ME09 608 (P) - Thermal Lab II PDF

Department of Mechanical Engineering

LAB MANUAL

FOR
THERMAL LAB II
DEPT. OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
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1. COOLING CURVE TEST ON SINGLE CYLINDER
FIELDMARSHAL DIESEL ENGINE
AIM
To study the influence of cooling water temperature (outlet temperature) on the

efficiency of the engine and plot the graph cooling water temperature Vs Brake
thermal efficiency.
TEST RIG DETAILS
BP of the engine = 6HP = 6 x 736 W

Bore diameter of the engine = 114.3mm.
Stroke length of the engine = 139.7mm.
Speed of the engine = 650rpm.
Orifice diameter = 20 mm
PRECAUTIONS
Cooling water circulation should never be closed. The temperature of the outlet
water should never increase beyond 700C.
PROCEDURE
This test is to be conducted at constant load (half full load) and constant speed.
Calculate the load corresponding to half the output of the engine at rated speed.
Now start the engine taking all the necessary precaution. Allow the engine to
run for few minutes at no load. Now load the engine to half full load, keeping
the quantity of cooling water circulation as low as possible. Wait for few
minutes till the outlet water temperature becomes steady.
Note the cooling water temperature and also the time for 10cc fuel consumption.
Repeat the experiment for different rates of cooling water circulation, keeping
the load constant. After the completion of experiment, unload and then stop the
engine.
1

FORMULAE
1. Maximum load calculation
Brake power, BP = (2πNT)/60. Watt
Where,
N = Speed of the engine in rpm.
T = Torque on the brake drum in Nm
= (W1 – W2) R x 9.81Nm.
W1 = weight on hanger + hanger weight in kg.
W2 = spring balance reading in kg.
R = Radius of brake drum + thickness of rope in meters.
Where,
t = time for 10cc fuel consumption in s
Specific weight of diesel = 0.83
2

Wheree,
TFC = Tootal fuel coonsumptioon in kg/hrr
CV = Callorific valuue of dieseel = 45.2 X 106 J/Kgg.K
BP = Brakke power in watts
SAMP
PLE GRA
APH
ULT
RESU
Best coooling waater temperrature (froom graph) =
INFER
RENCE
3

2. RETARDATION TEST ON SINGLE CYLINDER
VERTICAL
DIESEL ENGINE
AIM
To determine the frictional horse power of the engine by conducting retardation

test and Plot the graph Rated Speed Vs Retardation Time.
ENGINE DETAILS
Brake Power = 6HP =6 x 736 W
Rated Speed = 650 rpm
Stroke length = 139.7 mm
Bore diameter = 114.3 mm
Brake drum Radius = 197 mm
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Stop watch
MAXIMUM LOAD CALCULATION

Maximum brake power; B.P max = 2πNT/60 Watts.
Where B.P max = 4.416 KW = 4416 Watts,
N = speed of the engine = 650 rpm,
T = torque on the engine shaft in Nm = WR in Nm
Where W = load on the engine in Kg
R = radius of the Brake drum = 197 mm
Maximum load in Kg W max = B.P max x60/ (2πNR*9.81)
PROCEDURE
Calculate the load to be applied for the maximum output. Take the following
precautions before starting the engine.
1. Check the fuel level
2. Check the lubricating oil level.
3. Check the cooling water circulation.
4. Check whether the engine is on no load.
Engine is started at No- load condition and is run at rated speed. The fuel is then
cut- off using fuel cut off lever and the time taken for the speed to drop to a
4

lower speed is noted
n usingg a stop watch.
w Thee fuel is aggain turnedd on [fuel cut off
lever is
i engagedd] and thee engine iss again brrought bacck to the rrated speeed. The
experimment is reepeated with
w variouus lower sp peeds. Thhe engine is loaded to half
load annd the aboove proceddure is reppeated andd noted thhe readinggs. Plot thee graph
and friictional poower is determined.
FORM
MULAE
Frictioonal powerr, F.P. = 2π
2 N TF / 60 6 Watts
Wheree, N= sppeed = 6600 rpm
Frictioonal Torquue, TF = TLT x [t3 /(tt2-t3)] N m
Where,, t3 = Retaardation tim me at halff load [from the grap
ph]
me at No- load [from
t2 = Retarrdation tim m the grap
ph]
TL = Loaad Torque
TL = WR R* 9.81 Nm m
Where, W = Load
L on enngine
R = Raadius of brake drum m
Mechaanical Effiiciency, Mech

