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Part 1
Duration
Lag Time
Time of Concentration
Rising Limb
Recession Limb (falling limb)
Peak Flow
Time to Peak (rise time)
Recession Curve
Separation
Base flow
3
Why ?
>>Input
>>(Transform Function)
>> Output
4
5
Unit Hydrograph Theory
Sherman - 1932
Horton - 1933
Wisler & Brater - 1949 - “the hydrograph of
surface runoff resulting from a relatively short,
intense rain, called a unit storm.”
The runoff hydrograph may be “made up” of
runoff that is generated as flow through the soil
(Black, 1990).
The runoff hydrograph results from 1 in. of
rainfall excess, generated uniformly over the
watershed at a uniform rate during a specified
period of time (McCuen, 2004)
6
7
Types of UHG’s
T-Hour (t-minute)
- Hydrograph results from a storm
with constant depth of rainfall
excess of 1 in (cm). over a duration
of T-Hours (t-minutes)
o Dimensionless UHG’s
- Axis define in term of ratio’s
- X = t/tp & y = q/qp
8
Deriving a UHG from a Storm
sample watershed = 450 m2
25000 0.8
0.7
20000
0.6
Precipitation (inches)
0.5
15000
Flow (cfs)
0.4
10000
0.3
0.2
5000
0.1
0 0
4
2
0
8
0
8
16
24
32
40
48
56
64
88
72
80
96
10
11
12
12
Time (hrs.)
9
Estimating Excess Precipitation
0.8
0.7
0.6
Precipitation (inches)
0.5
Assume
Depth of DR (cm) = Sum(Ordinate) 0.4
Uniform loss rate of
0.2 inches per hour.
x Dt / Cathment Area
0.3
P = RF Depth
Loss rate = (P – RE)/ D 0.2
0.1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Time (hrs.)
10
Refer slide 22
Excess Precipitation
0.9
0.8
Derived unit hydrograph is the
result of approximately 6 hours
of excess precipitation.
0.7
Excess Prec. (inches)
Small amounts of
0.6
excess precipitation at
beginning and end may
0.5
be omitted.
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Time (hrs.)
11
Sum of ordinates is always = 1 area
in (or cm). of direct runoff
* major drawbacks
1) a lack of spatial uniformity in the
rainfall
2) No constant excess rate
3) Peak & Time to peak are sensitive
to duration of rainfall excess
12
Derived Unit Hydrograph
Rules of Thumb :
… the storm should be fairly uniform in nature and
the excess precipitation should be equally as uniform
throughout the basin. This may require the initial
conditions throughout the basin to be spatially similar.
Constant slope
Concave
Constant discharge
14
Inflection Point - Semi-log Plot
100000
1000
Flow (cfs)
100
10
4
9
4
9
4
9
4
29
34
39
44
49
54
59
64
69
74
79
84
89
94
99
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
Time (hrs.)
15
Hydrograph & Base flow
25000
20000
15000
Flow (cfs)
10000
5000
0
0
7
14
21
28
35
42
49
56
63
70
77
84
91
98
105
112
119
126
133
Time (hrs.)
16
Separate Base flow & Derive DRO
25000
20000
15000
Flow (cfs)
10000
5000
6
5
2
9
3
0
7
14
21
28
35
42
49
56
63
70
77
84
91
98
10
11
11
12
13
Time (hrs.)
17
Methods of Developing UHG’s
18
Unit Hydrograph Analysis
19
UHG from Historical Data
20
Obtaining UHG Ordinates
22
Example: Rainfall-Excess Reciprocal
Method
DRO (t) = {40,70,50,20} ft3/s
Assume 30 min time increment
23
Example:
UH obtained by dividing each ordinates by
depth of direct runoff hydrograph
Thus, U(t) = {15.7, 27.5, 19.6, 7.8}
24
Final UHG
25000
Storm #1 hydrograph
15000
Flow (cfs)
Storm # 1 unit
hydrograph
10000
Storm #1
baseflow
5000
0
14
21
28
35
42
49
56
63
70
77
84
91
98
0
7
105
112
119
126
133
Time (hrs.)
25
Direct Runoff from UHG
26
Convolution – Existing data
The process by which the design storm is
combined with transfer function to
produce the direct runoff-hydrograph
A theory of linear super-positioning
27
Convolution: a multiplication-
translation-addition process
0 P1 D t
Rainfall
Excess (PE) 1”
The depth of direct runoff
Equals to the depth of
rainfall excess
U1 0.6 U2
0.4
Unit If 1” of
Hydrograph (UH)
rainfall excess,
P1U1 0.6 P1U2 period of 1D
0.4
Direct Runoff (RO)
0 D 2D t
28
Convolution: a multiplication-
translation-addition process
0 P1 D t
Rainfall
Excess (PE) 2”
The depth of direct runoff
Equals to the depth of
2/D 0.6 U2 rainfall excess
U1 0.4
Unit
Hydrograph (UH) If 2” of
P1U1 1.2 P1U2
rainfall excess
0.8
Period of 1D
Direct Runoff (RO)
0 D 2D t
29
If 2” of
rainfall excess Convolution: a multiplication-
Period of 2D translation-addition process
P1 P2
0 D 2D t
Rainfall
Excess (PE) 1” 1”
The depth of direct runoff
1/D Equals to the depth of
P1U1 0.6 P1U2 rainfall excess
0.4
Unit
Hydrograph (UH)
P2U1 0.6 P2U2
0.4
Unit
Hydrograph (UH)
1.0
0.4 0.6
Direct Runoff (RO)
0 D 2D 3D t
P1U2 + 30
P1U1 P2U1 P2U2
Convolution: a multiplication-
translation-addition process
0 D 2D t
Rainfall
Excess (PE) 1”
2” The depth of direct runoff
Equals to the depth of
2/D 1.2 rainfall excess
0.8
Unit
Hydrograph (UH)
0.6
0.4
Unit
Hydrograph (UH) 1.6 If 3” of
0.8 0.6 rainfall excess
Direct Runoff (RO) Period of 2D
0 D 2D 3D t
31
Exp: 2(0.6) + 1(0.4) = 1.6
Time base for Direct Runoff
32
Example: page 525, (McCuen,2004)
0 D 2D t
Rainfall 0” 0” 0.16” 0.16”
Excess (PE) 0.20”
5 , 6 min (0.1h)
increment Unit
Hydrograph (UH)
tbRO = (5(RFO) +7 (DRO)) – 1
= 11
0 D 2D 3D t
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
-
41