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The National Women’s Center for Psychiatric Rehabilitation 1
CHAPTER 1: Introduction
1.1 BACKGROUND AND NATURE OF THE PROJECT
Rehabilitation, according to the Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine, is meant to
"restore some or all of the patient's physical, sensory, and mental capabilities that were lost
due to injury, illness, or disease" (Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine, 2008) and includes
assistance for the patient to make up for medically irreversible deficits. In particular,
psychiatric rehabilitation focuses on the restoration of community functioning and well-
being of an individual. Also known as psychosocial rehabilitation, the collaborative,
person-directed, and individualized services are meant to assist patients in the performance
of self-directed, self-satisfying functional life tasks (Medical Dictionary for the Health
Professions and Nursing, 2012). This will enable individuals to develop the necessary skills
needed to increase their capacity to be successful and fulfilled in their respective living,
learning, working, and social environments. These psychiatric care services are available
in various settings, which include the following: clinical and office practices, skilled-care
nursing homes, hospitals, some health maintenance organizations, halfway houses, and
home visits. The appropriate type of service and therapist is prescribed and provided by
the medical team of the patient.
In the Philippines, psychiatric care is offered by both private and public groups.
However, access to these services remains uneven throughout the country as most facilities
are situated in the National Capital Region (NCR) and other major cities in the country.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
According to clinical psychologists, the common misconceptions about mental
illness are that it is very rare, permanent, and incurable; that people who are mentally ill
are potentially dangerous to the public, as they can be unreasonably violent; and that
seeking the help of psychologist or psychiatrist is wrong and can cause one to be labeled
as being incurably psychotic. Recent studies suggest that mental illness is far more
common than what many may think. In the National Capital Region alone, the overall
prevalence of mental health problems was thirty-two percent (32%) (Department of Health,
July 2012).
Similar to diabetes, some lifelong mental illnesses do require long-term treatment.
These people who have such disabilities often need to live with their situation and cope
with it. Many of them are able to live relatively normal lives with little special assistance
from others. Nevertheless, a bigger number of people actually suffer from transient mental
illnesses, such as clinical depression. Although there is no known treatment for a few
mental illnesses listed in the diagnostic manuals, more than 90% of these illnesses are either
curable or have some sort of treatment that manage the major symptoms. Unknown to many,
research has shown that people who suffer mental illnesses are more likely to hurt
themselves or be hurt by others. The ones we often hear of and see in the news are
exceptional cases. Seeking treatment does not make one mentally ill. It merely provides
the help that one needs (Department of Health, July 2012).
In the Philippines and all over the world, women are seen as the lesser sex and
are more likely to develop a mental illness than men. Women are twice as likely to
become diagnosed with depression and anxiety disorders than men, and are nearly thrice
as likely to attempt suicide. Furthermore, 85-95% of patients with eating disorders are
female. Many researches attempt to explain the gender difference in the prevalence of
common mental disorders as the fault of biology. The emphasis on physiological or
hormonal differences, especially the woman's reproductive functions, are presented to have
a correlation to high cases of anxiety among women. The male reproductive functions,
however, have not received the same scrutiny in similar studies. This makes the biological
differences between men and women an unreliable basis for the differences of mental
illnesses between them. Instead, it appears that these illnesses may stem from the present
social structure that is hierarchal and patriarchal in nature. Gender bias, the pervasive effect
of gender role socialization, manifests as women's subordination, marginalization, and
multiple burdens such as the abuse stated above. Women become susceptible to specific
mental health risks because of these differential powers men and women have in
controlling their lives and in coping with the risks that influence the process of mental
health development.1
Fortunately, there are organizations that advocate mental health and seek to
help patients regain mental and physical functionality through treatment. At the forefront
are government institutions such as the Department of Health (DOH) and the National
Center for Mental Health (NCMH). A Mental Health Act is currently under consideration
in the Philippine government, spearheaded by Senator Risa Hontiveros. On top of this, the
1
Reyes, B. & Reyes, M. (2004). Engendering Philippine mental health. University of the Philippines Diliman.
Magna Carta for Women has been established, with its localization prompting Gender and
Development (GAD) ordinances throughout the Philippines to require crisis centers,
rehabilitation facilities, and help desks in every local community, municipality, and city.
Several non-government organizations (NGOs) have also been active in fighting for this
cause, such as Philippine Mental Health Association (PMHA) and Natasha Gouldbourn
Foundation (NGF).
Despite the cooperation of these private and public groups, the negative stigma
remains for the mentally ill. Their status as mentally ill alienates them through
discriminating behavior, making it difficult for them to recover and reintegrate with society.
Until society’s view on mental illness improves, complete recuperation cannot be perfected.
One particular solution can be the deinstitutionalization of facilities catering to
these mentally ill patients. When illness and rehabilitation are no longer equated to asylums
and mental incapacitation, victims will be encouraged to seek help and society can view it
as an illness as remediable as the common cold: something that by no means necessary
justifies discriminatory behavior. The recuperation of these women, in the long run,
empowers them as individuals and as members of society. A healthy, non-constricting
environment encourages women to overcome adversity and regain purpose and fulfillment.
This reclaiming of their power is a reminder to society that they are not the lesser sex;
rather, that they are human beings equally worthy of respect.
This shall be made possible through the guidance and service of the public sector,
especially the aforementioned government organizations. Paired with the funding and
participation of NGOs and private corporations, these deinstitutionalized psychiatric

care facilities shall help women achieve maximum possible physical and psychologic
fitness and end the negative stigma surrounding mental health.
1.3 PROJECT GOAL
In line with the UN Sustainable Development Goals for the year 2030, the proposed
psychiatric care village aims to give Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions for the mentally
ill prioritize Good Health and Well-Being and promote Gender Equality.
The proposed facility embodies the relationship women have with each other, with
Mother Nature, with the self, and with the built environment. The project shall then study
the role of architecture in the mental and emotional recovery of patients, aiming to
deinstitutionalize the idea of a rehabilitation center and take it beyond the structures
typically envisioned for healthcare facilities. The patients shall be granted a more holistic
therapeutic experience through community-based structures and services, allowing
for the psychiatric care facility to become an inclusive village catering to their overall
growth and rejuvenation.
1.4 PROJECT OBJECTIVES
1. To attenuate the stigma towards mental illnesses and raise the standard for
healthcare centers in the Philippines through the deinstitutionalization of
psychiatric care facilities;
2. To empower women and encourage them to heal as a community through a
village-type arrangement oriented towards maximum potential care, collective
development, and self-fulfillment; and,

3. To foster an experiential approach towards architecture that focuses on users’
relationships with each other, the self, and the natural environment.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
“Mental health and wellbeing can positively affect almost every area of a person’s
life: education, employment, family and relationships. It can help people achieve their
potential, realize their ambitions, cope with adversity, work productively and contribute to
their community and society. Promoting mental health and wellbeing has multiple benefits.
It improves health outcomes, life expectancy, productivity and educational and economic
outcomes and reduces violence and crime.”2
The project shall create a new avenue for healthcare professionals and mental health
advocates to alleviate the issues at large. This community-based sprawling method to
healing and design is atypical for the medical community, as opposed to blocks of wards
and medium to high rise hospital buildings. This deinstitutionalization is ideal for the
recovery of the mentally ill, especially as they prepare to reintegrate themselves with the
rest of society. It not only weakens the negative stigma towards patients diagnosed with
mental disorders but also raises the bar for architects in designing for users’ health.
2
Department of Health. (2011, February). No health without mental health: A cross-government mental
health outcomes strategy for people all ages. Retrieved 27 August 2017 from
https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/213763/dh_123989.pdf
1.6 SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS
The project shall accommodate upper to middle class women from ages 18 to 59
who seek a healthy mental state by providing a sprawling, village-like mental health care
facility that will showcase activities which promotes positive coping mechanisms to
stressors of life such as physical activities, self-expression, and the like. The services shall
be given to women who are mobile and with disorders limited to mild and moderate cases
of schizophrenia; bipolar related disorders; depressive disorders; anxiety disorders; trauma
and stressor-related disorders; disruptive, impulse-control and conduct disorders;
substance-related and addictive disorders; and personality disorders.
According to the Department of Health's classification, the facility is an acute-
chronic psychiatric care facility. The facility will provide functional areas for the
administration, staff, patients, and visiting families such as offices, day rooms, drug storage,
inpatient dormitories, and gardens. Additional services were added to the facility to
maximize the care to be given to the patients. Patients accommodated are based on referral
system and if the facility is not suited for their recuperation process, they will be referred
to another facility.
Although religion is an integral part of a person and often times a fundamental part
on healing, it promotes diversity in humans. Thus, no area is allocated for any specific
religion in the site because it can also be a cause of indifference, a factor of mental illness.
Rather, a specially designed garden will be provided for spiritual healing, as spirituality
transcends religion. The range of environmental interactions over the course of human
development affecting cognitive, emotional and behavioral functions is virtually limitless,

thus, it is impossible to capture the full range of psychopathology in the categorical
diagnostic categories that is being used and for the same reason, limiting the research study.
Due to confidentiality issues, no mentally disturbed individuals could be
interviewed. Talks and articles from recuperated patients was the key in understanding the
patient's needs. In addition, there are no existing statistics regarding the rate of mentally ill
per city and they are not yet allowed to release recent statistics regarding mental health in
the country. The statistics were based from the National Center for Mental Health and the
World Health Organization-Assessment Instrument for Mental Health Systems Report on
Mental Health Systems in the Philippines and National Statistics Office.
This project is proposed to be located in Antipolo city due to its proximity to Manila
and its strategic mountainous terrain to serve as a healing environment. The site topography
is referenced from the National Mapping and Resources Information Authority map and
Google Earth data. Laws regarding the site were compiled from the Comprehensive Land
Use Plan of Antipolo City.
1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS
1.7.1 ACRONYMS
DOH – Department of Health
NCMH – National Center for Mental Health
NGO – Non-Government Organization
PCW – Philippine Commission on Women
PMHA – Philippine Mental Health Association

PPA – Philippine Psychiatric Association
WHO – World Health Organization
1.7.2 TECHNICAL TERMS
acute-chronic psychiatric care – services for patients with mental illnesses
described as acute, or of abrupt onset, in reference to a disease. Acute may also connote
that the illness could be of short duration, rapidly progressive, and in need of urgent care.
DOH requires facilities providing this service to include medical service, nursing care,
pharmacological treatment, and psychosocial intervention.
community-based alternatives – a cost-effective alternative to institutional
incarceration for individuals in need of rehabilitative care
female empowerment – the ability for women to enjoy their rights to control and
benefit from resources, assets, income and their own time, as well as the ability to manage
risk and improve their economic status and wellbeing. This enforces the idea that women
are equally powerful and worthy of respect as men. This equality ultimately improves the
quality of life for women, men, families, and communities.
mental health – a state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her
own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and
fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community.
mental disorder/illness – a syndrome characterized by clinically significant
disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior that reflects a
dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or developmental processes underlying

mental functioning. Mental disorders are usually associated with significant distress or
disability in social, occupational, or other important activities. An expectable or culturally
approved response to a common stressor or loss, such as the death of a loved one, is not a
mental disorder. Socially deviant behavior (e.g., political, religious, or sexual) and
conflicts that are primarily between the individual and society are not mental disorders
unless the deviance or conflict results from a dysfunction in the individual, as described
above.
psychiatric rehabilitation – the process of restoration of community functioning
and well-being of an individual diagnosed with a mental illness
stigma – a set of negative and often unfair beliefs that a society or group of people
have about something

CHAPTER 2: Review of Related Literature
2.1 MENTAL HEALTH
2.1.1 OVERVIEW
Mental Health is a state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her
own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and
fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community.3
Pain and suffering is inevitable in the human existence. We all cope with these
difficulties in a different way. Some people seek help and talk about their problems
while others escape from their problems by depending on intoxicating substances and
ignoring their problems. Mental illnesses are commonly triggered by these escapist
behaviors and they are commonly caused by trauma, phobias, and substance abuse.
Mental illnesses are remediated by different types of therapies that promote wellness
and self-confidence. Mental illness becomes a disorder when it limits a patient's social
functions and is characterized by abnormal thoughts, emotions, behavior and
relationship with others. The society has an impact on each other's well-being. Thus,
the importance to educate everyone regarding mental health in removing stigma.
3
World Health Organization; Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse; Victorian Health
Promotion Foundation; The University of Melbourne. (2004). Promoting Mental Health. France: World
Health Organization.
2.1.2 MENTAL DISORDERS
The Diagnostics and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders defines mental
disorders as “a syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an
individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior that reflects a dysfunction in
the psychological, biological, or developmental processes underlying mental
functioning. Mental disorders are usually associated with significant distress or
disability in social, occupational, or other important activities. An expectable or
culturally approved response to a common stressor or loss such as the death of a loved
one is not a mental disorder. Socially deviant behavior (e.g., political, religious, or
sexual) and conflicts that are primarily between the individual and society are not
mental disorders unless the deviance or conflict results from a dysfunction in the
individual, as described above.”4
The classification of mental disorders assists medical professionals to determine
the prognosis, treatment plans and potential treatment outcomes for their patients. The
need for a treatment is a complex assessment which takes into consideration symptom
severity, symptom salience (e.g., suicidal ideation), the patient’s distress (mental pain)
associated with his/her symptoms, disability related to patient’s symptoms, risks and
benefits of available treatments. There is no existing concrete treatment guideline for
4
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fifth
edition. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.
mental disorders because the range of environmental interactions over the course of
human development affecting cognitive, emotional and behavioral functions is
virtually limitless, thus, it is impossible to capture the full range of psychopathology in
the categorical diagnostic categories.5
2.1.3 UNDERSTANDING MENTAL HEALTH PATIENTS
Elyn Saks is an Associate Dean and Orrin B. Evans Professor of Law, Psychology,
and Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences at the University of Southern California
Gould Law School and also diagnosed with schizophrenia. The things that helped her
cope with her illness are encouraging family and friends, supportive workplace and,
excellent treatment. She viewed hospitals as mad, bad and, sad. Restraints are scary to
all kinds of patients; it may provoke negative symptoms and may even lead to death.
Patients are people too, care should be given to them not force because, “the humanity
we share is more important than the mental illness we don’t.”6
Kevin Breel is a writer, stand-up comic, and activist for mental health who was
diagnosed with depression. Breel lived two different lives: the life that everyone sees
and the life that he only sees. There is a common misconception that depression (natural
human emotion) is all about sadness but what he felt was something much more
persistent. He felt sad when everything was going right in his life and it was something
5
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fifth
edition. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.
6
Saks, E. (2012). A tale of mental illness - from the inside. Retrieved 24 August 2017, from Ted:
http://www.ted.com/talks/elyn_saks_seeing_mental_illness?language=en
he has to live with. He was afraid to let people see who he really was. He wasn’t afraid
of what’s within him but on how people will see him. He said society is compassionate
towards all forms of physical pain but ignorant of mental health issues. Everyday
someone in the world commits suicide and society response to this is, “It’s their
problem”. We fail to be genuinely concerned of the people around us. The first step to
mental health awareness is to recognize the problem. We must build a world where we
accept ourselves because when a person is honest to themselves, everyone struggles
within.7
2.1.4 MENTAL HEALTH IN THE PHILIPPINES
During the pre-colonial times in the Philippines, Filipinos believed that illnesses
are caused by 3 things: (1) offending a supernatural being, (2) mangkukulam or witch's
enchantment and, (3) mangagaway or Devil men enchantments. They attribute
everything that happens in their daily lives to inanimate objects or to natural and
supernatural occurrence. Mentally disturbed people are either taken to churches for
purification and exorcism, or to folk healers.8
After centuries of scientific and medical advances finally arriving through the
country’s colonizers, more organized bodies began to lead the movement towards
better mental health for Filipinos. The Philippine Mental Health Association (PMHA)
7
Breel, K. (2013, May). Confessions of a depressed comic. Retrieved 24 August 2017, from TED:
https://www.ted.com/talks/kevin_breel_confessions_of_a_depressed_comic?language=en
8
Philippine Psychiatric Association. (n.d.). About us: PPA history. Retrieved 24 August 2017, from The
Philippine Psychiatric Association: http://www.philpsych.ph/aboutus/ppa-history
was founded in 1949 by Dr. Toribio Joson and Dr. Manuel Arguelles due to the
increasing mental health needs of the country and the overwhelming burden of local
mental institutions which aimed to promote mental health activities through provision
of clinical services and public education. In 1951, the first National Mental Health week
was initiated which became an annual celebration. The first mental health clinic in
Cavite was established in the same year. In 1965, the association financed the first
epidemiological survey of mental disorders in the Philippines in Lubao, Pampangga
which acquired a 36 per 1000 population prevalence rate of mental illness.9
In 1972, distinctions between Psychiatry and Neurology became clearer which led
to the founding of the Philippine Psychiatric Association by Dr. Lourdes Ignacio. The
Philippines began to use different medications such as tranquilizers, antidepressants
and nonbarbiturate sedatives due to the psychopharmacological revolutions abroad.
The 70's and 90's were geared towards more biological approaches to treating mental
illness. Most mental healthcare providers were stationed in Metro Manila and other
urban areas in the Philippines. Neglect from the government and public lack of concern
towards mental illness during the 70's and 80's led to a decline in Psychiatry. In 1986,
Project Team on Mental Health was created by the Department of Health to formulate
new programs on mental health and recommend much needed organizational reforms.
The Project Team was able to give recognition of the National Center for Mental Health
as the Philippines' repository of technical and administrative expertise on mental health.
9
The Project Team was also able to propose 2 mental health bills. Unfortunately, they
have not been promulgated.10
As of the year 2000, mental illness has been found to be the third most common
form of disability in the Philippines after visual and hearing impairments, with a
prevalence rate of 88 cases per 100,000 population. The region with the highest
prevalence rate of mental illness is Southern Tagalog at 132.9 cases per 100,000
population, followed by NCR at 130.8 per 100,000 population and Central Luzon at
88.2 per 100,000 population.11 The National Statistics Office ranked mental illness as
the third most common form of morbidity, or type of disease, after visual and hearing
impairments among Filipinos.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Mental Health Atlas 2011,
neuropsychiatric disorders in the Philippines are estimated to contribute to 14.4% of
the global burden of disease12. An officially approved mental health policy exists and
was approved in 2001. Its policy statements emphasize (1) leadership, (2) collaboration
and partnership, (3) empowerment and participation, (4) equity, (5) standards for
quality mental health services, (6) human resource development, (7) health service
delivery system, (8) mental health care, (9) stability and sustainability, (10) information
system, (11) legislation, and (12) monitoring and evaluation. Furthermore, a mental
10
11
Department of Health (July 2012). National objectives for health 2011-2016. Health Policy Development
and Planning Bureau. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
12
World Health Organization (2012). Mental health atlas 2011 country profile - Philippines. World Health
Organization.
health plan exists and was approved, or most recently revised, in 2007. The mental
health plan components include:
 Timelines for the implementation of the mental health plan.
 Funding allocation for the implementation of half or more of the items in
the mental health plan.
 Shift of services and resources from mental hospitals to community mental
health facilities.
 Integration of mental health services into primary care.
The Mental Health Act of 2017 has recently been approved by the Senate in the
same year.13 The general coverage of the Act is as follows:
 Integrate mental health services and programs in the public health system
 Provide basic mental health services at the community level
 Provide psychiatric, psychosocial and neurologic services in all regional,
provincial and tertiary hospitals14
Mental health and mental hospital expenditures by the government health
department are not available. Although exact values are unavailable, it is approximated
13
Adel, R. (2 May 2017). Senate approves mental health act. Philippine Star.
14
Angara, J.E., Aquino, P.B., Hontiveros, R., Legarda, L., Soto, V., & Villanueva, J. (2017). Senate Bill No.
1354: Mental health act 2017. Senate of the Philippines.
that 5% of the total health budget goes to mental health services. Apart from this,
households are the main source of funds for care of severe mental disorders.15
As of 2014, the Philippines has a total of fifty-three (53) mental health facilities
approved by the Department of Health (DOH). More specifically, there are forty-six
(46) outpatient mental health facilities, four mental health day treatment facilities, and
three mental hospitals. Additionally, there are fourteen psychiatric units in general
hospitals and fifteen residential care facilities. There is a reported total of 2,754
inpatients in mental hospitals, with 5,231 treated cases of severe mental disorders. For
every 100,000 Filipinos, there are nearly five mental hospital beds for less than seven
admissions per year, only one psychiatric unit bed in a general hospital, 5.2 treated
cases of mental disorders, and only two mental health workers to deliver services.16
Figure 1: Mental Health Workforce (rate per 100,000 population)
15
Organization.
16
Organization.
2.2 PSYCHIATRIC CARE FACILITIES
2.2.1 OVERVIEW
A psychiatric care facility is a temporary living space for mentally disturbed
individuals. Most people admitted to this kind of facility are those with concerned
family and friends who seek professionals in dealing with their loved ones in handling
their unexplained behaviors. While some people who are confined are those who have
accepted that there is something wrong in them that they can't explain and professional
intervention is needed. These types of facilities act like schools that help individuals
understand themselves, learn to live with their illnesses, and for the people around them
to learn more about handling them when disturbances occur.
2.2.2 HISTORY OF PSYCHIATRIC CARE FACILITIES
In early times, Chinese, Egyptians, Hebrews and Greeks believed that abnormal
behaviors are works of demons or gods who had taken possession of a person. If a
person's abnormal behavior has religious or mystical significance, they are believed to
be possessed by a good spirit or god and they are treated with respect and are believed
to have supernatural powers. But if the abnormal behavior is contrary to religious
teachings, they are believed to be possessed by an angry god or an evil spirit, thus, the
primary type of treatment was exorcism. Techniques in treatment included magic