M η = BP/IP
B
Where, Inndicated Power,
P IP = BP + FP
P
5

SAMPLE GRAPH
RESULT
Frictional power of the engine = …………….. W
Mechanical efficiency =...................%
INFERENCE
6

3. DETERMINATION OF EFFECTIVENESS OF
PARALLEL FLOW AND COUNTER FLOW HEAT
EXCHANGER
OBJECTIVE:
To determine the logarithmic mean temperature difference (LMTD),
effectiveness and overall heat transfer coefficient for parallel and counter flow
heat exchanger.
EQUIPMENT:
1. The apparatus consists of a concentric tube heat exchanger.
2. The hot fluid namely hot water is obtained from the Geyser (heater
capacity 3 kW), it flows through the inner tube.
3. The cold fluid i.e. cold water can be admitted at any one of the ends
enabling the heat exchanger to run as a parallel flow or as a counter flow
exchanger.
4. Rotameters are used for measuring flow rate of cold and hot water.
5. This can be adjusted by operating the different valves provided.
6. Temperature of the fluid can be measured using thermocouples with
digital display indicator. The outer tube is provided with insulation to
minimize the heat loss to the surroundings.
Specimen material - Copper Tube
Size of specimen- diameter 12.5mm, length -1500mm
Outer shell material G I
Size of outer shell diameter- 40 mm
BASICS:
LOGARITHMIC MEAN TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE (LMTD): LMTD
LMTD = (θ2 – θ1)/ ln(θ2/ θ1) 0C

where, θ1 = Thi -Tci, and
θ2 = Tho. -Tco for parallel flow heat exchanger
θ1 = Tho -Tci , and
θ2 = Thi, -Tco for counter flow heat exchanger
This is defined as that temperature difference which, if constant, would give the
same rate of heat transfer as usually occurs under variable conditions of
temperature difference.
7

PRECAUTION:
Switch ON the heater only after starting water supply.
PROCEDURE:
1. Switch ON the unit panel.
2. Start the flow of cold water through the annulus and maintain the
exchanger as counter flow or parallel flow.
3. Switch ON the geyser provided on the panel & allow water to flow
through the inner tube by regulating the valve.
4. Adjust the flow rate of hot water and cold water by using rotameters &
valves.
5. Keep the flow rate same till steady state conditions are reached.
6. Note down the temperatures on hot and cold water sides. Also note the
flow rate.
7. Repeat the experiment for different flow rates and for different
temperatures. The same method is followed for parallel flow also.
OBSERVATIONS:
SI. No Hot Cold Temperature Temperature

water water of cold water of hot water in
flow flow in °C °C
rate rate
cc/s cc/s Tci Tco Thi Tho
Parallel
flow
Counter
flow
CALCULATION:
Heat transfer from hot water Qh = m„cph (Thi –Tho) W
where mh - mass flow rate of hot water kg/s.
Cph - Specific heat of hot water = 4186.8 J/kgK
8

Heat gain by the cold fluid Qc = mCpc (Tco – Tci) W
where me - Mass flow rate of cold fluid, kg/s
Cpc - Specific heat of cold fluid=4186.8 J/kgK
Q = (Qh + Qc ) /2 W
LMTD = (θ2 – θ1)/ ln(θ2/ θ1) 0C
Where θ1 = Thi -Tci, and

θ2 = Tho. -Tco for parallel flow heat exchanger
θ1 = Tho -Tci , and
θ2 = Thi, -Tco for counter flow heat exchanger
Overall heat transfer coefficient based on outside surface area of inner tube
U0 = Q / A0 LMTD W/m2 K
where, Area, A0 = π d0L m2
d0 - Outer diameter of the tube = 0.0125 m
L - length of the tube = 1.5 m
Effectiveness, ε = ( Thi – Tho) / ( Thi - Tci ) if ch < cc
Effectiveness, ε = ( Tco – Tci) / ( Thi - Tci ) if cc < ch
This is applicable for both parallel and counter flow heat exchanger.
RESULT:
INFERENCE:
9

