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A Research Paper
Presented to
The faculty of Senior High School Department
ADAMSON UNIVERSITY
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirement for
the Completion of Senior High School Curriculum
By:
Jack R. Bernales
Bernardo C. Bulawan Jr.
Laurice Razel P. Jugo
Sean Carlo R. Miguel
Naiven Kathrin P. Patricio
Melanie Joyce B. Tolentino
SSCI 1201
April 2019
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We, the researchers, would like to acknowledge the various individuals that made
this study possible and bearable. There are so many things that the researchers
would like to express their gratitude for. Firstly, an enormous “thank you” from the
research team to this following individual/group of individuals:
Ms. Nicole B. Ribano – has been patient and considerate in our team and
also for being one of the accomplished Practical Research professors of
Adamson University.
Mr. Evan John L. Daynos – has enriched our team with the knowledge we
needed to be able to push through this study and one of the many
accomplished Inquiries, Investigation, and Immersion professors of
Adamson University.
Mr. Cloyd de Villena – one of the individuals who helped us reshape and
innovate our paper via constructively criticizing our paper.
Ms. Marie Charisse Campayan – as another contributor to making the
researchers look at a new horizon and expand it. We really appreciate the
amount of consideration she has given us; sometimes she would give up her
time just to let us do our research.
Dr. Lorna A. Espeso – for being a supportive and compassionate Principal
of Adamson University – Basic Education Department.
JUGO HOUSEHOLD:
Special Thanks to: Ms. Athena Louie V. Cenizal and Ms. Charissa Anne
Mendoza for helping our team with the sorting of the survey-questionnaires in their
spare time.
To all the countless times they have motivated and supported every member of the
research team, countless “thank you” is in order. On times the researchers felt that
he/she slumped, their friends and family are there to help them get through it and
resurface again.
ABSTRACT
The findings suggest that as the students increase in social media usage it has a
direct effect into the self-esteem of the students. Furthermore, this research proves
that there is a strong relationship between social media and self-esteem.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page i
Approval Sheet ii
Acknowledgement iii
Abstract iv
Table of Contents v
Introduction 1
Research Objectives 3
Theoretical Framework 3
Conceptual Framework 5
Hypothesis 6
Definition of Terms 8
Foreign Literature 9
Local Literature 10
Foreign Studies 12
Local Studies 13
Research Design 16
Sampling Technique 16
Research Instrument 16
Statistical Treatment 17
Summary 30
Findings 32
Conclusion 31
Recommendations 33
APPENDICES 34
REFERENCES 38
CURRICULUM VITAE 42
Table No.
I. Demographic Profile
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
21st century denoted the rise and development of social organizing destinations
in the entire world. From that point forward these destinations have turned into a
significant piece of individuals' lives, uniquely the lives of the adolescent.
Numerous adolescents are utilizing internet-based life, particularly Facebook, to
fabricate connections, interface with the world, offer and gain learning and data,
fabricate more grounded identities and have better social lives (Boyd, 2007).
Mitchell (2002) claimed that long range informal communication locales are
utilized by adolescents to get occupied with sentimental and easy going on the web
connections. It has been seen by the changing conduct of the general population
that web-based life has many adverse repercussions on individuals. Person to
person communication locales assist individuals with making social correlations
which increment the mental trouble of people and thus bring down the general level
of confidence (Chen and Lee, 2013).
The purpose of this study is to identify who amongst these senior high
school respondents have low self-esteem. Almost half of the population of the
teenagers today has accounts on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Viber, etc.
Teenagers use social media applications for the primary purpose of posting
pictures, sharing posts or videos. One of the main reasons why some youngsters
have low self-esteem is because they expect the same treatment that they get
virtually applies in real life as well.