prayer, incantation, noisemaking, and use of horrible tasting concoctions made from
sheep’s dung and wine.17
Greek Physician, Hippocrates (460-377 B.C.) insisted that mental disorders are like
other diseases, they have a natural cause and appropriate treatment. Hippocrates
believed that the brain is the central organ responsible for intellectual activity and
mental disorders has something to do with brain pathology. He pointed out that heredity,
predisposition, and head injuries may cause sensory and motor disorders. Hippocrates
also took into consideration the dreams of patients in understanding their personality.
He was a harbinger of an early concept of modern psychodynamic psychotherapy. His
studies were revolutionary in the field of medicine; emphasis on the natural causes of
diseases, on clinical observation, and on brain pathology as the root of mental disorders.
Hippocrates' influence was continued by Greek and Roman physicians. Mental
patients were provided with pleasant surroundings for great therapeutic value and
activities such as parties, dances and walks in the temple gardens, rowing along the
Nile and musical concerts. Physicians also used different therapeutic measures such as
dieting, massage, hydrotherapy, gymnastics and education; also, less desirable
treatments such as bleeding, purging, and mechanical restraints.18 Galen (A.D. 130-
200), a Greek Physician, made contributions concerning the anatomy of the nervous
system based on animal dissections. Galen also divided the cause of psychological
disorders into physical and mental categories. The causes he identified were injuries to
17
Butcher, J. N., Mineka, S. M., & Hooley, J. M. (2011). Abnormal psychology: Core concepts, 2nd edition.
Pearson.
18
Pearson.
the head, excessive use of alcohol, shock, fear, adolescence, menstrual changes,
economic reversals and disappointment in love.19
During the Middle Ages, Greek medicine survived in the Islamic countries of the
Middle East. The first mental hospital was established in Baghdad (A.D. 792), followed
by others in Damascus and Aleppo. These hospitals provided humane treatment to
mentally disturbed patients.20
The Middle Ages in Europe focused on religion, thus, treatments for mentally
disturbed individuals were characterized by rituals and superstitions. Lycanthropy, a
condition in which a person believed that they are possessed by wolves and imitated
their behavior, was prevalent in rural areas during this era. Mentally disturbed
individuals were left in to the clergy; monasteries served as refuge and place of
confinement. 21 During the early part of the medieval period, mentally disturbed
individuals were treated with kindness. Their treatments consisted of prayer, holy water,
sanctified ointments, the breath or spittle of the priests, touching of relics, visits to holy
places, and mild forms of exorcism.22
Johan Weyer (1515-1588), a German Physician, one of the first physicians to
specialize in mental disorders and the founder of modern psychopathology. His
discoveries were banned by the Church and remained hidden until the 20th century.
19
Pearson.
20
Pearson.
21
Pearson.
22
Pearson.
(Butcher, Mineka, & Hooley, 2011) St. Vincent de Paul (1576-1660) stated that,
“mental disease is no different than bodily disease and Christianity demands of the
humane and powerful to protect, and the skillful to relieve the one as well as the other”.
As an advocate of science, he persistently continued his testimonies against
demonology and superstition even if his life was at risk. It eventually paved way for
the return of observation and reason, which culminated in the development of modern
experimental and clinical approaches.23
From the 16th century onwards, institutions called asylums, places of refuge meant
solely for the care of the mentally ill, were established. Asylums are built to remove
troublesome individuals who could not care for themselves from society. Asylums were
also known as “madhouses”, unpleasant places primarily residences for the insane;
filthy and cruel. The first asylum was established in Europe, The Valencia Mental
Hospital, founded by Father Juan Piliberto Jofre in Spain in 1409. In 1547, the
monastery of St. Mary of Bethlehem in London was officially made into an asylum by
Henry VIII, was renamed “Bedlam” and became known for its awful conditions and
practices. Violent patients were exhibited to the public for one penny a look; harmless
inmates were forced to seek charity on the streets of London. Early asylums were
primarily modifications of penal institutions, and the inmates were treated like beasts,
this treatment continued through the 18th century.24
23
Pearson.
24
Pearson.
Philippe Pinel (1745-1826) was placed in charge of La Bicetre in Paris in 1792,
received authorization from the Revolutionary Commune to remove chains from some
of the inmates as an experiment to test his views that mental patients should be treated
with consideration, as sick people. He was in agreement in exchange of his head if his
theory is a failure. Chains were removed, sunny rooms were provided and kindness was
extended to these people; it was a great success. 25 William Tuke (1732-1822), an
English Quaker, established the York Retreat, a pleasant country house specially
designed for mental patients to live, work, and rest in a kind and religious environment.
The Quaker retreat at York continued for over 200 years. Mental hospital movements
propagated by its example evolved into large mental hospitals that became crowded
and often offered less than humane treatment in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.26
The accomplishments of Pinel‟s and Turke‟s humanitarian experiments revolutionized
the treatment of mental patients in the Western World. Benjamin Rush (1745-1813),
founder of American psychiatry, encouraged more humane treatment of the mentally
ill. He was the first American to organize a course in Psychiatry and wrote the first
systematic treatise on Psychiatry in America. He invented a device called the
“tranquilizing chair”, thought to lessen the force of the blood on the head while the
muscles were relaxed.27
25
Pearson.
26
Pearson.
27
Pearson.
During the Early part of the humanitarian reform, use of moral management,
method of treatment that focused on patients’ social, individual and occupational needs,
became prevalent. It began in Europe during the 18th century and in America in the
early 19th century. Moral management in Asylums focused on the patients' moral and
spiritual development and the rehabilitation of their "character". Moral management
was very effective without the use of antipsychotic drugs; “cure” and discharge rate
increased. Even with its reported effectiveness, moral judgment was abandoned in the
latter part of the 19th century due to ethnic prejudice against the rising immigrant
population in hospitals, tension between staff and patients, failure of the movement’s
leaders to train their replacements, and the overextension of hospital facilities which
reflected the misguided belief that bigger hospitals would differ from smaller ones only
in size.28
Mental Hygiene movement, a treatment that focused almost exclusively on the
physical well-being of hospitalized mental patients, rose. Patients' comfort levels
increased under this movement but they didn't receive help for their mental problems.
Discoveries in biomedical science fostered the notion that all mental disorders would
eventually yield to biological explanations and biological treatments, thus,
psychological and social environment of a patient was considered largely irrelevant;
patients were kept in comfortable institutions while waiting for biological cure but the
anticipated cure did not arrive.29
28
Pearson.
29
Pearson.
Dorothea Drix (1802-1887) was a champion of poor and “forgotten” people in
prisons and mental institutions for decades during the 19th century. Drix submitted a
“memorial” to the U.S. Congress in 1848 explaining the horrible things she
encountered in jails, asylums and almshouses. She carried on a campaign between 1841
and 1881 that enlightened people and legislatures to do something about the inhumane
treatment given to mentally disturbed individuals. With her efforts, the mental hygiene
movement grew in America; suitable hospitals were built in 20 states. She was an
instrument in the opening of 2 large institutions in Canada and reformation of the
asylum system in Scotland and other countries.30
In the first part of the 20th century, hospital care was often harsh, punitive and
inhumane; hospital stay was quite lengthy. In 1946, Mary Jane Ward published a book
titled, “The Snake Pit” which called the need to provide more humane mental health
care in the community in place of overcrowded mental hospitals. In the same year, the
National Institute of Mental Health was organized and provided active support for
research and training through psychiatric residences and clinical psychology training
programs. The Hill-Burton Act is a program that funded community mental health
hospitals, and along with the Community Health Services Act of 1963 helped to create
a far-reaching set of programs to develop outpatient psychiatric clinics, inpatient
facilities in general hospitals and community consultation and rehabilitation
programs.31
30
Pearson.
31
Pearson.
During the late 20th century, efforts were made to close down mental hospitals and
return mentally disturbed individuals to the community, as a means of providing more
integrated and humane treatment than was available in “isolated” environment of the
psychiatric hospitals. This movement is also known as “deinstitutionalization”, to treat
disturbed people outside of large mental hospitals because doing so would prevent
people from acquiring negative adaptations to hospital confinement. Professionals are
concerned that mental hospitals were becoming permanent refuges for disturbed people
who were “escaping” from the demands of everyday living and were settling into a
chronic sick role with permanent excuse for letting other people take care of them.
Many former patients have not fared well in community living, an evidence of the
failure to treat psychiatric patients successfully in the community. The problem caused
by deinstitutionalization is due to the failure of society to develop ways to fill the gaps
in mental health services in the community.32
Today, the median number of mental health beds for every 100,000 persons in a
given population ranges below five in low and lower-middle income countries to over
50 in high-income countries. Equally large disparities exist for outpatient services and
welfare support. Levels of public expenditures on mental health are very low in low
and middle-income countries. A large proportion of these funds go to inpatient care,
especially mental hospitals.33
32
Pearson.
33
World Health Organization (2015). Mental health atlas 2014 executive summary. World Health
Organization.
2.2.3 BEST PRACTICES
A less threatening environment within an accepting community has been seen to be
the best place for care facilities as these help in removing old prejudices and stigma
associated with psychiatric hospitals. There are six strategies in designing these
facilities. First, there must be a balance between an aesthetically pleasing building and
a natural site that does not give the impression that the building is isolated. Second,
psychiatric care units must be located close to the natural grade, preferably on the
ground or second floor of a hospital with a view of natural scenery. The visual and
physical access to the outdoors is beneficial for patients. Third, single rooms should be
provided to promote autonomy because the lack of independent control has been
proven to worsen depression, helplessness, and impaired cognitive capacity. Fourth,
psychiatric treatment facilities must be carefully planned with short, simple paths to
ensure the safe and efficient circulation of the staff and patients especially in times of
emergency. Fifth, an emergency plan must be prepared different from the usual planned
care. Lastly, the components that must be considered to promote a healing environment
include: the different human senses (vision, hearing, smell, touch, taste); a link with
the natural environment; avoidance of negative stressors; a spacious working place to
ease stress among the staff; and a creative design that promotes art and entertainment.34
34
From, L., & Lundin, S. (2010). Architecture as medicine - the importance of architecture for treatment
outcomes in psychiatry. Sweden: ARQ - the Architecture Research Foundation.
There are a number of mental health facilities throughout the world that have taken
these factors into consideration. A healing environment is reflected exceptionally in the
architecture and, paired with effective rehabilitation programs, serve as prime examples
for the design of psychiatric care centers.
Dandenong Hospital Mental Health Facility Stage 1
Figure 2: View of Dandenong Mental Health Facility
Dandenong, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
The dominant principle for this mental health facility was to produce a modern,
purpose-built amenity for the community. The design responds closely to the new
Model of Care, with particular reference to innovative design. All patients are provided
with single rooms to insinuate autonomy. Each room has ensuite co-located clinical
streams, and there is bedroom clustering within a stream. The non-institutional design
provides outdoor and activity areas to encourage social interaction. The calm, safe, and
therapeutic environment that allows supervision and observation without unnecessary
intervention. Each zone has a sense of place and identity, and has flexibility for sharing
spaces. Blended interior and exterior environments avoid standalone courtyard walls.35
Figure 3: Dandenong Mental Health Facility courtyard
Awards:
 AIA National Award for Public Architecture 2014
 Australian Timber Design Awards, Overall Award for Timber Design 2014
 Australian Timber Design Awards, Excellence in Timber Design, Multi
Residential, New Buildings 2014
The Orchid Recovery Center – Treatment Center for Women
35
Bates Smart (2011). Dandenong hospital mental health facility stage 1. Retrieved 24 August 2017 from
https://www.batessmart.com/bates-smart/projects/sectors/health/dandenong-hospital-stage-3-
redevelopment-mental-health-facilities-part-1/
Figure 4: Orchid Recovery Center Interior
Palm Springs, Florida, USA
The Orchid is a rehabilitation center designed for the specific needs of women
suffering from addiction and unresolved trauma. Their program attends to the unique
and specific needs of women dependent on intoxicating substances. These specific
needs are addressed in an environment designed to foster a woman's physical, mental,
and spiritual restoration. The Orchid's primary mission is to provide an opportunity for
women to break the cycle of addiction and enjoy healthy, contented, serene and
productive lives. This mission guides the entirety of the Orchid program, from the
design of the Treatment Facilities to their individualized treatment modules.36
Each Orchid client is provided with a program customized specifically to her
personal history, condition and needs. From the client's initial intake to her departure,
the client can be guaranteed that she will always be treated as a whole person rather
than as a diagnosis. The individualized programs include the following options,
depending on the client's needs:
 Acupuncture Therapy
36
Orchid Recovery Center (2014). Individualized addiction treatment. Retrieved 25 August 2017 from
http://www.orchidrecoverycenter.com/treatment-programs/individualized-treatment/
 Art Therapy
 Family of Origin Treatment
 Fitness Therapy
 Group Dynamic Therapy
 Life Skills Therapy
 Nutraceuticals
 Nutritional Counseling
 Trauma Treatment at The Orchid
 Women’s Transition Program
 Yoga Therapy
2.2.4 PSYCHIATRIC CARE FACILITIES IN THE PHILIPPINES
Historical accounts reveal that institutional care and treatment for mentally
disturbed in the Philippines began at the start of 19th century at the Hospicio de San
Jose during the Spanish colonial time. Due to complaints insufficient number of staff
and facilities, the Carcel de Bilibid took in violent patients and those with criminal
records.37
In 1871, the University of Santo Tomas established the Faculty of Medicine and
surgery but psychiatry was not formally taught. Only 4th year medical students were
given exposure to psychiatric patients. By 1908, the University of the Philippines was
37
established and its College of Medicine was the Philippine Medical School. The
Philippine General Hospital started operations alongside the school.
During the American era, common modes of treatment for mentally ill people
included fever therapy, Metrazol shock, Insulin shock, Prolonged Narcosis, Bromides
hyoscine injections, hydrotherapy, Tryparsamide, Phenobarbital, Magnesium sulphate,
Spinal Drainage, and Ketogenic diet. This era also saw the establishment of the first
hospital unit for the mentally ill in the Philippines. The Insane Department of San
Lazaro Hospital opened in November 1904 with a capacity of 322 patients. The First
Filipino Psychiatrist, Dr. Elias Domingo, a graduate of UP class 1913 and was sent to
Pennsylvania as Rockefeller scholar for 2 years to undertake training in Psychiatry,
started working in 1917 as head of the Insane Department of San Lazaro Hospital. By
1918, The City Sanitarium at San Juan Del Monte under Dr. Telesforo Ejercito was
established. During this time 2 institutions were created to cure mentally disturbed
people: The Insane Department with American and Filipino nurses providing
psychiatric nursing care for patients from the provinces and the City Sanitarium to
handle the “insane of the city”. Due to awareness for the need of institutional care and
treatment for mental illness and socio-economic difficulties during those times, there
was an increase in the number of patients. To address this problem, Filipino Physicians
including Dr. Jose A Fernandez, Toribio Joson, Leopoldo Pardo and Catalina
Policarpio were sent to study in Harvard University for training in Psychiatry and
Neurology. In December 18, 1928, the Insular Psychopatic Hospital opened, a 64
hectare land in Barrio Mauway, Mandaluyong. In 1935 the City Sanitarium was closed
and their patients were transferred to the new hospital which then resulted in
overcrowding, thus, the need for construction of additional pavilions. From 400 to 1600
bed capacity by the end of 1935.38
During World War II on December 1941, majority of the patients brought home
were only from the Psychopathic Hospital, which managed to continue operating
during the Japanese colonial era. Patients were used by the Japanese army in
stockpiling their supplies and others were placed in small rooms with minimal food and
medicinal supply. Electroconvulsive therapy was mainly used to treat patients with the
use of an outmoded Japanese apparatus and medicinal plants. When World War II
ended, there was a huge number of emotional casualties, thus leading to an increased
consciousness and appreciation of the significance of psychiatry. The National
Psychopathic hospital was renamed National Mental Health (NMH) in July 1946 under
the management of Dr. Jose Fernandez. Also in 1946, the Neuropsychiatry service at
the V. Luna General Hospital, 100 bed capacity, was established. The same year also
saw the first pre-frontal lobotomy ever performed in the Philippines.39
There are 7.76 hospital beds per 100,000 and 0.41 psychiatrist per 100,000 general
population, excluding those from the private sector. The country has several types of
mental health facilities. There are at present 2 mental hospitals, 46 out-patient facilities
that treat 124.3 users per 100, 000 general population, four-day treatment facilities that
treat 4.42 users per 100,000 general population, 19 community based psychiatric
inpatient facilities that provide 1.58 beds per 100,000 population, and 15 community
residential facilities (custodial care) that provide 0.61 beds per 100,000 general
population. There is only one mental hospital in NCR, the NCMH which houses 4,200
38
39
beds while all other mental facilities are located in major cities. All mental health
facilities have at least one psychotropic medicine of each therapeutic class available in
the facility or nearby pharmacy year-round. In the primary health care units, however,
few physician-based primary health care units have at least one psychotropic medicine
for each therapeutic class while no psychotropic medicines are present in nonphysician-
based primary health care units. (WHO, 2006)
The total number of human resources working in mental facilities or engaged in
private practice is around 2,900 which include 388 psychiatrists (211
diplomats/fellows). Of the 211 board certified psychiatrists, 136 are practicing in the
National Capital Region while the rest are sparsely distributed in 10 major cities of the
remaining 16 regions. The NCMH has the largest number of mental health
professionals. As to doctors without formal psychiatric training, 52 works in outpatient
facilities, 56 in community based psychiatric inpatient facilities and 14 in mental
hospitals. For other mental health professionals (psychologists, medical social workers,
occupational therapists) there are 88 of them working in mental health facilities, 61 in
community based psychiatric inpatient facilities and 53 more in mental hospitals. The
ratio of psychiatrist per bed is 0.10 psychiatrist/bed in the community based psychiatric
inpatient facilities compared with 0.01 psychiatrist/bed in mental hospitals. As for
nurses, the ratio is 0.15 nurse/bed in community based psychiatric inpatient facilities
and 0.08 nurse/bed in mental hospitals.40
The Philippines has its own guidelines and standards in designing health
institutions but not specialized healthcare centers namely for mental healthcare. Under
40
World Health Organization; Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse; Victorian Health
Promotion Foundation; The University of Melbourne. (2004). Promoting mental health. France: World
Health Organization.
the Administrative Order No. 147 s. 2004, it only requires certain personnel, equipment,
and clinical services in licensing these types of institutions. The country doesn’t have
an in depth ruling with regards to the spaces that are to be allocated, their adjacencies
and where they are to be placed.

2.3 REMEDIES FOR MENTAL HEALTH
2.3.1 TRADITIONAL
Mental illnesses are “human illnesses” that affects the personality, feelings,
thinking, willpower and, the capacity to reflect and reason of an individual. There are a
number of methods typically prescribed by professionals to help remedy the illness.
Psychotherapy
Psychotherapy is a therapeutic treatment that helps patients understand their illness
through dialogue. It educates people and introduces to them strategies on how to deal
with stress and unhealthy thoughts and behaviors. The therapist talks with the patient
about the things they are feeling and guides them to have a positive perspective in life.
This therapy can be done individually or in groups.
Group therapy is designed to talk about specific problems such as depression,
obesity, panic attacks, social anxiety, chronic pain or substance abuse. Other groups focus
more generally on improving social skills, helping people deal with a range of issues such
as anger, shyness, loneliness and low self-esteem. This type of therapy often helps those
who have lost a loved one. The group acts as a support network and a sounding board.
Having contact with a group of strangers is beneficial because of the different life
experiences of each individual; each look at their respective situations in different ways.
Observing how other people go through their problems and make positive changes, an
individual can discover different strategies in facing their own problems. This therapy
involves one or more psychologists who lead a group of five to fifteen patients.41
Medication
Medications do not cure mental illness. Rather, they are just means to control or
regulate the chemicals in the brain that affect the severity of the illness. There are four
categories of medication for mentally ill individuals: antianxiety drugs, antipsychotic
drugs, antidepressants, and antimanic drugs. Antianxiety drugs are medications to calm
and reduce anxiety in people, acting as a minor tranquilizer. Antipsychotic drugs have a
tranquilizing effect that decreases patient’s interest in the events around them and reduces
psychotic symptoms. Antidepressants reduce symptoms such as lack of motivation.
Antimanic drugs are mood controlling medications.42
Fitness Therapy
Because the body and the mind are strongly connected, psychiatrists often suggest
that patients engage in physical activities as these help in keeping people mentally agile.
Physical activity helps improve the flow of oxygen in the brain and increase endorphin
levels. Consistent workout helps people have a positive outlook in life and in themselves.
41
American Psychological Association. (2016). Psychotherapy: Understanding group therapy. Retrieved
January 22, 2016, from http://www.apa.org/helpcenter/group-therapy.aspx
42
Sue, D., Sue, D. W., & Sue, S. (2010). Understanding abnormal behavior. Boston: Wadsworth, Cengage
Learning.
Meditation also helps in soothing the mind; it trains people to calmly think through their
problems.43
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing
EMDR is a psychotherapy treatment that was originally designed to alleviate the
distress associated with traumatic memories. This form of therapy facilitates the
accessing and processing of traumatic memories and other adverse life experience to
bring these to an adaptive resolution. After successful treatment with EMDR therapy,
affective distress is relieved, negative beliefs are reformulated, and physiological arousal
is reduced. During EMDR therapy the client attends to emotionally disturbing material
in brief sequential doses while simultaneously focusing on an external stimulus.
Therapist-directed lateral eye movements are the most commonly used external stimulus
but a variety of other stimuli including hand-tapping and audio stimulation are often used.
EMDR therapy facilitates the accessing of the traumatic memory network, so that
information processing is enhanced, with new associations forged between the traumatic
memory and more adaptive memories or information. These new associations are thought
to result in complete information processing, new learning, elimination of emotional
distress, and development of cognitive insights.44
43
Roth, E. (n.d.). The importance of mental fitness. Retrieved 25 August 2017 from
http://www.healthline.com/health/depression/mental-fitness
44
Shapiro, Francine; Laliotis, Deany (12 October 2010). EMDR and the adaptive information processing
model: Integrative treatment and case conceptualization. Clinical Social Work Journal.
2.3.2 ALTERNATIVE
Healing has been said to be the process of re-establishing a connection within
ourselves and our environment. It is said that a healing structure holds responsibility to
four things, namely: (1) educating the community; (2) preserving and caring for nature;
(3) to exalt all that is highest in human aspirations and intellect and; (4) preservation of
the ancestry of the land. With these ideations, nature and environment is a key factor in
achieving healing within a person, thus, its importance to connect with our surrounding.
(Stark) This in mind, the healing of a patient does not rely solely on traditional
medicine.45
Expressive Therapies
Expressive therapies also known as “Creative Arts Therapies”, uses art, music,
dance/movement, drama, poetry/creative writing, play and sandtray in helping people
express themselves in the context of healing or healthcare.46
Art therapy is the use art media, images and other creative process (e.g. painting)
in understanding the development, abilities, personalities, interests, concerns and
conflicts of an individual. It is a therapy that helps individuals reconcile their emotions,
45
From, L., & Lundin, S. (2010). Architecture as medicine - the importance of architecture for treatment
outcomes in psychiatry. Sweden: ARQ - the Architecture Research Foundation.
46
Malchiodi, C. A. (2005). Expressive therapies. Guilford Publications.
foster self-awareness, develop social skills, manage behavior, solve problems, reduce
anxiety, aid reality perspective and, increase self-esteem through the use of art.
Music Therapy is the use of music to give a positive ambiance in the psychological,
physical, cognitive or social functioning of individuals with regards to their health issues.
Drama therapy is the use of acting/ theater processes to achieve the therapeutic
goals of symptom relief, emotional and physical integration, and personal growth. It
helps patients tell their story to solve a problem, achieve a catharsis, extend the depth and
breadth of inner peace, understand the meaning of images, and strengthen their ability to
observe personal roles while increasing flexibility between roles.
Dance or Movement therapy is the use of bodily movements in the process of
emotional, cognitive, and physical integration of an individual based on the assumption
that body and mind are interrelated. This therapy impacts feelings, cognition, physical
functioning and behavior.
Poetry therapy is the use of poetry and other forms of creative writing for healing
and personal growth.47
Animal-Assisted Therapy
AAT is the use of animals in helping individuals cope with health issues. Animal
therapy has been proven to reduce pain, anxiety, depressions and fatigue in individuals.
Some clinics keep therapy dogs for this purpose.48
47
Malchiodi, C. A. (2005). Expressive therapies. Guilford Publications.
48
Mayo Clinic Staff. (2015, June 17). Pet therapy: Man's best friend as healer. Retrieved August 30, 2015,
from Mayo Clinic: http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthylifestyle/consumer-health/in-depth/pet-therapy/art-
20046342?pg=1
Laughter Yoga
Laughter Yoga combines deep breathing, stretching, and stimulating laughter in a
unique exercise. Laughter is beneficial to human health; it increases confidence and
encourages group, team and family work; it lowers negative emotions which help combat
depression and anxiety; it helps people build resilience in different situations and
encourages creative problem solving and; it sustains a positive perspective and attitude
on our daily activities.49
Life Skills Therapy
This program teaches a patient the essential skills for returning to day-to-day living.
Life Skills Therapy creates capabilities and comfort in areas that might have suffered
during a period of drug addiction, self-neglect, and isolation from others. Meeting the
ordinary challenges of everyday life without pharmacological help can seem daunting for
newly-recovering patient. Patients are guided to do basic tasks as a group. By performing
these daily activities together, patients not only learn valuable life-skills but also how to
work with one another, to trust one another and to form lasting bonds of friendship and
support. These activities also help teach clients how to prepare the nutritionally
supportive meals necessary for optimum health. Rather than simply prescribing a
49
Shah, D. S. (n.d.). Laughter yoga therapy for group stress management. India.
temporary diet, patients are coached in how to select and prepare these supportive meals.
As a result, clients can make better eating choices for life.50
50
Orchid Recovery Center (2014). Individualized addiction treatment. Retrieved 25 August 2017 from
http://www.orchidrecoverycenter.com/treatment-programs/individualized-treatment/
CHAPTER 3: Research Methodology
3.1 OVERVIEW
This chapter covers the framework of research methodologies and instruments in
order to extensively collate and analyze all necessary information needed for this project.
The proposed Pasig River Ferry Service Redevelopment and Center for River Conservation
requires a direct approach in data gathering, as the information covers fields that vary in
nature. The preferred process establishes to firstly get the macro-wide information down
to the micro detail.
3.2 RESEARCH APPROACH
3.2.1 PRESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
Data will be gathered from DOH, WHO, and other reputable organizations for
standards and guidelines for designing the proper rehabilitative facility. Relying on
objective information, this type of research answers the question, "How should the
project be?"
3.2.2 DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
The researcher shall study mental health; the classifications, symptoms, and
treatment for mental disorders in women; and the specific therapeutic approaches,
needs, and activities necessary for recovery. Data will be gathered from UN, WHO,
and other trustworthy organizations for statistics on violence against women (VAW).
This is to be used more on data analysis, as it synthesizes the context with regards to
the information gathered. In contrast to prescriptive, descriptive research absorbs more
subjective information but is supposed to objectify points to have a more reliable and
scientific foundation of sources, answering the question, "Why and how did the
problem come to be?"
3.3 RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS
This includes the tools needed to gather data in a scientific way. Covering social
and technical aspects of the study, the research instruments will be used as a basis to
formulate solutions and strategies for designing the proposed psychiatric care facility.
3.3.1 OBSERVATION
Ocular inspection is a way to discover what is occurring in a setting at a given time.
The descriptive information is a collation of contextual factors, allowing one to directly
see, examine, and understand the current social and physical situation. This would also
help in garnering more information regarding the primary facilities the project may
require.
3.3.2 INTERVIEW
Key persons such as employees, experts, local residents, and patrons of the PRFS
shall be interviewed for a more detailed assessment based on personal experience and
subjective information. This is also to collate the in-situ information which can only be
taken from them, such as crucial details or requests for confidential information which
may be significant to the development of the project.
Informal interviews shall be conducted with individuals involved in organizations
that aid in the recovery of sexual and domestic abuse victims. Formal interviews will
be conducted with the necessary experts.
The following will also be interviewed with regards to their undergraduate
theses about rehabilitation centers, especially those focused on physical and
psychological recovery:
Aurene Villamor; AGOS: A Filipino Contemporary Mental Healthcare Center
in Antipolo City
Patricia Rodas; Healing Environment for Recovery (H.E.R.)
3.3.3 SURVEY
A survey will be used as a secondary source of information to assess the validity of
the information the first source offers. This should reach less accessible personnel
affected with the project but shall not be used as the main basis of information.
3.3.4 ARCHIVAL RESEARCH
These include books, journals, theses, and other printed materials. Updated and old
information related to the study shall be used, as these will help deepen the knowledge
and understanding on the problems at hand. This type of research allows an exploration
of the evolution of the problem and the attempts at solving it thus far. The study then
can rely on these sources for potential solutions by emulating or improving researched
information.
3.3.5 ELECTRONIC SOURCES
These sources include scholarly documents published and should only be a support
to primary information. Information will be gathered from Google Scholar, EBSCO,
annual reports of relevant organizations, and the International Journal for Architectural
Research for experimental analyses done by foreign and local analysts and may
determine apparent solutions for the problem.

3.3.6 GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS
These primarily follow preemptive and existing laws and orders published by the
DOH and similar governing bodies, the main government bodies whose documents
shall be used as basis and potential clientele for the project, respectively. These also
include laws prescribed and documents published such as the National Building Code,
the Philippine Development Plan 2017-2022, and statistical records from the Philippine
Statistics Authority, UN, DOH, and WHO for updated and reliable sources.
3.3.7 CASE STUDIES
These are existing projects related to rehabilitation centers and healthcare facilities.
The case studies will be chosen based on their noteworthy architectural features and/or
the programs used for mental health rehabilitation. These case studies will be used as
basis for the design of the proposed facility.
3.4 RESEARCH VALIDATION
The study will be validated to optimize the efficacy and integrity of both the study
and the project.
3.4.1 TRIANGULATION/SYNTHESIS
This involves cross-checking of information and conclusions through the use of
multiple research methods, procedures, or sources. In particular, a cross-case analysis
of the case studies of similar projects shall be done in order to find feasible solutions
applicable to the project.
3.4.2 EXTERNAL AUDIT
Experts such a statisticians and other reliable authorities shall be consulted to assess
and validate the data gathered and the study as a whole.
3.4.3 PARTICIPANT FEEDBACK
This includes evaluations and discussions with participants, experts, and other
related personnel for verification and insights for analysis.