4. DETERMINATION OF COP OF THE REFRIGERATION
TEST RIG
AIM
To determine the actual, theoretical and relative COP of refrigerating plant.
APPARATUS
The given Refrigeration Test Rig with refrigerant R-132.
a) Digital indicator b) compressor c) condenser
d) Expansion device e) evaporator f) waterchiller
THEORY
The system works on vapour compression refrigeration cycle.
Theoretical COP = Refrigeration effect = (h1-h4)
Work done (h2-h4)
Where,
h1 = Enthalpy corresponding to P1, and T1, kJ/kg
P1 and T1- Pressure and Temperature of Refrigerant at inlet of
compressor.
P2 and T2- Pressure and Temperature of Refrigerant at exit of compressor.
T3 -Temperature of Refrigerant at the exit of condenser.
Actual COP = Heat removed
Actual workdone
Heat removed = mCp dT
m- mass of water taken in the chiller in kg
Cp - specific heat of water
dt - drop in temperature of water
Actual work input = V x I
V- Voltage
I - Current
Relative COP = Actual COP
Theoretical COP
PROCEDURE
1) Fill the chiller with water
2) Switch- On the power
10

3) Start the system by switching on the thermostat by opening the
corresponding valves depending on solenoid and thermostatic expansion
valve or capillary expansion device.
4) Note down the initial energy meter reading El.
5) RecordT1, T2, T3, T4, P1, P 2 , V,I and Rotameter reading.
6) Note down the initial temperature of water Ti.
7) After 30 minutes note down the energy meter reading E2 and
Temperature of chilled water Tf.
OBSERVATION
Diameter of steel vessel (chiller) d = 0.27 m
Length of the water column l =
Initial Voltage Current Pressure Pressur Temp Temp Temp Temp Final
temp V I at inlet e in the at at at at temp
of (volt) (A) of the condens inlet outlet outlet outlet of
water compress er P2 of the of the of the of the water
in or P1 (psi) compr compre conden expan in the
chiller (psi) essor ssor T2 ser sion chiller
0 0
Ti ( C) T1 ( C) T3(0C) valve Tf (0C)
(0C) T4
0
( C)
Calculations
Actual COP, COP (act) = Heat removed
Actual workdone
Heat removed Q = mCp dT
m- mass of water taken in the chiller in kg = ρV
where ρ = density of water = 1000 kg/m3
V = volume of water in the chiller in m3 = π/4*d2*l
Cp - specific heat of water = 4.182 kJ/kgK
dt - drop in temperature of water in K = Ti- Tf
Actual work input = V x I
V- Voltage
I - Current
11

Theoretical COP = Refrigeration effect = (h1-h4)
Work done (h2-h4)
Where,
h1 = Enthalpy corresponding to P1, and T1, kJ/kg from p-H chart.
P1 and T1- Pressure and Temperature of Refrigerant at inlet of
compressor.
P2 and T2- Pressure and Temperature of Refrigerant at exit of compressor.
T3 -Temperature of Refrigerant at the exit of condenser.
Relative COP = Actual COP
Theoretical COP
Result
Theoretical COP of refrigerator =
Actual COP of refrigerator =
Relative COP refrigerator =
Inference
Block diagram of vapour compression cycle

Condenser

Expansion
Device

Compressor

Evaporator

2
T 2 P 3
3

4 1
4 1
Entropy Enthalpy
12

5. MORSE TEST ON 4 CYLINDER PETROL ENGINE
AIM
To determine the frictional horse power in each cylinder of a 4 cylinder petrol
engine. Also determine the indicated power and mechanical efficiency of the
engine.
ENGINE DETAILS
Brake Power = 7.36 KW
Stroke length = 75 mm
Bore diameter = 68mm
Radius of dynamometer wheel = 0.125 m
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Cylinder cut-off arrangement

Maximum brake power; B.Pmax = 2πNT/60 Watts.
Where B.Pmax = 7.36 KW = 7360 Watts,
R = radius of the dynamometer wheel = 0.125 m
PROCEDURE
Calculate the load to be applied on the eddy current dynamometer for the
maximum output. Take the following precautions before starting the engine.
1. Check the fuel level.
The test is conducted at constant speed with constant fuel supply (the throttle
valve is not adjusted). Start the engine using self starter. Engage the engine with
dynamometer using the clutch. Allow the engine to run for a few minutes at the
rated speed (1500rpm) to attain steady conditions. The engine is loaded to about
13