The low self-esteem of teenage students is one of the major issues in today’s
generation. This paper however will examine the teenage students who potentially
have low self-esteem. It is said here that teenagers nowadays have a social media
accounts and of course it can sometimes affect people who post a picture of
themselves by degrading by someone that can lead to overthinking and low self-
confidence because other millennials are known by judging else's picture and being
dominant and perfectionist of all the things they can do due to over pride. Low self-
esteem can sometimes affect one's grade and attitude on the class due to lack of
confidence in front of many people by having a recitation not to consider because
they afraid that they might get judged by others who aren't considering own opinion
of others.
This research should also be taken into consideration and not neglected
because many teenagers today are experiencing low self-esteem and it should not
be neglected because others cannot face or speak in front of many people because
of their low self-esteem and lack of confidence.
2.1 Age
2.2 Sex
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the study it is expected that the readers and the target audiences
to have the following:
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Another complexity that emerges with poor confidence and poor self-
perception is dietary issues, anomalous eating, and extreme exercise propensities.
Various examinations have demonstrated that body disappointment can lead one to
participate in a dietary problem. There is an incredible distinction between
consistently ladies' bodies and unattainable, farfetched models' bodies, which
makes ladies feel awful about themselves and leads them to feel constrained to
practice increasingly and get thinner (Dunkley, Wer-theim, and Paxton, 2001; Stice
and Shaw, 2002; Policy and Herman, 2004).
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
FACEBOOK SELF-ESTEEM
Profile of Respondents
Age
Sex
Section and Strand
The figure above shows the process on how the researchers got to the results
and conclusions. The first line goes to show the connection between Facebook and
an individual’s self-esteem that the researchers are trying to prove exists. The
second line however goes to show the demographic denominations of the
respondents. Third line indicates the process the researchers did to gather the data
required for the study. And the last line goes to having the results and conclusion.
HYPOTHESIS
HO – Social media does not have any impact to the self-esteem of students
studying at Adamson University.
This study encapsulates issues such as but not limited to the subjects on the
psychosocial and mental health of the senior high school respondents from
Adamson University Grade 12 - STEM students. As well as the issues on how the
respondents handle their emotions whenever they find themselves heavily
associated with the other person’s social media account. However, this study will
not touch the personal life of the students and what they share and post on their
social media accounts, pursuant to the Data Privacy Act of 2012. The inalienable
constraints of the study were that the respondents were not observed when they
were offered surveys to fill. So, the consequences of the examination rely on the
respectability and honesty of the subjects. Also, all social media platforms were
excluded in the research. Only Facebook was considered the representative of all
the social networking sites.
The study focuses on the effects of social media platforms unto the self-
esteem of senior high school students of Adamson University. The significance of
this study is to provide crucial and specific information that may aid the target
audiences in case they might encounter the issue soon. This study is beneficial to:
Respondents, the respondents will be made aware with the different effects
of social media to their self-esteem and to make them understand that social media
could potentially destroy their self-esteem and their perception of who they are.
Students, the students will acquire specific knowledge on how their activity
on different social media platforms may have effect in their self-esteem. This study
might provide them the realization they need a time off their social media accounts,
that these social media platforms may be the source of the negative impression that
they are giving themselves.
Parents, the parents will have the knowledge about the matter on how their
sons or daughters ever acquire such low self-esteem and be able to formulate or
create an approach applicable to their sons’ or daughters’ case.
Teachers, the teachers alongside the parents of the students and respondents
may as well formulate ideas on how to handle different cases and to help their
students to strengthen their self-esteem and boost their confidence.
Future Researchers, for the future researchers this study may be a reference
for their future thesis or research and may be of great help for them to establish
their position on the subject matter thereof.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
7. Liberality – the quality of being open to new ideas and the property of
being generosity.
10. Self-esteem - a feeling of satisfaction that someone has for his/her own
abilities.
CHAPTER II
The researchers gathered data that may be of value to the study they
are conducting. Having related literatures and studies can somehow help the
researchers create a more comprehensive and effective paper. The researchers took
into consideration the background and credibility of every author of literature and
study they incorporated on their research.