CHAPTER 4: Site Selection
4.1 SITE CRITERIA
To achieve the most optimal design for the proposed facility, the appropriate site
must be chosen according to the following criteria:
Buildability – Feasibility of building a structure on the site with consideration for
geology, topography, environmental and related issues.
Accessibility – Site Characteristic that permits users to reach the area within a
reasonable time frame, and without being impeded by physical, social, or economic barriers.
Service – Site must be able to receive and send large crated and uncrated objects
safely and efficiently; provision area for trash dumpsters and temporary parking for other
smaller delivery and service vehicles.
Parking – Nearby public parking or space for parking within the site; possibility
of sharing parking with nearby businesses, establishments, institutions, or other such
facilities that have different peak hours.
Visibility – From transportation routes and from other social areas such as other
attractions and shopping destinations.
Identity – Extent to which the project will be able to establish or maintain a clear
identity of holistic healing

4.2 MACROSITE ANALYSIS
4.2.1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
The earliest written account of the Antipolo City’s history was recorded in 1578 by
Franciscan missionaries who arrived in the locale to Christianize the natives, most of
whom were from the Dumagat Tribe. Early records referred to the natives as Tagal,
Indians, and Blacks (the Aetas). These missionaries built the church at Boso-boso. In
1591, the Jesuits replaced the Franciscans in Antipolo. They built a chapel in Sitio Sta.
Cruz. In the meantime, the village of Antipolo became a town in 1650.
By 1850, the town was still part of the Province of Tondo. In 1853, Antipolo was
formally placed under the district then known as Los Montes de San Mateo, and later
named as the District of Morong in 1857. It was during those years that the Virgin of
Antipolo gained thousands of devotees. Devotees from Manila and nearby towns and
provinces flocked to Antipolo on foot along mountain trails and springs, most of whom
were fair-skinned: the Tagalogs.
Two months after Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo declared the Philippine Independence on
June 12, 1898 in Kawit, Cavite, Antipolo formally joined the revolutionary government
and it was made the capital of Morong. However, when the country was occupied by
the Americans on June 4, 1899, the revolutionary government was transferred to the
town of Tanay. After the civil government was restored in 1901 by the Americans,
Valentin Sumulong became the first Presidente (Alkalde) of the town. The province of
Morong was renamed Rizal Province and some of the towns near Manila were made
part of the province. Antipolo, Teresa and Boso-boso were joined under Act No. 1942
in 1903, with Antipolo as the center of government. On January 1, 1919 under
Executive Act No. 57, Teresa was segregated from Antipolo.
Many able-bodied men from Antipolo joined the Philippine Scout and the USAFFE
during the Second World War (1941–1945) and fought in the bloody battle of Bataan.
On February 17, 1945, Antipolo was heavily bombarded by American planes. In the
midst of widespread conflagration and heavy civilian casualties, the people of Antipolo
evacuated to Sitio Kulaike and to Angono, Santolan, and Marikina. The bombings on
March 6-7, 1945 destroyed the church building. After twelve days of battle, the
American 43rd Infantry Division liberated the town on March 12, 1945.
In 1960, the Poblacion widened. The Sumulong Highway was constructed and the
people from outlying towns migrated and occupied the hills and mountain sides. In the
1970s, the Marikina-Infanta Road better known as the Marcos Highway was
constructed traversing the mountains of Antipolo. COGEO Village came to being and
a large portion of the town was proposed for Lungsod Silangan. The barrios, then
known only as Uno, Dos, Tres and Cuatro, were renamed Barangay San Roque, San
Jose, San Isidro and Dela Paz.
On February 13, 1998 then President Fidel V. Ramos signed into law the bill jointly
sponsored by Congressmen Gilbert “Bibit” Duavit and Egmidio “Ding” Tanjuatco,
making the Municipality of Antipolo a component city of the Province of Rizal.
Republic Act No. 8508 became the Charter of the City of Antipolo. On April 04, 1998,
the voters of Antipolo ratified in a plebiscite the new political status of Antipolo as a
City.
4.2.2 PHYSICAL PROFILE
Antipolo is located in the northern half of Rizal Province but rather close to its
meridional center. It lies approximately between latitudes 14° 32' and 14°45' northand
longitudes 121° 6' and 121° 24' east. It is bounded on the north by the Municipality of
Rodriguez, on the northwest by the City of Marikina and the Municipality of San Mateo,
on the southwest by the Municipalities of Taytay and Cainta, on the southeast by the
Municipalities of Tanay, Teresa, and Baras, and on the east by Quezon Province.
The Poblacion is approximately 29 kilometers from Metro Manila. The City can be
accessed from Marikina City via the Sumulong Highway; extends to the Poblacion
from Cubao, Quezon City via the Marcos Highway; extends eastward to Quezon
Province through the Marikina-Infanta Road; and from Cainta/Taytay, via Ortigas
Extension.
Map 1: Map of road networks going to Antipolo City from the City of Antipolo Ecological Profile 2015
Based on its City Charter, Antipolo City has a total land area of 38,504.44 hectares.
It is subdivided into 16 barangays namely: San Roque, San Jose, San Isidro, De la Paz,
Cupang, Mayamot, Mambugan, Calawis, Dalig, Beverly Hills, Sta. Cruz, San Luis,
Inarawan, San Juan, Bagong Nayon, and Munting Dilaw.
Map 2: Barangay boundary map of Antipolo City from the City of Antipolo Ecological Profile 2015
Topography
The topography of Antipolo may be described as generally hilly and mountainous
with the hilly portions lying in the west and the mountainous areas concentrated in the
east as part of the Sierra Madre Mountain Range. Wellwatered valleys are located in
the middle of the City and in the northern and southern edges. Plateaus of over 200
meters above sea level are seen in the western half of the study area, including the site
of the Poblacion and portions of Brgy. Cupang and San Juan. In the eastern half, these
are seen in Brgy. Calawis and San Jose overlooking the Boso-Boso River Valley to the
west.
Map 3: Elevation Map of Antipolo City from the Antipolo City Planning & Development Office
Land areas with 0 to 18% slope comprise 23,871.82 hectares or 62 % of the City's
total land area. They are good for agriculture and urban use and abound in the western
half of the City along the Boso-Boso River and the Pintong Bocaue area, Brgy. San
Juan, in the center part of the City. The 18% to 50% slopes totaling 14,344.94 has. Or
37.3% are scattered all over the landscape and is good for silviculture or orchards.
Above 50% gradients occupy only 288 hectares and occur as patches in the southern
and northern portions near the mid-section of the City.
Table 2 shows that 86.8%% of the land area of Antipolo is below 500 meters in
altitude. These elevations are concentrated in the western and southern sections of the
City. They are good for raising warm lowland crops and for urban development. The
cool elevations, at least 500 meters above sea level, total to 5,095.86 has. or 13.2% of
the City. These are found in the northern and eastern edges of the City. The moderately
sloping portions of these elevations are suitable for temperate vegetables and crops and
for tourist resort facilities. However, areas with slopes from 18% to 25% should be
limited to production forest and those with more than 50% slope should be set aside as
protection forest.
Table 1: Slope Categories in Antipolo from the Antipolo City Planning & Development Office
Table 2: Elevation Categories in Antipolo from the Antipolo City Planning & Development Office
Geology
Map 4: Geological map of Antipolo City from the 2014 Ecological Profile of Antipolo City
Antipolo is predominantly a folded area. Its hilly and rugged terrain is a product
of diastrophic folding processes that occurred thousands of years ago. During this
period of orogenic processes, the frontal collision between the Asiatic and Pacific
plates crumpled their edges, resulting in volcanism and formation of meridional
mountain systems marked by synclines and anticlines. This is evident in the mountains
of the Philippines such as Sierra Madre Mountains on whose foothills lie in the City
of Antipolo.
The bottom-most rock formation unit found in the City is the Kinabuan Formation.
The rock formation is composed mainly of altered spillitic basalt flows with
intercalated and highly indurated sandstone, shale and chertz beds. This formation is
found extensively in the Sierra Madre Mountains to the east and north-south on the
western border of the city.
Above the Kinabuan Formation is the Maybangin Formation. This consists mainly
of metaclastics and minor basic volcanic. Randomly scattered are angular cobbles and
boulder-size aphanitic, dark greenish gray to charcoal gray fleat. There is also a basalt
flow about 10 meters thick that exhibits crudely arranged pillows and intergranular
texture. It is composed of plagioclase occurring as slender laths and augite
interfingerling with plagioclase laths. This formation lies towards the east near the
Boso-Boso area.
In between the Guadalupe and the Medium Formations east of the Poblacion is a
small north-south strip of Antipolo Diorite Formation. Diorite is an intrusive rock
which is sometimes the parent rock of gold, silver, and copper. The diorite varies from
light to dark green and medium-to-coarse grained. Contained in this formation are
feldspar, biolite, quartz, and magnetite. Basaltic and andesitic dikes are also observed
in the formation.
The rock formation above Antipolo Diorite is the Angat Formation. Consisting
mainly of well bedded to massive limestone, it is associated with thin siliceous layers
and limy sandstone partings. The lower clastic fancies are composed of thin strata of
calcareous shale, clayey limestone and conglomerate. This formation occurs as a small
longitunal strip southeast of the Poblacion and small pocket in the north adjacent to
Rodriguez.
Often associated with the Angat Formation is the Madlum Formation. This
formation includes the upper member (Buenacop Limestone) and a lower member
(Alagao Volcanic). The Buenacop Limestone is somewhat fossiliferous cream to buff,
massive and thin to medium bedded in the lower part. The Alagao member is a
sequence of agglomerate, tuff, argillite, indurated graywacked, basalt and andesite
flows. Its clastic component is a thick sequence of thin to thick-bedded calcareous
sandstone and silty shale with conglomerate at the base. This formation is not very
extensive, found towards the northeast close to the Poblacion and in the north adjacent
to Rodriguez.
A more recent rock formation is the Guadalupe. This formation overlies the
Kinabuan Formation and consists of thick strata of massive conglomerate, silty
mudstone and tuffaceous sandstone. This formation occurs in the area of the Poblacion
as well as to a great extent in the southeastern portion of the City towards Tanay and
the northern middle portion close to Rodriguez.
The most recent deposit in the City are those identified as Quaternary Alluvium
which is composed mainly of sand, silt and unconsolidated or poorly consolidated and
imported pebbles, cobbles and small boulders of the underlying rock type. These are
found in the midsouthern section of the city on the alluvial basin of Morong River and
northeast of the Poblacion along the Boso-Boso River.
Soil
Map 5: Soil map of Antipolo City from the 2014 Ecological Profile of Antipolo City
The Inarawan Clay soil series is represented by the 25% to 45% slope category in
Antipolo. It is present in Brgy. Inarawan, San Juan and San Jose. This soil is deep, of
basaltic origin, well-drained and occurs on slightly to moderately dissected upper
plateaus of a volcanic hill landscape. It has a strong brown, dark brown, dark reddish-
brown clay with an “A horizon” of not more than 17 cm. thick. Except for some areas
planted with patches of fruit trees, this mapping unit has been mainly covered with
cogon, other grasses, and shrubs. It covers 3,347.90 hectares or 8.69% of the City’s
area.
Climate
Based on the PAGASA (Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical
Service Administration) or Corona's climate classification system, Antipolo has a Type
I Climate, which is marked by two distinct seasons – the wet season from May to
December and the dry season from January to April. The main climatic control
operating in the climate of the area is the monsoon wind system. The warm southwest
monsoon wind brings rain to the City after gathering moisture from the Indian Ocean,
while the cool northeast monsoon moves as a dry wind and comes even drier after
crossing the Sierra Madre geographic barrier.
In terms of more specific rainfall and temperature characteristics, these are
described based on the ten-year (1971-1980) readings at the PAGASA-maintained
climatic station in Brgy. Cuyambay, Tanay, Rizal. This is the climatic station that is
closest to Antipolo and can therefore safety represent the area’s climatic conditions.
The rainfall regime in the area is influenced by the monsoon that causes a seasonal
variation in precipitation. The Ten-Year Monthly Rainfall data indicate that the rainy
months are from June to January while the dry months are from February to May.
During the eight wet months, the southwest monsoon is prevalent. This season, which
allows a relatively long cropping period, is accompanied by local thunderstorms and
cyclonic storms (typhoons). Furthermore, during this time of the year, the Intertropical
Convergence Zone (ITCZ) is near the area and this climatic control, along with those
of the southwest monsoon and the typhoons, account for the heavy seasonal rainfall.
During the four dry months, the northeast monsoon is prevalent, making the hilly
unirrigated portions of the City agricultural inactive.
The temperature regime of Antipolo does not exhibit great variability, attesting to
the observation that the year-round temperature in the Philippines and in the tropics,
for that matter, is uniformly high. The temperature of Antipolo ranges from 22.0° C
and 33.0° C. The months with somewhat higher temperatures are from April to October,
which coincides with high-sun period in the northern hemisphere. During this period,
the northern hemisphere tilts towards the sun and therefore, receives the sun's
intensive vertical rays. The warmest month is May, with a mean annual temperature of
8.5°C while the coolest month is January with a mean temperature of 25.0°C, which is
actually lower than the national average of 26.9°C. This can be attributed to the area's
higher elevation, which makes its temperature lower by about 3°C compared to the
nearby lower areas of Marikina City, Pasig City and Quezon City.
Water Resources
Due to its large size and hilly topography, Antipolo possesses a significant number
and variety of water resources like rivers, streams, springs, waterfalls and groundwater
aquifers. In a relatively water-scarce area, these water bodies provide sources of water
for domestic and industrial uses as well as for irrigation.
Antipolo is drained by several minor rivers that originate from the foothills of the
Sierra Madre Mountains in the east. In the northeastern tip of the City may be seen a
part of the headwaters of the north-south trending Kaliwa River where the proposed
Laiban Dam Project will be constructed to supply water for Metro Manila. The other
rivers in the City are east-west trending and starting from the north, namely, the
Tagbasan, Boso-Boso, Tulakin, Kamias, Nangka, Pantay and Ilog rivers. Rising from
the eastern uplands, they wind their way through the western half of the City and
generally flow into the Laguna Lake. These rivers have their own smaller tributaries.
Aside from the above arteries of natural drainage, there are also springs that people
utilize either as sources of water or as tourist attractions. These springs are the Mainit
Spring in Brgy. Calawis, Kubling Kalikasan in Brgy. Cupang, Puting Bato in Brgy. Sta.
Cruz, Bubukal in Brgy. San Jose, Malalim in Brgy. Dela Paz, Inuman in Brgy.
Inarawan, Del Bano in Brgy. San Isidro and Sukol in Brgy. Dalig. Furthermore, there
are two waterfalls in the City – the Nagpuso Falls and the Hinulugan Taktak Falls in
Brgy. Dela Paz, the latter being a historically well-known bathing and picnic
destination for local and Metro Manila residents.

It has been observed that water pollution is very evident in Antipolo’s rivers,
especially in the Ilog Bayan and Pantay River which flow through densely populated
areas. A victim of this is the famous Hinulugan Taktak Falls. Most of the common
pollutants of both surface water and ground water are sulfate, nitrate, phosphate,
chloride, sodium and calcium ions as organic waste – all of which come from
residential, industrial and commercial establishments.
4.2.3 DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE
Map 6: Antipolo City Population Distribution Map from the Antipolo City Planning & Development Office
Results of the 2010 Census of Population and Housing (CPH) by the National
Statistics Office (NSO) recorded the City’s population at 677,741. This is an increase
of 6.46% from the 2007 population (633,971) and 30.5% from the 2000 population
(470,866).
With an annual growth rate of 4.5% after year 2010, population in Antipolo is
projected to increase by 20.3% for a total of 850,705 in 2014. Four barangays comprise
the Poblacion or City Center: Brgy. Dela Paz, San Roque, San Jose and San Isidro. The
most populated barangay in year 2014 is Brgy. San Jose with 110,737 inhabitants
followed by Brgy. Cupang (105,672) and Brgy. Dela Paz (76,920). The smallest
population is found in Beverly Hills with 1,996 and Calawis (5,337).
4.2.4 ECONOMIC PROFILE
The agriculture sector utilizes 761.6 hectares for rice production, 655.31 hectares
for fruit production and 417.67 hectares for vegetable production. The City’s
agricultural areas are supported by five (5) irrigation systems, four (4) irrigation pumps
and one (1) small water impounding project. In addition, six (6) solar dryers, eight (8)
rice mills and one (1) warehouse that serve as post harvest facilities.
In relation to the City’s poultry and livestock industry, there are nine (9) poultry
and piggery farms, six (6) slaughter houses and three (3) dressing farms. Seven (7) of
these farms are located in San Jose. There are also 2.6 hectares of fishpond that are
utilized by eleven (11) fishpond operators.

Antipolo City is an attractive place for mining companies because of its rich mineral
resources. Currently, six (6) mining companies are operating in the City: four (4) in
Brgy. San Jose, one (1) in Brgy. Cupang, and one (1) in Brgy. Inarawan.
There are 8,729 businesses in the City, 2,727 of which are new businesses. Of the
total number, 4,440 or 50.9% are retailing businesses, and 2,136 or 24.5% are into
services. There are also two (2) public markets and six (6) private markets in the City.
4.2.5 ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE
Map 7: Agricultural Map from the Antipolo City Planning & Development Office
Forest areas of Antipolo are fairly large. About 18,408 hectares of the City’s land
area are classified as Protection Forests; 2,289 are classified as Production Forest; and
almost 600 hectares are devoted to Integrated Social Forestry or ISF. The forestland
assets of the City are currently covered by a few patches of residual forests occupying
around 376 hectares of the forestlands. The forestlands are largely covered by brush
lands and grasslands interspersed with agro-forestry and settlement areas.
The mining zone (MZ) is scattered in small patches within the urban zone. They
are either construction/rock aggregate, lime and silica, and marble mining sites in Brgys.
San Jose, lnarawan, Cupang, Bagong Nayon and San Luis. Most of the mining sites are
strung along north and south of the Marikina-Infanta Road, although there is a big
mining concession of Solid Cement near Sitio Tagbak, Brgy. San Jose.
The non-metallic aggregate quarrying industry likewise thrives and supplies around
60% of the aggregate construction material needs of Metro Manila. There are six (6)
mining and quarrying companies in Antipolo.
Antipolo City’s freshwater ecosystem consists of the surface waters and
groundwater found within the City. The surface waters consist of the brooks, streams,
rivers, and ponds. There are 31 creeks and 11 rivers all over the City.
In some locations, the groundwater flows out and feeds the springs, which become
a clean source of drinking water for the people. These springs are the Mainit Spring in
Brgy. Calawis, Kubling Kalikasan in Brgy. Cupang, Puting Bato in Brgy. Sta. Cruz,
Bubukal in Brgy. San Jose, Malalim in Brgy. Dela Paz, Inuman in Brgy. Inarawan, Del
Bano in Brgy. San Isidro, and Sukol in Brgy. Dalig.
The deep well areas are found in the southern portions of Brgy. Calawis, southern
portion of Sitio Pinugay and portions of Sitio Kanumay and Sta. Ines. Likewise, they
are also found in portions of Brgys. San Juan, Inarawan, San Luis and San Isidro. The
portion of Antipolo assigned as urban zone (commercial, industrial, residential,
institutional and recreational) is found in the western and southwestern half of the city.
This zone comprises the Brgys. of Mayamot, Muntindilaw, Cupang, Bagong Nayon,
Sta. Cruz, De La Paz, Beverly Hills, San Roque, Dalig, San Isidro, San Luis, and parts
of Brgys. Inarawan and San Jose. Included here are the existing heavily built-up areas
in Brgys. Mayamot, Muntindilaw, San Roque, Dalig, the Poblacion and the Bagong
Nayon-Inarawan area along the Marikina-lnfanta Road.
Most of this zone has been utilized for residential settlements although they used to
be grasslands. The zone is located on land with slopes below 18 percent and elevations
lower than 300 meters. The Freedom Valley Resettlement (FVR) area and the proposed
government center around the northeastern development node, the industrial areas in
the southwestern node and the central business district of the four nodes are also
included here. This urban zone covers 6,586.16 hectares.
Air Quality
Good air quality is among the attributes that Antipolo City prides itself in. Its
relatively higher elevation makes the city less susceptible by air pollutants generated
in the lowland. Its green surroundings and its proximity to the watershed area give the
City cool, clean and fresh air. On the other hand, the presence of some industries poses
a certain degree of threat to the air environment. The presence and operations of
industrial plants and factories may degrade the air quality if they are left unregulated.
To mitigate this occurrence, the 2010-2020 CLUP and Zoning Ordinance of
Antipolo located the medium and heavy industrial far from the residential and
commercial areas. Requirement of an Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC)
before the issuance of a development/location permit is also strictly implemented.
The Environmental Management Bureau Region IV-A CALABARZON has given
to Antipolo City a technical assistance grant in the form of a state-of-the-art air quality
monitoring station using laser technology in monitoring pollution levels,
meteorological data and notable greenhouse gases. The Continuous Differential Optical
Absorption Spectroscopy or DOAS Open-Path Ambient Monitoring System can
measure the dust and other particles in the air such as PM 2.5 and PM 10. It is also
capable of measuring the levels of carbon dioxide and oxides of sulfur and nitrogen.
Several greenhouse gases like some hydrocarbons can be detected using visible laser
technology. On the other hand, meteorological conditions such as ambient temperature,
humidity, wind direction and speed and rain intensity can be measured. Real-time and
precise air quality information can be accessed through the DENR’s web portal. The
project is 100% completed but awaits calibration procedure from DENR Main Office.
Freshwater Ecosystem
The freshwater ecosystem consists of the surface water and groundwater found
within the city. The surface water consists of the brooks, streams, rivers and ponds.
Groundwater is that body of water that is underneath the oil strata or the ground.
Rainwater may accumulate as puddles and flow overland until it joins a larger body of
water such as streams and rivers. Portions of rainwater may permeate through the soil
and continue to flow vertically or laterally until it reaches an impermeable rock layer.
The water table marks the extent of groundwater that accumulates within rock and soil
layers and which may go up or down depending on the supply of gravitational water.
In an upland environment, freshwater supply for domestic, industrial, irrigation and
other uses can become difficult if no effort is exerted to put the land under vegetation
cover. The denuded watershed areas in the city must be immediately reforested to
improve the recharge rates of the aquifers.

Map 8: Antipolo City Water Bodies Map from the Antipolo City Planning & Development Office
In terms of surface water, several minor rivers originate from the foothills of the
Sierra Madre Mountains and form the waterways of Antipolo City. Part of the Kaliwa
River runs through some portions of the city to the area where Laiban Dam will be
constructed for the augmentation of the water supply of Metro Manila. The other rivers
in the city flow in an east-west direction, although their source starts from the north of
the city. These are the Tayabasan, Boso-Boso, Tulakin, Kamias, Nangka, Pantay and
Ilog rivers. From the eastern uplands, they meander through the western half of the city
and empty into Laguna Lake.

Smaller streams, variously referred to as creeks, brooks or rivulets are also found
in Antipolo City. Some of these creeks are perennial while some are intermittent or run
dry in the summer. Nevertheless, they are recognized as important waterways that drain
the city during incessant rainy periods.
Table 3: Creeks and Rivers in Antipolo City from the Antipolo City Planning & Development Office
Other water features in Antipolo City are the waterfalls consisting of the Nagpuso
Falls and the Taktak Falls in Brgy. Dela Paz. The Taktak falls, otherwise known as the
“Hinulugan Taktak,” is a favorite picnic spot in Antipolo City. With the City being
considered by many as among the important attractions in Rizal Province, projects are
being initiated to preserve the city’s natural and historical attractions.
All the tributaries of Antipolo City drain into the Laguna de Bay. Several minor
rivers that traverse the City originate from the foothills of Sierra Madre Mountains in
the East. In the northwestern tip of the City is the Kaliwa River which flows from north
to south of the City. East-west trending rivers are
Tayabasan, Boso-boso, Tulakin, Kamias, Nangka, Pantay and Ilog Rivers. Rising
from the eastern uplands, they wind their way through the western half of the City going
to Laguna Lake.
Aside from rivers and creeks, there are also springs that serve as sources of water
or as tourist attractions. These are the Mainit Spring, Kubling Kalikasan, Puting Bato,
Bubukal, Malanim, Inuman, Del Bano, and Sukol. Furthermore, there are two
waterfalls in the City – the Nagpuso Falls and the Taktak Falls in Brgy. De la Paz.
As for groundwater, the study included in the 2000 Ecoprofile recorded the static
water level at 14.0.5 meters below the ground surface. The average well depth is 141
meters. The average specific yield was estimated at 0.94 lps/m or equivalent to 81.216
cu.m. per day/m. This is a measure of the yield of a well per 1 meter drawdown. A well
with a depth of 141 meters has a potential of 126.95 m.
In the absence of a recent groundwater map, groundwater in Antipolo City is
indicated through a spot map of existing deep wells, deep wells with motor and
submersible pump. The table below shows that twelve (12) out of sixteen (16)
barangays have utilities for water extraction. A total of fifty-seven (57) deep wells,
thirty six (36) deep wells with motor, and eighteen (18) submersible pumps are present
in the city. These utilities are beneficial especially in the past when many areas are not
yet serviced by the Manila Water.

In some locations, groundwater flows out and feeds the springs, which become a
clean source of drinking water for the people. These springs are the Mainit Spring in
Brgy. Calawis, Kubling Kalikasan in Brgy. Cupang, Puting Bato in Brgy. Sta. Cruz,
Bubukal in Brgy. San Jose, Malalim in Brgy. Dela Paz, Inuman n Brgy. Inarawan, Del
Bano in Brgy. San Isidro, and Sukol in Brgy. Dalig.
Table 4: Deep Well and Submersible Pumps per Barangay, 2010 from the Antipolo City Engineering Office
Water Quality
As water passes through residential, industrial, commercial or institutional
establishments, its quality is degraded as result of the processes it goes through. The
once pristine and pure water becomes contaminated by the addition of chemicals and
other organic substances and may become unfit for a specific use or purpose.
Map 9: Deepwells Map from the Ecological Profile of Antipolo City
In households, wastewater is generated from the bathroom, kitchen sink and in the
yard which flows to the sewer or drainage lines and contaminates the receiving waters
such as creeks, rivers and lakes. In some instances, wastewater just spreads over land
or penetrates into the soil that may contaminate the ground water. In Antipolo City, the
latest 2010 census of population of 677,741 is considered active polluters of the water
they utilize. Barangays with high population densities are more environmentally
stressed in terms of domestic water contamination. Settlements along bodies of water,
such as creeks and rivers, usually deposit liquid and solid waste into the water.
Agro-industrial establishments also generate considerable organic waste which can
elevate the biological oxygen demand (BOD) of any receiving water. A sudden increase
in BOD level will deplete the dissolved oxygen in water and make it dangerous to
aquatic organisms. Hence, it is important to ensure that effluents from such facilities
conform to certain standards to maintain the quality of receiving waters.
Commercial establishments may generate high organically laden wastewater,
which may warrant monitoring. Markets, especially wet ones, entail washing and
cleaning of livestock carcasses and fish products that contribute to the organic load of
the water.
Inorganic pollutants are also a concern since some of the chemicals persist overtime
and may bio-accumulate inside the bodies of animals and plants. Humans become
affected as these animals and plants are consumed as food or can directly cause skin
contamination. Siltation or sedimentation may be caused by several factors such as
deforestation, soil erosion and poor farming practices. Mining and quarrying activities
also contribute to the problem since these activities entail removal of soil cover and
soil disturbances. When water flows over these areas, it carries with it soil particulates,
which increase the turbidity of receiving waters.
The task of monitoring the quality of water effluents from various sources in
Antipolo City is assigned to the Laguna Lake Development Authority (LLDA) since
the City is part of the Laguna Lake Basin. The quality of the water effluents is regulated
by Resolution No. 33, which provides for an environmental user free system in the
Laguna De Bay Region. In addition, DENR Administrative Order No. 35-91 on effluent
standards prevails in the city.
4.2.6 UTILITIES AND PUBLIC SERVICES
Power Supply
Antipolo City is generally supplied with electrical power by MERALCO since the
1930s. All the barangays in Antipolo have electricity. Tables 106 shows the
information on electrification levels of households in Antipolo City. In 2012, the
Community Based Monitoring System (CBMS) recorded a 93.4% electrification level,
out of the 121,727 households interviewed in Antipolo City.
Table 5: Electrification Level, 1999-2001 and 2012
In terms of energy use, residential uses has the highest consumption with 207,982
KWh in the year 2007 or 56% of the total. Total energy sales in 2007 is 18% higher
compared to 2001. Energy sale from streetlights decreased by 131 KWh in 2007.
Table 6: Annual Energy Sales (kilowatt hours), 1999-2001 and 2007
As shown in table 7, MERALCO projected that kilowatt hour sales will increase at
an average of 5.09% per year. Residential sales would increase by 4.05% per year,
commercial sales by 7.49% per year and industrial sales by 4.26% per year. Street lights
would decrease by 3.69% in 2008 and increase by an average of .90% per year going
forward.
Table 7: Historical and Forecasted Kilowatt Hours Sales by Customer Class, 2007-11
Table 8: Computed Demand Projection by Customer Class, 2007-11

Water Supply
The water supply system in Antipolo City comes from five main sources: spring
water, artesian wells, open wells, water tankering and water company. Manila Water
manages water and wastewater services for the people in the eastern part of Metro
Manila. They are committed to provide water from 78% of the City’s households in
2001 to 97% by 2021.
Households not served by Manila Water depend on the spring development projects
of the local government which are simple, water-impounding concrete structures
protecting the spring source from unnecessary litter and pollution or disturbance.
Rubberized water distribution is typically used. Others depend on natural spring water
like some areas in Brgy, San Juan, Cupang, Calawis, Inarawan and the mountainous
part of Brgy. San Jose.
In 2014, Manila Water implemented an ongoing citywide project on the expansion
of water supply distribution to cope with the growing demand of the population. Based
on Manila Water data, they were able to cover 83% of the total households in the city.
Brgy. Muntindilaw has 100% coverage, Brgy. Bagong Nayon has 99%, San Isidro and
Mayamot have 98% and Brgy Mambugan and Cupang has 97%. On the other hand,
barangays located in hilly areas are not fully serviced. They are Brgy. Calawis (0%)
and Brgy. San Juan (26%).Among the city’s recent projects that addressed the said
problems on drainage system were the improvements of canals located at P. Oliveros

Street and the Provincial Road from Robinsons Homes to Dalig High School and to
other part of the city.
Table 9: Manila Water Supply Coverage, 2012-2014
Solid Waste Management
The Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 otherwise known as RA
9003 gave the local government units the primary responsibility of carrying out the
mandate of implementing the Ecological Solid Waste Management Program within
their respective areas of jurisdiction. This law emphasizes the vital role of the barangay
in the successful implementation of the program particularly in segregation, collection
and recycling of waste at source to substantively reduce the generation of wastes.

Figure 5: Antipolo City Solid Waste Management System
SWM actives compose the seven elements of Solid Waste Management System
which includes 1) waste generation; 2) storage and handling; 3) waste collection; 4)
transfer and transport; 5) recycling; 6) processing and recovery; and 7) final disposal.
The City Government shall assist the barangay either financially, technically or in any
other manner necessary in order to achieve the waste diversion goal as provided in RA
9003.
The collection, transfer and transport operations formerly under their office are
commissioned to the Clean and Green (CNG) vehicles. The areas covered for the
collection of garbage includes the main thoroughfares and highways, subdivisions and
selected establishments. The transfer station located at Sitio Kaybagsik, Brgy. San Luis,
was operationalized since August 15, 2008 to facilitate fast collection and disposal of
solid waste particularly of barangay collection vehicles.