50% of the maximum load and throttle valve is adjusted to maintain constant
speed.
Now the voltage to the spark plug of 1st cylinder is cut-off and now the engine
is running on the expense of 2nd and 3rd cylinders. The speed is maintained
constant by reducing load and the load is noted. Close the circuit of 1st cylinder
and the 2nd cylinder is short circuited. Repeat the procedures for other cylinders
and note the load on the dynamometer on each case. After completion of the
experiment, bring the engine to no load conditions and stop the engine by
switching off ignition key. Maintain cooling water circulation for some more
time.
FORMULAE
Brake power, 1st cylinder cut-off = 2πNT/60 Watts
Where N= speed = 1500 rpm
T = WR* 9.81 Nm
B.P = ...........................Watts
Indicated power of 1st cylinder;

I.P. 1 = B.P. total – B.P. 1st cylinder cut-off
Brake power, 2nd cylinder cut-off = 2πNT/60 Watts
T = WR* 9.81 Nm
14

B.P = ...........................Watts
Indicated power of 2nd cylinder;

I.P. 2 = B.P. total – B.P. 2nd cylinder cut-off
Brake power, 3rd cylinder cut-off = 2πNT/60 Watts
T = WR* 9.81 Nm
B.P = ...........................Watts
Indicated power of 3rd cylinder;

I.P. 3 = B.P. total – B.P. 3rd cylinder cut-off
Indicated power of 4th cylinder;

I.P. 4 = B.P. total – B.P. 4th cylinder cut-off
Total indicated power;

I.P. total = I.P. 1 + I.P. 2 + I.P. 3
Mechanical efficiency;
Mech η = B.P. total X 100
I.P. total
RESULT
Total indicated power = …………….. W
Mechanical efficiency =...................%
INFERENCE
15

6. LOAD TEST ON 4 STROKE PETROL ENGINE
AIM
To determine the total fuel consumption, specific fuel consumption, brake mean
effective pressure and brake thermal efficiency of the petrol engine at various
loads and to plot the following graphs.
Brake power output Vs T.F.C
Brake power output Vs S.F.C
Brake power output Vs B.M.E.P
Brake power output Vs Br.Th.efficiency
ENGINE DETAILS
Brake Power = 7.36 KW
Stroke length = 75 mm
Bore diameter = 68mm
Radius of dynamometer wheel = 0.125 m
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Stopwatch
PROCEDURE
Calculate the load to be applied on the eddy current dynamometer for the
maximum output. Take the following precautions before starting the engine.
1. Check the fuel level.
Start the engine using self starter. Engage the engine with dynamometer using
the clutch. Allow the engine to run for a few minutes at the rated speed
(1500rpm) to attain steady conditions. Observe time for 10cc fuel consumption.
Now load the engine keeping the speed constant. Again wait for a few minutes
to attain steady conditions at that load. Observe time for 10cc fuel consumption
and actual load acting on the engine. Repeat the procedure for six different
loads (from no load to full load). Care must be taken not to overload the engine.
16

After completion of the experiment, bring the engine to no load conditions
before stopping. Maintain cooling water circulation for some more time.
OBSERVATION AND TABULAR COLUMN

Maximum brake power; B.Pmax = 2πNT/60 Watts.
Where B.Pmax = 7.36 KW = 7360 Watts,
R = radius of the dynamometer wheel = 0.125 m
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS (SET NO....)

Brake power output; B.P = 2πNT/60 Watts
T = WR* 9.81 Nm
B.P = ...........................Watts
Total fuel consumption; T.F.C = (10/t)*(3600/1000)*0.75 Kg /hr
Where t = time for 10cc fuel consumption =.................sec
17

0.75 = sp. weight of petrol
T.F.C = ............................. Kg/hr
Specific fuel consumption; S.F.C = T.F.C/ B.P Kg/W hr
Where T.F.C = Total fuel consumption in Kg/hr
B.P = Brake power in Watts
S.F.C =.............................. Kg/W hr
Brake mean effective pressure; B.M.E.P = (B.P*60)/ LA(N/2)*n in N/m2
Where B.P = brake power in watts
L = stroke length = 0.75 m
D = diameter of the cylinder (bore) = 0.68m
A = area of the cylinder in m2 = π/4* D2
N = speed = 1500 rpm (N/2 is because of four stroke engine)
n = no: of cylinders = 3Nos
B.M.E.P =.......................... in N/m2
Brake thermal efficiency; Br.th.η = (B.P*3600)/(T.F.C*C.V) X 100 %
Where T.F.C = total fuel consumption in Kg/hr
C.V = calorific value of petrol = 43.5 J/Kg K
B.P = brake power in Watts
Br.Th.η =...............................%
RESULT
Maximum brake thermal efficiency =...................%
INFERENCE
18

