supplications of the people were coached
RADIO AND TELEVISION
in fiery, colorful, violent, profane and insulting language.
 Radio continued to be patronized during this period. The play series like SI MATAR, DAHLIA,
FILIPINO SONGS
ITO AND PALAD KO, and MR. LONELY were the forms of recreation of those without television.
Even the new songs were first heard over the airwaves.  Many Filipino songs dealt with themes that were really true-to-life like those of grief, poverty,
aspirations for freedom, love of God, of country and of fellowmen.
 Popular television plays were GULONG NG PALAD, FLOR DE LUNA, and ANNA LIZA.
 Many composers, grieved over Ninoy Aquino’s treacherous assassination, composed songs
 SUPERMAN AND TARZAN were also popular with the youth
PHILIPPINE FILMS
FILIPINO FILMS
 The yearly Festival of Filipino Films continued to be held during this period. The people’s love
 A yearly Pista ng mga Pelikulang Pilipino (Yearly Filipino Film Festival) was held during this for sex films also was unabated. Many producers took advantage of this at the expense of public
time. During the festival which lasted usually for a month, only Filipino films were shown in all morality.
theaters in Metro Manila.
CHILDREN’S BOOKS
 New kinds of films without sex or romance started to be made but which were nevertheless well-
 Among the well-loved forms of writing which abounded during this period were those of
received by the public.
children’s stories. The Children’s Communication Center (CCC) directed by poet and writer
POETS PLAYS Virgilio S. Almario already has built up an impressive collection of these kinds of books.
 Ponciano Pineda • Sining Embayoka – Mindanao State
PROSE FABLES
 Aniceto Silvestre University
 Jose Garcia Revelo • Tales of  The people’s cry of protest found outlets not only in poetry but also in veiled prose fables which
 Bienvenido Ramos • Manuvu ( a new style of rock of the transparently satirized the occupants of Malacañang.
 Vicente Dimasalang ballet opera)
 Cir Lopez Francisco  In all the fables, the king, differently referred to as Totus Markus or the king or Haring Matinik
 Pelagio Sulit Cruz was meant to poke fun at the ruler at Malacañang; similarly, Reyna Maganda or the Queen, was
a veiled thrust at his queen. They were both drunk with power and were punished in the end for
FILMS their misdeeds.
• Maynila… Sa Mga Kuko ng Liwanag (Lino Brocka)
• Minsa’y Isang Gamu-gamo (Nora Aunor) CHILDREN’S BOOKS PROSE FABLES
• Ganito Kami Noon… Paano Kayo Ngayon (Christopher de Leon) Plays for Children (Jame B. Reuters, S.J.) • The Crown Jewels of Heezenhurst
• Insiang (hilda Coronel) Story Telling for Young Children (Sylvia Mendez Ventura)
• Aguila (Fernando Poe Jr.) Jose and Cardo (Peggy Corr Manuel) • The Emperor’s New Underwear
Laho: 5 Filipino Folk Tales (Meynardo A. Macaraig)
• The King’s Cold (Babath Lolarga)
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Rizaliana for Children: Illustrations and Folktales • The case of the Missing Charisma CANONICAL AUTHORS FROM THE PHILIPPINES
by Jose P. Rozal(annotated by Alfredo Navrro (Sylvia L. Mayugba)
Salanga) I. Authors from the Regions
Gatan and Talaw (Jaime Alipit 1. Ilocano Literature