Waste collection at the areas not covered by CNG is handled by the Barangay
Collection Crew. The contractor has equipped with 10 dump trucks, 2 mini dump trucks,
3 compactors, a bulldozer, backhoe and a pay loader to upgrade its garbage collection
and disposal operations and maintenance of dumpsite. These collection vehicles will
supplement the 32 Mini dump trucks of the Barangays operating daily at designated
areas.
Only 14 out of the 16 Barangays have their own waste collection trucks. A total of
32 garbage vehicles of different loading capacities are available for waste collection.
The coverage of the barangay collection units include inner streets, Sitios, subdivisions
and some selected establishments operating within their area of responsibility. The City
has secured a 10 hectare site located in Sitio Tanza I, Barangay San Jose, which is also
the location of the Materials Recovery Facility (MRF).
Information on solid waste collection for the past decade revealed a consistent
increase in daily waste generation from 235.5 tons/day in year 2000 to 456 tons/day in
2007. This includes domestic, commercial and industrial waste. In 2007, the CEWMO
recorded an average daily collection of 44.88 tons per day that goes to the landfill.
In 2010, waste generation decreased by 54%. This amount again decreased by
12.6% in 2011, and then increased in 2012, 2013 & 2014 . A major reason for this
improvement is the strict implementation of the City Ordinance which prohibited the
use of styrofoams and reduction of use of plastic bags. Another reason is the
operationalization of Material Recovery Facilities in different barangays which allows
segregation of waste at source and the strict implementation of the city with its “No
Segregation, No Collection Policy”. This policy is in consonance with the City
Ordinance No. 2008-287 which provides the waste segregation at source and collection
system, an important Key Legal Provisions (KLPs) of RA 9003. This new system is in
compliance to Environmental Compliance Audit being implemented for LGUs within
the Manila Bay Watershed Area. Based on second quarterly report on DILG’s
Environmental Compliance Audit (ECA), the city’s compliance rate on waste
segregation is only 39% but went up to almost 89% during the third quarterly ECA
Report which was computed during the policy implementation stage.
In support to the Ynares Ecosystem for Cleaning, Greening and Recycling,
CEWMO implemented in 2014 the set-up of Material Recovery Facilities (MRFs) thru
the accreditation of Junkshops to operate an MRF. The system involves the collection
of recyclable materials from the different target sectors by the authorized scrap
collectors in the established MRFs operating in the area. The collected recyclables will
be weighed and documented by MRF operators. CEWMO used monitoring form for
the documentation of the wastes diverted for disposal. SWM recorded a total of
3,447,413.11 kilograms or 3,447.41 tons of wastes from these MRFs. Also, CEWMO
implemented the Waterways Clean Up, Development and Restoration Program in the
city. CEWMO facilitated several multi-sectoral massive cleanup drive operations.
In addition, part of the waste management program of the City is compost
processing.
It includes the operation and maintenance of the Bioreactor or the Composting
Equipment. This unit is especially designed for recycling biodegradable wastes

generated by markets and other establishments into soil conditioners or organic
fertilizers.
Table 10: List of Material Recover Facilities (MRF)
There are thirteen (13) Materials Recovery Facility (MRF) situated in seven
barangays of the City. MRF serves as the establishment that receives and segregates
garbage as well as prepares recyclable materials for other beneficial or income
generating uses. The MRF should ideally be located near the source of waste, in order
to lessen the volume of garbage that will be brought to the dumpsite. Some MRFs such
as the one in Dalig practice composting of waste to produce organic fertilizers. Dalig
MRF also produces pavers (similar to bricks) from pulverized hard plastic and other
souvenir items out of newspaper, tetrapack, etc.

Drainage and Sewage
Antipolo has no common sewerage system. Instead, residents use individual septic
tanks. Antipolo’s drainage system is a combination of concrete pipes and open canals.
Open canals are easier to clean than concrete pipes, which are more prone to clogging.
Regular cleaning of these canals should be encouraged to prevent debris from
accumulating. Open canals are common in the Poblacion and along roads leading to
lower Antipolo. Moreover, it was noted that the old drainage system is not functional
anymore due to clogging.
Among the city’s recent projects that addressed the said problems on drainage
system were the improvements of canals located at P. Oliveros Street and the Provincial
Road from Robinsons Homes to Dalig High School and to other part of the city.
Transportation
Antipolo City is linked to Metro Manila by three major national roads: Sumulong
Highway, the Marikina-Infanta Road (MIR), and the Ortigas Extension from the south.
All except the MIR lead to the poblacion. The MIR traverses through central Antipolo
and extends further east to Tanay.
Other major roads that link Antipolo with its neighbors are the Provincial Road
which links Antipolo to Teresa, and M.L. Quezon St. which extends southward to
Angono. The road network in the Poblacion is a hybrid of the circumferential-radial

road system and the grid system. The circumferential Road, M.L. Quezon St., P.
Oliveros St. and the Sumulong St. usually experience traffic because of the presence of
tricycles and jeepneys.
Below is the inventory of roads in Antipolo City. 75.2 kms. were categorized as
city roads, 57.7 kms. are national roads, 31.4 kms. are provincial roads and 36.3 kms
are farm-to-market roads. In terms of percentages, city roads comprise 37.46%,
national roads cover 28.7%, provincial roads consist of 15.67% and farm-tomarket
roads compose 18.18% of the roads in the City.
Map 10: Antipolo City Road Network Map from the Antipolo City Planning & Development Office
67.7% of the roads in the City are fully concreted. Other roads have portions that
are gravel, concrete paver, dilapidated or without improvements (earth). Among the
four categories, only the national roads are completely concrete. A big portion (42.1%)
of the farm-to-market roads in the city is still undeveloped.
It is important to note that this inventory does not include the barangay roads and
some inner roads in private subdivisions that were donated to the city.
There are ten (10) national bridges, five (5) provincial bridges, thirty (30) city
bridges and ten (10) barangay bridges in Antipolo City, for a total of fifty-five (55)
bridges spanning a length of 954.55 linear meters. Most of these bridges are located in
the western section of the City where the urban areas are found.
Various means of public transportation are available in Antipolo. Inter-city
transportation is provided by buses, FXs and jeepneys. The EMBC bus line takes the
Ortigas extension route leading to Manila. The EMBC terminal is located in P. Oliveros
St. along the Marikina Infanta Road. There is a jeepney route from Marikina to Paenaan
in Brgy. San Jose. The terminal at Paenaan is the eastern most terminal for jeepneys
coming from Metro Manila.
Jeepneys are more numerous and connect the city with Mandaluyong, Quezon City,
Morong and Tanay through various routes. FX service is available from the Poblacion
to Crossing in Mandaluyong, to Ayala in Makati and to Cubao, Quezon City. Within
the Poblacion, tricycles are the most accessible mode of public transport.
In the far-flung barangays of Calawis, San Jose and San Luis, jeepneys and
minitrucks are available on a limited basis. These vehicles have highly limited
schedules in a week and the number of turnabout is not as numerous. Thus, overloading
becomes inevitable which may be dangerous to passengers. In Sitio Pinugay, there is a
terminal located southwest of Foremost Farm, where jeepneys bound for Baras are
stationed.
Disaster Risk Reduction Management
Map 11: Antipolo City Hazard Map from the Antipolo City Planning & Development Office
The Geohazard Assessment Team of the Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB) of
the DENR conducted a survey in the City in March 2012 to identify areas that are
susceptible to flood and landslide with the corresponding recommendations specific to

each barangay. Below are the parameters used by the Geohazard Assessment Team
during the survey/assessment:
Table 11: Landslide Susceptibility Parameters

Table 12: Flood Susceptibility Parameters
Based on this recent Study by the DENR-MGB, the table below shows the results
of its landslide assessment:

Table 13: Landslide Assessment Results
Based on this recent Study by the DENR-MGB, Table below shows the results of
its Flood Hazard assessment:
Table 14: Flood Hazard Assessment Results
The geographical and geological features of Antipolo City expose its communities
to several natural and human-induced hazards. Antipolo City had its share of disaster
experiences such as the landslide at Cherry Hills Subd, Brgy. San Luis in 1999,
considered as one of the worst human-induced landslide in the country. These hazards,
both natural and human-induced, cause physical constraints in the development of the
City.
The Table below has been adopted from the draft study by the NEDA, UNDP and
AusAid to measure the likelihood of hazard occurrence in the City.
Table 15: Likelihood Score Table
These indicators will determine the degree of risks and the kind of measures to be
formulated or adopted to address said hazards. In addition, these indicators guide policy
and/or decision-makers, particularly the local chief executive, to determine the threats
based on the frequency of the identified hazards. It would be noted though, that the City
has no available data yet relative to geologic hazards and their occurrences. The data
indicated in this CLUP section pertaining to climate change and some of the
vulnerability analysis on flood and rain-induced landslide were based on the Study
undertaken by the Provincial Planning & Development Office titled RIZAL
PROVINCE: Consequence & Vulnerability Analysis, Risk Estimation and Risk
Evaluation.
Table 16: Likelihood of Occurrence of Hazards
In a study conducted by the Provincial Planning & Development Office (PPDO) of
the Province of Rizal, it was mentioned that between 1998 and 2010, there was an
average 17.23 typhoons that occurred in the country. Though, an average of 25
typhoons occurred in 2003 and 2004.
In the province of Rizal, there is an average of at least one typhoon directly hitting
the province within an interval of two years. Typhoon Florita that occurred in July 2006
brought heavy rains and triggered landslides in many parts of Rizal especially in the
low-lying municipalities. In September of that same year, Typhoon Milenyo struck
CALABARZON and the NCR, said to be one of the strongest that ever occurred in the
region. Typhoon Chedeng brought heavy rains that caused heavy flooding in the low-
lying areas of the province particularly in the municipalities of Cainta, San Mateo and
Montalban and some low-lying parts of Antipolo City. In September 2009, Typhoon
Ondoy was reported to be the worst and most devastating weather disturbance that ever
occurred in the Region for more than 30 years that resulted in heavy downpours and
flooding.
Based on the same study by the PPDO, it was reported that Antipolo City has a total
of 728.02 hectares that are highly susceptible areas (HAS) to flooding and 219.5
hectares that are moderately susceptible (MSA). In these areas, a total population of
11,479 comprising 5,717 and 5,761 persons are estimated to be affected, respectively.
On the other hand, based on the MGB assessment, these highly susceptible areas
are “likely to experience flood heights of greater than 1.5 meters and/or flood duration
of more than three days”. Said areas are prone to flashfloods and/or also immediately
flooded during heavy rains of several hours. In areas that are moderately susceptible,
“flood heights of .05 to 1.5 meters and/or flood duration of one to three days” are likely
to occur. Flooding in these areas is experienced during a prolonged and extensive
rainfall.
In terms of rain-induced landslide, Antipolo City’s topography and/or geologic
structure are considered as important factors for its occurrence. The City is generally
hilly and mountainous with the hilly portions lying in the west and the mountainous
areas concentrated in the east as part of the Sierra Madre Mountain Range. Well-
watered valleys are located in the middle of the city and in the northern and southern
edges. Plateaus of over 200 meters above sea level are seen in the western half of the
City, including the site of the Poblacion and portions of Brgys. Cupang and San Juan.
In the eastern half, these are seen in Brgys. Calawis and San Jose overlooking the Boso-
Boso River Valley to the west. In terms of slope, the 0-18% gradients comprise
23,871.82 hectares or 62% of the city's total land area. These areas are suited for
agriculture and urban use and abound in the eastern half of the City along the length of
the Boso-Boso River and the Pintong Bocaue area (Brgy. San Juan) at the middle of
the City. The 18-50% slopes totaling 14,344.94 hectares or 37.3% are scattered all over
the landscape and are good for silviculture or orchards. The above 50% gradients
occupy only 999.68 hectares and occurring as patches in the southern and northern
portions near the mid-section of the City.
The unstable slopes, amount and intensity of rainfall and the type of soil in many
areas are likely considered as factors in the City’s vulnerability to landslides. The Study
made by the PPDO indicated that highly susceptible areas (HAS) to landslide cover
14,973.91 hectares; moderately susceptible areas (MSA), 13,180.74; and low
susceptible areas (LSA), 5,163.13 hectares. The rest of the city’s total area is not
susceptible to landslide at all. This covers an area of 5,186.66. The estimated total
population that would be potentially affected is roughly 633,763 spreads over highly,
moderately and low susceptibility areas.
In the area of agriculture, the PPDO Study did not have data on the potentially flood
affected agricultural areas in Antipolo City. However, there is a total of 2,557.28
hectares of agricultural areas that are susceptible to rain-induced landslide. Of this total,
396.76 are highly susceptible, 1,249.30 are moderately susceptible and 911.22 are low
susceptible areas. The City is one of the three most susceptible areas in the province of
Rizal in terms of agricultural size, next to Pililla and Tanay, respectively. Thus, it is
one among the three LGUs that have to be given top priority for sound technical
interventions. These interventions may include slope stabilization technology,
reforestation, and other similar mitigation measures.

The PPDO Study used three measures to assess the vulnerability of the agriculture
sector in the province of Rizal. These are sensitivity, exposure and adaptive capacity.
The study defined sensitivity as “the degree to which a system responds to a change in
climatic conditions”. In the sensitivity analysis, the criteria used are the presence of
rivers/streams, dependence on irrigation and duration of drought. For Antipolo City, its
stream and river systems are not susceptible to temperature or climate change based on
its rating of 0.06 which is considered low susceptibility. The presence of several rivers,
streams, and other water bodies results to lesser impact of drought in the agricultural
production of the City. Relative to the sensitivity criterion on dependence on irrigation,
Antipolo City got a rating of 0.09 which was considered as very low since the City has
less than 10% of agricultural areas that are dependent on irrigation. This means that the
City’s agricultural lands have low risk of being affected by climate change and its
corresponding hazards.
In terms of the measure of exposure, the PPDO Study defined it as “the extent of
the ecosystem and/or human settlements as well as the types and values of assets that
are at risk or most likely to be affected by climate change and its attendant hazards”.
The Study pointed out that Antipolo City got a very low rating of 0.08 which means
that the city’s production areas are not at risk and the impact of drought had not been
felt much during its last two occurrences in the province.
Relative to the City’s adaptive capacity, meaning “the general ability of institutions,
systems, and individuals to adjust to potential harms such as climate change”, the
PPDO Study showed that Antipolo City got a rating of 0.12 in its small scale irrigation
program; 0.12 in crop diversification practices; 0.15 in livelihood diversification; and
another 0.15 in cloud seeding program. This means a “very high” adaptive capacity of
the City in connection with the aforementioned programs and practices which reflect
its low susceptibility to the adverse effects of climate change or variability. However,
the City’s Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office (DRRMO) should take
cognizance of this PPDO Study and should still take precautionary measures by
educating vulnerable groups in high risk communities to make them more aware and
prepared for whatever worst case scenario that comes their way as a result of the effects
of climate change.
Among the priority areas for disaster risk reduction and mitigation, the City’s
DRRMO focuses on the following:
1) Disaster Prevention and Mitigation
This includes avoidance of hazards and mitigation of potential impacts by
reducing vulnerabilities and exposure, and enhancing the adaptive capacities of
communities within the City.
2) Disaster Preparedness
This covers the establishment and strengthening of the communities’ adaptive
capacity to anticipate, cope and recover from the negative impacts of disaster
occurrences.
3) Disaster Response
This includes provision of the basic subsistence needs of affected population
based on acceptable standards during or immediately after the occurrence of a
disaster.
4) Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery
This includes restoration and improvement of facilities in the communities
improvement and/upgrading of livelihood and living conditions of affected families;
organizational capacities of affected communities; and reduce disaster risk in
accordance with the “building back better” principle.
4.2.7 LAND USE CLASSIFICATION
Map 12: Antipolo City General Land Use Map from the Antipolo City Planning & Development Office
Residential
In Antipolo, three types of residential sub-zones have been identified, namely, low-
density (R-1), medium-density (R-2), and high-density (R-3) housing. These three
types of residential densities are possible in Antipolo due to its large size and the
existence of underdeveloped areas that are suitable to these types of development. The
low-density (R-1) housing sub-zone has a density ranging from 1 to 20 dwelling units
per hectare, characterized mainly by single family and single detached dwellings with
the usual community ancillary uses on a neighborhood scale and relatively exclusive
subdivisions as well as compatible support of permitted uses and institutional facilities.
Low density residential communities can be found in Brgys. Mambugan (Parkridge
Subd.), Sta. Cruz (Town & Country), Bagong Nayon (Forest Hills), San Roque
(Mission Hills, Don Enrique, Crestview 2, Grandheights Subd.), Beverly Hills and De
la Paz (Fairmount Subd., Victory Valley).
The medium-density (R-2) housing sub-zone has a population density ranging from
21 to 65 dwelling units per hectare and is intended for low and medium-rise dwellings
consisting of apartments, boarding houses and dormitories, in addition to R-1 uses, with
the usual community auxiliary uses on a neighborhood scale. This residential category
can be seen in Brgys. Mayamot, Cupang, Mambugan, Munting Dilao, Sta.Cruz, Dela
Paz, Beverly Hills, San Roque, Dalig, San Isidro, San Jose, San Luis, Inarawan, Bagong
Nayon and San Juan. Most of the sub-zone is already built-up.
The high-density (R-3) sub-zone has a density of 66 or more dwelling units per
hectare as well as condominiums, pension houses, hometels and apartelles with

community auxiliary uses which are increasingly commercial in scale. This residential
category can be seen in Brgys. Cupang, Mayamot, Mambugan, Munting Dilao, Sta.
Cruz, De la Paz, San Roque, Dalig, San Jose, San Isidro, San Luis, Inarawan, (specially
the relocation site), San Juan and Bagong Nayon.
Socialized Housing Zone – This zone shall be used principally for socialized
housing/dwelling purposes for the underprivileged and homeless as defined in RA 7279
or the Urban Development and Housing Act of 1992. A future socialized housing site
in Sitio Abuyod has been identified or indicated in the proposed Plan. Also included in
this category are areas designated as resettlement under the Community Mortgage
Program (CMP) and existing relocation sites in Brgys. Mayamot, San Luis, San Juan,
Dalig, San Jose, Dela Paz, Bagong Nayon, Inarawan, San Isidro, San Luis, San Juan,
Mambugan, Sta. Cruz, and Cupang.
Commercial
Two types of commercial land uses have been designated for Antipolo – the minor
commercial (C-1) and the major commercial (C-2) areas. The minor commercial (C-1)
sub-zone is marked by quasi-commercial and residential establishments engaged in
retail trade and service industries performing supplementary functions to the major
commercial area. The minor commercial land use has been designated in four growth
centers in the study area. The first is in the Poblacion surrounding the Antipolo Catholic
Cathedral bounded by the Sen. Juan Sumulong Memorial Circle (Old Circumferential
Road) and jutting out along E. Rodriguez Ave., the Provincial Road, M.L.Quezon St.
Extn. and Sumulong Hi-way. The second C-1 occurs along the Marikina-Infanta Road
(Marcos Hi-way), for a couple of kilometer stretch from Marikina City boundary
towards east to Masinag Market. The third C-1 section is along Sumulong Hi-way in
Brgy. Mayamot, from Marikina City boundary towards southwest to Masinag
Market.The fourth C-1 area is around the Marcos Highway – Alfelor Ave. junction
(COGEO Gate 2). The fifth C-1 is around the Proposed City Government Center in
Sitio Cabading, Brgy. San Inarawan along Sapinit Road going to Kambal - Maarat and
couple of kilometers along Marcos Highway. A detailed description of this sub-zone
can be found in the City Zoning Ordinance.
The major commercial (C-2) sub-zone or the Central Business District (CBD) is an
area where land values are highest and commercial activity is intense particularly in
terms of retail and wholesale trade, professional, financial and related services as well
as recreational activities. Two major commercial subzones have been identified for the
city: one is in Antipolo City proper south of the Antipolo Catholic Church along M.L.
Quezon (Shopwise Vicinity). The second CBD is in Brgy. Mayamot, around the
Marcos-Sumulong Highway junction with Masinag Market. A detailed description of
this sub-zone can be found in the City Zoning Ordinance.
Institutional
The Institutional Zone (Insti-Z) includes local government, educational, health,
religious, civic and cultural facilities and structures. This zone is composed of existing
and proposed establishments scattered all over the urban zone and occupying only
small areas. Most of them are located close to and surrounding the Poblacion, with the
center being the City Hall and the Cathedral. Others are also located in different
barangays in the City. The government center complex, a Plan Unit Development (PUD)
will be located in an elevated area in Sitio Cabading, Brgy. Inarawan, where public
buildings have a commanding view of the city.
Antipolo provides free health services through its 32 Health Centers located all over
the City. All barangays in Antipolo have at least one barangay health center with Dela
Paz and San Jose having the most, with four (4) each. There are also three (3) private
hospitals and two (2) public hospitals in the city. In addition, there are 47 private
medical clinics and 18 optical clinics.
The Education Division of Antipolo City comprises seven (7) school districts:
District 1-A, 1- B and 1-C; District II-A, II-B, II-C and II-D. The City’s public
education system is provided by one hundred ninety five (195) day care centers, twelve
(12) preschools, forty one (41) elementary schools and eighteen (18) secondary schools.
Student population for elementary is 84,852 and 40,769 for high school. In SY 2010-
2011, average classroom to student ratio for public elementary and secondary levels is
1:52 and 1:66 respectively, at 2 sessions per day. There are sixteen (16) colleges and
universities in the City, fifteen (15) of which are private-owned. The University of
Rizal System-Antipolo is the only public tertiary school in the City.
The City Government maintains peace and order through its police and barangay
forces. There is one main police headquarters in the Circumferential Road (Brgy. San
Jose) and seven (7) police sub-stations in strategic locations. The lack of police force
is augmented by barangay tanods in every barangay. In 2008, there are 192 sitio
outposts in the City with Bagong Nayon (35), Mayamot (30) and San Roque (25)
having the most outposts. There are three (3) fire stations and one (1) city jail in
Antipolo.
Industrial
The existing industrial zone in the city is only about 114 hectares and is situated in
Brgy. Inarawan and Barangay San Jose, on the midsection of the City. Industries such
as Wrigley’s and RC Cola are located along Marikina-Infanta Road. To boost economic
activity and jobs generation in Antipolo, 145.14 hectares of industrial and 2,015.35
hectares of agro-industrial land uses are proposed in Sitio Paenaan, and Sitio Pinugay,
in Barangay San Jose, respectively. Both existing and proposed industrial and agro-
industrial zones are flat lands (0-3% slope) and have an elevation ranging from 175-
240 meters above sea level.
Light industrial zones or I-1 cover those industries that are non-pollutive/non-
hazardous and non-pollutive/hazardous. Medium industrial zones cover those
industries that are pollutive or hazardous, as well as those manufacturing products for
regional consumption.
Agro-Industrial
This zone covers areas devoted specifically to industrial uses that are derived from
agricultural resources and other compatible uses. The City’s agro-industrial activities
are presently found in Brgy. San Jose, southeast of Antipolo. This almost 170-hectare
flat land is host to prominent piggery and poultry businesses such as Robina Farms,
Foremost and ELB. Large tracks of contiguous lands with a total area of about 2,000
hectares in Sitio Pinugay, Brgy. San Jose have been identified for expansion of agro-
industrial uses. Its high elevation ranging from 200-450 meters above sea level provides
suitable climate for this type of industry.
Agricultural
Antipolo’s prime agricultural lands are situated in Sitio Pinugay and Sitio Pantay,
Barangay San Jose, southeast of the city. These 1,834.58 hectares of land have a slope
of 0-3% and an elevation ranging from 55-300 meters above sea level. They are utilized
for rice production, corn production, vegetable production, and fruit production. But
some of these agricultural areas are underutilized. Out of the total agricultural areas,
908 hectares covers the CARP or 49.50% of the entire agricultural areas.
PUD
The Planned Unit Development (PUD) is a land development scheme where the
project site is planned or developed comprehensively as an entity by way of a unitary
site plan that allows flexibility in planning, design, siting of building, complementation
of building types and land use, and the preservation of significant natural land features.
PUD in the proposed land use plan of Antipolo City pertains to the Antipolo City
Government Center and the 14-ha. area owned by Robinson’s Land Corporation at the
corner of Sumulong Highway and Circumferential Road. The Government Center
comprises mixed used development with three major components: Government Center,
Mixed Used Development (Commercial) and a housing site.
Mining
The mining zone (MZ) is scattered in small patches within the urban zone. They
are either construction/rock aggregate, lime and silica, and marble mining sites in Brgys.
San Jose, lnarawan, Cupang, Bagong Nayon and San Luis. Most of the mining sites are
found along north and south of the Marikina-Infanta Road, although there is a big
mining concession of Solid Cement near Sitio Tagbak, Brgy. San Jose. This zone
encompasses an area of approximately 652 hectares.
The non-metallic aggregate quarrying industry likewise thrives and supplies around
60% of the aggregate construction material needs of Metro Manila. There are six (6)
mining and quarrying companies in Antipolo.
The mining industry in Antipolo consists of a number of large companies which
cater to the construction demands of Metro Manila while providing employment to
many residents of the city. Contracts with these companies are expected to expire by
2021 and 2032.
Parks and Recreation
This zone is scattered in areas in the Poblacion and in Barangay San Juan,
Mambugan and Bagong Nayon . These areas are usually parks that also serve as play
area for outdoor activities such as sports, hobbies and the like. This zone includes the
Sumulong Park, Ynares Sports Complex, Golf Course located at Brgy San Juan and
Mambugan, Camping Sites at Brgy San Jose and Helipad at Bagong Nayon.
Tourism
The Tourism Zone (TZ) covers those sites within the City that are endowed with
natural or man-made physical attributes and resources that are conducive to
recreation/leisure, cultural heritage, and religious activities. These sites are scattered in
areas in the Poblacion and other parts of the City particulary in Barangays San Roque,
Dela Paz and San Luis. They are areas that are known for their historical significance,
religious beliefs, natural land formation and distinct features. Included in the Tourism
Zone are the well known National Shrine of Our Lady of Peace and Good Voyage,
Hinulugang Taktak Falls, Mystical Cave and other natural and man-made tourism sites
within the City.
Forest Protection Zone
The protection forest zone (PTFZ) includes the whole Marikina Watershed in Brgys.
Calawis, San Juan and San Jose which by law should be automatically declared a
protection forest zone because of its ecologically fragile character. Also included in
this zone are the small patches of land with slopes above 50 percent in the urban zone.
This zone should be left alone for such non-intrusive uses as wildlife sanctuary, water
flow storage and regulation, climate moderation, soil erosion prevention and biotic
gene pool repository. This zone occupies 18,408.05 hectares based on the actual use as
reflected on the zoning map of the City.
The Protection Forest Zone includes the Strict Protection Zone, the Proposed Buffer
Zone and the Biodiversity Corridor as indicated in the Upper Marikina River Basin
Protected Landscape by virtue of Presidential Proclamation no. 296 dated November
24, 2011.
Forest Production
This zone covers those areas between 18 and 50 per cent in slope and can be devoted
to multiple uses such as orchards, silviculture, grazing, tourism and recreation activities
and other compatible uses. This zone should be subjected to the development
regulations for forest zones drawn up by DENR which observe sustainable
development principles. Included in this zone are areas within and outside the Marikina
Watershed, with those within the watershed requiring more careful and less intensive
use.
Cemetery
The Cemetery Zone (Cem-Z) covers those of public and private graveyards and
aboveground burial areas found adjacent to the commercial areas in the Poblacion,
Brgy. San Roque. This zone is approximately 1.5 hectares spread over three cemeteries,
two of which are privately-managed and the third is the public Catholic Cemetery. Also
included in this category are memorial parks located in Brgys. San Jose, San Roque,
Santa Cruz and San Juan. A 1.2 hectare public cemetery is located in Sitio Pantay in
the New Boso-Boso area and another 1-hectare public cemetery in the Old Boso-Boso
where an additional one hectare is devoted for future expansion. A total of 124 hectares
or about 0.32% increase has been proposed for cemeteries and memorial parks.
Sanitary Landfill
The existing Sanitary Landfill area covers a total of 10 hectares situated in Sitio
Tanza 1, Brgy. San Jose. This is the only sanitary landfill site as indicated in the land
use and zoning maps of the City.
Water
The Water Zone (WZ) covers the entire water body system in the City which
includes rivers, streams, lakes and creeks. These bodies of water are reflected on the
zoning map as part of the open space network that serve essential purposes for domestic
water sources, for recreation, floatage and transportation and even as buffer strips for
conflicting land uses.
Utilities
This zone covers areas where utilities are specifically located such as MERALCO
substations, Manila Water, and Philcomsat Relay Stations. Also included in this zone
are telecommunication towers and/or cell sites.