7. LOAD TEST ON TWO STAGE AIRCOMPRESSOR.
AIM
To conduct load test on the two stage reciprocating air compressor and to
determine the volumetric
efficiency and isometric efficiency at various delivery pressure. Also plot the
following graphs.
Delivery pressure Vs Volumetric efficiency.
Delivery pressure Vs Isothermal efficiency.
TEST RIG DETAILS:

Working pressure = 12 kgf/cm2.
Motor power = 3HP
Low pressure cylinder bore diameter, D1 = 90mm.
High pressure cylinder bore diameter, D2 = 63mm.
Stroke length L = 89.5mm
Speed, Nc = 925rpm
Diameter of orifice, d = 0.015m
Coefficient of discharge of the orifice meter, Cd = 0.6
Energy meter constant, K = 1200 impulse/kwh.
Number of impulse on energy meter, n = 10
THEORY:
During the downward motion of the piston the pressure inside the cylinder falls
below the atmospheric pressure and the inlet valve is opened due to this
pressure difference. The air is sucked into the cylinder until the piston reaches
the BDC (Bottom dead centre). As the piston starts moving upwards the inlet
valve closed and the pressure starts building up continuously until the pressure
inside the cylinder is above the pressure of the receiver. Then the delivery valve
opens and the air is delivered during the remaining upward motion of the piston
to the receiver.
At the end of the delivery stoke, small volume of high pressure air left in the
clearness space. The high pressure left in the clearness space expands as the
piston moves downwards and the pressure of the air falls, until the pressure is
just below the atmosphere and then the inlet valve opens and fresh air is sucked
in and whole process will repeat.
19

The suction, compression and delivery of air take place within two strokes of
the piston or one revolution of the crankshaft. The compression of air from
initial pressure to the final pressure in more than one cylinder is known as
multistage compression.
DESCRIPTION:
The compressor basically consists of an electric motor (prime mover), two
cylinders namely HP cylinder and LP cylinder. The system is intercooled.
Pressure gauges are provided at the both of the HP cylinder and LP cylinder
outlets to read the pressures. The AC motor gives input power to the
compressor.
APPARATUS
Manometer, Digital rpm indicator, stopwatch
PROCEDURE:
1. The water present if any in the receiver is drained out using the drainage
cock.
2. The outlet valve of the receiver is kept open to facilitate starting and then the
motor is switched on.
3. When the compressor reaches its normal speed the outlet valve of the receiver
is closed and the compressor is allowed to build the required pressure.
4. When the pressure reaches the desired valve, the outlet valve is adjusted so
that the delivery pressure remains constant at that pressure. At this point
manometer reading, speed of the motor and energy meter readings is noted
down.
5. The experiment is repeated for different values of pressures and the above set
of reading are noted down.
After completing the experiment, switch of the motor and release the air from
the receiver.
20

FORMULAE:
1) Initial pressure, P1 = Atmospheric pressure = 1,01,325 N/m2 .
2) Final pressure, P2 = (Gauge pressure x 10 5 ) + Atmospheric pressure

N/m2
Where gauge pressure = Pressure gauge reading in Kgf/cm2.
3) Actual volume of air intake per second , Va = Cd A √2gha

Where Cd = Coefficient of discharge of orifice meter = 0.60
A = Area of orifice = π d2/4 m2.
g = Acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/s2
ha= Head difference in terms of air column in meters.
= Δh x (density of water /density of air at RTP.)
Where, Δh = Difference in level of water in manometer in meters.
Density of water ρw = 1000 Kgf/m3.
Density of air at RTP ρa = 1.293 X 273 / (273 +t ) Kgf/m3.
Where t = Room temperature in 0C.
21

4) Theoretical air intake per second, Vth = π /4 x D12 x L x Nc / 60.
Where D1 = Diameter of low pressure cylinder in metres.
L = Stroke length in metres
Nc= Speed of the compressor in rpm.
5) Volumetric efficiency , η vol = (Va / Vth ) x 100 %