Foreign
According to Black (2016) since internet-based life started with the dispatch
of Myspace, individuals' true personalities and temperaments have been influenced
by what they see on the web. We currently have a consistent stream of data and
open doors for consideration from others, and the need is regularly predominant in
our contemplations, keeping us from completely focusing on either the
circumstance or ourselves. Social correlation existed before internet-based life, yet
it was just constrained to the general population you met face to face and your
neighbors, and you could make a substantially more point by point judgment about
these people. One could see or hear defects and battles, and in addition triumphs,
making social examination a more adequate practice. Consider the photos you see
and your contemplations encompassing them. Every other person is by all accounts
accomplishing something intriguing, and a great many people do not understand
that for everyone they see posting excursion photographs, there are a hundred
people who aren't. This prompts perilous correlations.
Surely, posts on a few locales are openly accessible to any individual who searches
for them. Somewhere else, individuals can constrain who approaches by changing
their security settings. Contingent upon whether individuals see your posts — and
how emphatically they react — your online associations might be very positive. Or
on the other hand not. Online life can make a few adolescents feel discouraged and
segregated. They can get a handle on cut of social associations. They may feel
judged. Individuals who visit web-based social networking locales to feel
associated with companions may wind up got in online dramatization, or even
digital harassing. However, being stuck to your telephone or immersed in a
Snapchat story isn't all terrible. Online life gives an imperative place to individuals
to interface. The input that clients get from their companions can support
confidence. What's more, online life can even lift connections among relatives.
Local
and each time I see her Facebook updates I constantly feel like an overworked,
under-vacationed loser.
Foreign
Local
As an assist of the theory study indicates that social community web sites
perform a unique function that permit person to meet strangers, however
alternatively that they allow customers to articulate and make visible their social
networks. They are especially speaking with people who are already a section of
their prolonged social network. To emphasize this articulated social community as
a necessary organizing characteristic of these sites, we label them "social
community sites."
large variety of searching for information. He also found out that majority of the
individuals in his learn about acknowledged internet that give extra comfort in each
day living.
SYNTHESIS
It is said that an individual’s reaction, emotion, and the like towards an issue
may be altered due to the web-based life that the individuals pursue. In example,
one might view something as irrational behavior just because his/her web-based
life peer thinks so as well. One may also be pushed by his/her web-based life peers
to do more or pursue a different horizon. In either way the person “aligning” his/her
life towards his/her online peers are deemed to change in one way or the other.
While saying that internet maybe a good source of being well-informed some cases
still show that people are getting competitive towards others in a way that they are
basing their prominence with the number of people that follows them compared to
those that they are following. This is an example of what the University of Salford’s
examination results.
Some persons are saying that the use of social media is in a way a
prerequisite to be globally compatible at this day and age. It is essential for a 21st
Century learner to be adept with the various twists and turns that the technology
world has in store. Individuals who engage in social media are only half responsible
for whatever feelings he/she might get from it.
At the end of the day the individual has the power to eliminate anyone who
he/she thinks does not constitute a positive impact on him/her. Half of the
responsibility goes to the people one follows/adds as a friend (for Facebook users).
They are responsible for warning their peers first whatever is the content of their
post especially if it is something sensitive to the human.
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
RESEARCH DESIGN
The researchers have chosen 100 senior high school students from Adamson
University because the researchers have observed that all senior high school
students have their account in social media platform such as Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram.
SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
STATISTICAL TREATMENT
ETHICAL CONSIDERATION
The researchers have considered the sensitivity of the topic that they are
dealing with and as per the guidelines set forth for the ethical consideration the
researchers did the following: 1. informed the respondents about the research and
its premise; asked them for their consent. 2. The researchers did no intimidation to
get the student-respondents to answer the survey questionnaire. 3. The researchers
also ensured that the information of the student-respondents will be kept within the
respected bounds and will not be distributed or such as to keep the student-
respondents’ anonymity. 4. The researchers ensured that all the data that they have
gathered from the survey questionnaires are the only components that needed to be
assessed nothing more, nothing less.
