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Abstract —In this paper, a cascade STATCOM with battery stabilize the voltage amplitude and frequency of the electric
energy storages for wind power applications is presented. grid.
Meanwhile, a coordinate control strategy is proposed for this Considering the battery energy storages in the DC, it is
inverter system in order to alleviate both active and reactive
necessary to study the status of each battery module, e.g.
power fluctuation in a wind power generation system. The SoC of
each battery is directly controlled using PI controller and zero output voltage, state-of-charge (SoC), etc [11]-[13].
sequence voltage is injected so as to obtain balanced state-of- Meanwhile, the compensation of active and reactive power for
charge (SoC). A time constant T is involved to identify the power wind farm using inverters with battery energy storages has
reference from the cascade inverter, this time constant is been extensively studied these days. However, the cascade
determined by considering both the SoC of each battery and the topology with batteries in the DC side should be further
required power of the wind farm. A nine-zone plot is presented to
discussed. Reference [14] has proposed the Monte Carlo
simplify the above process for deriving the parameter T. A
simulation model based on MATLAB/Simulink is developed to method to evaluate the stability impact of batteries for a wind
validate the proposed method. At the same time, a 10 kW farm. Reference [15] has presented the function of reactive
prototype is implemented and experimental results are given to power regulator in a distribution system with wind energy
demonstrate the feasibility of the approach. penetration. Reference [16] has analyzed an optimization
Key Words: Cascade STATCOM, battery energy storage approach based on variable time constant and output power
system (BESS), state-of-charge (SoC), wind power fluctuation saturation in order to reach the protection of the batteries.
References [17]-[18] have discussed the cascade configuration
I. INTRODUCTION
and proposed the related control and modulation method,
Renewable energy generation has been used worldwide while the coordinate control strategy for reactive power and
these days. Meanwhile, related topics, e.g. microgrid and SoC has not been deeply analyzed.
interfacing converter control, have been widely studied [1]- In this paper, a coordinate control strategy is proposed in
[4]. Among different kinds of renewable energy sources, wind order to alleviate both active and reactive power fluctuation. A
power as a kind of alternative energy form has been popularly time constant T is employed to identify the operation
developed nowadays. It features the advantages of relatively conditions of the batteries. Meanwhile, the requirement of the
mature technology and low cost. Hence, its penetration in the wind farm is also taken into account. With the proposed
modern electric grid is increasing these years [5]. However, method, the fluctuation of active and reactive power can be
considering the stochastic issues of wind power, it is necessary eliminated, and the service time of the batteries can be
to notice its negative impact on power system stability [6]. At prolonged. MATLAB/Simulink model is developed to
the same time, the capability of reactive power compensation demonstrate the proposed method, and experimental results
should be taken into account in the development of a wind are shown to further test the feasibility of the approach.
energy generation system [7]-[8]. In the past years, the
cascade STATCOM has been widely used to fulfill the II.MAIN CIRCUIT TOPOLOGY AND MODEL OF THE SYSTEM
requirement of reactive power compensation in a wind farm. The topology of the cascade STATCOM with battery
Multilevel converters with cascade topology can effectively energy storage system (BESS) is shown in Fig. 1. Here, each
eliminate the output harmonics and may further enhance the phase of the cascade STATCOM is composed of several H-
system efficiency by using lower switching frequency [9]- bridges, and each DC side of the H-bridge is connected to a
[10]. In particular, cascade STATCOM can quickly track the battery using a DC-DC interface circuit. Meanwhile, each
reference value of power reference and compensate the battery has independent battery management system (BMS),
reactive power to a certain bus locally. Therefore, the reactive which can be used to control the charging and discharging
power flow in the whole system is reduced, which can process of the battery. At the same time, the BMS can
minimize the power line loss and eliminate the bus voltage calculate the SoC of each battery and transmitted to the
fluctuation. Although STATCOM can compensate the reactive centralized controller. The AC voltage of the cascade
power, it commonly does not have the capability to generate STATCOM is the sum of all the H-bridge modules. The AC
active power. As a result, it cannot be used to eliminate the side is connected to the filter inductance, and then connected
active power fluctuation in a wind farm. In order to solve this to the 10 kV side of the transformer.
problem, cascade STATCOMs with battery energy storages in The voltage of the common coupling point is shown as uja,
the DC sides are proposed. This kind of inverter can generate ujb and ujc, which follow the expressions as:
both active and reactive power for the wind farm and thereby
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⎛ kp ⎞
ki ⎜ s + 1 ⎟
⎝ ki ⎠ 1 (8)
G0 ( s ) =
s ⎛L ⎞
R ⎜ s + 1⎟
⎝R ⎠
It is set that:
kp L
= (9)
ki R
Hence, the closed loop transfer function is:
1 (10)
φ (s) =
R
s +1
ki
Fig. 4. Clustered SOC balancing control.
The above expression shows that the closed-loop system is
a first order system, and the response time is shown as:
3R
ts ≈ (11)
ki
The PI parameters can be determined by (9) and (11).