Where Va = Actual volume of air delivered in m3/s.
Vth = Theoretical air intake in m3/s.
6) Input power , P = (3600 x n) / (K x t) kw

Where , K = Energy meter constant = 200 rev/kwh.
n = Number of revolutions of energy meter disc.
t = Time taken for ’n’ revolution of energy meter disc.
Assuming transmission and mechanical losses as 20 %. i.e. Total Input = 0.8 P
7) Isothermal work done = P1 V1 loge P2 /P1 x 10 -3 kJ/s

Where P1 = initial pressure or atmospheric pressure in N/ m2 .
P2 = final pressure in N/ m2.
V1 = Va = Actual air intake in m3/s.
8) Isothermal efficiency , ηiso= (Isothermal work done ) / ( Total Input) x

100 %.
RESULT
1) Maximum Volumetric efficiency of the compressor.
2) Maximum Isothermal efficiency of the compressor.
INFERENCE
22

8. PERFORMANCE TEST ON BLOWER
AIM:-
To conduct and evaluate the performance test on the blower by plotting the
following performance curve:
a) Total head Vs discharge

b) Efficiency Vs discharge
c) Input Vs discharge
SPECIFICATIONS
a) Power (P) : 7.5HP or 5.5KW

b) Speed (N) : 2900rpm
c) Pipe Diameter : 125mm
d) Throat Diameter : 75mm
e) Co-efficient of Discharge (Cd) : 0.6
f) Impeller Diameter : 500mm
g) Motor : 7.5hp or 5.5kw, AC,3phase,440V,
50Hz, Squirrel cage Induction
h) Delivery Size : 125x80mm
i) Inlet Diameter : 200mm
APPARATUS REQUIRED
a) Centrifugal Air blower test rig

b) Stop watch
c) Tachometer
PRINCIPLE
The main components of air blower are the impeller and the diffuser. The fresh
air enters into the eye of the of impeller. Because of the high rotational speed of
the impeller, the air contained in the rotational passage is subjected to
centrifugal force which causes air to flow radially outwards. All the mechanical
energy driving the impeller is transmitted to fluid stream in the impeller, where
it is converted into kinetic energy with a slight pressure rise. Blower is used to
discharge higher volume of air at a lower pressure it is used in blast furnace,
cupolas, air conditioning plant, etc.
23

OBSERVATION AND TABULATION
Sl Manometer Venturimeter Time Head Disch Velo Static Dyna Tota Power Power Effic
No Reading reading for causing arge city pressu mic l output input iency
(m) 5 pulse flow Q of air re head head Po Pi
on e/m h1 v head Hd H
t Hs
h h h1‐ h h h1‐
sec m m3/s m/s m m m w w %
1 2 h2 1 2 h2

FORMULA USED
Atmospheric pressure (Pa) = 1.013 x 105 N/m2
Diameter of pipe (d1) = 125mm
Diameter of throat (d2) = 75mm
Co-efficient of discharge (Cd) = 0.6
a) Static Head (Hs)
Hs =(hsx w)/ a (m)
Where , hs = Static pressure manometer (m)
w=density of water ,1000 (Kg/m3)
a =density of air ,1.18 (Kg/m3)
b) Head causing flow
Ha = (Hwx w)/ a (m)
24

Where, Hw = Veturimeter reading (m)
w = density of water ,1000 (Kg/m3)
a = density of air ,1.18 (Kg/m3)
mercury = density of mercury (Kg/m3)
c) Discharge (Q)
Q= (m3/sec)
√
Where, Cd =Co-efficient of discharge, 0.6
a1 =Area of cross-section of pipe (m2)
=0.012
a2 =Area of cross-section of throat (m2)
=0.004
g = Acceleration due to gravity (m/s2)
=9.81
Ha = Head causing flow
d) Velocity of air in pipe (V)
V= (m/s)
Where, Q = Discharge (m3/s)
A = Area of cross-section of pipe (m2)
e) Dynamic Head (Hd)

V
Hd = (m)
f) Total Head (H)