 Pedro Bucaneg is known as “the father of Ilocano poetry and literature”. This blind poet like
X. THE PERIOD AFTER THE EDSA REVOLUTION
Homer produced an epic for his obra maestra Biag ni Lam-ang
THE STATE OF LITERATURE DURING THIS PERIOD
2. Pampanga Literature
On Newspapers and other publications:
 Amado M. Yuzon’s poem collection written in the local Kapampangan dialect "Salitang Paca-
 Newspapers which were once branded crony newspapers became instant opposition papers Versu” has earned him accolades here and abroad, such as the 1959 poet laureate of the
overnight. This was true of BULLETIN TODAY which became the opposition paper. The now Philippines, 1956 "Who's Who in America", the "International Who's Who in Poetry", and a Nobel
crony newspapers that enjoyed an overnight increase in circulation were THE INQUIRER, Prize nomination.
MALAYA, and the PEOPLE’S JOURNAL.
3. Tagalog Literature
 Columnists became vocal and unrestricted in their writings and a bumper crop of young
journalists emerged.  Francisco Baltazar, a Bulakeño poet who earned for his duplo verses and corrido lyrical
 By June 12, 1986, a total of 19 local dailies both in English and Filipino were in circulation. metrical romance Florante at Laura the following titles: “father of Tagalog literature”, “the prince
of Tagalog poets” and “Shakespeare of the Philippines”.
On Books:
4. Bicol Literature
 Two books were conceived during the period. PEOPLE POWER was produced under a grant
by the PCI Bank Human Resources Development Foundation, edited by Monina Allarey  Mariano Perfecto = this governor of Camarines during the American era was likewise a great
Mercado and published by the James B. Reuter, S.J. Foundation writer of Bicolano/Visayan novenas, poems, short dramas and translations. He is also credited
 Another one BAYAN KO was published by Project 28 Days LTD. in June, 1986 in Kowloon, for creating the first Bicolano newspaper the An Parabareta. For all of these, earned the titles
Hong Kong and co-published in the Philippines by Veritas Publications and Communications of “father of Bicolano literature” and “father of Visayan literature”.
Foundation. Tableau
5. Cebuano Literature
FILIPINO SONGS DURING THIS PERIOD
 Vicente Sotto was a Filipino senator from Cebu during the Commonwealth period is also known
 An album named HANDOG NG PILIPINO SA MUNDO carried a compilation of some of these. as the “father of modern Cebuano literature”. He established the first Cebuano newspaper Ang
The song that continued to be sung throughout the trying period of the Revolution, almost like a Suga in whose maiden issue he wrote the first Cebuano published short story “Maming”. The
second national anthem and which gave fire to the Filipino spirit was BAYAN KO. Its lyrics were first Cebuano stage play Elena was likewise written, directed and produced by him.
written by Jose Corazon de Jesus way back in 1928.
6. Ilonggo Literature

 Magdalena Jalandoni was a woman writer from Jaro, Iloilo who was born in 1896 and died in
1978; hence the time span of her works range from the Spanish, American to Japanese
occupation of the country. She is regarded as the most prolific writer in the Hiligaynon language