4.3 MICROSITE ANALYSIS AND JUSTIFICATION
4.3.1 SITE SELECTION CRITERIA
Antipolo was chosen as the ideal location for the proposed facility due to its balance
of rural and urban features. It is close enough to the National Capital Region to give
easy access to majority of its market. As a city, it has adequate utility and transportation
services. Most importantly, its natural features will aid in the natural healing design
needed for the project.
Three sites were proposed for the project: Site A along Daang Bakal Road in Brgy
Dela Paz, Site B along Sun Valley Drive in Brgy. San Juan, and Site C along the
Provincial Road to Teresa in Brgy. Dalig. The proposed sites were evaluated based on
the following criteria:
Buildability – Consideration of geology, topography, environmental, and related
issues.
Accessibility – Site Characteristic that permits users to reach the area within a
reasonable time frame, and without being impeded by physical, social, or economic
barriers.
Service – Site must be able to receive and send large crated and uncrated objects
safely and efficiently; provision area for trash dumpsters and temporary parking for
other smaller delivery and service vehicles.
Parking – Nearby public parking; possibility of sharing parking with nearby
businessess/ establishments that have different peak hours.

Visibility – From transportation routes and from other people places such as other
attractions and shopping destinations.
Identity – Extent to which the project will be able to establish or maintain a clear
identity.
The following are the proposed sites A, B, and C. Each site is presented through an
image taken from Google Earth. The site boundaries are indicated with each image.
Finally, each proposed site is evaluated and scored according to the aforementioned
site selection criteria. The highest scoring site shall be chosen as the site for the
proposed mental health facility. The proposed sites are as follows:
SITE A
Map 13: Proposed 5.3-hectare site along Daang Bakal Rd. in Brgy. Dela Paz; Map from Google Earth
SITE B
Map 14: Proposed 3-hectare site along Sun Valley Drive in Brgy. San Juan; Map from Google Earth
SITE C
Map 15: Proposed 4.3-hectare site along Provincial Road to Teresa in Brgy. Dalig; Map from Google Earth
CRITERIA WEIGHT SITE A SITE B SITE C

Buildability – Consideration of geology,
20 10 15 20
topography, environmental, and related issues.
Accessibility – Site Characteristic that permits
users to reach the area within a reasonable time
20 12 18 15
frame, and without being impeded by physical,
social, or economic barriers.
Service – Site must be able to receive and send
large crated and uncrated objects safely and
efficiently; provision area for trash dumpsters and 20 20 20 20
temporary parking for other smaller delivery and
service vehicles.
Parking – Nearby public parking; possibility of
sharing parking with nearby businesses or 15 12 10 10
establishments that have different peak hours.
Visibility – From transportation routes and from
other people places such as other attractions and 15 12 10 13
shopping destinations.
Identity – Extent to which the project will be able
10 10 10 10
to establish or maintain a clear identity.
TOTAL 100 76 83 88
Table 17: Site Selection
4.3.2 SITE DESCRIPTION
GENERAL SITE INFO:

Total Lot Area: 4.36 ha
Location: Provincial Road to
Teresa, Barangay Dalig,
Antipolo City, Province of
Rizal, Region IV-A
CALABARZON
Site Zoning: Institutional
Zone (Insti-Z)
Vistas: Mountain Ranges in
Antipolo City
Slope: 6%, 2%, 1%
Floor Lot Area Ratio: 2.18
Setbacks: 5 meters (Front); 2
meters (Sides & Rear)
Allowable Maximum
Building Footprint
(AMBF): 2.63 ha
Percentage of Site
Occupancy (PSO): 50%
Maximum Allowable ISA
(Paved Open Spaces): 20%
Map 16: Map of Chosen Site from Google Earth Minimum USA (Unpaved
Open Spaces): 30%
Total Open Space within
Lot (TOSL): 50%
The chosen site for the proposed psychiatric facility is an irregularly shaped 4.36-
hectare land along Provincial Road to Teresa in Barangay Dalig, Antipolo City. It is
owned by Manila Electric Co. (MERALCO) and is zoned as an institutional zone (Insti-
Z) according to the approved City Ordinance No. 2013-541a, otherwise known as the
Ordinance Adopting the Revised Zoning Ordinance of the City of Antipolo. The site
was chosen as it fulfills the requirements based on the site criteria. The following
evaluation explains why it scored highest out of the three proposed sites:
Buildability – The steep is subtle at a 1-6% grade. Out of all the options, this site
has the least disruptive topographical features and is safest for the patients.
Accessibility – Site is a ten-minute drive from Sumulong Highway and a fifteen to
twenty-minute drive from Ortigas Extention.
Service – The site can be accessed through a road wide enough to accommodate
large crated and uncrated objects safely and efficiently and has space for for trash
dumpsters and temporary parking for other smaller delivery and service vehicles.
Parking – The site has enough space for a parking lot. However, it does not show
potential for sharing a parking lot with nearby establishments.
Visibility – The site is close to major tourist destinations in Antipolo. It is most
seen by local residents, students of the nearby Dalig National High School, owners of
nearby establishments, and those traveling to and from upper Antipolo and beyond.
Identity – Site is dense with existing landscape, ideal for healing.

4.3.3 ADJACENT BUILDINGS



 


 
 



Earth
Map 17: Vicinity Map; Map from Google
The site is surrounded mostly by residential areas. Right across Provincial Road is
St. Judith Hills Executive Village (A), a private subdivision. Its western side is bounded
by San Antinio Village (B). To its southeast is a land labeled as MADCOR Farm (C).
The rest of the site is surrounded by St. Alexandra Estates (D) of Avida Communities.
Other nearby residential areas include St. Bernice Estates (E) and Villa Eloisa (F).
Almost immediately to the north is Dalig National High School (G). To the west is
San Antonio de Padua Parish Church (H) within San Antonio Village. The rest of
Provincial Road is lined with private establishments such as Gabs Eatery, Barangay
Burger, Mhel’s Bakery, JFB Tire Supply and Battery Suply, CMJ Aluminum and Glass,
Super Solid Construction Supply, K Shine Enterprises, C. Cruz Enterprise & Hardware
Supply, Jocson Woodworks Trading, and Security Bank. The nearest hospital is the
Rizal Provincial Hospital System Antipolo Annex II (I) a kilometer away from the site.
4.3.4 NATURAL FEATURES
The site is abundant with shrubbery and brushwood. The ground is barely sloped,
almost flat at 1% to no more than a 6% gradient. Barely ninety (90) meters of the
irregularly shaped site is exposed to the public through the Provincial Road; with the
rest of the site protected by a firewall, the site is granted privacy.

Map 18: Antipolo City Hazard Map from the Antipolo City Planning & Development Office
EAST
VALLEY
FAULT
LINE



Map 19: Earthquake Hazard Map from Project Tremors of instigator.io
According to the Antipolo City Hazard map, the sitio of San Antonio to the west of
the site is a flood-prone area. However, the site is not as it is protected by the firewall.
The site is 12.8 km from the nearest fault line, the West Valley Fault.
4.3.5 ACCESSIBILITY AND TRANSPORTATION
The site is a ten-minute drive from Sumulong Highway and a fifteen to twenty-
minute drive from Ortigas Extention. It is relatively close to major destinations such as
the Our Lady of Peace and Good Voyage Cathedral. Located along the Provincial Road
to Teresa, the site is most seen by local residents, students of the nearby Dalig National
High School, owners of nearby establishments, and those traveling to and from upper
Antipolo and beyond. It is easily accessed through public and private transportation.
4.3.6 ANALYSIS AND JUSTIFICATION
STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES
 Abundant existing greenery  Not immediately accessible from
 Close to important landmarks major highways
 More than 4 hectares of land
 The immediate vicinity is not too
urbanized; peaceful enough for a
healing environment
OPPORTUNITIES THREATS
 Vast land area gives ample space  A sprawling layout in such a
for various facilities large, irregularly shaped site may
 Proximity to nearby landmarks, prove difficult to navigate in
destinations, and municipalities emergency situations
can spread awareness about the
facility
 Natural environment is optimal
for healing design
Table 18: SWOT Analysis
As the strengths and opportunities far outweigh the threats and weaknesses, the site
is eligible for the proposed facility.

CHAPTER 5: Project Profile and Analysis
5.1 PROJECT PROFILE
5.1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND
The National Women's Village for Psychiatric Rehabilitation is a custodial
psychiatric care center which includes outpatient psychiatric care and alternative
therapeutic services. The alternative psychiatric care involves a recreational park to
maximize the patient's rehabilitation. The project introduces a variety of healing
activities, from the typical psychiatric programs from institutions to alternative
coping mechanisms. This renews the image of psychiatric care in the Philippines:
services and facilities that are more sensitive to the human experience.
5.1.2 VISION
The National Women’s Village envisions itself to be a pioneer in mental health
service in the Philippines. Through its commitment to operating in service to
women’s welfare, the facility sees itself as the following:
1. An important player in improving the perception regarding mental health and
its treatments for recovery in the Philippines;
2. A prime example of gender equality and woman empowerment; and
3. The optimal venue where patients and professionals alike can grow together
into their best physical, emotional, and psychological states.

5.1.3 MISSION
In order to achieve its vision of optimum restorative mental health service, the
National Women’s Village dedicates itself to providing the following:
1. Adequate and effective individualized programs that ensure the psychiatric
rehabilitation of each patient;
2. Activities that open opportunities for women to assert themselves as
autonomous, powerful, and competent individuals; and,
3. A holistic experiential approach to healthcare service, responding directly to
the biopsychosocial needs of the patients, service providers, patients’ families,
and the local community.
5.2 COMPANY PROFILE
Metro Psych Facility is a full-service institution centered on patient welfare and
recovery. Their strong emphasis on cognitive redevelopment best enables the patients'
rehabilitation and reintegration into society. It is manned by round-the-clock staff
composed of trained professional nurses and nursing attendants, with both seasoned and
new psychiatrists taking practice in their facility. Metro Psych takes pride in providing a
balanced treatment program that takes into account the individual’s need for both contact
with others and privacy, as well as assistance, therapy, and skills development to contribute
to the achievement of a fulfilling life outside the institution. Patients who have been
isolated are encouraged to extend themselves to others to learn to ask for help and grow
together. With such skills, they develop a social network that allows a sense of belonging
and acceptance. With this evolves a sense of family and community that may extend
beyond a patient’s stay in the Metro Psych Facility.51
5.2.1 HISTORY
Metro Psych Facility is the actualization of the dream of a group of psychiatrists:
Metro Psychiatry Incorporated (MPI). They established Metro Psych Facility so that
they may be able to provide alternative care for individuals in need of psychiatric
treatment and rehabilitation. Majority of its Board of Directors, being experts in the
field of psychiatry, have been involved in advocacy and provision of mental health
services as a group and as individuals even before Metro Psychiatry Inc. was formally
registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission in February 24, 1999. Most
of the members of the Board of Directors worked and are still connected with the
National Center for Mental Health in Mandaluyong. They have seen how psychiatric
patients are treated in the NCMH and how the patients were rejected by society and
their own families. A patient is regarded as a nuisance and a burden. Some families
even wished them dead. This may be because when psychiatric patients at the height
of their symptoms, of them become physically violent.52
51
Metro Psych Facility. (2012). About Us: Metro Psych Facility. Retrieved 25 August 2017, from Metro
Psych Facility: http://metropsych.net/about-us/what-is-metropsych/
52
When Metro Psych Facility was created, the professionals made sure not to include
the practices that they did not like in NCMH. The facility was designed spaciously to
avoid instilling a sense of punishment and improsonment upon the patients. The staff
were screened carefully on their views on mental illness, none of whom had history of
working in any psychiatric hospital. The staff were patiently trained to strictly followed
the service MPI envisioned. They wanted their patients to see their facility as a refuge
where they can stay in times of crises brought about by pressures from work and family.
The values of honesty, loyalty, respect and love for their family were instilled in the
new staff. MPI wanted their patients to be treated properly so that they may view their
admission at the facility as a positive experience where they can feel relieved of their
symptoms. They believe that psychiatric patients are still capable of leading a normal
life only if their psychiatric symptoms are controlled. They envision a facility that
provides activities to slowly integrate them back to their family and society in general.53
Metro Psych Facility also involves patients' families in the treatment process for
them to fully understand their patient. Families should be educated on the nature of the
psychiatric illness of their loved ones so that they are ready to identify and deal with
future relapses, as this is inevitable. 54
Metro Psych Facility initially catered to both psychiatric and substance abuse
patients, but the set-up was not helping either type of patients. The substance abusers
53
54
made fun of the psychiatric patients and at the same time they grew bored as the
program being implemented was for the psychiatric patients only. A review of some
epidemiological studies from the US revealed that 25 to 50 percent of newly admitted
psychiatric patients have concomitant drug and/or alcohol abuse problems (Simon et
al). Similarly, in New York State, the Commission on Quality Care for the Mentally
Disabled found that 50 percent of the patients admitted for psychiatric care had alcohol
or drug abuse that required treatment. In another review of 100 known substance
abusers who had received extensive psychiatric care in an out-patient service in New
York State revealed that 61 of the clients had never received substance abuse treatment.
Many of these clients accepted the lack of availability of substance abuse services, and
kept their substance abuse problems to themselves. Initial assessment showed that
statistics at Metro Psych Facility would corroborate such findings. A review of 270
admissions from May 1999 to December 2000, 78 (29%) had concomitant drug and/or
alcohol abuse problems. Many of them have improved of psychiatric symptoms when
discharged but without the benefit of intervention for their drug and alcohol problems.
Encouraged by this response and inspired by an apparent need for a diversification of
the services it provides, a sister company was established to put up a drug rehabilitation
center in its second floor – Roads and Bridges to Recovery. A vision for both companies
was established.55
55
5.2.2 VISION AND MISSION
Metro Psych Facility and Roads and Bridges to Recovery Drug Treatment and
Rehabilitation center shall be a leader in setting the standard in the provision of quality
mental health services in the country.56 They shall provide:
1. Services that fully understand and adequately respond to the biopsychosocial
needs of the clients, family, and community.
2. Training activities and programs for health workers, clients, families, and the
community.
3. An environment conducive to relevant research activities and mental health
advocacy
5.2.3 USER PROFILE
# OF
USER DESCRIPTION
USERS
STAFF
MEDICAL STAFF
Medical professionals qualified to
diagnose patients with regards to their
Psychiatrist 4
conditions, as well as prescribe the
appropriate treatment and medication
2 for
Professionals who study the behavior or
inpatient;
Psychologist patients and are qualified to work on their
2 for
psychological maintenance
outpatient
56
# OF
USER DESCRIPTION
USERS
12 for
inpatients; In charge of caring for the patients and
Nurse
3 for attending to their daily needs
outpatients
12 for
inpatients;
Nursing Attendant Assistants to the nurses
3 for
outpatients
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF
Executive Director 1 Chief Executive Director
Managing Director 1 Part of the Board of Directors
Secretary 2 Assists the manager and owner
Persons who provide information guests
Receptionist 2
may need about the facility
Manages bills, finance, and taxes the
Accountant 2
facility accumulates
RECREATIONAL THERAPY
Acts as instructors in various recreational
and occupational activities such as
Facilitators 5
laughter, gardening therapy, and physical
exercise
MAINTENANCE AND DIETARY STAFF
Plans the meals of patients according to
Dietician 1
their individual needs
Cook 3 Prepares and cooks food
Engineer 2 Maintains the facility’s structure
Janitor 4 Ensures the facility’s cleanliness
Laundry Worker 4 Washes clothes and other linen
Security 12; 6/shift Keeps the facility safe
Gardener 4 Tends to the facility’s landscaping
# OF
USER DESCRIPTION
USERS
PATIENTS
OUTPATIENT
Patients who visit the facility for check-
Examination 10
ups and diagnosis
Patients who may be accompanied by
family members who visit the facility to
Therapies 50
participate in the various forms of
therapy to cope with their illnesses
INPATIENT
Private 16 Patients who reside in solo rooms
Patients who share a room with another
Semi-Private 16
patient in double rooms
Patients who share a room with three
Wards 16
other patients in four-bed rooms
VISITORS
Outsiders who visit the facility to
Recreation 150
participate in recreational activities
Outpatient Companions 50 Outsiders who accompany outpatients
Inpatient Visitors 50 Outsiders who visit inpatients
Medical practitioners who visit for
Trainees and Researchers 150 lectures, part-time work, and training
programs specializing in psychiatry
Table 19: User Profile
5.2.4 USER BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS
USER AREAS ACCESSIBLE

Main users running operations of the inpatient and
Medical Staff
outpatient departments
USER AREAS ACCESSIBLE

Administrative Staff Users of the administrative department
Main users running operations of the recreational therapy
Recreational Facilitators
department
May access all parts of the facility with prior permission
Maintenance Staff
from department heads
Primary users of the kitchen and dining areas; may access
Dietary Staff
the inpatient department if a patient is in need of assistance
Users of the outpatient department who may also access the
Outpatients
recreation area
Users of the inpatient department and other facilities as
Inpatients
permitted by the patient’s care team
May freely access the recreation area but require permission
Visitors
to access the rest of the facility for security purposes
Table 20: Metro Psych Facility User Behavior Analysis
5.3 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
5.3.1 ORGANIZATIONAL CHART OF METRO PSYCH FACILITY
Figure 6: Metro Psych Facility Organizational Chart

5.3.2 PROPOSED ORGANIZATIONAL CHART FOR THE NATIONAL WOMEN’S
VILLAGE FOR PSYCHIATRIC REHABILITATION
Figure 7: National Women's Village Proposed Organizational Chart

5.4 STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES
5.4.1 SCOPE OF SERVICES
I. Recreational Park
a. Human Library
b. Laughter Yoga
c. Animal-assisted Therapy
d. Expressive Therapy
e. Fitness Therapy
II. Mental Healthcare
a. Inpatient and Outpatient evaluation and management
b. Supportive counseling, medication management and personal care assistance
c. Psychiatric consultation and treatment
d. Day care and night care services
e. Case evaluation and management
f. Discharge planning and coordination
g. Family consultation and support
h. Psychological testing and neuropsychiatric evaluation
i. Stress management
III. Research Facility
a. Research
b. Training and education

5.4.2 REFERRALS
It is preferred that patients are referred to Metro Psych Facility by an external
specialist to another specialist working within the institution. However, where this
referral may not be possible, the specialist should be informed of referral and
management as early as possible. The following are the guidelines for patient referrals:
I. Acute Custodial Care
 During office hours: Patients are to be seen no more than thirty (30) minutes
upon arrival. Specialists are to be informed immediately after assessment.
 After office hours: The medical officer on call should see the patient as soon as
possible. Management should be discussed with the specialist as soon as
possible. The doctor on call must hand over the cases seen to the treating doctor
the next day.
 Referrals to clinical psychologists or counselors can be made directly by other
specialists.
II. Outpatient
 All outpatient referrals should first be screened by a nurse to determine the
urgency of the referral.
 Outpatient referrals may be to doctors, clinical psychologists, or counselors.
5.4.3 OPERATIONAL POLICIES
I. Recreational Park
a. Operations
 Park is open daily, 5:00am – 5:00pm every Monday to Thursday and
5:00am – 7:00pm every Friday to Sunday
 Group Fitness therapy is available daily from 5:00am – 10:00am
 Human Library is available Fridays to Sundays from 1:00pm – 7:00pm
 Laughter Yoga is available Monday to Friday from 7:00am – 10:00am
 Expressive Therapy class is available Mondays to Fridays 10:00am –
12:00nn and 1:00pm – 5:00pm
 Weekend market available every Saturday from 7:00am – 11:00am
b. Functions
 Human Library – voluntary sharing of a person’s life experiences to other
people in a one on one conversation between author and listener
 Laughter Yoga – a blend of deep breathing, stretching, and stimulating
laughter in a unique exercise
 Animal-assisted Therapy – bringing pets such as dogs and cats to the park
to bring joy to other people
 Fitness Therapy – physical activities that can be done alone or in groups
 Weekend market for selling products made by patients and outside retailers
II. Clinical Psychology Services
a. Operations
 Open during office hours (9:00am – 6:00pm)

 Available daily on normal working days (Monday to Friday)
 All patients are to be assessed by a triage personnel to determine the urgency
of outpatient evaluation either immediately, early, or by a given
appointment within six weeks
 Administration of each psychological assessment shall range from ten
minutes to two hours
 Individual psychological intervention ranges from forty-five to ninety
minutes
 Group therapy ranges from sixty to ninety minutes
b. Functions
 Psychological Assessment: Evaluation of the abilities, behaviors, and
personal qualities of a person
1. Behavioral Assessment
2. Cognitive Assessment
3. Personality Assessment
4. Neuropysiological Assessment
 Psychological Intervention
1. Person-centered Therapy
2. Behavior Therapy
3. Cognitive Therapy
4. Cognitive Behavior Therapy
5. Neurophysiological Rehabilitation
 Expressive Therapy
1. Art Therapy
2. Dance Therapy
3. Music Therapy
4. Drama Therapy
5. Poetry Therapy
c. Facilities
 Assessment Room
 Observation Room
 Private Consultation Room
 Group Therapy Room
III. Recovery Oriented Services
a. Operations
 Offered to all in- and outpatients
 An integral part of inpatient care
 Rehabilitation begins with an individualized car plan that addresses and
consolidates the patient’s unmet needs

b. Functions
 Psychoeducation
 Family Education
 Cognitive Remediation
 Illness Management
c. Interventions
 Formulation of individual care plans – need for patients to attend education
classes and other skill-based intervention
 Psycho-education – lectures regarding mental illnesses and management
strategies
 Family intervention – educating families regarding communication skills
and problem-solving training, stress management, crisis management, and
identifying early warning signs
 Social skills training and/or Illness management programs – training
programs regarding self-care and socialization
 Cognitive remediation – teaching new information processing strategies,
individualization of treatment, and helping transfer these improvements into
everyday life
 Activities for daily living and management of daily routine

5.4.4 SAMPLE INDIVIDUALIZED PROGRAM
One of the important features of The National Women’s Center for Psychiatric
Rehabilitation is the individualized program given to the patients. No two programs
are the same as each patient has their own unique needs for rehabilitation. The
following is a sample weekly routine for a patient:
SAMPLE PATIENT PROFILE
Age: 22
Height, Weight, BMI: 160 cm, 44 kg, 19
Diagnosis: Major Depressive Disorder with Psychotic Tendencies
Self-harm: No
Expressive Therapy/ies of Choice: Dance, Music
Eating Disorder: N/A
Allergies: Peanuts
Room: 4-bed Ward 2

MONDAYS, WEDNESDAYS, AND FRIDAYS
TIME ACTIVITY VENUE/DEPARTMENT

7:00 am Laughter Yoga Day Garden
8:00 am Morning Routine (breakfast, bath) Dining Hall & Acute Custodial Care
10:00 am Expressive Therapy – Dance Studio 2, Recreational Therapy
12:00 nn Lunch Dining Hall
1:00 pm Leisure Time Patient’s Discretion
4:00 pm Session with Psychiatrist Pavilion 1, Peace Garden
5:00 pm Art Therapy Room 4, Recreational Therapy
7:00 pm Night Routine (dinner, leisure, etc) Dining Hall, Patient’s Discretion
10:00 pm Lights Out Acute Custodial Care
TUESDAYS AND THURSDAYS

7:00 am Group Fitness Therapy Public Park or Studio 1 (if raining)
8:00 am Morning Routine (breakfast, bath) Dining Hall & Custodial Care
10:00 am Session with Psychiatrist Consultation Room, A. Custodial Care
11:00 am Cooking Therapy Kitchen
1:00 pm Gardening Therapy Greenhouse, Day Garden
3:00 pm Expressive Therapy – Music Studio 1, Recreational Therapy
5:00 pm Leisure Time Patient’s Discretion
SATURDAYS

7:00 am Group Fitness Therapy Public Park or Studio 1 (if raining)
10:00 am Session with Care Team Consultation Room, A. Custodial Care
11:00 am Cooking Therapy Kitchen
3:00 pm Leisure Time with Family Patient’s Discretion
SUNDAYS

10:00 am Session with Care Team Consultation Room, Custodial Care
11:00 am Spiritual Reflection Ecumenical Hall, Peace Garden
3:00 pm Leisure Time with Visitors Patient’s Discretion
Table 21: Sample Individualized Program
NOTES:
1. Whether a schedule follows the Monday-Wednesday-Friday, Tuesday-Tuesday, or
any other format depends upon the patient’s agreement with her Care Team.
2. A Care Team consists of a psychiatrist, a psychologist, a dietitian, and the necessary
Recreational Therapy facilitators such as the instructor for Art Therapy.
3. Sessions with the Care Team serve as a weekly check-up of the efficacy of the
patient’s individualized dietary and rehabilitation program. Changes in the program
may occur depending on the patient’s progress or lack thereof. This is also the time
when the Care Team can decide if the patient should transfer rooms upon their
evaluation of her need and/or capacity for autonomy, roommate surveillance, or
both. Unless otherwise referred by the psychiatrist after the initial assessment,
newly admitted patients are often assigned to a 4-bed ward for this purpose.
4. A patient may decide to take her session with her psychiatrist in a consultation room
within the Acute Custodial Care Department, a pavilion in the Peace Garden, or in
her own room if her roommate/s are elsewhere or if she stays in a private room.
However, sessions with the Care Team must occur in a consultation room.
5. Emergency sessions with the preferred psychiatrist and Care Team may occur.
6. The National Women’s Center recognizes the value of the bond a patient may form
with her roommate/s and other patients within the facility. Schedules may be
adjusted for a patient’s leisure time to match with her roommate/s or friends she
has made in the facility. Whether or not they spend every leisure time together is
upon their discretion.