H = Hs+Hd+Z (m)
Where, Z= Datum height from suction to delivery (m)
=1
25

g) Power output (Po)
Po = axgxQxH (w)
Where, a = Density of air =1.18 (kg/m3)
g = Accelaration due to gravity =9.81 (m/s2)
Q= Discharge (m)
H = total head (m)
h) Power input (Pi)
Pi = (w)
Where, n = no of pulse on energy meter
m = motor efficiency = 85 (%)
t = Time for 5 pulse of energy meter (sec)
k = Energy meter constant ,1600 pulse/KWH
i) Efficiency ( )
= 100 (%)
PRECAUTIONS
The following precautions were taken before starting the test
a) Check the test rig is under no load

b) Check the level of water in the manometer
PROCEDURE
a) Start the blower at no load condition by keeping the delivery valve closed
position
b) Open the delivery valve in full open condition
c) Take the manometer readings and the time taken for n number of pulses
of energy meter
d) Repeat the experiments by closing the delivery valvegradually
e) Finally take the reading at closed condition of delivery valve
f) Close the delivery valve and switch off the blower
26

RESULT
The following graph are plotted :
a) Total head Vs discharge

b) Efficiency Vs discharge
c) Input Vs discharge
Maximum efficiency obtained :
Maximum output :
Maximum value of air discharge :
INFERENCE
The efficiency increases gradually with increase in discharge
The input power increases
Gradually with increase in discharge
The head decreases
Gradually with increase in discharge
27

9. HEAT BALANCE TEST ON SINGLE CYLINDER
DIESEL ENGINE
AIM
To study the variation of heat losses with load and to plot heat balance chart.
TEST RIG DETAILS

BP of the engine = 6HP = 6 x 736 W
Bore diameter of the engine = 114.3mm.
Stroke length of the engine = 139.7mm.
Speed of the engine = 650rpm.
Orifice diameter = 20 mm
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Stop watch
PROCEDURE
Calculate load to be applied on the engine corresponding to the maximum

output. Take all necessary precautions before starting the engine.
Open the cooling water supply valve to the engine and dynamometer. Start the
engine by cranking. Allow the engine to run for few minutes at no load to attain
steady conditions. After this condition reached, note the following readings.
1. Load (Kg)
2. Time for 10cc fuel consumption (s).
3. Manometer reading (m of H2o).
4. Time for 10 litres of water circulation through the engine jacket (s).
5. Temperature of exhaust gas (0C).
6. Inlet and outlet temperatures of cooling water (0C).
Now change the load to full load. Allow the engine to run for few minutes to
attain steady condition and note the above set of readings.
After completion of experiment, bring the engine back to no load condition and
then stop.
28

OBSERVATIONS AND TABULATION
Sl Load Speed Time taken Cooling Manometer Temperature Temperat Temperat

No Applied of the for 10cc of water Readings of cooling ure of ure of
Engine fuel flow rate water exhaust inlet air
W consumption gas
N t4
t h1 h2 t1 t2 t3
kg r.p.m. sec m3/s cm cm 0

C 0
C 0
C 0
C
Brake power, BP = (2πNT)/60. Watt
Where,
N = Speed of the engine in rpm.
T = Torque on the brake drum in Nm
= (W1 – W2) R x 9.81Nm.
W1 = weight on hanger + hanger weight in kg.
W2 = spring balance reading in kg.
R = Radius of brake drum + thickness of rope in meters.
FORMULAE
1. Brake power output
Brake power output = Wmax X N/ 2.71 Watts
Where N = speed = 1500 rpm
Wmax = load applied on the engine = .................Kg
2. Heat input
Heat input = T.F.C X CV Watts
Where T.F.C = Total Fuel Consumption = 10 X 3600 X 0.83 Kg/hr
29

t X 1000
CV = Calorific value of diesel = 45.2 X 106 J/Kg
Heat input may be taken as 100%
3. Heat carried away by cooling water

Heat carried away by cooling water = m CP ΔT Watts
Where m = mass flow rate of cooling water in Kg/s [for 10 Ltrs of water]
m = 10/t Kg/s
Where t = time for 10 ltrs of water circulation
CP = Specific heat of water at constant pressure = 4.186 X 103 J/Kg K
ΔT = (T1-T2) = difference of inlet and outlet cooling water temperature in K
% of heat loss through cooling water =