and these are some of her works: Ang Mga Tunoc Sang Isa Ca Bulac (The Thorns of a Flower),
Ang Matam-is Kong Pagkabata (My Sweet Childhood) and Ang Guitara (The Guitar).
I. Writers from the Ilocos Region
1. Pedro Bukaneg
 Was a Filipino poet
 Blind since birth.
 He is the acknowledged author of the Ilokano epic BIAG NI LAM-ANG ( Life of Lam - ang )
 He is considered the "Father of Ilokano Literature”
2. Leona Florentino
 was a Filipino poet in the Spanish and Ilocano languages.
 She is considered as the "mother of Philippine women's literature" and the "bridge from oral to
literary tradition".
3. Carlos Sampayan Bolusan
 He was a Filipino American novelist and poet best-known for the semiautobiographical “America
is in the Heart”
 His other novels include “The Laughter of My Father”, which were originally published as short
sketches, and the posthumously published “The Cry and the Dedication” which detailed the
armed Huk Rebellion in the Philippines.
 One of his most famous essays was "Freedom from Want," commissioned by President Franklin
Delano Roosevelt as part of a series on the “Four Freedoms” and published on March 26, 1943
in the Saturday Evening Post.
4. Manuel Estabillo Arguilla
 He was an Ilokano writer in English, patriot, and martyr.
 He is known for his widely anthologized short story "How My Brother Leon Brought Home a
Wife," the main story in the collection " How My Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife and Other
Short Stories" which won first prize in the Commonwealth Literary Contest in 1940.
III. National Artists in Literature
What is a Filipino National Artist in Literature?
 The form and content of their writings created a sense of nationhood or instilled nationalism
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 Pioneered a unique style of creative expression in the literary arts that inspired younger
generations of writers
 Displayed consistent excellence in the quality of their works
 Gained recognitions and awards from prestigious national or international literary institutions
Who Selects the Filipino National Artist in Literature?
 Panel of literary experts
 Commissioners of the National Commission on Culture and the Arts (NCCA)
 Board of Governors of the Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP)
 President of the Republic of the Philippines
1. Amado V. Hernandez (1973) was born in Hagonoy, Bulacan but grew up in Tondo, Manila. His poems
and novels written purely in the Filipino mother tongue tackle issues of the poor and working class. (Luha
ng Buwaya)
2. Jose Garcia Villa (1973) was also a Manileño, from Malate’s Singalong St.; he was known here and
abroad as the “master of the comma poem” a unique style he created. (Footnote to Youth)
3. Nick Joaquin (1976), a versatile Filipino from San Juan, was a journalist, poet, novelist, historian,
playwright, scriptwriter and biographer. But it was his mysterious and suspense- filled novels that became
his trademark style like the featured book on the left. (May Day Eve).
4. Carlos P. Romulo (1982), a 4’ 11” son of Camiling, Tarlac was a WW2 soldier, UN diplomat and
foreign affairs secretary under eight Philippine presidents. He wrote 18 books, mostly memoirs about him,
Douglas McArthur, Pres. Quezon and especially Russian Andre Vishinky who he silenced with this quote
in a UN Assembly: “It is the duty of the little Davids of this world to fling the pebbles of truth in the eyes
of the blustering Goliaths and force them to behave!” (My Brother Americans)
5. NVM Gonzales (1997), a native of Romblon island, was a poet, essayist, novelist and teacher who
depicted with his pen the Filipino spirit in rural and urban settings. Besides the book featured on the left,
his other works also focus on nature like The Bamboo Dancers, The Winds of April, Seven Hills Away
and Work in the Mountains. (Of the Ash-Covered Loam)
6. Edith Tiempo (1999), who hails from Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya was a poet, a novelist, a literary
critic, a teacher and the only female National Artist for Literature. Her masterpieces are famous for her
use of vivid metaphors and vibrant description that are fluid and not burdened with trite details. (His
Native Coast)
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7. F. Sionil Jose (2001) is a native of Rosales, Pangasinan. He often gleans local legends and epics
from his hometown as well as from the Ilocos region to include in his short stories and novels. His works
are also consistent in depicting the themes of class struggle, colonialism, social justice and national
sovereignty. (The Feet of Juan Bacnang)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2AAezq3lj5k NALPAY A NAMNAMA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=usID5NBBk8U LAM-ANG
Bulosan was born to Ilocano parents in the Philippines in Binalonan, Pangasinan. There
is considerable debate around his actual birth date, as he himself used several dates, but
1911 is generally considered the most reliable answer, based on his baptismal records,
but according to the late Lorenzo Duyanen Sampayan, his childhood playmate and
nephew, Carlos was born on November 2, 1913. Most of his youth was spent in the
countryside as a farmer. It is during his youth that he and his family were economically
impoverished by the rich and political elite, which would become one of the main themes
of his writing. His home town is also the starting point of his famous semi-
autobiographical novel, America is in the Heart.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kEP8c0W-zQg Most of Arguilla's stories depict scenes in Barrio Nagrebcan, Bauang, La Union, where
he was born. His bond with his birthplace, forged by his dealings with the peasant folk
MY FATHER GOES TO COURT of Ilocos, remained strong even after he moved to Manila, where he studied at
the University of the Philippines, finished his BS in Education in 1933, and became a
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8NHuekaZaEA HOW MY BROTHER LEON BROUGHT
member and later the president of the U.P. Writer's Club and editor of the
HOME A WIFE university's Literary Apprentice.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OzNnA-TpgRI MANANG BIDAY

Bukaneg was a foundling, who shortly after his birth already floating in a basket between
Bantay and Vigan in the Banaoang River was found by an old woman. They brought him
to the Bantay Augustiner priest who baptized him as Pedro Bucaneg. Bukaneg was blind
but appeared during his upbringing in the Augustinian convent smart and talented. He took
lessons in Latin and Spanish and also learned the local languages and Ilocano Isneg.

Born to a wealthy and prominent family in Vigan, Ilocos Sur, Florentino began to write
her first verses in Ilocano at a young age. Despite her potential, she was not allowed to
receive a university education because of her gender. Florentino was instead tutored by
her mother, and then a series of private teachers. An educated Ilocano priest taught her
advanced Spanish and encouraged her to develop her voice in poetry.[2]
Florentino married a politician named Elias de los Reyes at the age of 14. They had five
children together. Their son Isabelo de los Reyes later became a Filipino writer, activist
and senator. Due to the feminist nature of her writings, Florentino was shunned by her
husband and son; she lived alone in exile and separately from her family.[2] She died at
the age of 35.[2]