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Oleh:
Yuan Alfinsyah Sihombing, S.Pd., M.Sc
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Alternating Current Circuits
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Resistors in an AC Circuit
Consider a simple AC circuit consisting of a resistor and an AC
source, as shown in Figure. At any instant, the algebraic sum of
the voltages around a closed loop in a circuit must be zero
(Kirchhoff’s loop rule). Therefore, ∆𝑣 + ∆𝑣𝑅 = 0, so that the
magnitude of the source voltage equals the magnitude of the
voltage across the resistor:
∆𝑣 = ∆𝑣𝑅 = ∆𝑉max sin 𝜔𝑡
where ∆𝑣𝑅 is the instantaneous voltage across the resistor.
Therefore, the instantaneous current in the resistor is
∆𝑣𝑅 ∆𝑉max
𝑖𝑅 = = sin 𝜔𝑡
𝑅 𝑅
= 𝐼max sin 𝜔𝑡
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Quiz
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What is of importance in an AC circuit is an average value of
current, referred to as the rms current. The notation rms stands
for root-mean-square, which in this case means the square root
of the mean (average) value of the square of the current: 𝐼rms =
𝑖 2 . Because 𝑖 2 varies as sin2 𝜔𝑡 and because the average value
1 2 𝐼
of 𝑖 2 is 𝐼max the rms current is: 𝐼rms = max
2 2
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Example
Solution
Δ𝑉max 200 V
Δ𝑉rms = = = 141 V
2 2
Δ𝑉rms 141
𝐼rms = = = 1.41 A
𝑅 100
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Inductors in an AC Circuit
Consider an AC circuit consisting only of an inductor connected
to the terminals of an AC source, as shown in Figure. If Δ𝑣𝐿 =
𝑑𝑖
𝜀𝐿 = −𝐿 is the self-induced instantaneous voltage across
𝑑𝑡
the inductor. Then Kirchhoff’s loop rule applied to this circuit
gives ∆𝑣 + ∆𝑣𝐿 = 0, or
𝑑𝑖
Δ𝑣 = 𝐿 = Δ𝑉max sin 𝜔𝑡
𝑑𝑡
Δ𝑣max
𝑑𝑖 = sin 𝜔𝑡
𝐿
∆𝑉max
𝑖𝐿 = sin 𝜔𝑡
𝐿
∆𝑉max
=− cos 𝜔𝑡
𝜔𝐿 8
When we use the trigonometric identity cos 𝜔𝑡 = − sin 𝜔𝑡 −
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Example
Solution
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Capacitors in an AC Circuit
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𝑑𝑞
𝑖𝐶 = = 𝜔𝐶Δ𝑉max cos 𝜔𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝜋
Using the trigonometric identity cos 𝜔𝑡 = sin 𝜔𝑡 + 2 , we
can express
𝜋
𝑖𝐶 = 𝜔𝐶∆𝑉max sin 𝜔𝑡 +
2
Comparing this result with instantaneous voltage, we see that
𝜋
the current is rad = 90° out of phase with the voltage
2
across the capacitor.
∆𝑉max
𝐼max = 𝜔𝐶∆𝑉max =
𝑋𝐶
With 𝑋𝐶 is capactive reactance.
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Example
Solution
1 1
𝑋𝐿 = = −6
= 332 Ω
𝜔𝐶 2𝜋 60 8 × 10
Δ𝑉𝐶,rms 150
𝐼rms = = = 0.452 A
𝑋𝐶 332
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The RLC Series Circuit
Figure below shows a circuit that contains a resistor, an inductor,
and a capacitor connected in series across an alternating voltage
source. As before, we assume that the applied voltage varies
sinusoidally with time. It is convenient to assume that the
instantaneous applied voltage is given by
Δ𝑣 = Δ𝑉max sin 𝜔𝑡
while the current varies as
𝑖 = 𝐼max sin 𝜔𝑡 − 𝜙
where 𝜙 is some phase angle between the current and the
applied voltage.
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First, we note that because the elements are in series,
the current everywhere in the circuit must be the same at
any instant. That is, the current at all points in a series AC
circuit has the same amplitude and phase. Based on the
preceding sections, we know that the voltage across each
element has a different amplitude and phase. In
particular, the voltage across the resistor is in phase with
the current, the voltage across the inductor leads the
current by 90°, and the voltage across the capacitor lags
behind the current by 90°. Using these phase
relationships, we can express the instantaneous voltages
across the three circuit elements as
Δ𝑣𝑅 = 𝐼max 𝑅 sin 𝜔𝑡 = Δ𝑉𝑅 sin 𝜔𝑡
Δ𝑣𝐿 = 𝐼max 𝑋𝐿 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜋/2 = Δ𝑉𝐿 cos 𝜔𝑡
Δ𝑣𝐶 = 𝐼max 𝑋𝐶 sin 𝜔𝑡 − 𝜋/2 = −Δ𝑉𝐶 cos 𝜔𝑡
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In figure before, we see that
Δ𝑉max = Δ𝑉𝑅2 + Δ𝑉𝐿− Δ𝑉𝐶 2
Solution
Exercise
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