L-13 Stack and x86 Assembly Programs

EE3323: Microprocessor and Computer
Architecture
Lecture 13: The Stack and 8086 Assembly Programs
Dr. M Faisal Iqbal
Lecture 13: The Stack and 8086 Assembly Programs EE3323: Microprocessor and Computer Architecture
Register Indirect Addressing
I Effective address resides in either base or an index register

e.g.,
Mov BX, [DI]
I Move 16-bit data from memory pointed to by DI in data
segment, into register BX
I Any of the base register BX, BP, or index registers SI, DI can
be used in effective address computation
I If effective address is computed using BP, data is loaded from
the stack segment in memory
Register Indirect Addressing: Example
Figure: Mov AX, [SI] before execution
Register Indirect Addressing: Example
Figure: Mov AX, [SI] after execution
Based Addressing
I Effective address of the operand is computed by adding

immediate displacement into any of the base registers i.e., BX
or BP
I mov CX, [BX + 1212h]
I copy 16 bit contents from memory location pointed by BX +
1212h in data segment into CX register
I if base register is BX, DS will be used as segment register
I if base register is BP, SS will be used as segment register
Based Addressing: Example
Figure: Mov [BX + 1234H], AL before execution
Based Addressing: Example
Figure: Mov [BX + 1234H], AL after execution
Based Addressing Usage
I Based addressing can be used to access elements of an array
in memory
I Base register will point to start of the array. By changing
value of displacement different elements of array can be
accessed
I mov AX, [BX + 0h]

I mov AX, [BX + 2h]
Indexed Addressing
I Indexed addressing is similar to based addressing with only
difference that index registers are used in place of based
registers for EA computation
I Indexed addressing can also be used to access elements of a
data array
I Displacement points to start of array
I Different alements can be accessed by incrementing index
register
Based Index Addressing Mode
I Combines based and indexed mode as the name suggests and

is used to access complex data structures such as
two-dimensional arrays
I Effective address is sum of contents of base register, index
register and a displacement
Mov AH, [BX+SI+1234h]
I This addressing mode is highly specific and very rarely used
Based Indexed Addressing: Example
Figure: Mov AH, [BX+SI+1234h] before execution
Based Indexed Addressing: Example
Figure: Mov AH, [BX+SI+1234h] after execution
Addressing Modes Review
Identify addressing modes used for source and destination operands

in the following instructions
I MOV AL, BL
I MOV AX, 0FFH
I MOV [DI], AX
I MOV DI, [SI]
I MOV [BX] + 0400h, CX
I MOV [BX][DI]+0400h, AL

I MOV AL, BL
I MOV AX, 0FFH
I MOV [DI], AX
I MOV DI, [SI]

I MOV AL, BL
I MOV AX, 0FFH
I MOV [DI], AX
I MOV DI, [SI]

I MOV AL, BL
I MOV AX, 0FFH
I MOV [DI], AX
I MOV DI, [SI]

I MOV AL, BL
I MOV AX, 0FFH
I MOV [DI], AX
I MOV DI, [SI]

I MOV AL, BL
I MOV AX, 0FFH
I MOV [DI], AX
I MOV DI, [SI]
Segment Override Prefix
I By default, 8086 addressing modes access data in data

segment or stack segment depending upon the base register
(BX, BP)
I With segment override prefix 8086 addressing modes can
access data from any of the 4 active segments in memory
Examples:
mov ES:[0123H], AL
mov CX, SS:[BX + DI + 0400H]
mov AX, CS:[SI]
Stack Operations
Two Common operations performed on stack are

I PUSH: performed to place data at the top of the stack
I POP: performed to remove data from the top of the stack
Stack Segment Organization
I Stack in 8086 grows in downward direction
I At startup, SP is initialized to FFFEH
I Address SS:FFFEH is called
bottom of the stack
I Address SS:0000H is called
End of stack
I On every push stack
automatically decrements by 2
I On every pop stack
automatically increments by 2
Stack Addressing Mode
I Source and destination should be words (16bits)

I source and destination cannot be immediates
I CS or IP register cannot be used as destination
Examples:
PUSH AX ; Push contents of register AX on stack
; sp = sp - 2
; M[SP] = AX
POP AX ; Pop top of the stack and place contents in AX
; AX = M[SP];
; sp = sp + 2;
Writing 8086 Assembly Programs
I Software package we’ll use is Emu8086

I available at
I Google classroom
I Course folder on Data server
Assembly Language Statements
I Assembly instructions in a program must be written in syntax

understood by the assembler
I Generic format of the assembly instructions
LABEL: OPCODE OPERANDS; Comments
Examples:
START: mov CX, 10 ; move 10 into CX
ADD AX, BX ; AX = AX + BX
I Label field ends with a colon ’:’
I comment field starts with a semi colon ’;’
I Labels and comment fields are optional
Labels and Comments
Labels (LABEL:)
I Lebel allow program to refer to a line of code by name
I Lebels in 8086 must start with a letter and cannot be more
than 31 characters
I Branch and jump instruction use labels to jump to specific
locations in the code
Comments(; COMMENT)
I Comments are for programmer’s reference
I comments are ignored by the assembler
Assembler Directives
Assembler Directives
I Assembler directives are part of assembly source code but are

only used by the assembler
I An assembler directive is a message to the assembler to help
the assembler in the assembly process. Once the assembler
handles the message, the pseudo-op is discarded.
I It does not refer to operations that will be performed by the
program during execution.

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EE3323: Microprocessor and Computer

Lecture 13: The Stack and 8086 Assembly Programs

Dr. M Faisal Iqbal

I Effective address resides in either base or an index register

Figure: Mov AX, [SI] before execution

Figure: Mov AX, [SI] after execution

I Effective address of the operand is computed by adding

Figure: Mov [BX + 1234H], AL before execution

Figure: Mov [BX + 1234H], AL after execution

I mov AX, [BX + 0h]

I Combines based and indexed mode as the name suggests and

Figure: Mov AH, [BX+SI+1234h] before execution

Figure: Mov AH, [BX+SI+1234h] after execution

Identify addressing modes used for source and destination operands

Identify addressing modes used for source and destination operands

Identify addressing modes used for source and destination operands

Identify addressing modes used for source and destination operands

Identify addressing modes used for source and destination operands

Identify addressing modes used for source and destination operands

I By default, 8086 addressing modes access data in data

Two Common operations performed on stack are

I Source and destination should be words (16bits)

I Software package we’ll use is Emu8086

I Assembly instructions in a program must be written in syntax

I Assembler directives are part of assembly source code but are

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