B. Balancing Control of the SoC of Each Battery
Each DC side voltage of the cascade STATCOM is
controlled by the BMS, so it is only necessary to balance each Fig. 5. Individual SOC balancing control.
SoC for the controller of the cascade STATCOM. The SOC balance control of each sub module can be realized
balancing of SoC should be achieved by considering two through SOC control of each sub module storage battery, and
aspects. First, the SoC of each battery in the same phase shall not affect the balance control of SOC.
should be balanced. Second, the SoC of each battery between C. Optimized Control of the Cascade STATCOM/BESS for
different phases should be balanced. Assuming that N modules Compensating Wind Farm Active Power
are connected in series in each phase of the STATCOM, and The active and reactive components of the wind farm
the SoC for the module #i is SoCi, the average value of each output current can be quickly and accurately detected. By
SoC in Phase A is SoCA. It is derived that: using the preset power factor, the reactive power can be fast
SOC1 + SOC2 + ... + SOC N (12) compensated for either leading or lagging phase angle.
SOC = A
N However, the active power compensation cannot be that fast
The average SOC between phases is shown as SoCref. and accurate as the reactive power due to the respond speed
SOC A + SOCB + SOCC (13) and maximum limits of the batteries. Therefore, an optimized
SOCref =
3 control method is proposed in this study. A time constant is
The difference value between the above two variables is selected for the low-pass filter to remove the high frequency
ΔSoCA, ΔSoCB and ΔSoCC. components in the active power references. This time constant
⎧ΔSOC A = SOC A − SOCref is determined by the required active power and the SoC of the
⎪ (14)
⎨ΔSOCB = SOCB − SOCref battery in each phase. The required active power and SoC of
⎪ the battery in each phase form the nine-zone plot in Fig. 6.
⎩ΔSOCC = SOCC − SOCref
The wind farm active fluctuations are not exceeding 10% from
The control diagram is shown in Fig. 4. The balance
area 4 to 6. In area 7, 8, 9, 33%>active fluctuations>10%, in
control of battery modules is realized by injecting zero
area 1, 2, 3, -33%<active fluctuations< -10%. Storage battery
sequence voltage.
SOC<30% in the area 1, 6, 7 and 80%>SOC>30% in area 2, 5,
Balance control of each module SOC is realized by pulse
8. 100%>SOC>80%in area 3, 4, 9. The detailed status and
modulated wave of each module and introduce an alternating
parameters for each zone is shown in Table I.
voltage signal to modulated wave. As shown in figure 5, take
First-order butterworth filter is used here, as shown as:
A phase for example, the difference value ΔSoCAj is SOC of A
1 (17)
phase each sub module storage subtracting SOC of A phase, j H (s) =
sT + 1
= 1, 2, …, N. where T is variable filter time constant.
ΔSOC Aj = SOC j − SOC A (15) Take three T: T3 > T2 > T1, T1 = 100s, T2 = 200s, T3 = 300s.
An alternating voltage amplitude and alternating voltage Bode diagram of this three filter time constant T is in figure 8.
initial phase angle is produced after PI regulate, this is the When P* is larger, the required active power increases
initial angle of balance control in each phase. accordingly. Considering the power limits and the lifetime, the
u Aj = S A cos(ωt + φ ) (16) large power charging or discharging process should be
avoided. Hence, the time constant T can be sorted as follows:
In charging cycle:
T9 < T4 < T8 < T5 < T7 < T6
In discharging cycle:
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T1 < T6 < T2 < T5 < T3 < T4 wind farm, calculate to optimize selection and according to
The value of T should be determined by the total required debug to determine the optimize parameters value.
power and the fluctuation of the wind power. The control diagram for active power is shown in Fig. 7,
In application, the filter constant T need depending upon where Pw is the output active power of the wind farm, Pref is
the performance of storage battery and control target in grid- the filtered reference value of the output power, P* is the
connected case and combining with the practical situation in output or absorbed power of STATCOM/BESS.
VI. CONCLUSION
The cascade STATCOM with battery energy storages is
studied in this paper. A coordinated control strategy for
alleviating active and reactive power fluctuation is developed.
Fig. 10. Active power compensation of wind farm. Meanwhile, zero-sequence voltage is injected to balance the
SoC of each battery. The SoC of each battery is also
controlled using PI controller. A nine region plot is employed
to determine the time constant T for the low-pass filter which
is used to remove the high frequency component and avoid
high power charging and discharging process. The proposed
method is tested by MATLAB/Simulink model, and
experimental results are performed to show the feasibility of
the method.
Fig. 11. Three-phase SoC trends.
TABLE III System Parameters in Experiment
Parameters Value
Grid voltage amplitude 380 V
Frequency 50 Hz
Filter inductance 10 mH
DC capacitor 470 μF
Storage battery voltage 48 V
Capacity of storage battery 48 Ah
CPS-Switching frequency 800 Hz
Number of H-bridge module 12
Fig.12. Active power absorbed by the STATCOM/BESS.
Fig. 16. Scenario II: Generate capacitive reactive power and absorb
active power.
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