12

SKEE/SKEU 2073

A: Mathematical formulas

Integration formulas Differentiation formulas

d dU
1.  u dv  uv   v du 1. (aU )  a
dt dt
1 d dV dU
2.  cos t dt   sin t  C 2.
dt
(UV )  U
dt
V
dt
dU dV
V U
1 d U 
 sin t dt    cos t  C
3. 3.  dt dt
dt  V  V2
e  at d U dU
4.  e at dt   C 4. e  eU
a dt dt
5.  t cos t dt  2 cos t  t sin t   C
1 d dU
5. sin U  cos U
 dt dt
6.  t sin t dt 
1
sin t  t cos t   C 6.
d
cos U   sin U
dU
2 dt dt

Trigonometry identities
1. cosa  b  cos a cos b  sin a sin b
2. sin a  b   sin a cos b  cos a sin b

3. cos a cos b  cos( a  b)  cos( a  b)

1
2
4. sin a sin b  cos( a  b)  cos( a  b)
1
2
5. sin a cos b  sin( a  b)  sin( a  b)
1
2
6. cos 2a  cos a  sin 2 a  2 cos 2 a  1  1  2 sin 2 a
2

7. sin 2a  2 sin a cos a

8. cos 2 a  1  cos 2a 
1
2
9. sin 2 a  1  cos 2a 
1
2
e j  e  j
10. cos  sin(    / 2) 
2
e j   e  j
11. sin   cos   / 2 
2j
12. e  cos  j sin 
 j

 b  b 2  4ac
Roots for quadratic equation ax 2  bx  c  0 is x 
2a
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B: Fourier Series

Table B.1: Fourier Series equations

Fourier Series Fourier Coefficients Properties
1. Trigonometric form 2T a0
a0   f (t )dt  average value f (t )
  an cos nt  bn sin nt 
a0 
f (t )  T0 2
2 n1 2T a n  0, for f (t ) odd
an   f (t ) cos ntdt
T0 bn  0, for f (t ) even
2T an  bn  0 for n even,
bn   f (t ) sin ntdt
T0 therefore f(t) is a skew
function which
consists only odd
harmonics
2. Combined trigonometric form a0
 A0  A0 = average value f(t)
f (t )  A0   An cos( nt   n ) 2 An = 0 for n even, if f(t) is a
n 1
An  an2  bn2 skew function

 bn 
 n  tan 1   
 an 
3. Exponential form 1 T /2 C0 = average value f(t)
 Cn   jnt
 f (t )e dt
f (t )   Cn e jn t
T T / 2 Cn real for f(t) even
n  
Cn imaginary for f(t) odd
Cn  0 , for n even if f(t)
is a skew function

Table B.2: Amplitude and Time Transformation

Amplitude y(t )  Ax(t )  B
C0 y  AC0 x  B

Cny  ACnx, n  0
Time   t  Cny  Cnx*

  t  t0  Cny  Cnx e  jn0t0

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Table B.3: Table of Fourier coefficients

Exponential form of Fourier series x(t )  C 0   C n e jn0t

n  
n0

Name Waveform C0 Cn , n  0 Comments

1. Square wave 0 2X 0 𝐶𝑛 = 0
x(t) j for n even
X0 n
T0 t
-X0

2. Sawtooth x(t) X0 X0
j
X0 2 2n
-T0 T0 2T0 t

3. Triangular x(t) X0  2X 0 𝐶𝑛 = 0
wave for n even
X0
2 (n) 2
-T0 T0 t

4. Full-wave x(t) 2X 0  2X 0
rectified X0
  (4n 2  1)
-2T0 -T0 T0 2T0 t

5. Half-wave x(t) X0  X0 𝐶𝑛 = 0
rectified’ for n odd,
X0   (n 2  1) except for
-T0 T0 2T0 t
𝑋0
𝐶1 = −𝑗
4
𝑋0
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶−1 = 𝑗
4
6. Rectangular TX 0 TX 0 Tn0 Tn  0 Tn
wave sinc 
X0 T0 T0 2 2 T0
x(t)

-T0 -T/2 T/2 T0 t

7. Impulse train x(t) X0 X0

X0
T0 T0

-2T0 -T0 T0 2T0 t

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C: Fourier Transform

Table C.1: Properties of Fourier Transform

Operation Time Domain Fourier Transform

1 
f (t )   F ( )e d
j t
F ( )   f (t )e  jt dt
2   

Linearity af1 (t )  bf 2 (t ) aF1 ( )  bF2 ( )

Symmetry 
f (t ) even
F ( )  2  f (t ) cos t dt
0
f (t ) odd 
F ( )  2 j  f (t ) sin t dt
0

Time shifting f (t  t 0 ) F ( )e  j t 0

Time scaling f (at ) 1  

F 
a a
Time Transformation f (at  t 0 ) 1     jt0 / a
F  e
a a
Duality F (t ) 2 f ()
Amplitude Scaling af (t ) aF ()
Modulation f (t )e jot F (   0 )
f (t ) cos  0 t 1
F (   0 )  F (   0 )
2
f (t ) sin 0t 1
F (  0 )  F (  0 )
2j
Convolution f 1 (t )  f 2 (t ) F1 ( ) F2 ( )
f 1 (t ) f 2 (t ) 1
F1 ( )  F2 ( )
2
Differentiation d n  f (t )  j n F ()
dt n d n F ( )
 jt n f (t ) d n
Integration t
1
 f ( )d F ( )  F (0) ( )
 j
Time Reversal f (t ) F  ( )  F ( )
Multiplication by t t n f (t ) d n F ( )
( j )n
d n
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Table C.2(a): Fourier Transform Pairs

SIGNAL f (t ) GRAPHICAL FOURIER TRANSFORM
REPRESENTATION f (t ) F ( )

Impulse,  (t ) 1 1

A
Shifted Impulse, Ae j t0
A ( t  t 0 )

Step Function, Au(t ) A  1 

A ( ) 
 j 

DC source, A A 2A ()

Signum Function, 1 2
sgn( t ) j
-1

Increasing exponential 2 (   0 )

j t
function, e 0

Cosine Function, cos  0 t   (   0 )   (   0 )

Sine Function, sin  0 t 

 (   0 )   (   0 )
j

  
Rectangular Function, A
Arect(t /  ) A sinc  
 2 
-τ/2 τ/2
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Table C.2(b): Continued.

SIGNAL f (t ) GRAPHICAL FOURIER TRANSFORM F ( )
REPRESENTATION f (t )

Triangular Function, A   
A tri(t /  ) A sinc 2  
 2 
-τ τ

cos( 0 t )u (t )  j
 (   )   (   0 ) 
 2
0 2
2 0

sin(  0 t )u (t )  0
 (   )   (   0 ) 
 2
0 2
2j 0

A
Decreasing exponential A
function, a  j
Ae at u(t ), Rea  0
2
 1 
te u(t ), Re{a}  0
 at
 
 a  j 

t n 1e  at u(t ), Re{a}  0 ( n  1)!

( a  j ) n

Symmetrical decreasing A 2 Aa
exponential function a 2
2

a t
Ae , Re{a}  0
-a a
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D: Laplace Transform

Table D.1: Properties of Laplace Transform

Operation Time Domain Laplace Transform, F(s)

1 j
 F ( s)e ds F ( s)   f (t )e dt
 st
f (t )  st

2j  j 0

Linearity af1 (t )  bf 2 (t ) aF1 ( s)  bF2 ( s)

Time shift f (t  t0 )u (t  t0 ) F ( s )e  st0
Frequency shift e  at f (t ) F ( s  a)
Time scaling f (at ) 1 s
F 
a a
Time transformation f (at  t0 )u (at  t0 ) 1  s  st0 / a
F  e
a a
f (t ) cos  0 t
Modulation 1
F (s  j0 )  F (s  j0 )
2
f (t ) sin 0t j
F (s  j0 )  F (s  j0 )
2
Convolution f 1 (t )  f 2 (t ) F1 ( s) F2 ( s)
Differentiation d n  f (t ) s n F ( s)  s n1 f (0)  s n2 f ' (0)....
dt n ..  sf ( n2 ) (0)  f ( n1) (0)
Integration t
F (s)
 f ( )d
0 s
Multiplication by t t n f (t ) d n F ( s)
(1) n
ds n
Initial value lim f (t ) lim sF ( s )
t 0 s 

Final value lim f (t ) lim sF ( s )

t  s0

Table D.2: Laplace Transform pairs

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SIGNAL f (t ) LAPLACE TRANSFORM F (s)

1.  (t ) 1
2.  (t  a) e ,a0
 as

3. u (t ) 1
s
4. u(t )  u(t  a) 1 e  as

,a0
s
5. t nu (t ) n!
s n1
6. e at u (t ) 1
sa
7. t ne at u(t ) n!
( s  a) n1
8. cost u(t ) s
s  2
2

9. sin t u(t ) 
s  2
2

10. cos2 t u (t ) s 2  2 2
s ( s 2  4 2 )
11. sin 2 t u(t ) 2 2
s( s 2  4 2 )
12. e at cost u (t ) sa
( s  a) 2   2
13. e at sin t u (t ) 
( s  a) 2   2
14. t cost u(t ) s2   2
s 2   2 2
15. t sin t u(t ) 2 s
s   2 2
2

E: Filter characterisitics
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SKEE/SKEU 2073

K n K n2
H ( s ) LPF , 1st order  H ( s ) LPF , 2 nd order 
s  n s 2  2 n s   n2

Ks Ks 2
H ( s ) HPF , 1st order  H ( s ) HPF , 2 nd order 
s  n s 2  2 n s   n2

p
 1  2 2 ;   0.707
n

1
M p  ;   0.707
2  1 2

B
 1  2 2  2  4 2  4 4
n
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F: Analog Filter Design

CHEBYSHEV
 1 
 
Amax
Amax  20 log A   20 log    10 log 1   2 ,   10 10  1
 1  2 
 
1
1  s   A10
max
 2

10 10  1 10 

1
n cosh  1
cosh  sn 
1
 





1  1 
c   p cosh cosh 1  
n   
Kn Kn
H n ( s)   n n 1
,
Tn ( s) s  a n 1 s  ....  a1 s  a0

 a0 ; n ganjil(odd )

K n   a0 a
 A0max ; n genap(even)
 1 2
 10 20
BUTTERWORTH
1 1 1
H ( j )  , H n ( s)   n n 1
 
2n Bn ( s) s  a n 1 s  ....  a1 s  1
1   
 c 

  
2n

  20 log 10 H ( j )   10 log 1    
  c  

 p 
2n
   s 
2n

 p   10 log 1     ,  s   10 log 1    
  c     c  
2n
p  
2n 2n
  p 10  s   10 s 10  1 
   10  1,    10  s 10
1 ,  s     p 10 
 
 c   c   p 10  1

n

log 10 s 10  1 10   p 10
1 
2 log  sn 
p s
c  c 
10  10 
 p 10 1 2n or  s 10 1 2n
1 1
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Table F.1: Calculations of normalized stopband angle frequency,  sn .

Types of filters Normalized stopband angle frequency,  sn

Low Pass Filter, LPF s
p
High Pass Filter, HPF p
s
 p1 p 2   s21  s22   p1 p 2
 s1  p 2   p1   s 2  p 2   p1 
Band Pass Filter, BPF or , choose smaller value

 s1  p 2   p1   s 2  p 2   p1 
Band Stop Filter, BSF or , choose smaller value
 p1 p 2   2
s1  s22   p1 p 2

Table F.2(a): Values of RL, L and C components for Chebyshev filter (Amax = 0.1dB)
n Rp C1 L2 C3 L4 C5 L6 C7 L8 C9
1 1.0 0.3052
2 0.5 1.5715 0.2880
3 1.0 1.0316 1.1474 1.0316
4 0.5 2.3545 0.7973 2.6600 0.3626
5 1.0 1.1468 1.3712 1.9750 1.3712 1.1468
6 0.5 2.5561 0.8962 3.3962 0.8761 2.8071 0.3785
7 1.0 1.1812 1.4228 2.0967 1.5734 2.0967 1.4228 1.1812
8 0.5 2.6324 0.9285 3.5762 0.9619 3.5095 0.8950 2.8547 0.3843
9 1.0 1.1957 1.4426 2.1346 1.6167 2.2054 1.6167 2.1346 1.4426 1.1957

Table F.2(b): Values of RL, L and C components for Chebyshev filter (Amax = 1dB)
n Rp C1 L2 C3 L4 C5 L6 C7 L8 C9
1 1.00 1.0177
2 0.25 3.7779 0.3001
3 1.00 2.0236 0.9941 2.0236
4 0.25 4.5699 0.5428 6.3680 0.3406
5 1.00 2.1349 1.0911 3.0009 1.0911 2.1349
6 0.25 4.7366 0.5716 6.0240 0.5764 6.5353 0.3486
7 1.00 2.1666 1.1115 3.0936 1.1735 3.0936 1.1115 2.1666
8 0.25 4.7966 0.5802 6.1592 0.6005 6.1501 0.5836 6.5869 0.3515
9 1.00 2.1797 1.1192 3.1214 1.1897 3.1746 1.1897 3.1214 1.1192 2.1797
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Table F.3: Circuit Transformations for Chebyshev filter

RL p
L
c
Lowpass Cp
C
R c
R
L
cC p
Highpass
1
C
R c L p

Cp ,
C RB
RB L
 o2 C p
Bandpass
RL p ,
L B
B C
R o2 L p

R
L , BC p
BC p C
R o2
Bandstop
1 RBL p
C  , L
RBL p o2

o  c c , 1 2

c1
= 3 dB low angle frequency

 c = 3 dB high angle frequency

2
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Table F.4: Coefficients of Chebychev filter for Amax 0.5, 1, 2 and 3 dB

n a0 a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6
1 2.8627 0.5 db ripple
2 1.5162 1.4256
3 0.7156 1.5348 1.2529
4 0.3790 1.0254 1.7168 1.1973
5 0.1789 0.7525 1.3095 1.9373 1.172
6 0.0947 0.4323 1.1718 1.589 2.1718 1.159
7 0.044 0.2820 0.7556 1.6479 1.869 2.4126 1.1512

n a0 a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6
1 1.9652 1 db ripple
2 1.1025 1.0977
3 0.4913 1.2384 0.9883
4 0.2756 0.7426 1.4539 0.9528
5 0.1228 0.5805 0.9743 1.6888 0.9368
6 0.0689 0.3070 0.9393 1.2021 1.9308 0.9282
7 0.0307 0.2136 0.5486 1.3575 1.4287 2.1760 0.9231

n a0 a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6
1 1.3075 2 db ripple
2 0.8230 0.8038
3 0.3268 1.0221 0.7378
4 0.2057 0.5167 1.2564 0.7162
5 0.0817 0.4593 0.6934 1.4995 0.7064
6 0.0514 0.2102 0.7714 0.8670 1.7458 0.7012
7 0.0204 0.1660 0.3825 1.1444 1.0392 1.9935 0.6978

n a0 a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6
1 1.0023 3 db ripple
2 0.7079 0.6448
3 0.2505 0.9283 0.5972
4 0.1769 0.4047 1.1691 0.5815
5 0.0626 0.4079 0.5488 1.4149 0.5744
6 0.0442 0.1634 69909 69060 1.6628 0.5706
7 0.0156 0.1461 0.3000 1.0518 0.8314 1.9115 0.5684
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Table F.5: Frequency Transformations of filter

Types of filters Transformation
Low Pass Filter, LPF 𝑠 𝑠
, (𝜔 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐵𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑡ℎ)
𝜔𝑝 𝑐

High Pass Filter, HPF 𝜔𝑝 𝜔

, ( 𝑠𝑐 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐵𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑡ℎ)
𝑠

Band Pass Filter, BPF s 2   p1 p 2

 p2   p1 s
Band Stop Filter, BSF  p2   p1 s
s 2   p1 p 2

Table F.6(a): Coefficients of Butterworth Polynomials Bn(s) = sn+an-1sn-1+…..+a1s+1

n a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6 a7 a8 a9
2 1.4142
3 2.0000 2.0000
4 2.6131 3.4142 2.6131
5 3.2360 6.2360 6.2360 3.2360
6 3.8637 7.4641 9.1416 7.4641 3.8637
7 4.4939 10.0978 14.5917 14.5917 10.0978 4.4939
8 6.1258 13.1370 21.8461 26.6883 21.8461 13.1370 6.1258
9 6.7587 16.5817 31.1634 41.9863 41.9863 31.1634 16.5817 6.7587
10 6.3924 20.4317 42/8020 64.8823 74.2334 64.8823 42.8020 20.4317 6.3924

Table F.6(b): Butterworth Polynomials in Factorized Form

n Bn(s)
1 s+1
2 s2 + 1.41421356s + 1
3 (s + 1) (s2 + s + 1)
4 (s2 + 0.76536686s + 1) (s2 + 1.84775907s + 1
5 (s + 1) (s2 + 0.61803399s + 1) (s2 + 1.931803399s + 1)
6 (s2 + 0.51763809s + 1) (s2 + 1.41421356s + 1) (s2 + 1.93185165s + 1)
7 (s + 1) (s2 + 0.44504187s + 1) (s2 + 1.24697960s + 1) (s2 + 1.80193774s + 1)
8 (s2 + 0.39018064s + 1) (s2 + 1.11114047s + 1) (s2 + 1.66293922s + 1) (s2 + 1.96157056s + 1)
9 (s + 1) (s2 + 0.34729636s + 1) (s2 + s + 1) (s2 + 1.53208889s + 1) (s2 + 1.87938524s + 1)
10 (s2 + 0.31286893s + 1) (s2 + 0.90798100s + 1) (s2 + 1.41421356s + 1) (s2 + 1.78201305s + 1)
(s2 + 1.97537668s + 1)