CHAPTER IV
This part of the paper will provide the demographic profile of the student
respondents that the researchers conducted survey upon. The respondents’ ages are
from 17 years old through 18 years old. The sex of the two (2) denominations, being
17 years old and 18 years old are Males and Females.
1.1. Age
The tables attached herein indicate those with the age of 17 and 18. The
numerical figures inside the table means: that the corresponding numerical value
under the “Mean” indicates the height of the student-respondent’s self-esteem. The
symbol “N” indicates the population that answered the question about the duration
of their use. Upon analyzing the data gathered it can be inferred that as the student-
respondent spend more time on his/her Facebook account the more his/her self-
esteem diminish. (See tables 1.1 through 1.2).
1.2. Sex
The tables attached herein indicate the two denominations’ gender that being
male and female. The numerical figures inside the table indicate: that the numerical
value under the “Mean” indicates the height of the student-respondent’s self-
esteem. Then the symbol “N” indicates the population that answered the question
about the duration of their use. Upon analyzing the data gathered it can be inferred
that as the female respondents spend more time on their Facebook account the more
their self-esteem diminish. But otherwise is shown for male respondents. The given
data goes to show that Facebook have an adverse effect on both sexes, although for
female-respondents their self-esteem only went 2 points down and went constant
(except for the number after the decimal point). Male-respondents show that for
every change in time spent their self-esteem changes.
The tables attached herein contains the data that will determine the results of
this study, also the tables present the comparison between 17-year-old male and
female and 18-year-old male and female. After analyzing the data presented herein
the conclusion will be that
Half an hour 0 0 0
3. SUMMARY OF TABLES:
Pearson 1 -.908
Correlation
N 29 29
Pearson -.908 1
Correlation
N 29 29
From the result of the correlation test as seen above it can be concluded that
there is a negative inverse relationship between the two variables. Increasing in the
time spent on Facebook would result in the decrease of the self-esteem of an
individual. It can also be concluded that there is a statistically significant correlation
between Facebook usage and self-esteem as the significant value shown in table 2
is less than 0.05.
After applying the correlation test the subsequent step was to apply linear
regression analysis to foresee the value of the dependent variable with the
assistance of predictor variable. The summary of the results is mentioned below in
the tables.
The above table shows the summary of the data. The value of R. is 0.908
which means that it represents a strong correlation which have been calculated at
the above table. The R square shows how much of total variation in the self-esteem
(dependent variable) can be explained by time spent on Facebook (independent
variable) which is very large in this case; 82.5%
Total 17.188 3
ANOVA or Analysis of Variance is a table that helps measure how well the
3
regression equation fits the gathered data. As shown in Table 2.3 significance value
is more than 0.05 – which means that the result is equal to being neutral. The value
of the significance is 0.09 which means that the regression model is statistically
insignificant and a bad predictor of the dependent variable which in this case is the
self-esteem of the student-respondents. The answer/s provided by the ANOVA
table means that Facebook has no impact to the self-esteem of senior high school
students studying at Adamson University for ages 17 years old.
Pearson 1 -.019
Correlation
N 71 71
Pearson -.019 1
Correlation
N 71 71
correlation. The “N” symbol in the table symbolizes the population of the student-
respondents that responded to the time and self-esteem.
Total 17.188 3
Pearson 1 -.634
Correlation
N 58 58
Pearson -.634 1
Correlation
N 58 58
Total 17.188 3
This Analysis of Variance table for Females shows regression and residual
denominations.
Pearson 1 -.657**
Correlation
N 42 42
Pearson -.657** 1
Correlation
N 42 42
Total 17.188 3
This Analysis of Variance table for Males shows regression and residual
denominations.