5.5 LEGAL FRAMEWORK
5.5.1 ANTIPOLO CITY ZONING ORDINANCE AND COMPREHENSIVE LAND USE
PLAN
(1) Article V Section 3. Zoning Boundaries: Institutional Zone (Insti-Z)
(2) Article V Section 5. Interpretation of Mixed Uses in any Single Lot and/or Structure
within a Zone
The lot and/or building shall be classified as conforming use if it complies with
the regulations of the zone in which it is located, provided that the principal use of
the land and/or building is consistent with the allowable uses for such zone. For this
purpose, the principal use shall be determined in accordance with the following
guidelines:
a. The use which causes the most significant social, economic, and/or
environmental impacts, in terms of revenue-raising capacity, population, density,
resource potential or physical effect on the adjacent and surrounding areas, shall
be considered as the principal use of the structure, regardless of the area of the
land or building that is occupied by such uses;
b. In the absence of or in the event of any difficulty in interpreting the principal use
as above provided, then the principal use shall be considered as that to which the
greater portion or area of such land or building is devoted;
c. In case the mixed uses consist of two uses of nature but classified under different
zones due to density differences, the higher density use shall be considered as
the use of property; in the event any use belongs to the higher category zone with
more strict regulations, the lot/building shall be construed as being devoted to
such use.
(3) Article VI Section 10. Use Regulations in the Institutional Zone (Insti-Z)
An Institutional Zone/District is characterized by the presence of government
and private institutions that provide institutional and social services for the
community. The zone/district has a concentration of government offices,
educational and health facilities, cultural, civic and religious structures on a local,
provincial, regional or national scale and other isolated institutional structures
supplementary to the function of major institutional districts ordinarily on a local
scale.
(4) Article VII Section 5. Road Setback Regulations
Table 22: Road Setback Regulations
(5) Article VII Section 7. Buffer Regulations
In commercial, residential and institutional zones, a buffer of four (4) meters
shall be provided along the entire boundary length between two or more conflicting
zones allocating two (2) meters from each side of the district boundary. Such buffer
strip shall be open and shall not be encroached upon by any building or structure
and shall be part of the yard or open space.
In lieu of such a buffer strip, a permanent concrete wall, retaining wall or firewall
may be constructed by the owners of lots with conflicting uses to preserve the
privacy and well-being of occupants.
5.5.2 ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER NO. 2012-0012: RULES AND REGULATIONS
GOVERNING THE NEW CLASSIFICATION OF HOSPITALS AND OTHER HEALTH
FACILITIES IN THE PHILIPPINES
(1) Classification According to Ownership: Private
(2) Classification According to Scope of Services: Custodial Care Facility (Under
Other Health Facilities: Category B)
(3) Standards: Every Health facility shall be organized to provide safe, quality,
effective and efficient services for patients.
(a) Personnel
1. a duly licensed physician

2. Medical, Allied Medical, Nursing, Administrative and Finance
3. There shall be staff development and continuing education program at all
levels of organization to upgrade the knowledge, attitude and skills of staff.
(b) Physical Facilities
1. Comply with the applicable local and national regulations for the
construction, renovation, maintenance and repair of the health facility
2. Enough space for the conduct of its activities depending on its workload and
the services being given
3. Every health facility shall have an approved DOH-PTC in accordance with
the planning and design guidelines prepared by DOH
(c) Equipment and Instruments
1. Adequately equipped based in the level and complexity of healthcare it
provides
2. There shall be a program for calibration, preventive maintenance and repair
of equipment there shall be a contingency plan in case of equipment
breakdown and malfunction
(d) Service Delivery
1. Every health facility shall have documented administrative Standard
Operating Procedures (SOP) for the provision of its services

2. Every health facility shall have documented technical policies and
procedures in the different clinical areas of the facility
3. Every health facility shall have documented policies and procedures on the
establishment of its referral system
(e) Quality Improvement (QI) Activities – every health facility shall establish and
maintain a system for continuous quality improvement activities.
(f) Information Management – every health facility shall maintain a system of
communication, recording and reporting of results of examinations.
(g) Environmental Management
1. There shall be well ventilated, lighted, clean, safe and functional areas based
on the services provided
2. There shall be a program of proper maintenance and monitoring of physical
facilities
3. Water supply for all purposes shall be adequate in volume and pressure.
Likewise, safe and potable water shall be available at all times.
4. There shall be procedures for the proper disposal of infectious wastes and
toxic and hazardous

5.5.3 DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH: GUIDELINES IN THE PLANNING AND DESIGN
OF A HOSPITAL AND OTHER HEALTH FACILITIES
a. Environment: A hospital and other health facilities shall be so located that it is readily
accessible to the community and reasonably free from undue noise, smoke, dust,
foul odor, flood, and shall not be located adjacent to elements to which they may be
subjected.
a.1 Exits shall be restricted to the following types: door leading directly outside the
building, interior stair, ramp, and exterior stair.
a.2 A minimum of two (2) exits, remote from each other, shall be provided for each
floor of the building.
a.3 Exits shall terminate directly at an open space to the outside of the building.
b. Security: A hospital and other health facilities shall ensure the security of person and
property within the facility.
c. Patient Movement: Spaces shall be wide enough for free movement of patients,
whether they are on beds, stretchers, or wheelchairs. Circulation routes for
transferring patients from one area to another shall be available and free at all times.
c.1 Corridors for access by patient and equipment shall have a minimum width of
2.44 meters.
c.2 Corridors in areas not commonly used for bed, stretcher and equipment transport
may be reduced in width to 1.83 meters.

c.3 A ramp or elevator shall be provided for ancillary, clinical and nursing areas
located on the upper floor.
c.4 A ramp shall be provided as access to the entrance of the hospital not on the same
level of the site.
d. Lighting: All areas in a hospital and other health facilities shall be provided with
sufficient illumination to promote comfort, healing and recovery of patients and to
enable personnel in the performance of work.
e. Ventilation: Adequate ventilation shall be provided to ensure comfort of patients,
personnel and public.
f. Auditory and Visual Privacy: A hospital and other health facilities shall observe
acceptable sound level and adequate visual seclusion to achieve the acoustical and
privacy requirements in designated areas allowing the unhampered conduct of
activities.
g. Water Supply: A hospital and other health facilities shall use an approved public
water supply system whenever available. The water supply shall be potable, safe for
drinking and adequate, and shall be brought into the building free of cross
connections.
h. Waste Disposal: Liquid waste shall be discharged into an approved public sewerage
system whenever available, and solid waste shall be collected, treated and disposed
of in accordance with applicable codes, laws or ordinances.

i. Sanitation: Utilities for the maintenance of sanitary system, including approved water
supply and sewerage system, shall be provided through the buildings and premises to
ensure a clean and healthy environment.
j. Housekeeping: A hospital and other health facilities shall provide and maintain a
healthy and aesthetic environment for patients, personnel and public.
k. Maintenance: There shall be an effective building maintenance program in place.
The buildings and equipment shall be kept in a state of good repair. Proper
maintenance shall be provided to prevent untimely breakdown of buildings and
equipment.
l. Material Specification: Floors, walls and ceilings shall be of sturdy materials that
shall allow durability, ease of cleaning and fire resistance.
m. Segregation: Wards shall observe segregation of sexes. Separate toilet shall be
maintained for patients and personnel, male and female, with a ratio of one (1) toilet
for every eight (8) patients or personnel.
n. Fire Protection: There shall be measures for detecting fire such as fire alarms in
walls, peepholes in doors or smoke detectors in ceilings. There shall be devices for
quenching fire such as fire extinguishers or fire hoses that are easily visible and
accessible in strategic areas.
o. Signage. There shall be an effective graphic system composed of a number of
individual visual aids and devices arranged to provide information, orientation,

direction, identification, prohibition, warning and official notice considered
essential to the optimum operation of a hospital and other health facilities.
p. Parking. A hospital and other health facilities shall provide a minimum of one (1)
parking space for every twenty-five (25) beds.
q. Zoning: The different areas of a hospital shall be grouped according to zones as
follows:
q.1 Outer Zone – areas that are immediately accessible to the public: emergency
service, outpatient service, and administrative service. They shall be located
near the entrance of the hospital.
q.2 Second Zone – areas that receive workload from the outer zone: laboratory,
pharmacy, and radiology. They shall be located near the outer zone.
q.3 Inner Zone – areas that provide nursing care and management of patients:
nursing service. They shall be located in private areas but accessible to guests.
q.4 Deep Zone – areas that require asepsis to perform the prescribed services:
surgical service, delivery service, nursery, and intensive care. They shall be
segregated from the public areas but accessible to the outer, second and inner
zones.
q.5 Service Zone – areas that provide support to hospital activities: dietary service,
housekeeping service, maintenance and motorpool service, and mortuary. They
shall be located in areas away from normal traffic.

r. Function: The different areas of a hospital shall be functionally related with each
other.
r.1 The emergency service shall be located in the ground floor to ensure
immediate access. A separate entrance to the emergency room shall be
provided.
r.2 The administrative service, particularly admitting office and business office,
shall be located near the main entrance of the hospital. Offices for hospital
management can be located in private areas.
r.3 The surgical service shall be located and arranged to prevent nonrelated traffic.
The operating room shall be as remote as practicable from the entrance to
provide asepsis. The dressing room shall be located to avoid exposure to dirty
areas after changing to surgical garments. The nurse station shall be located to
permit visual observation of patient movement.
r.4 The delivery service shall be located and arranged to prevent nonrelated traffic.
The delivery room shall be as remote as practicable from the entrance to
provide asepsis. The dressing room shall be located to avoid exposure to dirty
areas after changing to surgical garments. The nurse station shall be located
to permit visual observation of patient movement. The nursery shall be
separate but immediately accessible from the delivery room.
r.5 The nursing service shall be segregated from public areas. The nurse station
shall be located to permit visual observation of patients. Nurse stations shall

be provided in all inpatient units of the hospital with a ratio of at least one (1)
nurse station for every thirty-five (35) beds. Rooms and wards shall be of
sufficient size to allow for work flow and patient movement. Toilets shall be
immediately accessible from rooms and wards.
r.6 The dietary service shall be away from morgue with at least 25- meter distance.
s. Space: Adequate area shall be provided for the people, activity, furniture, equipment
and utility.
SPACE AREA (m2)
Administrative Service
Lobby
Waiting Area 0.65/person
Information and Reception Area 5.02/person
Toilet 1.67
Business Office 5.02/staff
Medical Records 5.02/staff
Office of the Chief of Hospital 5.02/staff
Laundry and Linen Area 5.02/staff
Maintenance and Housekeeping Area 5.02/staff
Parking area for Transport Vehicle 9.29
Supply Room 5.02/staff

SPACE AREA (m2)
Waste Holding Room 4.56
Dietary
Dietitian Area 5.02/staff
Supply Receiving Area 4.65
Cold and Dry Storage Area 4.65
Food Preparation Area 4.65
Cooking and Baking Area 4.65
Serving and Food Assembly Area 4.65
Washing Area 4.65
Garbage Disposal Area 1.67
Dining Area 1.40/person
Toilet 1.67
Clinical Service
Outpatient Department
Waiting Area 0.65/person
Toilet 1.67
Admitting and Records Area 5.02/staff
Examination and Treatment Area with Lavatory 7.43/bed
Consultation Area 5.02/staff

SPACE AREA (m2)
Nursing Unit
Semi-Private Room with Toilet 7.43/bed
Patient Room 7.43/bed
Toilet 1.67
Isolation Room with Toilet 9.29
Nurse Station 5.02/staff
Treatment and Medication Area with Lavatory 7.43/bed
Central Sterilizing and Supply Room
Receiving and Releasing Area 5.02/staff
Work Area 5.02/staff
Sterilizing Room 4.65
Sterile Supply Storage Area 4.65
Nursing Service
Office of the Chief Nurse 5.02/staff
Table 23: Space Program for Hospitals and Other Health Facilities
Notes:
1. 0.65/person – unit area per poser occupying the space at one time
2. 5.02/staff – work area per staff that includes space for one desk and one chair, space for the occasional
visitor, and space for an aisle
3. 1.40/person – unit area per person occupying the space at one time
4. 7.43/bed – clear floor area per bed that includes space for one bed, space for the occasional visitor, and
space for the passage of equipment
5. 1.08/stretcher – clear floor area per stretcher that includes space for a stretcher
5.5.4 SENATE BILL NO. 1354: MENTAL HEALTH ACT OF 2017
An Act Establishing A National Mental Health Policy for the Purpose of
Enhancing the Delivery of Integrated Mental Health Services, Promoting and
Protecting Persons Utilizing Psychiatric, Neurologic and Psychosocial Health
Services, Appropriating Funds Therefor and for Other Purposes, better known as the
Mental Health Act of 2017, was prepared and submitted jointly by the Committees
on Health and Demography, Local Government, and Finance with Senators Sotto III,
Legarda, Trillanes IV, Aquino IV, Angara, Hontiveros and Villanueva as authors
thereof. The recently approved act affirms the basic right of every Filipino to mental
health. It also protects the rights of mental health professionals, family members, and
others who may legally represent psychiatric patients. More importantly, it protects
the fundamental rights of those in dire need of psychiatric services. It promises to
make timely, affordable, high-quality, and culturally-appropriate mental health care
available to the public so that persons affected by mental health conditions are able
to exercise the full range of human rights, and participate fully in society and at work,
free from stigmatization and discrimination. Its objectives are the following:
a. Strengthen effective leadership and governance for mental health by, among others,
formulating, developing, and implementing national policies, strategies, programs,
and regulations relating to mental health;
b. Develop and establish a comprehensive, integrated, effective, and efficient national
mental health care system responsive to the psychiatric, neurologic, and
psychosocial needs of the Filipino people;

c. Protect the rights and freedoms of persons with psychiatric, neurologic, and
psychosocial health needs;
d. Strengthen information systems, evidence and research for mental health; and
e. Integrate strategies promoting mental health in educational institutions, the
workplace, and in communities.
ARTICLE II: Rights of Service Users & Other Stakeholders
Sec. 5. Rights of Service Users. – The act allows Filipinos in need of mental health service
to enjoy, on an equal and non-discriminatory basis, all rights guaranteed by the
Constitution as well as those recognized under the United Nations Convention on the
Rights of Persons with Disabilities and all other relevant international and regional
human rights conventions and declarations, including the right to:
a. Freedom from social, economic, and political discrimination and stigmatization,
whether committed by public or private actors;
b. Exercise all their inherent civil, political, economic, social, religious, educational,
and cultural rights respecting individual qualities, abilities, and diversity of
background, without discrimination on the basis of physical disability, age, gender,
sexual orientation, race, color, language, religion or national, ethnic, or social origin;
c. Receive evidence-based treatment of the same standard and quality, regardless of
age, sex, socioeconomic status, race, ethnicity or sexual orientation;

d. Access affordable essential health and social services for the purpose of achieving
the highest attainable standard of mental health;
e. Receive mental health services at all levels of the national health care system;
f. Receive comprehensive and coordinated treatment integrating holistic prevention,
promotion, rehabilitation, care and support, aimed at addressing mental health care
needs through a multi-disciplinary, user-driven treatment and recovery plan;
g. Receive psychosocial care and clinical treatment in the least restrictive environment
and manner;
h. Receive human treatment free from solitary confinement, torture and other forms
of cruel, inhumane, harmful or degrading treatment;
i. Receive aftercare and rehabilitation within the community whenever possible, for
the purpose of facilitating social reintegration;
j. Receive adequate information regarding available multi-disciplinary mental health
services;
k. Participate in mental health advocacy, policy planning, legislation, service
provision, monitoring, research and evaluation;
l. Confidentiality of all information, communications, and records, in whatever form
or medium stored, regarding the service user, any aspect of the service user’s mental
health, or any treatment or care received by the service user, which information,
communications, and records shall not be disclosed to third parties without the
written consent of the service user concerned or the semce user’s legal
representative, except in the following circumstances:

(i) Disclosure is required by law or pursuant to an order issued by a court of
competent jurisdiction;
(ii) A life-threatening emergency exists and such disclosure is necessary to
prevent harm or injury to the service user or to other persons;
(iii) The service user is a minor and the attending mental health professional
reasonably believes that the service user is a victim of child abuse;
(iv) Disclosure is required in connection with an administrative, civil, or
criminal case against a mental health professional or worker for negligence or
a breach of professional ethics, to the extent necessary to completely adjudicate,
settle, or resolve any issue or controversy involved therein; or
(v) Disclosure is in the interest of public safety or national security.
m. Give prior informed consent before receiving treatment or care, including the right
to withdraw such consent. Such consent shall be recorded in the service user’s
clinical record;
n. Participate in the development and formulation of the psychosocial care or clinical
treatment plan to be implemented;
o. Designate or appoint a person of legal age to act as his or her legal representative
in accordance with this Act, except in cases of impairment or temporary loss legal
capacity;
p. Send or receive uncensored private communication which may include
communication by letter, telephone or electronic mean, and receive visitors at

reasonable times, including the service user’s legal representative and
representatives from the Commission on Human Rights;
q. Legal representation, through competent counsel of the service user’s choice. In
case the service user cannot afford the services of counsel, the Public Attorney’s
Office, or a legal aid institution of the service user or representative’s choice, shall
assist the service user;
r. Access to their clinical records unless, in the opinion of the attending mental health
professional, revealing such information would cause harm to the service user’s
health or put the safety of others at risk. When any such clinical records are withheld,
the service user or his or her legal representative may contest such decision with
the internal review board created pursuant to this Act authorized to investigate and
resolve disputes, or with the Commission on Human Rights; and
s. Information, within twenty-four (24) of admission to a mental health facility, of the
rights enumerated in this section in a form and language understood by the service
user.
ARTICLE IV: Mental Health Services
Sec. 14. Mental Health Services at the Community Level. - Within the general health care
system, the following mental health services shall be developed and integrated into the
primary health care system at the community level:
a. Basic mental health services, which shall be made available at all local government
units down to the barangay level;
b. Community resilience and psychosocial well-being training in all barangays,
including the availability of mental health and psychosocial support services during
and after natural disasters and other calamities;
c. Training and capacity-building programs for local mental health workers in
coordination with mental health facilities and departments of psychiatry in general
or university hospitals;
d. Support services for families and co-workers of service users, mental health
professionals, and mental health workers; and
e. Dissemination of mental health information and promotion of mental health
awareness among the general population.
Sec. 15. Psychiatric, Psychosocial, and Neurologic Services in Regional, Provincial, and
Tertiary Hospitals. - All regional, provincial, and tertiary hospitals shall provide the
following psychiatric, psychosocial, and neurologic services:

a. Short-term, in-patient hospital care in a small psychiatric ward for service users
exhibiting acute psychiatric symptoms;
b. Partial hospital care for those exhibiting psychiatric symptoms or experiencing
difficulties vis-a-vis their personal and family circumstances;
c. Out-patient services in close collaboration with existing mental health programs at
primary health care centers in the same area;
d. Home care services for service users with special needs as a result of, among others,
long-term hospitalization, non-compliance with or inadequacy of treatment, and
absence of immediate family;
e. Coordination with drug rehabilitation centers vis-a-vis the care, treatment, and
rehabilitation of persons suffering from addiction and other substance-induced
mental disorders; and
f. A referral system involving other public and private health and social welfare
service providers, for the purpose of expanding access to programs aimed at
preventing mental illness and managing the condition of persons at risk of
developing mental, neurologic, and psychosocial problems.

Sec. 16. Duties & Responsibilities of Mental Health Facilities. - Mental health facilities
shall:
a. Establish policies, guidelines, and protocols for minimizing the use of restrictive
care and involuntary treatment;
b. Inform service users of their rights under this Act and all other pertinent laws and
regulations;
c. Provide every service user, whether admitted for voluntary or involuntary treatment,
with complete information regarding the plan of treatment to be implemented;
d. Ensure that informed consent is obtained from service users prior to the
implementation of any medical procedure or plan of treatment or care, except
during psychiatric or neurologic emergencies or when impairment or temporary
loss of capacity exists, as defined herein;
e. Maintain a register containing information on all medical treatments and
procedures involuntarily administered to service users;
f. Ensure that legal representatives are designated or appointed only after the
requirements of this Act and the procedures established for the purpose have been
observed, which procedures should respect the autonomy and preferences of the
patient as far as possible; and
g. Establish an internal review body to monitor and ensure compliance with the
provisions of this Act, as well as receive, investigate, resolve, and act upon
complaints brought by service users or their families and legal representatives
against the mental health facility or any mental health professional or worker.
CHAPTER 6: Technical Data Presentation
6.1 OVERVIEW
The researcher used a variety of research methods to further understand the needs
of the patients, staff, and visitors of a psychiatric care center. The researcher investigated
and compared the current set-up of Metro Psych Facility in Pasig City and the National
Center for Mental Health in Mandaluyong by visiting the facilities and interviewing
personnel. The researcher further studied the ways mental healthcare centers are designed
in other countries with local guidelines taken into consideration. Books, articles, and
government documents were also read regarding mental health and research-based design
recommendations on how architecture can mitigate the stigma towards mental health in the
Philippines. Mental health professionals such as psychologists and neuropsychiatrists were
interviewed to gain their input regarding the state of mental health in the Philippines and
their opinion on the ideal facilities and conditions to be implemented in the proposed
facility. Finally, a survey was conducted to grasp the public opinion with regards to mental
illnesses and the capacity of mental health patients to be healed in mental healthcare
facilities.
6.2 SITE DATA ANALYSIS
6.2.1 SOIL STUDIES
The City of Antipolo has a total land area of 38,504.44 hectares, which is roughly
29.42% of the total land coverage of the Province of Rizal. The site chosen for the
proposed National Women's Village for Psychiatric Rehabilitation is located in the
Guadalupe rock formation. One of Antipolo's seven rock formations, this in particular
occurs in the area of the Poblacion as well as to a great extent in the southeastern
portion of Antipolo towards Tanay and the northern middle portion close to
Rodriguez. It encompasses 17.16% of Antipolo City's land. The site is located along
the plateaus west of the Poblacion.
Map 20: Soil Map from the City of Antipolo 2015 Ecological Profile
In 2013, the Bureau of Soils and Water Management (BSWM) of the Department
of Agriculture (DA) identified seven soil series in Antipolo City. Out of the seven,
the site is part of the Pinugay series which comprises 15.18% of Antipolo City's soil
series.
Table 24: Area Distribution and Percentage of Soil Map Units from the City of Antipolo 2015 Ecological Profile
6.2.2 HYDROLOGICAL STUDIES
The water supply system in Antipolo City comes from five main sources: spring
water, artesian wells, open wells, water tankering, and a water company. The MWCI
manages water and wastewater services for the people in the eastern part of Metro
Manila.
MWCI is committed to provide water from 78 percent of the City's households in
2001 to 97 percent by 2021. ln 2015, MWCI have already covered around 83 percent
of the total households in the City. Barangay Cupang, Beverly Hills, and
Muntingdilaw have been covered 100 percent.
Households not served by MWCI depend on the spring development proiects of
the City Government. Rubberized water distribution is typically used. Others depend
on natural spring water like some areas in Brgy, San Juan, Cupang, Calawis, lnarawan
and the mountainous part of Brgy. San Jose.
Antipolo City possesses a significant number and variety of fresh water resources
due to its large size and hilly topography. Rivers, streams, springs, waterfalls and
groundwater aquifers abound in the City. These water bodies provide sources of
water for domestic and industrial uses as well as for irrigation.
Aside from the major arteries of natural drainage, there are springs that people
utilize either as sources of water or as tourist attractions. The spring closest to the site
of the project is Sukol in Barangay Dalig.

Map 21: Rivers, Creeks, and Waterways Map from the City of Antipolo 2015 Ecological Profile
High precipitation occurs generally during the period of the southwest monsoon
(Habagat), from June to November. Rainwaters are drained by several minor rivers
that originate from the foothills of the Sierra Madre Mountain Range in the east and
form the waterways of Antipolo. These rivers have their own tributaries. Smaller
streams, variously referred to as creeks, brooks or rivulets feed the Antipolo river
system. Some of these creeks are perennial while some are intermittent or run dry in
the summer. Nevertheless, they are recognized as important waterways that drain the
city during incessant rainy periods. The waterways closest to the project are Sapang
Baho River and Tagbak Creek.
The City of Antipolo is part of the portions of CALABARZON that receive water
from watershed areas covered by Proclamalion 1636 (Wildlife Reserve) and from the
Umiray, Kanan, Upper Marikina River Basin, Pamitinan, Hinulugang Taktak,
Masungi Rock, and other maior wastershed tributaries. These areas, according to the
DENR, have no significant groundwater productivity, i.e., characterized by lowly
productive aquifers.
In some locations, groundwater flows out and feeds the springs, which become a
clean source of drinking water for the people. Sukol in serves this purpose in
Barangay Dalig.
6.2.3 CLIMATE STUDY
The City of Antipolo falls under Type I Classification of the Modified Corona's
Classificalion. Areas with Type I climate experience two pronounced seasons: dry
from November to April and wet during the rest of the year with a maximum rain
period ranging from June to September.
The temperature of Antipolo does not exhibit great variability, attesting to the
observation that the year-round temperature in the Philippines and in the tropics, for
that matter, is uniformly high.
Based on the recorded mean temperature for the period 2006 to 2015 gathered
from PAGASA's Tanay Station, the mean annual temperature is 20.9oc. The coolest
month falls in January with a mean temperature of 19.1oC while the warmest rnonth
occurs in May with a mean temperature of 22.4oC.
Figure 8: Antipolo Ten-Year Monthly Mean Temperature, 2006-2015 from the City of Antipolo 2015 Ecological Profile
August is the most humid month with an average of 92.2 percent while April is
the least humid month at 83.7 percent. The mean annual relative humidity is 88.9
percent. The mean monthly relative humidity varies between March and September
from 65.7 percent to 91.8 percent. It is especially uncomfortable from March to May,
when temperature and humidity attain their maximum levels.
Figure 9: Ten-Year Monthly Mean Relative Humidity, 2006-2015 from the City of Antipolo 2015 Ecological Profile
The period July to September is the cloudiest period with seven oktas while March
and April are the least cloudy period with four oktas. The mean annual cloudiness is
six oktas.
Figure 10: Ten-Year Monthly Mean Cloudiness, 2006-2015 from the City of Antipolo 2015 Ecological Profile
PAGASA's records put the mean annual rainfall of the Philippines to vary from
965 to 4,064 millimeters annually. Based on climatological data gathered from
Cuyambay Station, Tanay, Rizal, Anlipolo's ten-year (2000-2015) mean annual
rainfall is 2,9l0.5mm occurring in the months of July to September. September has
the highest mean monthly precipitation at 518.8 mm. while April has the lowest of
45.5 mm.
Figure 11: Ten-Year Monthly Mean Raintall, 2006-2015 from the City of Antipolo 2015 Ecological Profile
6.2.4 TRAFFIC STUDY
The transportation system of the City of Antipolo is predominantly land-based, the
main transport mode of which is road-based. The roads are classified as national,
pmvincial, city, and barangay roads.
Map 22: Road networks going to Antipolo City from the City of Antipolo 2015 Ecological Profile
Three major national roads link the City to Metropolitan Manila: lhe Sumulong
Highway, the Marikina lnfanta Road (MlR), and the Ortigas Avenue Extension. All
except the MIR lead to the City's poblacion.
Antipolo reaches out to its neighboring municipalities and cities from six points of
its Circumferential Road. On the northwest, he Tikling Road winds down the Ortigas
Avenue Extension leading to the City of San Juan, passing through the Municipality
of Cainta and Pasig City. ln the Southwest, Cabrera Street flows to the Manila East
Road connecting the City with lhe Municipality of
Taytay. Heading South on Manuel L. Quezon Avenue takes one to the City's
neighbors, the municipalities of Binangonan and Angono. In the Southeast, the Sto.
Nino Street links the City with the Municipality of Teresa, the doorway to the
Municipalities of Baras, Morong and Pililia. In the Northwest, the C. Lawis Street
connects with Marcos Highway heading towards the Municipality of Tanay and the
Province of Quezon. And in the North, the Sumulong Highway runs all the way to
the City of Marikina where one can move on to the Municipalities of San Mateo and
Montalban or choose to turn left at Marcos Highway to head for Cubao, Quezon City.
The road network in the Poblacion is a hybrid of the circumferential-radial road
system and the grid system. The circumferential road, M.L. Quezon Avenue, P.
Oliveros Street, and Sumulong Street usually experience traffic because of the
presence of tricycles and jeepneys.

6.3 ARCHIVAL DATA ANALYSIS
6.3.1 NATIONAL CENTER FOR MENTAL HEALTH STATISTICS
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 
 
  
 
Table 25. Historical Statistical Data for the Period 1928-2012 from the National Center for Mental Health

   
   
   
   

   
   
   
   
   
   

   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
Table 26. Comparative Hospital Statistics 2014-2016 from the National Center for Mental Health
6.3.2 METRO PSYCH FACILITY STATISTICS

6.3.3 THE METRIC HANDBOOK

     


     


     


     
     
     
     


     


     
     
     


     


     
     
     


     


     
     


     


     

 
     

 
     


     


     


     

 
     

 
     

 
     



     

 
     

 
     
     
     

     

Table 27: Suggested Areas for Clinical and Clinical Support Rooms with Dimensions, Littlefield 2008
6.3.4 PSYCHIATRIC HOSPITAL PLANNING
When planning mental healthcare facilities, catering to all levels of disturbances of
patients must be taken into consideration without having a jail set-up. Planning of
outdoor spaces must provide security in high dependency area and open garden area
for general use; area must allocate 10m2 per person. Functional areas include: an office
area, to be located next to patient area and in the staff station and must not be easily
accessible to patients; admission area, consists of an admission office, general purpose
interview room and examination room; Day rooms, 2 different social areas (one for
quiet activities and another for noisy activities); Drug storage area, accessible to
authorized personnel only; Bedrooms with toilet and bath, doors must be key-lockable
from the outside and should not have a blind spot from the outside; Entry areas, must
be designed in a way that removes stigma or the institutional impression of the structure;
group therapy area, are private areas for therapy activities, may be combined with the
quiet day room with an additional 0.7m2 per patient and a minimum space area of 21m2;
secure area, intensive care area and; occupational therapy area, a space with
handwashing, work benches, storage, displays with a minimum total area of 20m2 and
or 1.5m2 space per patient.
Francis Pitts, an American Architect specializing in psychiatric hospital planning
and design, states that the most effective number of beds to lower the stress of patients
is 6-8 beds; diverse clinical team is built with having twelve to sixteen beds and; the
most economical number of beds is 24 and above for affordable nighttime post-position
staffing. Areas needed in a Psychiatric hospital are the ff: Training room, program room,
counseling room, conference room, lounge, library, school, gym and patient’s rooms.
Psychiatric hospitals have five levels of concern with regards to zoning for safety;
level 5 requires the most attention. The first level is the spaces inaccessible to patients;
these are the staff and service areas. The second level consists of corridors, counseling
rooms, interview rooms and smoking rooms, and areas where in patients are highly
supervised for a long period of time. Lounges and activity rooms where patients are
free to spend time with minimal supervision make up the third level. The fourth level
is the patients' rooms (semi-private or private) where they may be alone in and/or with
minimal supervision. Lastly, the fifth level is the area where in an interaction of the
staff with recently admitted patients are administered. This area consists of admission
rooms, examination rooms, and isolation rooms.

6.3.5 DESIGN GUIDE FOR THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT OF BEHAVIORAL
HEALTH FACILITIES
CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS CONSIDERATIONS
Each of these levels of concern requires increasing attention to the built
environment to reduce the potential of the patients being afforded a means of doing
harm to themselves or others. These levels are cumulative, and all steps taken for lower
levels are also required for a higher level. For example: all steps recommended for
Levels 1, 2, and 3 are also recommended for Level 4.
Level 1. Staff and Service Areas – All unattended service areas should be locked at
all times to reduce the possibility of patients entering these areas.
Level 2. Corridors, Counseling, and Interview Rooms - Minimize blind spots in
corridors where patients cannot be observed from an attended nurse’s
station. All unattended counseling and interview rooms should be locked
at all times to reduce the possibility of patients entering these areas.
Counseling rooms and interview rooms should have a classroom-type
lockset which requires a key to lock or unlock the outer handle, but the
inside handle is always free.
A. Glass (Interior and Exterior) All glazing that is exposed in patient accessible
areas should stay in the frames when broken and not yield sharp shards of glass
that patients could use as weapons. Terminology can be confusing in that
laminated glass like used in vehicle windows is often referred to as “safety

glass”, but this will break into large sharp pieces. Some of the forms of glazing
that are recommended for use in these facilities are listed below:
1. Standards - All glazing in patient accessible areas should be safety glass.
2. Impact Resistant Glass - Actual products will vary depending on the size of
the opening, the type of frame and the patient population being served.
3. Polycarbonate (Lexan) – Polycarbonate panels are highly impact resistant
and are available in a variety of thicknesses from several manufacturers. It
will also deflect upon impact and large pieces have been known to pop out
of their frames. Care should be taken to assure that the depth of the stop
securing the panel will retain it when subjected to strong impact near the
center of the panel. This material is also highly susceptible to scratching and
is a frequent target of patients to use to write profanity and draw pictures.
Mar resistant coatings are available, but they do not completely eliminate
this concern.
4. Heat Strengthened Glass – is more difficult to break than regular float glass
but has about half of the strength of tempered glass. Heat strengthened glass
may be a good choice if it is laminated and high impact resistance is not
required for the specific location.
5. Tempered Glass – this may be acceptable for use in some patient accessible
areas such as small windows in doors, portions of glass walls separating
activity rooms from corridors and patient toilet room mirrors. Tempered
glass is more impact resistant than float glass or laminated glass, but will
break into many small pieces and each piece may have sharp edges. Patients
have been known to break tempered glass mirrors and rub the inside of their
wrists on the broken surface to cut themselves. The hazard of this may be
reduced by covering the tempered glass with a security film as described
below.
6. Window film - If replacing existing glass is cost prohibitive, application of a
window film security laminate, to existing glass may be an alternative.
However, these films may be susceptible to scratching and being defaced by
patients, but may be removed and replaced at less cost than replacing glass
or polycarbonate panels. Additional protection may be obtained by using
impact protection adhesives and a perimeter tape system to help hold the
glass in the frame if broken.
7. Wire Glass - will break and yield sharp shards of glass and is required by
some codes in fire rated situations. The installation of polycarbonate or
security film on side(s) to which patient has access will provide protection
for the patient if this is allowed by authority having jurisdiction.
8. Observation mirrors - Convex mirrors installed in corridors, seclusion rooms,
and other locations to assist with the observation of patients that are in
locations accessible to patients should be made of a minimum 1/4" thick
polycarbonate, be filled with high-density foam, and have a heavy metal

frame that fits tightly to the wall and ceiling. Convex mirrors made of steel
are also available. Additionally, the perimeter should be sealed with a pick-
resistant caulking.
B. Doors - in behavioral health facilities are subject to heavy use and possibly
extensive abuse. They make up a significant percentage of the exposed wall
surface in corridors and have a strong visual impact on these spaces. Painted
steel doors are durable, easily touched up or refinished, but very institutional in
appearance. Doors with wood veneer faces and stain and varnish finish are more
“residential” in character, but are easily damaged and difficult to repair. Plastic
laminate covered doors are also easy to chip on the edges and may soon become
unsightly. One response to the damage these doors receive is to add stainless
steel kick plates, door edges and other add on devices which also add to the
institutional look. The kick plates and other protective devices are available in
durable synthetic materials that come in a variety of colors that soften the
stainless steel look but can still result in a patchwork quilt appearance. One
possible solution to this is a durable door with wood grain appearing synthetic
faces and removable end caps which can be replaced if they become damaged
for much less expense than replacing the entire door.
1. Unit entrance doors – Provide intercom (or telephone) for communication to
nurse stations from outside the unit if needed. Electronically controlled access
systems that utilize electric strikes or electromagnetic locks are preferred. These
may be operated by a switch at the nurse station if the door is clearly visible from
the location of the release button. Care should be taken to assure that patients are
not in the area when the door is released. Card readers or keypads adjacent to the
door are also commonly used.
2. All exit doors (including stairway doors) may generally be locked at all times in
these facilities. Exit doors may be locked with electromagnetic locks that are
connected to fire alarm system and may either stay locked when the fire alarm
is activated (fail secure) or release when alarm is activated (fail safe) as deemed
appropriate for patient population.
3. All doors on the unit:
a. That is required by applicable codes and regulations to have a closer, but need
to be open to provide observation of patients by staff shall be provided with a
closer with a built-in release that will allow the door to close automatically
when fire alarm is activated.
b. That are in-swinging and will have patients in the associated rooms are
recommended to have one of the barricade resistant methods discussed in
“Level 4a” below.
C. Hardware
1. Hinges – Continuous hinges are preferred for all patient-accessible areas because
they minimize possible attachment points. Geared-type continuous hinges are

available with a closed sloped top and continuous gear that resist ligature
attachment.
2. Closers – When needed, it is suggested that parallel arm closers be mounted on
corridor side of door away from rooms where patients will be alone or in groups.
3. Locksets – All doors in patient-accessible areas are recommended to have some
type of ligature resistant lockset. There are three ways that a lockset can be used
for ligature attachment: pulling down, pulling up and over the top of the door,
and tying something around the latch side of the door using both the inside and
outside handles (transverse). The latch bolt itself has even been used successfully
as an attachment point as has the opening behind the strike plate.
a. Lever handle locksets effectively deal with up and down pressure, but are
susceptible to transverse attachment. The lever should move freely in both
directions when locked to reduce ligature attachment risks. This type of
handle is more typical (less intuitional) in appearance and operation than other
choices. Both of these qualities are very desirable in items that patients will
touch and use on a regular basis. However, lever handles may present more
risk that some of the other choices.
b. Crescent handle lockset utilizes a lever handle and thumb turn that is ligature
resistant. This is now available with a revised handle that can be mounted in
a horizontal position and allows the user’s hand to easily slip off the free end.
c. Push/Pull Handle locksets installed with both handles pointing down resist
pulling down and, to some extent, the transverse attachment. However, it is
very susceptible to pulling up and looping something over the top of the door.
This hazard can be reduced by installing an Over-the-Door Alarm as
discussed later in this paper.
d. Push/Pull hardware is also available with a flush push pad and on one side and
a ligature resistant pull handle on the other.
e. Modified lever handles which provide minimal ligature attachment risk, but
have an unusual appearance and operating motion are also available in various
designs.
3. Smoke seals are often applied with adhesive strips that can allow patients to
remove them to use as ligatures. Smoke seals that break into 8” long pieces are
preferred for use on all doors that patients will pass through.
4. Patient accessible Toilet Rooms and Shower Rooms that are located near Activity
Rooms and other locations on the unit are recommended to have all of the
features of the Patient Toilet Rooms as discussed in “Level 4b” below.
D. Light fixtures – If located at a height or location that is not easily accessible to
patients, these may be normal fixtures and lamps as long as staff observation
from the nursing station is good and staff are in attendance, but tamper-resistant
fixtures are preferred. Where they can be reached by the patients or are in areas
that are not readily observable by staff, they must be tamper resistant type or
have minimum ¼” thick polycarbonate prismatic lenses securely fixed in the
frame and the covers must be firmly secured with tamper-resistant screws. No
glass components should be used in any fixture. Use of table lamps or desk lamps
is strongly discouraged. Neither incandescent light bulbs nor fluorescent tubes
should ever be accessible to patients. It has been suggested that corridor light
fixtures (other than minimal night lighting) be controlled at night by motion
detectors. This would allow staff to know immediately when a patient leaves his
or her room.
E. Window covering hardware
1. Mini-blinds mounted between layers of safety glass or polycarbonate glazing
are preferred because they are not accessible to patients. Care should be taken
to assure that any exposed devices to control the tilt of the blinds not create a
potential ligature attachment point. Exposed miniblinds should never be used.
2. Roller Shades that are specifically manufactured for use in psychiatric
hospitals are another option. These have enclosed security roller boxes,
security fasteners, cordless operation and locking devices that resist
tampering by patients.
3. Curtains and curtain tracks of any are not recommended for use in any patient
accessible areas, especially patient rooms and patient showers.
F. Miscellaneous
1. No plastic trash can liners should be allowed in any space accessible to the
patient. Breathable paper liners should be provided.
2. All operable windows in these areas should have opening limited to four
inches
3. Telephones located in corridors or common spaces for patient use should have
stainless steel case, be securely wall mounted, have a non-removable shielded
cord of minimal length (14 inches maximum), and may be equipped either
with or without touch pads for placing outbound calls. It has been mentioned
that if a patient pulls very hard on the receiver that the armored cable can
unwind and provide sharp edges. This risk should be weighed against the ease
of removal of standard cords.
4. Cabinet pulls should be either recessed, with no protruding openings or of a
closed type
5. Cabinet locks are very important in these, and all patient accessible areas.
Cabinets that are used to store items that patients could use to harm
themselves or others should be kept locked at all times when patients are
present. This can lead to staff constantly looking for the right key on a large
keychain. One solution is to provide locks that can be unlocked by using the
existing key access cards now used by many facilities or a pushbutton keypad.
6. Room Signs are available in a flexible material that is adhesively applied and
will not provide a weapon to the patients if removed.

7. All fire alarm pull stations and all fire extinguisher cabinets should be locked.
All staff on duty must carry keys for these at all times. Key should be provided
with a red plastic ring or other means of providing quick identification. In
addition, fire extinguisher cabinets should have continuous hinges, recessed
pulls (if any) and polycarbonate glazing (if view windows are provided).
8. Lighted exit signs or Photoluminescent signs should be vandal-resistant and
installed tight to the ceiling with a full-length mounting bracket to avoid use
as a hanging device. Wall mounting these signs perpendicular to a wall is not
recommended because it leaves the top exposed as a possible attachment point.
G. Furniture
1. Should be easily cleaned, easily reupholstered, very sturdy and as heavy as
possible to minimize likelihood of patients throwing chairs, tables, etc. It is
recommended that as much furniture as practical be built-in or securely
anchored in place to prevent stacking or barricading of doors. The remaining
loose items (such as chairs) can vary from high quality wood frame
upholstered chairs that resemble typical residential furniture in appearance to
polyethylene rotationally-molded and sand-ballasted seating that is now
available in a less institutional look. The selection depends on the facility’s
determination regarding the patient population to be served.
2. Provide lockable storage cabinets and drawers and the means to lock phones
and computers away from patients.

H. All pictures and art work must be given special consideration in patient
accessible areas:
1. Hand painted Murals have been used very effectively in some facilities. These
can be very effective in brightening and adding interest to corridors and day
rooms. It is usually a good idea to cover them with at least two coats of a clear
sealer for protection, but patients typically enjoy these and defacing them is
not usually a problem.
2. Specially designed frames that slope away from the wall and have
polycarbonate or acrylic glazing. The frames should be screwed to the walls
with a minimum of one tamper-resistant screw per side. Care should be taken
to reduce the opportunity of attaching ligatures to the frame or the joint
between the top of the frame and the wall, especially when the surface of the
wall is not perfectly straight and gaps between the wall and frame are present.
The joint at the top should be sealed with a pickresistant sealant. Some of
these frames also allow for easy replacement of the images and provide the
opportunity for patients to customize what they are displaying with personal
photos, etc.
3. Another option is to print art work on flexible vinyl that can be attached to the
walls with low-tack adhesive or regular wall vinyl adhesive for more
permanent installations. These reduce the risk of patients obtaining harmful
materials. The low-tack adhesive used on smaller images also provides the
opportunity to change the art displayed on a seasonal or other basis. It allows
hospitals to give the patients a choice of art work to display in their rooms
which can contribute to them having more control over their environment.
Level 3. Lounges and Activity Rooms
A. Furniture – All lounge furniture requirements listed for counseling and
interview rooms in Level #2 above apply to this level also. Where movable
seating is required such as dining and activity rooms, polypropylene very light-
weight chairs that resist breaking into sharp pieces are preferred. An alternative
is a chair that can be partially filled with sand to make it difficult to throw or use
as a weapon.
B. Kitchen appliances
1. All cooking appliances (ranges, microwaves, coffee makers, etc.) should have
key operated lock-out switches to disable the appliance.
2. Patients’ access to coffee should be carefully considered by each facility’s
Risk Management Program. If access to this (and other potentially scalding
liquids) is allowed, the location of the coffeemaker should be chosen so it is
readily observable by staff. Glass coffee pots should never be available to
patients. Insulated plastic dispensers are preferable.
3. All garbage disposal units should have a key operated lock-out switch to
disable the device.

4. GFCI-protected receptacles must be provided near all sources of water
including sinks and are recommended for all patient accessible receptacles.
C. Miscellaneous
1. All electrical device (switches, outlets, etc.) cover plates must be attached with
tamper-resistant screws. Electrical cover plates for switches and receptacles
should be made of polycarbonate materials and secured with tamper-resistant
screws.
2. All Miscellaneous requirements listed for counseling and interview rooms in
Level #2 above apply to this level also.
3. Television – TV sets should not be mounted on walls using brackets because
of the risk presented to patients. All cords and cables should be as short as
possible. Consideration should be given to providing built-in TV or media
centers and installing an isolation switch that staff can control. For maximum
safety, the electrical outlet and cable TV outlet should be located inside the
cover to keep the wires and cables away from the patients. One facility
utilized unused platform bed frames mounted vertically on the wall to house
television sets and conceal all wires and cables.
Level 4a. Patient Rooms
A. Doors – Patient Room to Corridor Doors present the possibility of patients
barricading themselves in their rooms to delay staff members’ access. One

solution is to hinge the door so that it swings into the corridor. However, this
may (depending on the design) result in the creation of an alcove that is difficult
to observe and which patients may use as hiding places from which to attack
staff or other patients. If these doors are mounted to swing into the Patient Rooms,
there are several other barricade solutions that may be provided:
1. The door-within-a-door (sometimes referred to as a “wicket” door) has a
portion of the center of the door hinged to swing into the corridor. This hinged
panel is mounted on a continuous hinge and the panel is secured with a
deadbolt lock.
2. If space is available, a separate narrow (18”-24”) wide door that swings into
the corridor may be used for emergency access to the room. This smaller leaf
can either be mounted in the same frames as the main door in a “double egress”
configuration, or there can be a mullion between the two leaves.
3. Double acting continuous hinges can be used on patient room to corridor doors
to assist with barricading without the hazard presented by pivot hinges. They
are also available with a full height emergency stop which locks in place and
can be easily unlocked to allow the door to swing into the corridor.
4. Integral system doors are available that have a nearly flush push plate on the
outside that releases the continuous latch bar and a tapered pull handle that
releases the latch bar from the other side. A recessed-pull handle is necessary
on the push side to aid in closing the door. These doors come as an assembly
including the door itself, lockset and a continuous hinge. This assembly is
very resistive to upward, downward and transverse attachment. This product
is also available with an “Emergency Release Hinge” that can be unbolted
and allows an in-swinging door to be pulled into the corridor in the event that
it is barricaded. A standard latch bolt is not used with this system, but the top
of the latching bar may still provide an attachment point. Maintenance staff
may need to be available on all shifts to remove this door if required for
emergency access The top of all tight-fitting doors provides a pinch point that
allows a patient to tie a knot (in a sheet, the leg of a pair of jeans or other
object), place it over the top of the door, and close the door. This provides a
hanging device. One way to reduce this risk is with a pressure sensitive device
placed on the top of the door that sounds an alarm. Some facilities have begun
to address a desire of some patients to lock themselves in their rooms to avoid
unwanted entrance by other patients. The challenges with this are to provide
individual security for the patient without restricting access to the room by
staff. Locksets with specialized locking functions and ligature resistant turn
pieces for the inside of the door are now available. A cylinder protector to
cover the lock cylinder on the corridor side of the door resists attempts to
insert objects in the keyway. Options are also available to control these locks
with card access technology.
B. Glass
1. Exterior windows – (See Level 2.D.1 Safety Glazing above.) Advances in
different types of safety glass make it worthwhile to consult an expert for
advice for any specific project. The height above the ground, patient
population and many other factors should be taken into account in making
these decisions. Fixed windows or units equipped with sash control devices
that limit amount of opening and can be released using a key to full opening
for evacuation purposes are preferred.
2. Security screens - If replacing the windows presents a prohibitive cost in
remodeling work, provision of a security screen with a very sturdy steel
frame designed to resist deflection with multiple key locks and equipped
with heavy gage stainless steel screen fabric may be used. These are very
functional and secure, but create a very “institutional” appearance and can
be defaced by writing obscene words with toothpaste (or other material).
3. Mirrors – Radiused stainless steel framed security mirrors are preferred for
patient-room mirrors, and the reflective surface may be polycarbonate,
tempered glass, stainless steel, or chrome-plated steel. Each has durability
and distortion characteristics. Some framed mirrors will have a flat surface
on top and/or not fit tightly to the wall and provide opportunities for ligature
attachment. When this occurs, a tapered strip may be installed to reduce this
risk.
4. View windows to corridors in doors or sidelights – View windows in Patient
Room to Corridor doors create some conflicting issues. One view is that they
are necessary to provide observation by the staff. The other point of view is
that the windows infringe on patient privacy in that anyone, including other
patients can see into the room. One solution to this is to provide an operable
blind that only staff can control from the corridor side.
C. Hardware –It is highly desirable to keep vacant patient rooms locked at all
times to avoid other patients entering these rooms without staff’s knowledge.
These can always be opened from the inside, and the corridor side may be either
locked or unlocked with a key.
D. Light Fixtures – Same as in Level 2 above except that all light fixtures should
be security-type fixtures. The use of 2’x4’ fluorescent light fixtures creates a
very commercial or institutional appearance to patient rooms and the placement
of one of these directly over the bed is a carryover from general hospital design
that is seldom needed in behavioral health facilities. Preference is for using either
round or oval surface mounted, vandal resistant fixtures for general illumination
and recessed security down lights with polycarbonate lenses over the beds for
reading lights. Covers are available for existing (or new) downlights that are
secure and make the appearance more residential in nature. No glass components
should be used in any fixture, and table lamps and desk lamps are strongly
discouraged.
E. Furniture
1. Furniture – Sturdy wood, thermoplastic or composite furniture should be
bolted to the floor or walls whenever possible. Care must be taken to assure
that the furniture will withstand abuse, will not provide opportunities for
hiding contraband, and will resist being dissembled to provide patients with
weapons. Open-front units with fixed shelves and no doors or drawers are
recommended. Doors should not be provided because they can be used by
patients to hang themselves. Drawers should not be provided because they
can be removed by the patients and broken to use as weapons. If drawers and
doors are provided, they should be lockable, and the keys should be controlled
by staff. They should have pulls that are ligature resistant that cannot be used
for ligature attachment, and the doors should have continuous hinges. Desk
chairs are preferred to be light weight or ballasted as discussed in Level #3
above
2. Beds
a. Non-adjustable platform beds without wire springs or storage drawers are
needed. It is recommended that these beds be securely anchored in place
to prevent patients from being able to use them to barricade the door. If use
of a portable lifting device is needed, beds are available with an opening
under the bed to accommodate the legs of the lift. Portable lifts can also be
accommodated by placing an existing platform bed on a specially designed

riser. This also reduces the amount of bending over that staff need to do to
work with the patient.
b. Mattresses for platform beds should be specifically designed for use in
these facilities and be resistant to abuse and contamination.
c. If medical necessity is present, manual hospital beds are preferred. It is
recommended that the wheels of hospital-type beds be removed or
rendered inoperable to reduce the opportunity of using them to barricade
the door. It should be noted that the bed rails, headboard and footboard all
present hazards for these patients.
d. If electrically operable beds are needed to reduce risk of staff injuries
(especially on geriatric units), new beds are available that are specifically
better suited for use on these units than standard electrically adjustable
hospital beds. These beds will sense obstructions and reverse direction,
have lockout features for the controls, reduced length cords and other
tamper resistant features.
e. If existing beds must be used for financial reasons, use only beds that
require a constant pressure on a switch located on the bed rail (not a remote
control device or paddle that can be placed on the floor). If existing electric
beds are to be used, provide key lockout switches on beds (or removable
pigtail) so that only staff can operate the beds. All electrical cords should
be secured and shortened. Key lock-out switch is preferred. It is

recommended that the wheels of hospital type beds be removed or rendered
inoperable to reduce the opportunity of using them to barricade the door.
It should be noted that the bed rails, headboard and footboard all present
hazards for these patients.
3. Wardrobe - Wardrobe units should not have doors and should have fixed (non-
adjustable) shelves. They should be securely anchored in place and have
sloped tops. Wardrobes with clothes poles requiring hangers are discouraged
because, while the bar itself can be made safe, the hangers themselves present
serious hazards. The average length of stay in many facilities is now in the 7-
to 10-day range, and patients no longer come with clothing that needs to be
hung up.
F. Miscellaneous
1. Pull cords on nurse call and/or emergency call switches (where required or
provided) shall be no longer than 8” and as lightweight as possible.
2. All Miscellaneous requirements listed for lounges and activity rooms in Level
#4 above apply to this level also.
3. In new construction, or major remodeling, provide a dedicated circuit for all
electrical outlets in each patient room and bath. This will allow power to the
outlets in a specific room to be turned off if necessary for patients’ safety.
Where this is not practical, the outlet may be temporarily covered. It is
strongly recommended that all electrical outlets in patient rooms and patient
toilet rooms be hospital grade, tamper-resistant type. It is also preferred that
they be GFCI receptacles to greatly reduce the risk of patients being able to
harm themselves by tampering with the receptacles. All electrical switches
and outlets should be made of polycarbonate to reduce the risk of being
broken to obtain access to the wiring or to obtain sharp pieces of plastic and
they should be secured with tamper resistant fasteners.
4. Curtain cubicle tracks should be prohibited because of the risk to patients.
5. Television sets should not be provided in patient rooms to encourage patients
to use activity areas with other patients and allow easier supervision.
6. Trash cans and liners – Trash cans and liner requirements listed for counseling
and interview rooms in Level #2 above apply to this level also. In choosing
trash cans and liners, the potential for patient risk should always be assessed.
Plastic liners should be prohibited because of their potential risk of
suffocation. A substitute liner made of paper may be used.
7. Baseboards that are made of rubber or vinyl and are thin, flexible and applied
with adhesive only that are intended to cover the joint between the wall and
floor is strongly discouraged. They become prime targets for patients to
tamper with and can be used to conceal contraband. Finishing the wall surface
to the floor, sealing the joint with pick-resistant sealant, and painting a
contrasting color stripe at the floor is preferred. There are several alternatives
for locations where finishing the wall material to the floor is not practical.
a. Seamless epoxy flooring that has an integral coved base is an exception to
this as long as there is no metal edge strip on the top of the base.
b. Premolded base that extends onto the floor plane and finishes flush with
the top of the floor tile and is heat welded to the flooring may be acceptable
in some locations, but does not address the issue of hiding contraband
unless the top edge is sealed with a pick resistant sealant.
c. Rubber base that is thicker and resembles wood base profiles is available
and provides a more “residential” appearance. It is suggested that all joints
to the wall floor and vertical joints be sealed with a pick resistant sealant.
d. In some cases wood-base material of a minimum ¾” thickness that is
adhered to the wall, secured with countersunk tamper-resistant fasteners,
and sealed with pick-resistant sealant has been used successfully. If desired,
this can be given a semi-transparent stain finish to provide more of a
residential look.
Level 4b. Patient Toilets
A. Floors – Use one of the following depending on acuity of patient population:
1. Seamless epoxy flooring with slip-resistant finish and integral cove base
including shower. Do not use metal or plastic strip at top of base as this can
be removed by patients and used as a weapon.

2. Ceramic and porcelain tile may be used as long as larger pieces are provided
to reduce the number of joints and it is maintained in good condition.
3. One-piece floor units are now available that provide a monolithic floor
(European style) for the entire patient toilet room that drains the shower to a
central location and, if used in conjunction with location of the shower
enclosure and shower head can eliminate the need for shower curtains.
4. Solid surface material floors are also available that include a trench drain
across the entire front opening of the stall which not only helps control water
from getting into the room, but also makes the drain more difficult for patients
to intentionally clog. Fiberglass shower stalls and floors are generally not
durable enough.
5. Pre-Built Bathrooms that contain all finishes, fixtures and accessories are
available that can reduce construction time because they are shipped to the
site ready to be connected to the utilities.
B. Door
1. “Soft Suicide Prevention Door” has been developed that eliminates many of the
hanging hazards associated with a typical door. The door is attached by magnets
and may be easily removed by staff and used as a shield against an attacking
patient and can have a photograph printed on its faces. This door cannot be
locked or latched in any manner.

2. Sentinel Event Reduction Door (without movable top panel) is another option.
Privacy for two patient rooms can be improved slightly by installing the door a
little higher than normal.
3. Acrovyn Patient Safety Door is similar to the item above but is available in
finishes to match other Acrovyn doors if they are used on the unit.
4. A similar result can be obtained by using a solid-core wood door, cutting the top
at an angle, and mounting it so there is a large gap at the bottom. A stainless steel
channel probably will need to be installed at the cut edge on top, and the door
should be mounted on a continuous hinge and provided with a ball latch and
recessed pulls on both sides.
5. If there is a need to be able to lock patients out of the toilet room, a full door will
need to be installed with similar hardware as described above and with a
classroom function lockset. With the tight-fitting door, an over-the-door alarm
should also be provided.
C. Miscellaneous
1. Medicine cabinets should not be provided because of difficulty in observing
potentially dangerous items that may be placed in them.
2. Evaluate the risk of using robe hooks. If they are required, they should be the
collapsible type.
3. Towel bars should not be used. Provide collapsible hooks for towels.
4. Grab bars for toilets and showers are preferred to be provided in all patient
accessible toilets because some patients may be on medications that interfere
with their equilibrium. A self draining bar may be installed on a slight slope with
one end cap on the higher end. These provide a high degree of safety and are
also easy to clean and sanitize. If the wall surface behind the bar is not smooth
and flat, provide pick resistant sealant to this joint between the bar and the wall.
5. Vertical grab bars are required or desired in some locations and these ligature
resistant bars can typically be grasped only from one side, not both. There is now
a ligature resistant grab bar that is specifically designed to be mounted vertically
and can be grasped from either side.
6. Shower Curtains and curtain tracks of any type are not recommended for use in
any patient accessible areas, especially patient showers.
7. Pull cords on nurse call switches should be push button type that are ligature
resistant or have cords that are no longer than 4” and as lightweight as possible.
8. Lavatories – Vanity top-type lavatories are preferred because they provide the
patients a place to set their toothbrush, etc. and have a more residential
appearance. The enclosure below should have an access panel that is secured
with tamper-resistant screws in lieu of a door. This enclosure can be designed to
be wheelchair-accessible, if needed.
9. Wall-hung solid surface -lavatories are available that make it very difficult to tie
anything around them. These have an optional filler panel that is recommended
to fill the space between the side of the fixture and an adjacent wall when there
is one near the fixture. Stainless steel or high impact polymer pipe covers that fit
beneath the unit are also available and should be provided. If a wall mounted
lavatory is used, a shelf (surfacemounted or recessed) that limits attachment of
a ligature may be needed to hold toiletry items
10. Lavatory and sink faucets and valves provide attachment points for ligatures. A
lavatory valve unit is now available that uses a shower valve fitted with a ligature
resistant handle to allow patients control over the temperature (thermostatically
limited to prevent scalding) and duration of the water flow. This valve can be
used to replace the motion sensor activation of some of the faucets below.
Faucets are available in a variety of materials and configurations that range from
push button to motion sensor activation
11. All lavatory waste and supply piping must be enclosed and should not
accessible to patients. Extreme care should be taken when doing this that the
material is trimmed to fit tightly to the underside of the lavatory fixture to
prevent the patient from using this to hide contraband.
12. Soap dishes should not have handles and should be recessed.
13. Many facilities are now using liquid soap in patient areas. The hard plastic
dispensers in use in many facilities are problematic in that they can fairly easily
be pulled off of the wall and broken to provide sharp shards that can be used as
weapons. One solution is a dispenser that is made of solidsurface material that
is commonly used for countertops and is relatively tamper-resistant.
14. Toilets used by these patients in new construction should be floor mounted,
back outlet, back water supply type in lieu of wall-mounted fixtures which can
be broken off of their hanger. Movable seats provide attachment points for
ligatures and should be considered carefully by each hospital.
15. Toilet fixtures made of solid surface material and stainless steel are available
and are much more resistant to breaking. The stainless steel fixtures can be
powder-coated for a less “institutional” appearance Toilet fixtures that will
support the weight of bariatric patients are also available to withstand loads in
excess of 2,500 pounds.
16. Patients in behavioral healthcare facilities have been known to use various
materials to attempt to clog toilets. There is now a product to help simplify the
removal of the material clogging the waste lines. This installed in the waste line
immediately adjacent to the fixture and is intended to catch the material at that
location so it can be removed more easily by maintenance staff.
17. Flush valves are preferred to be recessed in the wall and activated by a push
button. Where this is not practical, the flush valve and /or all related pipes should
be enclosed with a stainless steel or plastic cover that has a sloped top that
incorporates a push-button activator for the valve.
18. Toilet Paper Holders

a. Fully recessed stainless steel units. These have been used widely for a number
of years, however, some facilities feel this creates an infection control
problem because the users have to handle the entire roll.
b. Another toilet paper holder available uses a bar that pivots down when
vertical pressure is imposed.
c. Solid surface holders are available that use a foam tube to hold the roll.
d. A newly available dispenser securely encloses the roll, is ligature resistant
and is designed to always have the paper tear off outside the cabinet. It is
available in several sizes to accommodate different size rolls.
19. Shower Control Valves
a. Single knob mixing valves that provide minimal opportunity for tying
anything around are preferred. These give the patients control of the water
temperature and duration of flow.
b. One piece units that contain shower head and push button valves as a recessed
soap dish are available and work well for remodeling projects because they
reduce the amount of repair needed for wall finishes.
20. Shower heads should be institutional type and quick disconnect fittings should
also be ligature resistant. If a hook is provided to hold the hand held shower head,
it should be mounted on the part of the fitting that is removed when the hose is
removed.
21. If a diverter valve is needed to change the water flow from the standard shower
head to the hand held head, a ligature resistant diverter valve should be provided.
22. Shower seats that fold away typically have many tubes and brackets that are
hazardous. If a folding shower seat is necessary, one without the tubes and
brackets is suggested.
23. Shelves to hold miscellaneous items are often requested in shower stalls. A
stainless steel suicide-resistant shelf may be considered for these applications.
24. Paper towel dispensers in patient-accessible toilets are a concern if they have
sharp edges and are not securely constructed. Some commercially available tri-
fold dispensers are acceptable in locations where high abuse is not anticipated.
25. Existing tri-fold paper towel dispensers may be left in use if desired and covered
with a heavy-duty secure cover
26. Provide ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI)-type electrical circuit breakers
for all receptacles near sources of water such as lavatories, toilets, and showers.
Level 5a. Admissions (especially emergency admissions which frequently occur at
night and on weekends). A separate room that has direct access from both outside and
inside the unit should be considered for this purpose. This allows for the patient to be
brought directly into the admissions area without entering the unit directly. At
admission, unit staff members know very little about the new patient and his or her
trigger points. A separate room avoids disrupting either the unit or the patient, due to
the agitation of either. This room should be pleasant and welcoming and should be
minimally furnished (with a minimum of loose pieces of furniture). The room should
be large enough to allow for several staff to physically manage the patient if necessary.
If possible, the admitting staff member should not be in the room alone with the patient.
After the admitting process is complete, the patient can be taken through the second
door and directly onto the unit.
A. Glass
1. Provide small (12”x12” or 4”x24”) view window in door to patient unit.
2. If privacy is desired on occasion, panels are available that can be changed from
50% transparent to 100% frosted by turning a key or concealed mini blinds may
be used.
B. Miscellaneous
1. An emergency call button should be provided so the staff may summon
additional staff if necessary.
C. Furniture
1. This room should have a built-in desk or table that is firmly attached to the floor
or walls and contain a lockable file drawer for forms and a lockable box drawer
for pens, pencils, staplers, etc. All loose items should be kept in drawers and out
of sight. The furniture arrangement should locate the patients’ chair so that the
patient, when seated, will not be between the staff member and the door.
2. The computer, printer, and telephone should be located so they are not easily
reached by the patient.
3. Seating should be fixed in place or heavy-weight as discussed above.
Level 5b. Seclusion Rooms – should be no less than 7 feet wide and no greater than 11
feet long and designed to minimize blind spots where patients cannot be observed by
staff without entering the room. A minimum of a 9’ ceiling height is preferred. The
distance of the seclusion room from the nurse’s station needs to be considered. The
goal is to avoid excessive distance so that staff can be readily available as needed. The
seclusion room door should open directly into an Anteroom to separate these activities
from the other patients as well as provide access to a patient toilet to be used by these
patients without entering the corridor.
A. Floor – Continuous sheet vinyl with foam backing and heat-welded seams.
B. Walls – Impact resistant gypsum board over ¾” plywood on 20 gauge metal studs
at 16” on center with high performance finish.280 If wall padding is desired, a
heavy, heavy vinyl material with a 1 1/2" thick foam backing may be considered.
One facility has encountered issues with regulating authorities when using plywood
for this purpose and has substituted 25 gauge sheet metal which stiffens the wall, is
easily cut and does not require wider door frames.
C. Ceiling – Impact resistant and/or abrasion resistant gypsum board, painted at 9’-0”
minimum height.
D. Glass – All glazing exposed to patients should be same as Level 2D above. This
includes the exterior pane of any window accessible to patients from exterior
courtyards.
E. Hardware
1. Doors – Commercial-grade steel doors that have a minimum clear width of 3’-8”
and are hinged to open out of room with a polycarbonate view window not to
exceed 100 square inches.
2. No exposed door hardware in the room.
3. The Anteroom side shall have three point latching which may be individual bolts
or included in one piece of hardware with a single lever to operate all three.
Consideration should be given to whether the facility wants to have hardware
that latches immediately upon the door being closed or manual motion that is
required to latch this door. If the door is self-latching, there may be increased
risk of staff becoming locked in the room with a patient and a keyed cylinder
may be required on the inside of the door.
F. Light fixtures – Fully recessed, moisture resistant, vandal resistant type light
fixtures in the ceiling are recommended.
G. Window Covering – No window covering material or hardware should be
accessible to the patient. All window coverings should be located behind safety
glazing as described in Level 2D above. Mini-blinds, roller shades or other types

of window covering may be used behind the safety glazing as long as only staff can
operate the covering and no ligature attachment points are provided by the system.
If electrically operated devices are chosen, controls should be located in the
Anteroom.
H. Miscellaneous
1. No electrical outlets, switches, thermostats, blank cover plates, or similar devices
are permitted inside these rooms.
2. Toilets same as Toilets in Level 4B above or one-piece stainless steel fixtures
combining toilet and lavatory are preferred by some facilities.
3. Baseboards; No baseboards should be used in these rooms.
4. Install a convex mirror same as for glass in Corridors in Level 2 above. Locate
the mirror in the upper corner of the room and opposite the seclusion room door.
Make sure the mirror can be seen when viewing it from the window in the door.
By installing this mirror, you are now providing staff with a 360- degree view
of the room prior to opening the door. Care shall be taken to assure that the
attachment is secure so the patient will not be able to remove it and have a
weapon
6.3.6 ANALYSIS
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6.4 OBSERVATION ACTIVITIES ANALYSIS
6.4.1 SITE VISIT
The site along the Provincial Road to Tanay in Barangay Dalig was visited to
observe its natural state and study the appropriate strategies for designing the
National Women’s Center for Psychiatric Rehabilitation.
Figure 12. View of the site from Provincial Road with MADCOR Farm perimeter wall. Photo taken by Judith
Naranjilla during her site visit on 4 September 2017.
Figure 13. View of site from Provincial Road to Teresa. Photo taken by Judith Naranjilla during her site visit on 4
September 2017.
Figure 14. View of entire frontage of site and the nearby Dalig National High School from across MADCOR Farm.
Photo taken by Judith Naranjilla during her site visit on 4 September 2017.
The relatively flat site was observed to be dense with tall grass and mango trees.
Short banana trees are also visible from the road. The Meralco-owned property is
bounded by rope tied from the perimeter wall of the adjacent MADCOR Farm and
suspended by short wooden posts, as well as a makeshift fence made of short wooden
poles and bamboo stalks arranged horizontally. The 15-meter Provincial Road allows
for public and private transport, as well as trucks and other utility vehicles.
Figure 15. View of St. Judith Hills Executive Village across the site. Photo taken by Judith Naranjilla during her site
visit on 4 September 2017.
Figure 16. MADCOR Farm to the southeast of the site. Photo taken by Judith Naranjilla during her site visit on 4
September 2017.
Figure 17. Entrance of St. Alexandra Estates. Photo taken by Judith Naranjilla during her site visit on 4 September 2017.
Across the road from the site is St. Judith Hills Executive Village, a private
subdivision. To the southeast of the site is the adjacent MADCOR Farm which is
bounded by a bare cement hollow block perimeter wall topped with a protective grid
of barbed wire. Further southeast are St. Alexandra and St. Gabriel Estates of Avida
Communities, another private residential area. Meanwhile, to the northwest of the
site is San Antonio Village, immediately followed by Dalig National High School.
The four-storey high school can be seen from the site.

6.4.2 NATIONAL CENTER FOR MENTAL HEALTH
As the Philippine’s primary psychiatric institution, it stands as the national
standard for mental health care. However, as stated in the previous chapter, the
professionals behind Metro Psych Inc. find NCMH to be a flawed institution. The
forty-six-hectare institution was visited on the 7th of November 2017 with other
students conducting studies on psychiatric facilities to determine the qualities MPI
deemed inadequate for mental health care, as well as to find other bases for mental
health care design.
Figure 18. NCMH Site Development Plan from the NCMH Engineering Section
Buildings throughout the complex are being rebuilt. Those that have yet to be
renovated remain dilapidated. Several buildings have also been abandoned, most of
which are unused staff quarters.
Figure 19. View of Women's Acute Crisis Intervention Service (ACIS) Pavilion in NCMH. Photo taken by Judith
Naranjilla during her site visit on 7 November 2017.
According to the security guard who led the tour, the Women’s Acute Crisis
Intervention Service (ACIS) Pavilion is one of the buildings due for renovation.
Among its structural problems is the deterioration of the second floor, which has led
to leakage. As the patients have the tendency to randomly urinate and defecate
wherever they lease, urine has been said to leak through the slab and onto the ground
floor. Upon approach, patients can be heard screaming and singing to themselves or
at each other. The building was not entered during the tour due to security purposes,
but patients could be seen spending time by the windows. The same can be observed
in most of the pavilions.
Figure 20. View of a farming area behind Pavilions 22, 23, and 24 from the Engineering Building. Photo taken by
Judith Naranjilla during her site visit on 7 November 2017.
From behind the Engineering Building, the land slopes down to farm lands
voluntarily maintained by patients at the latter, mostly healed portion of their stay.
Horticulture was observed to be therapeutic and a productive way to spend their
afternoons, as the produce is later on sold for income A footpath cutting through the
plant life leads to an opening between Pavilions 23 and 24.

Figure 21. Entrance of the recently rebuilt Pavilion 22, unoccupied. Photo taken by Judith Naranjilla during her site
visit on 7 November 2017.
The nearly completed Pavilion 22, which wasn’t occupied by patients at the time,
was entered to observe the design of the new pavilions.
Figure 22. Floor plan of Pavilion 22 from the NCMH Engineering Section.
Figure 23. Pantry or Dining Area with hand washing area. Photo taken by Judith Naranjilla during her site visit on 7
November 2017.
Figure 24. View of Nursing Station and Isolation Rooms from within the Ward. Photo taken by Judith Naranjilla during
her site visit on 7 November 2017.

Figure 25. View of Ward and openings of toilet area. Photo taken by Judith Naranjilla during her site visit on 7
November 2017.
Figure 26. Chamfered corner with openings for easy disposal of the patients’ waste. Photo taken by Judith Naranjilla
during her site visit on 7 November 2017.

Figure 27. Shower area. Photo taken by Judith Naranjilla during her site visit on 7 November 2017.
Prior to the tour, engineers from the NCMH Engineering Section were interviewed
regarding the design strategies used for the renovations. As they mentioned, the
pantry or dining area (Figure 23) utilizes sturdy built in furniture and natural lighting
and ventilation. The shower area (Figure 27), which makes use of non-skid tiles, was
built outside the building to prevent cases of patients slipping on the ward floor after
a bath. The ward (Figure 25) itself cannot make use of the same non-skid tiles as it is
difficult to clean the urine and fecal matter patients tend to leave on the ward floor.
The corners where the walls and floor meet, chamfered to prevent the growth of
harmful bacteria, have openings for the easy disposal of said patients’ defecated
waste (Figure 26). Finally, the floor-to-ceiling height was set at a minimum of three
meters (Figure 25) to better utilize natural light and ventilation, as well as to prevent
patients from using the fluorescent bulbs as weapons.

However, contrary to the engineer’s input with regards to design, the pavilion
makes use of grills that have dangerous open ends (Figure 23), continuous horizontal
elements that can be used for climbing (Figures 24 to 26) and tight patterns on the
isolation rooms’ grillwork that simulate institutional imprisonment (Figure 24).
Figure 28. Pavilion 21: Male Cost Recovery Pavilion. Photo taken by Judith Naranjilla during her site visit on 7
November 2017.
In contrast to the Women’s ACIS Pavilion, Pavilion 21 and 19 or the Male Cost
Recovery Pavilions (Figure 28) is in better condition as it has already been rebuilt.
This pavilion is meant to be occupied by paying patients who are at the latter phases
of their healing. True enough, patients were observed calmly resting on the benches
and playing basketball in the court within their pavilion’s perimeter.

6.4.3 METRO PSYCH FACILITY
As the institution chosen as the proponent for the project, it was visited for the
purposes of observing their procedures and setting the standard for the facilities to be
designed in the proposed National Women’s Village for Psychiatric Rehabilitation.
The facility was also studied in juxtaposition with the National Center for Mental
Health, as Metro Psych Incorporated intended for their facility to be better than the
premier mental hospital of the Philippines.
6.4.4 SYNTHESIS
6.5 INTERVIEW AND SURVEY ANALYSIS
6.5.1 INTERVIEWS
Reputable medical professionals practicing the field of psychiatry as well as
psychologists were interviewed for their reliable input with regards to subjects related
to the proposed National Women’s Village for Psychiatric Rehabilitation. Their
opinions regarding the state of mental health in the Philippines, the ideal conditions
for psychiatric care facilities, and other such concerns were discussed.
6.5.2 SURVEY RESULTS
6.5.3 SYNTHESIS
CHAPTER 7: Spatial Programming
7.1 OVERVIEW
In support of the generative process of the design, garnered using the data input and
synthesis from research methodologies as discussed from the previous chapter, spatial
analysis and programming are the preliminary steps for the architectural design. This cross
checks the functions of spaces with the social interactions and aids in applying said data
input and analysis for proper planning and design of spatial-social relations. Applying or
following fundamental planning and social theories and guides that can support
architectural design work, spatial analysis and programming serve as a basis for
determining the most efficient and appropriate approach for the design of the project. Upon
determining the areas and proper zonings of each space, this process is generally used with
the activities done and the number of users inside a space.
As the National Women's Village for Psychiatric Rehabilitation has composite,
inter-connected and interrelated spaces. It requires intensive study and planning such as the
spatial analysis and programming for determining proper zoning, placement, and design of
the facilities.
7.2 USER ANALYSIS
7.2.1 USER PROFILE
PRIMARY USERS
The primary users of the National Women's Village for Psychiatric Rehabilitation
are the patients and visitors who need the facility for mental health interventions. The
facility functions in service of these users, especially the patients admitted in the
facility who benefit most often and in the greatest magnitude.
1. Inpatients – patients admitted in the facility to undergo treatment for a prolonged
period.
2. Outpatients – patients who receive psychiatric services without being admitted.
3. Public Users – guests who visit to participate in recreational treatment.
SECONDARY USERS
The management or administration operates in the facility as long as the facility
itself is open and operates. The secondary users include the medical and clerical staff
responsible for patient care and office work.
1. Facility Management - administrative users including the executive board
members and department heads.
2. Department Workers - users including psychiatrists, nurses, and recreational
therapy instructors.
3. Clerical staff - including secretaries, receptionists, and accountants.

TERTIARY USERS
Security, maintenance, and technical service personnel of the complex will be the
tertiary users as they are what keep the facilities self-sustaining.
1. Janitor – caretaker of a building
2. Engineer – practitioner of engineering
3. Security Aide – person who is in charge of guarding the facility
4. Laundry Worker – person who washes dirty clothes and linens
5. Gardener – person in charge of maintaining care plants and other landscapes
6. Cook – person in charge of preparing food
7. Dietician – an expert in human nutrition and the regulation of diet and in charge
of the patients’ meal plans.
Security personnel will get unobstructed and have easy access to spaces. The
maintenance crew will be resident workers to the facility. The tertiary users will be
accommodated with circulation hidden from the visitors as to maximize efficiency of
the workers and ensure the safety of other users.

7.2.2 USER BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS
This form of analysis discusses the flow of activities of the different types of users
in the different departments throughout the facility. The areas of the National
Women’s Village for Psychiatric Rehabilitation are the Outpatient Department, the
Acute Custodial Care Department, the Administrative Department, the Dietetics
Department, Housekeeping and Utilities, and Recreational Therapy.
OUTPATIENT DEPARTMENT
This area is dedicated to patients receiving assessment, therapy, and consultation
not admitted in acute custodial care. These patients often arrive with a companion.
Figure 29: Patient Activity Flow in the Outpatient Department
Figure 30: Staff Activity Flow in the Outpatient Department

ACUTE CUSTODIAL CARE DEPARTMENT
This area contains the patients admitted to receive treatment for a prolonged time.
Patients may reside in private, semi-private, and four-bed rooms.
Figure 31: Patient Activity Flow in the Acute Custodial Care Department
Figure 32: Staff Activity Flow in the Acute Custodial Care Department
Figure 33: Visitor Activity Flow in the Acute Custodial Care Department
ADMINISTRATIVE DEPARTMENT
This area is used by the administrative and clerical staff who oversee operations.
Figure 34: Staff Activity Flow in the Administrative Department
DIETETICS DEPARTMENT
Activities related to meal preparation occur in this department.
Figure 35: Staff Activity Flow in the Dietetics Department

HOUSEKEEPING AND UTILITIES
This area is used by staff responsible for maintaining the facility through tasks
such as maintaining energy and water supply, and ensuring cleanliness throughout
the facility.
Figure 36: Staff Activity Flow in Housekeeping and Utilities
Alternative psychiatric interventions are conducted in this area.
Figure 37: User Activity Flow in Recreational Therapy

7.3 ZONING PROGRAMS
Zoning of spaces include the nature of an area’s privacy (public, semi-public, or
private), activities done, number of users, and supposed users within a space. Its relevance
includes the production of a more efficient flow for users, as zoning can provide optimized
routes and ease in circulation by appropriately planning and organizing rooms.
7.3.1 BUBBLE DIAGRAM
Figure 38: Outpatient Department Bubble Diagram

Figure 39: Acute Custodial Care Bubble Diagram
Figure 40: Administrative Department Bubble Diagram

DIETETEICS DEPARTMENT
Figure 41: Dietetics Department Bubble Diagram
Figure 42: Housekeeping and Utilities Bubble Diagram
Figure 43: Recreational Therapy Bubble Diagram
7.3.2 ADJACENCY MATRIX

DIETETEICS DEPARTMENT
The National Women’s Village for Psychiatric Rehabilitation
235
7.4 ARCHITECTURAL SPACE PROGRAM
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  
 
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
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 
  
 
 
   
   

   
   
   

    
    
   
       
   
   
   
   
   

       
   
   
   
    
   
   
   

       
   
   
           
   

       
   
   
   
       
        
   
   

   
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236
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    
  
 



 
  
 
 
   
   
   
   
   
   
   

       
   
   
   
   

   
    
   
       
   
       
   
   
   
   
   
   
 
           
   
    
   

       
   

    
   
   
            
   

237
 
 
    
  
 



 
  
 
 
   
    
   
   
    
   

       
   
    
   
   

       
   
    
    
    

    
    
    
   
   
      

    
   
   


   
   
   
   
   
           
   
   
   
   
   
           
238
 
 
    
  
 



 
  
 
 
   
   
   
   
   
   
           
   
   
           
   
        
   

       
   
   
   

       
   
   
        
        
        
        
        
        
        
        
        
 
   
   

       
    
   
           
239
 
 
    
  
 



 
  
 
 
   
   
   
   
   

       
   
   
   
   

       
   
   
   
   

       
   
   
   

       
   
   
   

       
   
   
   
   
       
   
        
   
   

   
   
   
           
        
        

240
 
 
    
  
 



 
  
 
 
        
 
   
   
   
   
   
   
   

       
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
            
   
           
   
   

       
   
   
   
   

       
   
   
        
        
        
        

241
 
 
    
  
 



 
  
 
 
 
   
   

       
   
   
        


        
        
        
        
        
 
   
   

       
   
   
         
        
        
        
        
 
   
   

       
   
   
   
            
   
   

       
   
           
            
242
 
 
    
  
 



 
  
 
 
   
   
   
   
   
   

   
   
   
 
        
        
        


        
        
        
 
 
Table 28: Architectural Space Program for the National Women's Village for Psychiatric Rehabilitation
The National Women’s Village for Psychiatric Rehabilitation 243
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[3] American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.
[4] American Psychological Association. (2016). Understanding group therapy.
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[5] Angara, J. A. (2017). Senate bill no. 1354: Mental health act 2017. Senate of the
Philippines.
[6] Antipolo City Planning & Development Office. (2013). Revised comprehensive
zoning ordinance of Antipolo city, province of Rizal. Antipolo City, Rizal,
Philippines.
[7] Antipolo City Planning & Development Office. (2015). City of Antipolo ecological
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[8] Bates Smart. (2011). Dandenong hospital mental health facility stage 1. Retrieved
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smart/projects/sectors/health/dandenong-hospital-stage-3-redevelopment-mental-
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[9] Breel, K. (2013, May). Confessions of a depressed comic.
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3763/dh_123989.pdf
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[14] Health Policy Development and Planning Bureau. (2012). National
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treatment/
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The National Women’s Center for Psychiatric Rehabilitation 1

1.1 BACKGROUND AND NATURE OF THE PROJECT

Rehabilitation, according to the Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine, is meant to

psychiatric rehabilitation focuses on the restoration of community functioning and well-

being of an individual. Also known as psychosocial rehabilitation, the collaborative,

the medical team of the patient.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

According to clinical psychologists, the common misconceptions about mental

Similar to diabetes, some lifelong mental illnesses do require long-term treatment.

the help that one needs (Department of Health, July 2012).

common mental disorders as the fault of biology. The emphasis on physiological or

of gender role socialization, manifests as women's subordination, marginalization, and

Development (GAD) ordinances throughout the Philippines to require crisis centers,

One particular solution can be the deinstitutionalization of facilities catering to

as an illness as remediable as the common cold: something that by no means necessary

empowers them as individuals and as members of society. A healthy, non-constricting

rather, that they are human beings equally worthy of respect.

participation of NGOs and private corporations, these deinstitutionalized psychiatric

fitness and end the negative stigma surrounding mental health.

1.3 PROJECT GOAL

therapeutic experience through community-based structures and services, allowing

growth and rejuvenation.

1.4 PROJECT OBJECTIVES

healthcare centers in the Philippines through the deinstitutionalization of

psychiatric care facilities;

2. To empower women and encourage them to heal as a community through a

village-type arrangement oriented towards maximum potential care, collective

development, and self-fulfillment; and,

3. To foster an experiential approach towards architecture that focuses on users’

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

outcomes and reduces violence and crime.”2

advocates to alleviate the issues at large. This community-based sprawling method to

1.6 SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS

of schizophrenia; bipolar related disorders; depressive disorders; anxiety disorders; trauma

and stressor-related disorders; disruptive, impulse-control and conduct disorders;

substance-related and addictive disorders; and personality disorders.

According to the Department of Health's classification, the facility is an acute-

development affecting cognitive, emotional and behavioral functions is virtually limitless,

thus, it is impossible to capture the full range of psychopathology in the categorical

Due to confidentiality issues, no mentally disturbed individuals could be

World Health Organization-Assessment Instrument for Mental Health Systems Report on

Mental Health Systems in the Philippines and National Statistics Office.

Use Plan of Antipolo City.

1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS

DOH – Department of Health

NCMH – National Center for Mental Health

NGO – Non-Government Organization

PCW – Philippine Commission on Women

PMHA – Philippine Mental Health Association

PPA – Philippine Psychiatric Association

WHO – World Health Organization

1.7.2 TECHNICAL TERMS

acute-chronic psychiatric care – services for patients with mental illnesses

pharmacological treatment, and psychosocial intervention.

community-based alternatives – a cost-effective alternative to institutional

incarceration for individuals in need of rehabilitative care

quality of life for women, men, families, and communities.

fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community.

mental disorder/illness – a syndrome characterized by clinically significant

disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior that reflects a

dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or developmental processes underlying

disability in social, occupational, or other important activities. An expectable or culturally

psychiatric rehabilitation – the process of restoration of community functioning