Heat carried away by cooling water x100%
Heat Input
4. Heat loss through exhaust gas
Heat carried away by exhaust gas = m CP ΔT Watts
Where m = mass flow rate of exhaust gas in Kg/s
m = mass flow rate of fuel in Kg/s + mass flow rate of air in Kg/s
Mass flow rate of fuel = T.F.C/3600 Kg/s
Mass flow rate of air = Volume of air in m3/s (Va) X density of air at RTP (ρa)
Volume of air in m3/s (Va) = Cd .a. √2gha m3/s
Where Cd = 0.62
A = area of orifice = πd2 /4 m2
D = diameter of orifice = ………mm
ha = Manometric head of air column = hw ρw/ρa m of air
hw = Manometer difference of water column
ρw = density of water = 1000 kg/m3
ρa = density of air at R.T.P = 1.293 X 273 Kg/m3
273+t
t = Ambient temperature
CP = specific heat of exhaust gas = 1.005 X 103 J/KgK
ΔT = (T1-T2) = difference of exhaust gas and room temperature in K
% of heat loss through exhaust gas = Heat loss through exhaust gas X 100%
Heat input
30

5. Unaccounted heat loss (radiation and other losses)
Unaccounted heat loss = heat input – (work output + cooling water loss+
exhaust gas loss) watts
RESULT
Heat equivalent of brake power =
Heat carried away by cooling water =
Heat carried away by exhaust gas =
Unaccounted heat loss =
Energy Input = 100 %
INFERENCE
31


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Department of Mechanical Engineering

DEPT. OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Downloaded from Official website of Ammini College of Engineering, Palakkad

To study the influence of cooling water temperature (outlet temperature) on the

TEST RIG DETAILS

BP of the engine = 6HP = 6 x 736 W

1. Maximum load calculation

Brake power, BP = (2πNT)/60. Watt

To determine the frictional horse power of the engine by conducting retardation

MAXIMUM LOAD CALCULATION

Mechaanical Effiiciency, Mech

LMTD = (θ2 – θ1)/ ln(θ2/ θ1) 0C

SI. No Hot Cold Temperature Temperature

LMTD = (θ2 – θ1)/ ln(θ2/ θ1) 0C

Where θ1 = Thi -Tci, and

Effectiveness, ε = ( Tco – Tci) / ( Thi - Tci ) if cc < ch

MAXIMUM LOAD CALCULATION

Indicated power of 1st cylinder;

Indicated power of 2nd cylinder;

Indicated power of 3rd cylinder;

Indicated power of 4th cylinder;

Total indicated power;

OBSERVATION AND TABULAR COLUMN

MAXIMUM LOAD CALCULATION

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS (SET NO....)

TEST RIG DETAILS:

2) Final pressure, P2 = (Gauge pressure x 10 5 ) + Atmospheric pressure

3) Actual volume of air intake per second , Va = Cd A √2gha

5) Volumetric efficiency , η vol = (Va / Vth ) x 100 %

6) Input power , P = (3600 x n) / (K x t) kw

7) Isothermal work done = P1 V1 loge P2 /P1 x 10 -3 kJ/s

8) Isothermal efficiency , ηiso= (Isothermal work done ) / ( Total Input) x

a) Total head Vs discharge

a) Power (P) : 7.5HP or 5.5KW

a) Centrifugal Air blower test rig

Atmospheric pressure (Pa) = 1.013 x 105 N/m2

Diameter of pipe (d1) = 125mm

Diameter of throat (d2) = 75mm

Co-efficient of discharge (Cd) = 0.6

a) Static Head (Hs)

Hs =(hsx w)/ a (m)

Where , hs = Static pressure manometer (m)

w=density of water ,1000 (Kg/m3)

a =density of air ,1.18 (Kg/m3)

b) Head causing flow

Ha = (Hwx w)/ a (m)

w = density of water ,1000 (Kg/m3)

a = density of air ,1.18 (Kg/m3)

mercury = density of mercury (Kg/m3)

Where, Cd =Co-efficient of discharge, 0.6

a1 =Area of cross-section of pipe (m2)

a2 =Area of cross-section of throat (m2)

g = Acceleration due to gravity (m/s2)

Ha = Head causing flow

d) Velocity of air in pipe (V)

Where, Q = Discharge (m3/s)

A = Area of cross-section of pipe (m2)

e) Dynamic Head (Hd)

f) Total Head (H)

The following precautions were taken before starting the test

a) Check the test rig is under no load

The following graph are plotted :

a) Total head Vs discharge