CHAPTER V
I. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
1. Table 1.1 shows the mean scores for self-esteem of 17 years old
Female students in Private Catholic School. According to the result, Female
students who spend half an hour daily on Facebook have a mean score of 19.6667
for self-esteem; Female students who go through 1-3 hours daily on Facebook have
a mean score of 17.3333 for self-esteem; students who go through 3-5 hours on
Facebook have a mean score of 15.625 for self-esteem; Female students who go
through more than 5 hours on Facebook have a mean score of 16.5 for self-esteem.
2. Table 1.2 shows the mean scores for self-esteem of 17 years old
Male students in Private Catholic School. According to the result, Male students
who spend half an hour daily on Facebook have a mean score of 0 for self-esteem;
Male students who go through 1-3 hours daily on Facebook have a mean score of
0, for self-esteem; students who go through 3-5 hours on Facebook have a mean
score of 15.625 for self-esteem; Female students who go through more than 5 hours
on Facebook have a mean score of 16.5 for self-esteem.
3. Table 1.3 shows the mean scores for self-esteem of 18 years old
Female students in Private Catholic School. According to the result, Female
students who spend half an hour daily on Facebook have a mean score of 15.3333
for self-esteem; Female students who go through 1-3 hours daily on Facebook have
a mean score of 16.5263 for self-esteem; Female students who go through 3-5 hours
on Facebook have a mean score of 17.25 for self-esteem; Female students who go
through more than 5 hours on Facebook have a mean score of 15.625 for self-
esteem.
4. Table 1.4 shows the mean scores for self-esteem of 18 years old
Male students in Private Catholic School. According to the result, Male students
who spend half an hour daily on Facebook have a mean score of 21.6 for self-
esteem; Male students who go through 1-3 hours daily on Facebook have a mean
score of 21.4286 for self-esteem; Male students who go through 3-5 hours on
Facebook have a mean score of 19.889 for self-esteem; Male students who go
through more than 5 hours on Facebook have a mean score of 22 for self-esteem.
5. The summary of the gathered combined data is mentioned above
in table 1. According to the overall result of survey the students who spend half an
hour daily on Facebook have a mean score of 19.5833 for self-esteem interpreted
as to have high self-esteem; students who go through 1-3 hours daily on Facebook
have a mean score of 18.8 for self-esteem interpreted as normal self-esteem;
students who both go through 3-5 hours and more than 5 hours every day on
Facebook have a mean score of 17.2083 for self-esteem which interpreted as low-
esteem. An increasing time spent on Facebook is also a decreasing in the level of
self-esteem of the students.
6. From the result of the correlation test it can be concluded that there
is a negative relationship between the two variables. Increasing in the time spent on
Facebook would result in the decrease of the self-esteem of an individual. It can
also be concluded that there is a statistically significant correlation between social
media usage and self-esteem as the sig value shown in table 2 is less than 0.05.
METHODOLOGY
FINDINGS
RESULTS
RECOMMENDATION
Parents should monitor their children, they should observe the effects of
these social media platforms and accordingly to the time they spend on such
social networking sites.
Respondents should be taken to seminars, workshops and awareness
program where they should be guided about self-esteem, self-recognition
and self-confidence.
Parents and Teachers should raise the morale of students and make them
more confident in their conduct.
Campaigns must be held to raise awareness in people regarding the negative
repercussions of social networking sites.
Future Researchers are encouraged to conduct a study on the factors
affecting one’s level of effect of the social media to their self-esteem.
Future Researchers are also encouraged to use qualitative approach to go
beyond our results.
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CURRICULUM VITAE
JACK R. BERNALES
PERSONAL DETAILS
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
PERSONAL DETAILS
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Secondary: Senior High School
Adamson University – Ermita Manila
Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics
2017 – Present
1. Business-minded
2. Technology literate
3. Apprehensive
4. Good with interpersonal communication
PERSONAL DETAILS
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Secondary: Senior High School
Adamson University – Ermita Manila
Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics
2017 – Present
PERSONAL DETAILS
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Secondary: Senior High School
Adamson University – Ermita Manila
Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics
2017 – Present
PERSONAL DETAILS
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
PERSONAL DETAILS
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND