Skeletal System

Mr. Paolo Villanueva, Biological Sciences

• The skeletal system is consist of bones, as well
as their associated connective tissues including
cartilages, tendons and ligaments, and joints.
• “Skeleton” means “dried”
• Functions: Support; Protection; Movement;
Storage; Blood cell production.

Skeletal System
• Collagen – tough, rope-like protein
• Proteoglycans – polysaccharides attached to a
core protein

• TENDONS and LIGAMENTS – contains large

amounts of collagen fibers.
• CARTILAGE – contains both collagen and
proteoglycans.
• BONES – contains collagen and MINERALS –
calcium phosphate crystals (HYDROXYAPATITE)

Extracellular Matrix
• Long bones
• Short bones
• Flat bones
• Irregular
bones

Bone Categories
• Diaphysis and two epiphyses

Long Bones
Bone Cells
 Compact Bone:
Haversian System
 Compact Bone:
Haversian System
Spongy
Bone
• Intramembranous ossification – occurs when
osteoblasts start to produce bones in
connective tissue membranes.

• Endochondral ossification – in cartilage models.

Ossification
Intramembranous
Ossification
Endochondral
Ossification
Endochondral
Ossification
Endochondral
Ossification
Endochondral
Ossification
Bone Anatomy
Divisions of the
Skeletal System
• Skull is
composed of
28 bones from
different
areas: the
braincase,
face, and
auditory
ossicles.

Axial Skeleton: Skull

• The vertebral column is
consist of 26 individual bones,
grouped into 5 regions:
CERVICAL vertebrae (7);
THORACIC vertebrae (12);
LUMBAR vertebrae (5);
SACRAL bone (1); and
COCCYX bone (1)

Axial Skeleton:
Vertebral Column
 Axial Skeleton:
Vertebral Column
Vertebral Column
Disorders
Axial Skeleton:
Rib cage
Appendicular
Skeleton:
Pectoral
Girdle and
the Upper
Limb
Appendicular Skeleton:
Pectoral Girdle
Appendicular Skeleton:
Clavicle
Appendicular Skeleton:
Humerus
Appendicular
Skeleton:
Radius and
Ulna
Appendicular
Skeleton:
Wrist and
Hand
 Surface Anatomy:
Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb
Appendicular Skeleton:
Pelvic Girdle
Appendicular Skeleton:
Femur
Appendicular Skeleton:
Patella
Appendicular
Skeleton:
Tibia and
Fibula
 Appendicular
Skeleton: Foot
Appendicular Skeleton:
Pelvic Girdle
Appendicular
Skeleton:
Pelvic Girdle
and the
Lower Limb
Surface Anatomy:
Lower Limb
COMPARATIVE ANATOMY
ENDOSKELETON EXOSKELETON

An endoskeleton is a
The protective or
skeleton that is on the
supporting structure
inside of a body. The
Definition covering the outside of
endoskeleton develops
the body of many
within the skin or in the
animals.
deeper body tissues.

Proteins (sclerotin) and

Composition Bones and cartilages Chitin (polysaccharide
molecules)

Representative Fish, Birds and Insects, Crustaceans

Organisms Mammals and Mollusks